History of exposure to copper influences transgenerational gene expression responses in Daphnia magna

The establishment of transgenerational effects following chemical exposure is a powerful phenomenon, capable of modulating ecosystem health beyond exposure periods. This study assessed the transgenerational effects occurring due to copper exposure in the invertebrate D. magna at the transcriptional level, while evaluating the role of exposure history on such responses. Thus, daphnids acclimated for several generations in a copper vs. clean medium were then exposed for one generation (F0) to this metal, and monitored for the following non-exposed generations (F1, F2 and F3). Organisms differing in exposure histories showed remarkably different transcriptional profiles at the F0, with naïve organisms being more profoundly affected. These trends were confirmed for F3 treatments, which presented different transcriptional patterns for genes involved in detoxification, oxidative stress, DNA damage repair, circadian clock functioning and epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, regardless of exposure history, a great number of histone modifier genes were always found transcriptionally altered, thus suggesting the involvement of histone modifications in the response of Daphnia to metal exposure. Lastly, remarkably distinct transgenerational transcriptional responses were found between naïve and non-naïve organisms, thereby highlighting the influence of exposure history on gene expression and confirming the capacity of metals to determine transgenerational transcriptional effects across non-exposed generations.

Direct elemental analysis of plant oils by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Simple sample dilution combined with oxygen introduction into the plasma

Assessment of trace metal concentrations in plant oils has been considered a crucial quality control marker for potential health risks, oil flavour, and oxidative stability. A straightforward inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methodology was developed and validated through introduction of argon:oxygen gas mixture into plasma, allowing for a direct elemental analysis of organic matrices. This approach offers the advantage of a simple one-step preparation of plant oil samples with negligible contamination risks. The complete solubilization of the oil matrix enables the determination of total metal content from a single test tube with low dilution factor of 5. The modified plasma conditions resulted in the development of a robust and accurate ICP-MS method providing limits of detection at sub ng·g-1 levels. The ICP-MS method allowed the determination of trace levels of Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sn, V, and Zn in olive, sunflower and rapeseed oils.

Assessing the combined effect of multiple metal exposures on pregnancy and birth outcomes: Methodological insights in systematic review research

This systematic review focused on pregnant women and aimed to evaluate how exposure to multiple metals impacts their pregnancy and birth outcomes. Previous research has predominantly focused on the effects of individual metal exposures on adverse birth outcomes. However, it is crucial to recognize that real-world scenarios often involve simultaneous exposure to multiple pollutants. Recent studies have emphasized the significance of considering exposure to mixtures of metals to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their collective health impacts. This article outlines the essential steps taken during the systematic review process, which involved synthesizing existing evidence and evaluating the strength and consistency of the relationship between metal mixtures and pregnancy and birth outcomes.

Assessing the impacts of oil contamination on microbial communities in a Niger Delta soil

Oil spills are a global challenge, contaminating the environment with organics and metals known to elicit toxic effects. Ecosystems within Nigeria's Niger Delta have suffered from prolonged severe spills for many decades but the level of impact on the soil microbial community structure and the potential for contaminant bioremediation remains unclear. Here, we assessed the extent/impact of an oil spill in this area 6 months after the accident on both the soil microbial community/diversity and the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase (PAH-RHDGNα) genes, responsible for encoding enzymes involved in the degradation of PAHs, across the impacted area. Analyses confirmed the presence of oil contamination, including metals such as Cr and Ni, across the whole impacted area and at depth. The contamination impacted on the microbial community composition, resulting in a lower diversity in all contaminated soils. Gamma-, Delta-, Alpha- proteobacteria and Acidobacteriia dominated 16S rRNA gene sequences across the contaminated area, while Ktedonobacteria dominated the non-contaminated soils. The PAH-RHDαGN genes were only detected in the contaminated area, highlighting a clear relationship with the oil contamination/hydrocarbon metabolism. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive relationships between the oil contaminants (organics, Cr and Ni), PAH-RHDαGN gene, and the presence of bacteria/archaea such as Anaerolinea, Spirochaetia Bacteroidia Thermoplasmata, Methanomicrobia, and Methanobacteria indicating that the oil contamination not only impacted the microbial community/diversity present, but that the microbes across the impacted area and at depth were potentially playing an important role in degrading the oil contamination present. These findings provide new insights on the level of oil contamination remaining 6 months after an oil spill, its impacts on indigenous soil microbial communities and their potential for in situ bioremediation within a Niger Delta's ecosystem. It highlights the strength of using a cross-disciplinary approach to assess the extent of oil pollution in a single study.

Meta-metabolomic responses of river biofilms to cobalt exposure and use of dose-response model trends as an indicator of effects

The response of the meta-metabolome is rarely used to characterize the effects of contaminants on a whole community. Here, the meta-metabolomic fingerprints of biofilms were examined after 1, 3 and 7 days of exposure to five concentrations of cobalt (from background concentration to 1 × 10-5 M) in aquatic microcosms. The untargeted metabolomic data were processed using the DRomics tool to build dose-response models and to calculate benchmark-doses. This approach made it possible to use 100% of the chemical signal instead of being limited to the very few annotated metabolites (7%). These benchmark-doses were further aggregated into an empirical cumulative density function. A trend analysis of the untargeted meta-metabolomic feature dose-response curves after 7 days of exposure suggested the presence of a concentration range inducing defense responses between 1.7 × 10-9 and 2.7 × 10-6 M, and of a concentration range inducing damage responses from 2.7 × 10-6 M and above. This distinction was in good agreement with changes in the other biological parameters studied (biomass and chlorophyll content). This study demonstrated that the molecular defense and damage responses can be related to contaminant concentrations and represents a promising approach for environmental risk assessment of metals.

Exploring organic and inorganic contaminant histories in sediment cores across the anthropocene: Accounting for site/area dependent factors

Sedimentary records help chronologically identify anthropogenic contamination in environmental systems. This study analysed dated sediment cores from L'Albufera Lake (Valencia, Spain), to assess the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), pesticides and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The results evidence the continuing vertical presence of all types of contaminants in this location. The sediment age was difficult to establish. However, the presence of shells together with an historical estimation and the knowledge of sedimentary rates could help. HMs contents are higher in the upper layer reflecting the most recent increase of the industrial and agricultural practices in the area since the middle 20th century. Higher availability index of these HMs in the upper sediment layers is associated with point and diffuse contamination sources in the area. PAHs and OPFRs were homogeneous distributed through the sediments with few exceptions such as phenanthrene in the North and fluoranthene in the South. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were detected throughout the sediment core while short-chain PFASs (except perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA)) were detected only in the top layer. Pesticides and PPCPs showed appreciable down-core mobility. The vertical concentration profiles of organic contaminants did not exhibit a clear trend with depth, then, it is difficult to develop a direct relationship between sediment age and contaminant concentrations, and to elucidate the historical trend of contamination based on dated sediment core. Consequently, linking contaminant occurrence in sediments directly to their historical use is somewhat speculative at least in the conditions of L'Albufera Lake.

Metal and oxidative potential exposure through particle inhalation and oxidative stress biomarkers: a 2-week pilot prospective study among Parisian subway workers

OBJECTIVE

In this pilot study on subway workers, we explored the relationships between particle exposure and oxidative stress biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and urine to identify the most relevant biomarkers for a large-scale study in this field.

METHODS

We constructed a comprehensive occupational exposure assessment among subway workers in three distinct jobs over 10 working days, measuring daily concentrations of particulate matter (PM), their metal content and oxidative potential (OP). Individual pre- and post-shift EBC and urine samples were collected daily. Three oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in these matrices: malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-isoprostane. The association between each effect biomarker and exposure variables was estimated by multivariable multilevel mixed-effect models with and without lag times.

RESULTS

The OP was positively associated with Fe and Mn, but not associated with any effect biomarkers. Concentration changes of effect biomarkers in EBC and urine were associated with transition metals in PM (Cu and Zn) and furthermore with specific metals in EBC (Ba, Co, Cr and Mn) and in urine (Ba, Cu, Co, Mo, Ni, Ti and Zn). The direction of these associations was both metal- and time-dependent. Associations between Cu or Zn and MDAEBC generally reached statistical significance after a delayed time of 12 or 24 h after exposure. Changes in metal concentrations in EBC and urine were associated with MDA and 8-OHdG concentrations the same day.

CONCLUSION

Associations between MDA in both EBC and urine gave opposite response for subway particles containing Zn versus Cu. This diverting Zn and Cu pattern was also observed for 8-OHdG and urinary concentrations of these two metals. Overall, MDA and 8-OHdG responses were sensitive for same-day metal exposures in both matrices. We recommend MDA and 8-OHdG in large field studies to account for oxidative stress originating from metals in inhaled particulate matter.

Tolerance of the Australian halophyte, beaded samphire, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, to Pb and Zn under glasshouse conditions: Evaluating metal uptake and partitioning, photosynthetic performance, biomass, and growth

Saltmarsh sediments are susceptible to accumulation of excessive concentrations of anthropogenically elevated metals such as lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The resident salt tolerant plants of saltmarsh ecosystems form the basal underpinning of these ecosystems. As such, metal-associated adverse impacts on their physiology can have detrimental flow-on effects at individual, population, and community levels. The present study assessed the accumulation and partitioning of ecologically relevant concentrations of Pb, Zn, and their combination in a dominant Australian saltmarsh species, Sarcocornia quinqueflora. Plants were hydroponically maintained under glasshouse conditions for 16 weeks exposure to either Pb (20 µg l-1), Zn (100 µg l-1), or their mixture. We evaluated the chronic toxicological effects of single and mixed metal treatments with reference to metal uptake and partitioning, photosynthetic performance, photosynthetic pigment concentration, biomass and growth. Lead was more toxic than Zn, and Zn appeared to have an antagonistic effect on the toxicological effects of Pb in S.quinqueflora in terms of metal uptake, photosynthetic performance, photosynthetic pigment concentrations, and growth. Indeed, the tolerance index was 55 % in plants treated with Pb compared to 77 % in Zn treated plants and 73 % in Pb+Zn treated plants. Finally, Sarcocornia quinqueflora primarily accumulated both Pb and Zn in roots at concentrations exceeding unity whilst translocation of these metals to above ground tissues was restricted regardless of treatment. This suggests that S. quinqueflora may be suitable for phytostabilisation of Zn, and of Pb particularly in the presence of Zn.

Metal Content in Caps and Stalks of Edible Mushrooms: Health Benefits and Risk Evaluation

Mushrooms are a good source of protein and phenolic compounds which provides health benefits for humans. The purpose of this study was to compare the content of eight metals, protein, and total phenolics (TPC) of 5 different species (Agaricus bisporus-white and brown mushrooms, Agaricus cupreobrunneus, Auricularia cornea, Hypsizgus tesselatus, and Pleurotus eryngii species-complex) of edible mushrooms available on the Romanian market. Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus cupreobrunneus were purchased and cultivated in Romania and the other species were cultivated in other countries (Turkey and China). The metal content determined by graphite atomic absorption spectrometry (GTAAS) varied in the order Cu > Pb > Ni > Fe > Cr > Mn > Co > Cd. Almost all the samples contained a greater quantity of metals in the stalk than in the cap. In addition, the levels of toxic metals were low. The protein content of analyzed samples ranged from 0.0926 to 0.2743%, the highest value being observed in Pleurotus eryngii species-complex mushroom. TPC of extracts increased over time but there was a variability in the concentration for each mushroom species (0.25-12.25 mg GAE/g). The investigated mushroom species possess no health risk and may be potential nutritional supplements for human diets due to their phenolic compounds, protein, and mineral content.

Metals, nonmetals and metalloids in cigarette smoke as hazardous compounds for human health

Cigarette smoke contains many chemicals that are harmful to both smokers and non-smokers. Breathing just a little cigarette smoke can be harmful. There are >7000 chemicals in cigarette smoke, at least 250 are known to be harmful and many of them can cause cancer. Currently, many studies reported the types of harmful organic compounds in cigarette smoke; instead, there are almost no works that describe the presence of inorganic compounds. In this work, a cost-effective self-made passive sampler (SMPS) was tested as a tool to collect different types of particulate matter (PM) from cigarette smoke containing metals as hazardous compounds (HCs). To determine the nature of the metals, nonmetals and metalloids as HCs, a direct qualitative analysis of the particulate matter (PM) was conducted without developing any special sample preparation procedure. For that, non-invasive elemental (Scanning Electron Microscope coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry) and molecular (Raman microscopy) micro-spectroscopic techniques were used. Thanks to this methodology, it was possible to determine in deposited PM, the presence of metals such as Fe, Cr, Ni, Ti, Co, Sn, Zn, Ba, Al, Cu, Zr, Ce, Bi, etc. most of them as oxides but also embedded in different clusters with sulfates, aluminosilicates, even phosphates.

Developmental iron exposure induces locomotor alterations in Drosophila: Exploring potential association with oxidative stress

Prenatal iron (Fe) exposure has been associated with learning and cognitive impairments, which may be linked to oxidative stress resulting from elevated Fe levels and harm to the vulnerable brain. Drosophila melanogaster has contributed to our understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in neurological conditions. This study aims to explore Fe toxicity during D. melanogaster development, assessing oxidative stress and investigating behaviors in flies that are related to neurological conditions in humans. To achieve this goal, flies were exposed to Fe during the developmental period, and biochemical and behavioral analyses were conducted. The results indicated that 20 mM Fe decreased fly hatching by 50 %. At 15 mM, Fe exposure increased lipid peroxidation, and GSH levels decreased starting from 5 mM of Fe. Superoxide Dismutase activity was enhanced at 15 mM, while Glutathione S-Transferase activity was inhibited from 5 mM. Although chronic Fe exposure did not alter acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, flies exhibited reduced locomotion, increased grooming, and antisocial behavior from 5 mM of Fe. This research highlights potential Fe toxicity risks during development and underscores the utility of D. melanogaster in unraveling neurological disorders, emphasizing its relevance for future research.

Simulated gastric leachate of 3D printer metal-fill filaments induces cytotoxic effects in rat and human intestinal models

Metals are used in 3-dimensional (3D) printer filaments in the manufacture of 3D printed objects. Exposure to the filaments, printed objects and emissions from printing may pose health risks from release of toxic metals. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of extruded 3D printer filament leachates in rat and human intestinal cells. Copper-, bronze-, and steel-fill extruded filaments were incubated in acidic media for 2 h. Leachates were adjusted to pH 7 and cells exposed for 4 or 24 h. Concentration- and time-dependent decreases in rat and human cell viability were observed using a colorimetric assay and confirmed by microscopy. Copper- and bronze-fill leachates were more cytotoxic than steel. Copper-fill leachates had the highest copper concentrations by ICP-MS. Exposure to CuSO4 resulted in concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in rat cells. The copper chelator bathocuproine disulphonate alleviated cytotoxicity of CuSO4 and copper-fill leachate, suggesting that copper ions have a role in the cytotoxicity. Hydrogen peroxide increased and glutathione decreased in rat cells exposed to copper-fill leachate, suggesting the formation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, our data indicate that metals released from the acidic exposure of print objects using metal-fill filaments, especially copper, are toxic to rat and human intestinal cells and additional studies are needed.

Microwave-sustained inductively coupled atmospheric-pressure plasma (MICAP) for the elemental analysis of complex matrix samples

Microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES) has gained widespread attention in the last few years for trace elemental analysis. Among the new generation of MIPs it is worth to mention the microwave-sustained inductively coupled atmospheric-pressure plasma (MICAP) for which previous works have shown similar detection capabilities to those afforded by ICP-OES. Nevertheless, this instrument has not been applied yet to complex matrix sample analysis. Therefore, the goal of this work is to evaluate MICAP-OES performance (e.g., analytical figures of merit, matrix effects, etc.) for elemental analysis of samples of different nature (e.g., environmental, food and polymers). To this end, both spectral and non-spectral interferences were investigated for 19 elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, Zn) in the presence of inorganic acid, organic and saline solutions and compared to a 5 % w w-1 HNO3 solution. Unlike previous MIPs, experimental data showed that the optimum nebulizer gas flow rate for a given emission wavelength was mostly independent of matrix characteristics. Regarding matrix effects, this device was highly robust operating both inorganic acid and organic matrices. Interestingly, when operating saline matrices, changes on emission signal by easily ionizable elements were less significant than those early reported by alternative MIP cavities. Moreover, due to MICAP spectrometer design employed allows real-time simultaneous analysis, Rh, Pd, Sc and Y were suitable internal standards to minimize non-spectral interferences. Finally, MICAP-OES can be successfully applied to the elemental analysis of different complex matrix samples (i.e., CRM-DW1 Drinking water; BCR-146 Sewage sludge industrial; BCR-185 Bovine liver; BCR-278R Mussel tissue; NIST-1549 Non-fat milk powder; ERM-EC681k Polyethylene (high level) and BCR-483 Sewage sludge amended soil).

Mitigation of biofouling in membrane bioreactors by quorum-quenching bacteria during the treatment of metal-containing wastewater

Quorum quenching (QQ) is an efficient way to mitigate membrane biofouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) during wastewater treatment. A QQ bacterium, Lysinibacillus sp. A4, was isolated and used to mitigate biofouling in an MBR during the treatment of wastewater containing metals. A QQ enzyme (named AilY) was cloned from A4 and identified as a metallo-β-lactamase-like lactonase. The QQ activity of A4 and that of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) overexpressing AilY could be promoted by Fe2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ while remaining unaffected by other metals tested. The two bacteria effectively mitigated biofouling by reducing the transmembrane pressure from around 30 to 20 kPa without negative influence on the COD, NH4+-N, or total phosphorus of the effluent. The relative abundance of Lysinibacillus sp. A4 increased greatly from 0.04 to 8.29% in the MBR with metal-containing wastewater, suggesting that Lysinibacillus sp. A4 could multiply quickly and adapt to this environment. Taken together, the findings suggested that A4 could tolerate metal to a certain degree, and this property could allow A4 to adapt well to metal-containing wastewater, making it a valuable strain for mitigating biofouling in MBR during the treatment of metal-containing wastewater.

Metal accumulation in salt marsh soils along the East Coast of the United States

Coastal salt marshes are depositional environments that can accumulate pollutants introduced to the environment from human activities. Metals are a contaminant of concern in coastal environments due to their longevity and toxicity. We assessed metal concentrations and accumulation rates in nine salt marsh sites along the U.S. East Coast from Maine to Georgia. Following a metal mobility assay in organic-rich and mineral dominated salt marsh soils under aerobic/anaerobic and freshwater/saltwater conditions, we focused on profiles of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, and uranium in two soil cores from each of the nine marshes that had previously been dated using lead-210 radioisotope techniques. We examined how land cover and the spatial distribution of land cover, marsh vertical accretion, and other watershed characteristics correlated with metal concentrations and depth/time-integrated accumulation of metals. We found statistically significant differences in metal concentrations and/or inventories between sites, with accumulation of metals positively correlated with both developed land cover in the watershed and rates of vertical accretion in the tidal marsh. The accumulation of chromium, cadmium, and lead were significantly correlated with developed land cover while the accumulation of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead were correlated with factors that determine sediment delivery from the landscape (e.g., riverine suspended sediment, soil erodibility in the watershed, and agricultural land cover skewed towards the coast) and measured wetland accretion rates. We observed declines in the concentration of many metals since 1925 at sites along the U.S. East Coast, indicating pollution mitigation strategies have succeeded in reducing metal pollution and delivery to the coastal zone. However, increasing rates of salt marsh vertical accretion over recent decades largely offset reductions in metal concentrations, resulting in rates of metal accumulation in coastal salt marsh soils that have not changed or, in some instances, increased over time.

Association of blood metals with anxiety among adults: A nationally representative cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Previous evidence demonstrated the inconsistent associations between metals and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the individual and joint effects of blood lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se) and manganese (Mn) on anxiety in the general population.

METHODS

Data of 4000 participants (aged≥20 years) in the study were retrieved from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. Multiple logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS) logistic analysis, and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were fitted to explore the possible effects of single and mixed metal exposures on anxiety. Moreover, this association was assessed by smoking group.

RESULTS

In the study, 24.60 % of participants were in an anxiety state. In logistic regression, blood Pb, Cd, Hg, Se and Mn were not significantly associated with anxiety in all participants. After stratified by smoking group, blood Cd was positively associated with anxiety in the current smoking group [P = 0.029, OR (95 %): 1.708(1.063, 3.040)], whereas not in other groups. In RCS regression, we observed a linear dose-response effect of blood Cd on anxiety stratified by smoking group. In WQS analysis, mixed metal exposures were positively associated with anxiety [P = 0.033, OR (95 %): 1.437(1.031, 2.003)], with Cd (33.69 %) contributing the largest weight to the index.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed that excessive exposure to Cd is a significant risk factor for anxiety, and the co-exposures to Pb, Cd, Hg, Se and Mn were positively related with the risk of anxiety in current smokers.

Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) feathers as bioindicators of exposure to metals and metalloids contamination in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas from Campeche state, Mexico

Landfills are sources of soil, water, and air pollution due to the release of toxic compounds such as metals and metalloids. In both tropical and temperate environments, scavenger birds such as the Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) that have learned to use these sites as a feeding area are probably exposed to metals, metalloids and other "persistent bioaccumulative toxic substances (PBTs)" released in open dumpsite (OD) and sanitary landfill (SL). The objective of this study is to evaluate the presence and distribution of toxic metals (Al, Sn, Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr) and As in OD and SL from urban, semi-urban and rural localities in Campeche, México, using molting feathers of C. atratus as bioindicators. A total of 125 Black Vulture primary and secondary wing feathers were collected from OD and SL. Metals were determined by voltammetry through acid digestion. The highest levels of metals occurred in landfills in urban, semi-urban, and rural localities. The elements with the highest concentrations were Al, with an average of 35.67 ± 33.51 μg g-1 from rural environments, and As, with 16.20 ± 30.06 μg g-1 from the urban localities. Mercury was the only element that had a very homogeneous distribution between the three environments we studied. In general, Pb, Hg, Cu and Cd were the elements that presented the lowest concentrations with 0.32 ± 0.35, 0.16 ± 0.22, 0.14 ± 0.31 and 0.06 ± 0.10 μg g-1, respectively regardless of any particular location or environment. Black Vultures from dumpsites are good bioindicators of what humans consume in urban, semi-urban, and rural environments. However, the conservation of vultures is of great importance since these scavenger birds perform ecosystem services by feeding on decomposing organic material.

Metabolomics perspectives into the co-exposure effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals on renal function: A meet-in-the-middle approach

Studies on the dose effects of kidney impairment and metabolomes in co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals are limited. We aimed to identify overall associations and metabolic perturbations in 130 participants (53 petrochemical workers and 77 controls) exposed to a PAHs-metals mixture in Southern China. The urinary 7 hydroxylated PAHs and 15 metal(loid)s were determined, and serum creatinine, beta-2 microglobulin, and estimated glomerular filtration rate were health outcomes. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based method was applied to serum metabolomics. Generalized weighted quantile sum (gWQS) regressions were used to estimate the overall dose-response relationships, and pathway analysis, "meet-in-the-middle" approach, and mediation effect analyses were conducted to identify potential metabolites and biological mechanisms linking exposure with nephrotoxic effects. Our results indicated that renal function reduction was associated with a PAHs-metals mixture in a dose-dependent manner, and 1-hydroxynaphthalene and copper were the most predominant contributors among the two families of pollutants. Furthermore, the metabolic disruptions associated with the early onset of kidney impairment induced by the combination of PAHs and metals encompassed pathways such as phenylalanine-tyrosine-tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism. In addition, the specifically identified metabolites demonstrated excellent potential as bridging biomarkers connecting the reduction in renal function with the mixture of PAHs and metals. These findings shed light on understanding the overall associations and metabolic mechanism of nephrotoxic effects of co-exposure to PAHs and metals.

Using oral bioaccessibility measurements to refine risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in topsoils across an urban area

Elevated concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in topsoils in Belfast, Northern Ireland have been found to exceed assessment criteria in the city and therefore may pose a risk to human health. Most generic assessment criteria (GAC) for potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils assume PTEs are 100% bioavailable to humans. Here we use in-vitro oral bioaccessibility testing using the Unified BARGE method (UBM) to measure what proportion of soil contamination dissolves in the digestive tract and therefore is available for absorption by the body. This study considers how PTE bioaccessibility in soils varies spatially across urban areas and refines human health risk assessment for these PTEs using site specific oral bioaccessibility results to present the first regional assessment of risk that incorporates bioaccessibility testing. A total of 103 urban soil samples were selected for UBM testing. Results showed low bioaccessible fraction (BAF) for the PTEs from geogenic sources: Cr (0.45-5.9%), Ni (1.1-46.3%) and V (2.2-23.9%). Higher BAF values were registered for PTEs from anthropogenic sources: As (8.0-86.9%), Cu (3.4-67.8%), Pb (9.1-106.2%) and Zn (2.4-77.5%). Graphs of bioaccessibility adjusted assessment criteria (BAAC) were derived for each urban land use type and PTE. These provide a visual representation of the significance of oral bioaccessibility when deriving BAAC and how this is affected by 1) dominant exposure pathways for each land use and 2) relative harm posed from exposure to PTEs via each pathway, allowing oral bioaccessibility research to be targeted to contaminants and pathways that most significantly impact risk assessment. Pb was the most widespread contaminant with 16.5% of sites exceeding the Pb GAC. Applying BAAC did not significantly change risk evaluation for these samples as many had Pb BAF>50%. In contrast, all samples that exceeded the As GAC were found to no longer exceed a minimal level of risk when oral bioaccessibility was considered. Oral bioaccessibility testing resulted in a 45% reduction in the number of sites identified as posing a potential risk to human health.

Associations of maternal blood metal concentrations with plasma eicosanoids among pregnant women in Puerto Rico

BACKGROUND/AIM

Heavy metals are known to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, and the association between metal exposure and adverse birth outcomes is well established. However, there lacks research on biomarker profiles linking metal exposures and adverse birth outcomes. Eicosanoids are lipid molecules that regulate inflammation in the body, and there is growing evidence that suggests associations between plasma eicosanoids and pregnancy outcomes. Eicosanoids may aid our understanding of etiologic birth pathways. Here, we assessed associations between maternal blood metal concentrations with eicosanoid profiles among 654 pregnant women in the Puerto Rico PROTECT birth cohort.

METHODS

We measured concentrations of 11 metals in whole blood collected at median 18 and 26 weeks of pregnancy, and eicosanoid profiles measured in plasma collected at median 26 weeks. Multivariable linear models were used to regress eicosanoids on metals concentrations. Effect modification by infant sex was explored using interaction terms.

RESULTS

A total of 55 eicosanoids were profiled. Notably, 12-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid (12-oxoETE) and 15-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid (15-oxoETE), both of which exert inflammatory activities, had the greatest number of significant associations with metal concentrations. These eicosanoids were associated with increased concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn, and decreased concentrations of Cd, Co, Ni, and Pb, with the strongest effect sizes observed for 12-oxoETE and Pb (β:-33.5,95 %CI:-42.9,-22.6) and 15-oxoETE and Sn (β:43.2,95 %CI:11.4,84.1). Also, we observed differences in metals-eicosanoid associations by infant sex. Particularly, Cs and Mn had the most infant sex-specific significant associations with eicosanoids, which were primarily driven by female fetuses. All significant sex-specific associations with Cs were inverse among females, while significant sex-specific associations with Mn among females were positive within the cyclooxygenase group but inverse among the lipoxygenase group.

CONCLUSION

Certain metals were significantly associated with eicosanoids that are responsible for regulating inflammatory responses. Eicosanoid-metal associations may suggest a role for eicosanoids in mediating metal-induced adverse birth outcomes.

Determination of the maximum bioaccumulation capacity of various metals in leaves of two Tillandsia species

Tillandsia species are plants from the Bromeliaceae family which display biomonitoring capacities in both active and passive modes. The bioaccumulation potential of Tillandsia aeranthos (Loisiel.) Desf. and Tillandsia bergeri Mez acclimated to Southern/Mediterranean Europe has never been studied. More generally, few studies have detailed the maximum accumulation potential of Tillandsia leaves through controlled experiments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the maximum accumulation values of seven metals (Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pt, and Zn) in T. aeranthos and T. bergeri leaves. Plants were immersed in different mono elemental metallic solutions of Co (II), Cu (II), Mn (II), Ni (II), Pb (II), Pt (IV), and Zn (II) ions at different concentrations. In addition, cocktail solutions of these seven metals at different concentrations were prepared to study the main differences and the potential selectivity between metals. After exposure, the content of these metals in the leaves were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Data sets were evaluated by a fitted regression hyperbola model and principal component analysis, maximum metal loading capacity, and thermodynamic affinity constant were determined. The results showed important differences between the two species, with T. bergeri demonstrating higher capacity and affinity for metals than T. aeranthos. Furthermore, between the seven metals, Pb and Ni showed higher enrichment factors (EF). T. bergeri might be a better bioaccumulator than T. aeranthos with marked selectivity for Pb and Ni, metals of concern in air quality biomonitoring.

Identification of high lead exposure locations in Ohio at the census tract scale using a generalizable geospatial hotspot approach

BACKGROUND

Lead is a persistent, ubiquitous pollutant whose historical sources have been largely addressed through regulation and voluntary actions. The United States (U.S.) has achieved significant decreases in children's blood lead levels (BLL) over the past 40 years; however, there is no known safe level of Pb exposure. Some communities continue to be disproportionately impacted by exposure to Pb, including Black children and families living in older homes.

OBJECTIVE

To identify Ohio (OH) census tracts with children exposed to Pb and evaluate potential exposure determinants.

METHODS

We obtained individual children's blood Pb data from 2005-2018 in OH. The percent of children with elevated BLL (EBLL) was calculated for OH census tracts using three blood Pb reference values (3.5, 5, and 10 µg/dL). Getis-Ord Gi* geospatial hotspot or top 20th percentile methodologies were then applied to identify "hotspots." Findings across multiple time periods and blood Pb reference values were evaluated and compared with existing Pb exposure indices and models.

RESULTS

Consistency was observed across different blood Pb reference values, with the main hotspots identified at 3.5 µg/dL, also identified at 5 and 10 µg/dL. Substantial gains in public health were demonstrated, with the biggest decreases in the number of census tracts with EBLL observed between 2008-2010 and 2011-2013. Across OH, 355 census tracts (of 2850) were identified as hotspots across 17 locations, with the majority in the most populated cites. Generally, old housing and sociodemographic factors were indicators of these EBLL hotspots. A smaller number of hotspots were not associated with these exposure determinants. Variables of race, income, and education level were all strong predictors of hotspots.

IMPACT STATEMENT

The Getis-Ord Gi* geospatial hotspot analysis can inform local investigations into potential Pb exposures for children living in OH. The successful application of a generalizable childhood blood Pb methodology at the census tract scale provides results that are more readily actionable. The moderate agreement of the measured blood Pb results with public Pb indices provide confidence that these indices can be used in the absence of available blood Pb surveillance data. While not a replacement for universal blood Pb testing, a consistent approach can be applied to identify areas where Pb exposure may be problematic.

Ashes from challenging fuels in the circular economy

In line with the objectives of the circular economy, the conversion of waste streams to useful and valuable side streams is a central goal. Ash represents one of the main industrial side-products, and using ashes in other than the present landfilling applications is, therefore, a high priority. This paper reviews the properties and utilization of ashes of different biomass power plants and waste incinerations, with a focus on the past decade. Possibilities for ash utilization are of uttermost importance in terms of circular economy and disposal of landfills. However, considering its applicability, ash originating from the heat treatment of chemically complex fuels, such as biomass and waste poses several challenges such as high heavy metal content and the presence of toxic and/or corrosive species. Furthermore, the physical properties of the ash might limit its usability. Nevertheless, numerous studies addressing the utilization possibilities of challenging ash in various applications have been carried out over the past decade. This review, with over 300 references, surveys the field of research, focusing on the utilization of biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW) ashes. Also, metal and phosphorus recovery from different ashes is addressed. It can be concluded that the key beneficial properties of the ash types addressed in this review are based on their i) alkaline nature suitable for neutralization reactions, ii) high adsorption capabilities to be used in CO2 capture and waste treatment, and iii) large surface area and appropriate chemical composition for the catalyst industry. Especially, ashes rich in Al2O3 and SiO2 have proven to be promising alternative catalysts in various industrial processes and as precursors for synthetic zeolites.

Chemical speciation and comprehensive risk assessment of metals in sediments from Nabq protectorate, the Red Sea using individual and synergistic indices

The study evaluates metal concentrations, distributions, contamination, risk, sources, fractionation, and mobility in Nabq Protectorate sediments, revealing a metal content order of Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Cd. Metals are dominated by residual fractions, with Cd (83.70 %) > Ni (82.98 %) > Pb (80.96 %) > Fe (80.31 %) > Mn (76.65 %) reflecting the natural sources of investigated metals. Mn (23.35 %) was the most abundant mobile metal, and the sediments of the protectorate had low toxicity and moderate risk according to the synergistic indices (1 ≤ mRAC<10 and ERM; 5-10). The results from the proposed individual indices showed that Mn, Fe, and Pb are the most bioavailable (BIM 0.1-0.4), Cd, Mn, Ni, Fe, and Pb are of moderate mobility (MIM 0.1-0.4), and Cd is the most available (ARIM 5-10), with Cd posing the most ecological risk. The total hazard quotient (THQ) for child was greater than one, exposure to manganese through ingestion and skin contact while swimming may endanger human health.

Ocean acidification impact on the uptake of trace elements by mussels and their biochemical effects

This study delves into the intricate interplay between ocean acidification (OA), metal bioaccumulation, and cellular responses using mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as bioindicators. For this purpose, environmentally realistic concentrations of isotopically labelled metals (Cd, Cu, Ag, Ce) were added to investigate whether the OA increase would modify metal bioaccumulation and induce adverse effects at the cellular level. The study reveals that while certain elements like Cd and Ag might remain unaffected by OA, the bioavailability of Cu and Ce could potentially escalate, leading to amplified accumulation in marine organisms. The present findings highlight a significant rise in Ce concentrations within different mussel organs under elevated pCO2 conditions, accompanied by an increased isotopic fractionation of Ce (140/142Ce), suggesting a heightened potential for metal accumulation under OA. The results suggested that OA influenced metal accumulation in the gills of mussels. Conversely, metal accumulation in the digestive gland was unaffected by OA. The exposure to both trace metals and OA affects the biochemical responses of M. galloprovincialis, leading to increased metabolic capacity, changes in energy reserves, and alterations in oxidative stress markers, but the specific effects on other biomarkers (e.g., lipid peroxidation, some enzymatic responses or acetylcholinesterase activity) were not uniform, suggesting complex interactions between the stressors and the biochemical pathways in the mussels.

Controlling effects of terrestrial organic matter on metal contamination and toxicity risks in port sediments

The contents of metals, total carbon, total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC), and stable isotope composition (δ13Corg and δ15N) of sediment organic matter (SOM) were investigated to explore the sources and spatial distribution of metals and SOM in the surface sediments (Kaohsiung Port, Taiwan). Results showed that TOC and metals in estuarine sediments are high, gradually decreasing toward the port entrances. The δ13Corg, δ15N, and TOC/TN ratios indicate that SOM comes mainly from terrestrial sources. This study proposes a befitting model between metal pollution and toxicity risk index and SOM sources in port sediments by combining stable isotope composition, correlation matrix, and multiple linear regression analysis. The model indicates that the degree of metal pollution and toxicity risk in sediments are mainly affected by TOCterr content and SOM source. The results help to understand the influence of organic matter sources in port sediments on metal concentration distribution.

Cytosine-rich mismatched DNA aptamer combined with superparamagnetic photonic crystal sensing material for the specific visual detection of silver ions

DNA aptamer superparamagnetic photonic crystals (DSPCs), enriched with a highly selective cytosine-rich mismatched single-stranded DNA aptamer (CRDA), were successfully employed in a novel visual detection strategy for the detection of silver ions (Ag+). The technologies of superparamagnetic colloidal nanospheres (SCNs), DNA aptamer, and photonic crystals were combined to fabricate DPSCs. The aptamer was immobilized via electrostatic adsorption with amino groups that were chemically introduced on the surface of the SCNs, forming D-NH-SCNs. The detection is achieved by forming an Ag+ complex (C-Ag+-C) between Ag+ and D-NH-SCN. The DSPCs assembled under a magnetic field by D-NH-SCNs effectively detected Ag+ in the range of 1 μg/L to 5 mg/L, corresponding to the critical concentration range for heavy metals in drinking water. During the detection, the DSPC exhibited a wavelength blueshift from 652.8 nm to 626.4 nm (26.4 nm), as well as changes in reflection intensity. Notably, when detecting Ag+, a change in DSPC color from orange to yellow was observed. In summary, the developed visual detection material facilitates direct Ag + sensing. In the future, different DNA aptamers will be modified further to detect various targets in the fields of medicine, environmental monitoring, and food safety.

Physicochemical properties of 26 carbon nanotubes as predictors for pulmonary inflammation and acute phase response in mice following intratracheal lung exposure

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) vary in physicochemical properties which makes risk assessment challenging. Mice were pulmonary exposed to 26 well-characterized CNTs using the same experimental design and followed for one day, 28 days or 3 months. This resulted in a unique dataset, which was used to identify physicochemical predictors of pulmonary inflammation and systemic acute phase response. MWCNT diameter and SWCNT specific surface area were predictive of lower and higher neutrophil influx, respectively. Manganese and iron were shown to be predictive of higher neutrophil influx at day 1 post-exposure, whereas nickel content interestingly was predictive of lower neutrophil influx at all three time points and of lowered acute phase response at day 1 and 3 months post-exposure. It was not possible to separate effects of properties such as specific surface area and length in the multiple regression analyses due to co-variation.

Atherogenic Index as a Cardiovascular Biomarker in Mexican Workers from Marginalized Urban Areas Occupationally Exposed to Metals

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. The etiology of CVD is often associated with multiple risk factors, with environmental factors receiving considerable attention. Individuals with precarious jobs are among the groups most affected by chronic exposure to environmental pollutants.

AIM

This study aimed to evaluate occupational exposure to heavy metals among individuals in precarious job settings and investigate atherogenic indices as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk.

METHODS

A total of 137 workers participated in this cross-sectional study conducted in three work environments in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Urine and blood samples were collected to assess metal exposure and biochemical profiles, including atherogenic indices.

RESULTS

The results showed that workers in the brick sector exhibited the highest levels of metal exposure, particularly arsenic (44.06 µg/L), followed by stonecutters and garbage collectors (24.7 and 16.9 µg/L, respectively). Similarly, Castelli risk index (CRI) and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were higher in brickmakers (3.883 and 0.499) compared to stonecutters (3.285 and 0.386) and garbage collectors (3.329 and 0.367).

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence of exposure to heavy metals was observed in the three populations, in addition to the fact that individuals with greater exposure to arsenic also exhibited higher CRI and AIP.

Genomic insights into the adaptation of Acinetobacter johnsonii RB2-047 to the heavy metal-contaminated subsurface mine environment

The subsurface mine environments characterized by high levels of toxic metals and low nutrient availability represent an extreme threat to bacterial persistence. In recent study, the genomic analysis of the Acinetobacter johnsonii strain RB2-047 isolated from the Rozália Gold Mine in Slovakia was performed. As expected, the studied isolate showed a high level of heavy metal tolerance (minimum inhibitory concentrations were 500 mg/L for copper and nickel, 1,500 mg/L for lead, and 250 mg/L for zinc). The RB2-047 strain also showed noticeable resistance to several antibiotics (ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin). The genomic composition analysis demonstrated a low number of antibiotic and metal resistance coding genes, but a high occurrence of efflux transporter genes located on the bacterial chromosome. The experimental inhibition of efflux pumps resulted in decreased tolerance to Zn and Ni (but not to Cu and Pb) and to all antibiotics tested. In addition, the H33342 dye-accumulation assay confirmed the high efflux activity in the RB2-047 isolate. These findings showed the important role of efflux pumps in the adaptation of Acinetobacter johsonii strain RB2-047 to metal polluted mine environment as well as in development of multi-antibiotic resistance.

Meat, Poultry, and Siluriformes Fish Samples Taken at Slaughter and Retail, 2017-2022

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) conducts surveillance of metallic elements in U.S. meat, poultry, and Siluriformes fish samples collected immediately postmortem as part of its National Residue Program (NRP). From 2017 to 2022, 13,966 samples were analyzed under the NRP. The Federal Emergency Response Network (FERN) Cooperative Agreement Program (CAP) tests meat, poultry, and Siluriformes fish products collected at retail in the United States for metals. From 2018 to 2022, 2,902 samples were analyzed by FERN CAP laboratories. Meat and poultry samples collected by FSIS show that most metals were not detected at all or were detected infrequently. Meat is a rich source of iron and zinc, and iron was detected in 22% (1,255/5,623) and zinc was detected in 48% (2,742/5,676) of meat and poultry samples, respectively. The percentage of samples testing positive for manganese, molybdenum, lead, and cadmium were higher in the FERN CAP retail samples than in FSIS samples. Expected human exposure from average levels of lead and cadmium found in meat and poultry was compared to toxicological reference values and was not found to exceed these values. Detections of arsenic and mercury were found more often in Siluriformes fish samples (2017-2022) than in terrestrial animals. Trace amounts of arsenic and mercury were detected in 8% and 4% of Siluriformes samples, respectively, but were not detected at levels that raise concern. On the whole, both the FSIS and FERN CAP datasets provide reassuring evidence of the safety of the FSIS-regulated food supply with regard to the studied elements.

Oxidative stress and neurotoxicity induced by exposure to settleable atmospheric particulate matter in bullfrog tadpoles, Aquarana catesbeiana, (Shaw, 1802)

Bullfrog tadpoles, Aquarana catesbeiana, were exposed to settleable particulate matter (SePM), (1 g L-1, 96 h) and their organs were collected for analysis of metal/metalloid, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in liver, muscle, kidney and brain. The SePM water of the exposed groups contained 18 of the 28 metals/metalloids detected in ambient particulate matter (APM). Fe56 and Al were those that presented the highest concentrations, Cr, Mn, Pb and Cu increased from 10 to 20 times and Ti, V, Sr, Rb, Cd, Sn and Ni increased from 1 to 3 times compared to the control. Bioaccumulation of metals/metalloids in the exposure water varied significantly between organs, with the muscle and liver showing the highest concentrations of metals, followed by the brain. Lipoperoxidation and malondialdehyde increased only in muscle, while carbonyl proteins increased only in the liver and brain. Regarding nitric oxide synthase, there was an increase in the liver and brain in the group exposed to SePM. Catalase activity decreased in the liver and muscle, while the activity of glutathione peroxidase, increased in the liver and kidney and decreased in muscle. Glutathione S-transferase, which is mainly responsible for detoxification, increased in the liver and decreased in muscle and the kidney. Cholinesterase activity increased only in the muscle. The results indicate oxidative stress, due to oxidation catalyzed by metals, components of SePM. Thus, the results contribute to the understanding that SePM has a deleterious effect on the aquatic environment, negatively affecting bullfrog tadpoles, in different ways and levels in relation to the analyzed organs.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for ovarian cancer treatment: from organic to inorganic chemotherapeutics towards selectivity-a perspective overview

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a lethal gynecologic cancer in industrialized countries. Treatments for OC include the surgical removal and chemotherapy. In the last decades, improvements have been made in the surgery technologies, drug combinations and administration protocols, and in diagnosis. However, mortality from OC is still high owing to recurrences and insurgence of drug resistance. Accordingly, it is urgent the development of novel agents capable to effectively target OC. In this respect, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may play an important role. Most of TKIs developed and tested so far are organic. However, owing to their chemical versatility, also metals can be exploited to design selective and potent TKIs. We provide a short and easy-to-read overview on the main organic TKIs with a summary of those that entered clinical trials. Additionally, we describe the potential of metal-based TKIs, focusing on this overlooked family of compounds that may significantly contribute towards the concept of precision-medicine.

Association of exposures to environmental chemicals estimated through primary teeth biomatrix and health outcomes in children and adolescents - A systematic review

Children's heightened susceptibility to environmental exposure arises from their underdeveloped detoxification mechanisms and augmented per-unit body-weight absorption capacity for chemical compounds. Primary teeth are an emerging biomatrix, which aid in storing crucial data on early exposure to harmful substances and developmental illnesses. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between environmental chemical exposure and health outcomes in children and adolescents using primary teeth as a matrix. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023428013). The review spanned studies published between 1974 and 2023, identified through an extensive literature search on databases like MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, CINAHL, the Cochrane Oral Health Group Specialized Register, Scopus, and Web of Science. Distiller SR software was used to assess study quality and extract the outcome data. The NTP-OHAT scale assessed evidence quality, and case-control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies in English were included. Comprehensively reviewing 5287 articles resulted in 29 studies being included in the final analysis, comprising 15 cross-sectional, seven case-control, and seven cohort studies. All 29 studies qualified for qualitative analysis. Eleven studies analyzed lead (Pb) effects on health outcomes, four analyzed manganese (Mn), and 14 investigated other element groups. Primary teeth biomatrix assessed various health outcomes: neurobehavior, childhood behaviour, ADHD, birth outcomes, fetal alcohol syndrome disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and dental caries. This study contributes to existing evidence, reinforcing a link between environmental metal exposure and health consequences. The evidence extends to prenatal and postnatal periods, substantiated by primary teeth biomatrix analysis. Lead level fluctuations can influence neuropsychological functioning, potentially causing cognitive impairments. Altered manganese levels correlate with behavioral issues, adverse effects on visuospatial development, and birth weight changes. Primary teeth biomatrices aid fetal alcohol spectrum disorders diagnosis, and correlations between organo-chemical exposure and autism were observed.

Maternal transfer of trace elements to shark eggs and their dietary assimilation efficiencies

Dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) transferred trace elements (110Ag, 109Cd, 54Mn and 75Se) from their diet to eggs, and their components (yolk and embryo, case and jelly) at greatly varying rates. Trace element levels in eggs showed positive linear relationships (p < 0.001; r2-0.83-0.91) with their cumulative rates of maternal ingestion over 61 days (maternal-to-egg transfer rates: mTFs). These mTFs varied by 2-3 orders of magnitude, with 54Mn > 110Ag > 75Se > 109Cd, and their range encompassed those previously measured for 60Co, 65Zn, 241Am and 134Cs. For six of the eight trace elements, their mTFs were significantly influenced (p < 0.05; r2 = 0.72) by both their dietary assimilation efficiency and their location within the egg (case). In contrast, both 110Ag and 54Mn greatly exceeded the mTFs predicted by this multiple regression model by one and 2-3 orders of magnitude, respectively, and were predominantly transferred to the egg case. Among elements, contrasting rates of transfer and percentage distributions in egg components imply differing ecotoxicological and radiological detriments to the developing embryo.

Associations between follicular fluid trace elements and ovarian response during in vitro fertilization

INTRODUCTION

Exposure to trace elements has been associated with ovarian response in experimental studies. We conducted a hypothesis-generating study of associations between ovarian follicular fluid (FF) trace elements and measures of ovarian response among women using in vitro fertilization (IVF).

METHODS

We collected ovarian FF specimens from 56 women. We determined concentrations (μg/L) of 11 trace elements using inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry. We estimated associations between women's FF trace elements per interquartile range difference, and measures of ovarian response using linear (peak estradiol (E2), baseline anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)) and negative binomial (baseline antral follicle count (AFC) and oocyte count) regression, adjusting for confounding factors. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to estimate the associations of the FF trace elements mixture. We also explored FF oxidative stress enzymes as causal mediators of the associations.

RESULTS

Higher FF cobalt was associated with greater peak E2 (mean difference = 351.48 pg/mL; 95%CI: 21.76, 724.71) and AFC (rate ratio = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.01, 1.28), and higher FF copper was associated with greater peak E2 (mean difference = 335.66 pg/mL; 95%CI: 81.77, 753.08) and oocyte count (rate ratio = 1.19; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.43). Higher FF mercury was also associated with greater peak E2 (mean difference = 410.70 pg/mL; 95%CI: 61.90, 883.39). Higher FF lead was associated with lesser AFC (rate ratio = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.73, 0.98). Using PCA, the mixture of Sr, Hg, and As was associated with higher peak estradiol, AFC, and oocyte count. FF glutathione peroxidase, paraoxonase, and arylesterase activities were inconsistent mediators of the associations, but the effect estimates were imprecise.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that essential and non-essential trace elements in FF were associated with ovarian response during IVF.

Metals and phosphorus in the sediments of streams emptying into the Çanakkale strait (Dardanelles): Spatial distribution, pollution status, risk assessment and source identification

The Çanakkale Strait is exposed to various pollutants due to its strategic location. It is thought that stream inputs may contribute significantly to metal and phosphorus (P) accumulation in the strait. In this study, the spatial distribution, pollution status, ecological risks and possible sources of twelve metals and P in the sediments of seven important streams emptying into the strait were analyzed. The results showed that Zn (226 mg/kg), Ba (67.2 mg/kg) and Pb (10.4 mg/kg) concentrations were higher in the Umurbey Stream due to mining activities, while P concentration (295 mg/kg) was higher in the Çanakkale Stream due to both agricultural activities and domestic wastewater discharges. Modified hazard quotient (mHQ), enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor (Cf) values revealed that Zn and Pb showed high and moderate contamination in the US3 and US4 sampling sites of the Umurbey Stream, respectively. Similarly, P showed moderate contamination in the ÇS3 site of the Çanakkale Stream. Nemerow pollution index (NPI) showed that the US3 (2.41) and US4 (4.28) sites of the Umurbey Stream were slightly and moderately polluted, respectively. Toxic risk index (TRI) values demonstrated that the sediments in only the US4 site (5.17) of the Umurbey Stream may pose a low toxic risk due to high Zn content. Similarly, based on comparison results with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), it was found that high Zn content may lead to adverse effects on sediment-dwelling organisms in the US4 site. In addition, the PEC-quotient value in the US4 site exceeded 0.5, confirming the finding that the sediments in this site could be toxic to benthic organisms. Finally, correlation, cluster and factor analyzes were used to determine possible sources of elements. Mining activities, natural sources and mixed sources (agricultural activities and natural sources) were identified as the main sources of elements in the sediments of the streams. This study can provide an important reference for evaluating stream sediment pollution and managing marine pollution.

Trajectories of trace element accumulation in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) over a decade reveal the footprint of fish farming

To evaluate the effect of trace element (TE) release from fish farms on seagrass Posidonia oceanica, we compared TE concentrations (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) in shoots near fish cages (Station 'Cage') with those away from them (Station 'Control') in two fish farm facilities (Site 1 and Site 2, North Aegean Sea, Greece). We assessed the present (i.e., 2021, year of sampling) and past (reconstructed period 2012-2020) accumulation of TEs using the living compartments (leaf blades, sheaths, rhizomes, roots, epiphytes) and the dead sheaths, respectively. We also assessed possible seagrass degradation by reconstructing past rhizome production. P. oceanica rhizome production at the 'Cage' stations was up to 50% lower than at the 'Control' stations. Most TE concentrations were higher at 'Cage' stations, but the differences often depended on the seagrass living compartment. Significant differentiation between 'Cage' and 'Control' stations was observed based on the TE concentrations of the dead sheaths during 2012-2020. The contamination level at the 'Cage' stations was mostly moderate in Site 1 and low in Site 2, during the reconstructed period, while an increasing contamination trend was found for certain potential phytotoxic TEs (As, Cu, Cd, Mo, V). Our results emphasize the need for the aquaculture industry to work towards a more ecologically aware approach.

Binary effects of fluoxetine and zinc on the biomarker responses of the non-target model organism Daphnia magna

The antidepressant effect of zinc on mammals has been documented in recent decades, and the concentration of the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) in aquatic environments has been rising constantly. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the combined toxicity of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (FLX) and Zn2+ on a non-target aquatic model organism Daphnia magna. Animals were exposed to single and binary combinations of FLX (20.5 and 41 µg/L for subchronic and 41 and 82 µg/L for acute exposures) and Zn2+ (40 µg/L for subchronic and 80 µg/L for acute exposures). In vivo experiments were done for 7 days subchronic and 48 h acute exposure, while subcellular supernatants of whole Daphnia lysate (WDL) were directly treated with the same concentrations used in the acute experiments. Morphological characteristics, Ca2+-ATPase, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation were examined. There was antioxidant system suppression and Ca2+-ATPase inhibition despite the diverse response patterns due to duration, concentration, and toxicant type. After acute exposure, biomarkers showed a diminishing trend compared to subchronic exposure. According to integrated biomarker response index (IBR) analysis, in vivo Zn2+ exposure was reasonably effective on the health of D. magna, whereas exposure of WDL to Zn2+ had a lesser impact. FLX toxicity increased in a concentration-dependent manner, reversed by the combined exposure. We concluded that potential pro-oxidative and adverse Ca2+-ATPase effects of FLX and Zn2+ in D. magna may also have harmful impact on ecosystem levels. Pharmaceutical exposure (FLX) should be considered along with their potential to interact with other toxicants in aquatic biota.

A multi-biomarker approach to verify chronic effects on Eisenia andrei earthworms exposed to tailings from one of the world's largest mining disasters

Mining is of great relevance to the global economy, but its activities are challenging due to socio-environmental impacts. In January 2019, an iron ore tailings dam collapsed in Brumadinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil) releasing 12 × 106 m3 of tailings, causing human losses and devastation around 3.13 × 106 m2 of a watershed. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the potential toxic effects of tailings from the collapsed dam using earthworms Eisenia andrei as a model organism for terrestrial environments. An extensive set of tests was performed, including behavioral (avoidance), acute (mortality and biomass) and chronic tests, such as biomass, reproduction and cytotoxicity (viability and cell density and change in coelomocyte pattern). The physical-chemical characterization revealed a higher density of the tailings in relation to the control soil, which can result in physical changes, such as soil compaction and surface sealing. Aluminum, Ca, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, K, Na and P registered higher concentrations in the tailings compared to the control soil, while Total Nitrogen, Total Organic Carbon and Organic Matter were higher in the natural soil. Based on the avoidance test, an EC50 of 27.18 ± 2.83% was estimated. No lethality was observed in the acute exposure, nor variations in biomass in the acute and chronic assays. However, there was a tendency to reduce the number of juveniles in relation to cocoons in the proportions of 3125; 12.5 and 25%. Significant changes in viability, cell density and pattern of amebocytes and eleocytes were observed up to the 35th day of exposure. A multi-biomarker approach (Integrated Biological Response version 2) indicated concentration-dependent effects and attenuation of cellular changes over time. These are the first results of chronic effects on earthworms exposed to tailings from the B1 dam. Despite being conclusive, we highlight the possible heterogeneity of the tailings and the necessary care in extrapolating the results.

Associations between prenatal metal exposure and growth rate in children: Based on Hangzhou Birth Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

It has been reported that prenatal metal exposure is associated with child anthropometry. However, studies focusing on the growth rate of anthropometry among children have not been conducted. This study aimed to examine associations between the exposure of multiple metals during pregnancy and the growth rate of anthropometry among offspring.

METHODS

743 mother-child pairs from the Hangzhou Birth Cohort Study (HBCS) were included. Levels of eleven metals in mother's blood during pregnancy were measured. Offspring had a mean of 5.7 measurements on anthropometric indicators including weight, length/height, head circumference, and body mass index (BMI) within 1.5 years of birth. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to investigate the associations between maternal metal exposure and growth rate of anthropometric indicators in children. Stratification analysis by sex was also examined.

RESULTS

Levels of selenium (Se, β = 0.213, 95 % CI = 0.017 to 0.409, P = 0.033) were positively associated with length/height gain per month in children. Levels of chromium (Cr, β = 0.025, 95 % CI = 0.018 to 0.033, P < 0.001) were positively associated with the rate of weight gain. Levels of manganese (Mn, β = -0.030, 95 % CI = -0.052 to -0.008, P = 0.009) and cobalt (Co, β = -0.012, 95 % CI = -0.024 to -0.000, P = 0.044) were inversely associated with growth rate of head circumference. Children with higher maternal Mn levels had a lower BMI change rate. Associations between metals and growth rate were stronger in girls than in boys. Besides, significant associations between metal mixtures and growth rate were found.

CONCLUSION

Prenatal exposure to Se, Cr, Mn, and Co was associated with growth rate in children, with sex-specific disparities. Our results suggested important effects of maternal exposure to multiple metals on development in offspring.

Protozoan and helminths infestation of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and its correlation with certain water quality variables along river Nile in the area of Greater Cairo

Pollutants and parasites represent stressors for fish at the individual, population, or community levels. The current study outlines the seasonal infestation pattern of Oreochromis niloticus by protozoan and helminths parasites linked to some physicochemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity), and metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Ca), at nine selected sites in River Nile (Greater Cairo area) from summer 2019 till spring 2020. Most of the studied criteria in Nile water samples showed normal levels during all seasons compared to the recommended limits of EPA. The parasitological examinations recorded three protozoan categories: Myxobolus (8 species), hemoflagellates (Trypanosoma mukasi) and Ciliates (Trichodina compacta), and three helminths; Clinostomum sp., Acanthocephala sp. and Euclinostomum ardeola. The highest incidence of infection was determined for Clinostomum sp., followed in descending order by Myxobolus sp., Acanthocephala sp., T. mukasi, E. ardeolathen, and T. compacta. Notably, this study introduces the novel identification of new species of Myxobolus in the blood of Oreochromis niloticus. The histopathological examination of gills, muscles, and kidneys reveals serious changes and the presence of encysted trematodes, metacercariae, and cysts of protozoan parasites. Additionally, the study employs cluster analysis based on site similarity in water variables and canonical correspondence analysis, explaining 98.7 % of the variables and indicating correlations between parasite infestation and environmental factors. These analytical approaches reveal the impact of land use activities on water variables and the influence of adjacent activities on fish parasite infestation patterns. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive perspective by considering various factors to enhance our understanding of pollutants and parasites affecting fish in the River Nile.

Human health risk assessment of metal-contaminated soils in Sydney estuary catchment (Australia)

Sydney estuary catchment supports the largest city in Australia and provides essential eco-social and environmental services; however, the region has been influenced by extensive anthropogenic modification. Soil metal concentrations in the catchment had been studied previously; however, the current investigation was designed to determine the risk posed by these contaminants to human health. Soil metal concentrations were higher than observed in most global capitals and increased substantially in the south and south-east of the catchment and close to the central business district. Road-side soils and road dust contained the highest concentration of metals in the catchment. Lead in catchment soils was closely related to traffic density and sourced from the historic use of Pb in petrol. A human health assessment indicated that soil Cd, Ni and Zn posed no non-carcinogenic risk (NCR), or carcinogenic risk (CR) for children, or adults in Sydney estuary catchment and that Cu and Cr may pose minor NCR for children. Vehicle-related Pb raised the greatest human health risk in catchment soils and may pose NCR at 32% and 4.3% of sites for children and adults, respectively. Inconsistent analytical techniques used in CR and NCR evaluations produce incomparable assessments and a consistent` methodology is suggested to improve interpretation. Human health risk may well be higher than commonly calculated due to pollutants present in urban soil not being included in assessments.

Health risk assessment and potential sources of metals in riparian soils of the Wujiang River, China

In order to understand the pollution status of metals in the riparian soils along the Wujiang River, 26 sampling sites in the mainstream and tributary streams were selected for investigation. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Nemerow integrated pollution index, and potential ecological risk index were applied to evaluate the contamination status and ecological risks of metals. Results revealed that the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 12.20, 0.51, 84.01, 57.42, 922.57, 38.37, 38.06, and 127.82 mg/kg, respectively. The metal contamination degree and ecological risks in the upper reaches were significantly higher than those in the middle and lower reaches of the Wujiang River. Cd was the dominant contamination metal. Significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of metals were found in children based on the hazard index and carcinogenic risk. As was the main non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic pollutant metal in both adults and children. According to principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression, anthropogenic sources (mining and agricultural activities) contributed most to Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Ni, with contribution rates of 89.14, 82.32, 74.46, 72.12, 68.52, and 61.02%, respectively. Natural sources contributed most to Mn, with a contribution rate of 83.07%. Unidentified sources contributed most to As, with a contribution rate of 47.27%.

Reduction of haemoglobin is related to metal mixtures exposure in Chinese preschoolers: Joint effect models

Heavy metal exposure is a known risk factor for hematologic disorders in children, yet the impact of co-exposure to multiple metals remains underexplored. This cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between urinary levels of 23 metals and haemoglobin (Hb) in 1460 Chinese preschoolers. The concentrations of the 23 urinary metals were quantified using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, while Hb levels were assessed through finger prick blood samples. To evaluate the co-exposure effects, we employed three approaches: Generalized linear regression model, joint effect models including Quantile g-Computation and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR). From the generalized linear regression and Quantile g-computation, urinary uranium, thallium, aluminium, iron and tungsten were correlated negatively with Hb, while urinary barium was correlated positively (all P < 0.05). Moreover, significant negative associations between metal mixtures exposure with Hb were identified in both Quantile g-computation [β (95% CI): -0.083 (-0.132, -0.033), P = 0.0012] and BKMR [90th percentile vs. 50th percentile β (95% CI): -0.238 (-0.368, -0.107), P < 0.001] with aluminium emerging as the primary contributor to this joint effect (weight in Quantile g-computation = 0.399, PIPs in BKMR = 0.896). These findings provide a potential explanation for environmental exposure to metals and Hb-related disease in preschoolers.

Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes decussatus from Faro Lake (Messina), Italy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential bioaccumulation of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the haemolymph and corpus of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes decussatus from Lake Faro. The lake is particularly prone to the accumulation of substances that are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms, due to the input of pollutants from urban and agricultural sources and the low rate of water exchange. The combination of saltwater from the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Strait of Messina and freshwater from hilly aquifers has created brackish conditions in the lake, resulting in an area of high commercial shellfish productivity. As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined using a single quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer; Hg was determined using a direct mercury analyser (DMA-80). Physicochemical parameters of the water from Lake Faro were also performed. Statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., Boston, MA, USA) and Shapiro-Wilk normality was applied. Concentrations of Cd, Hg and Pb below the permitted MRLs in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes decussatus used as ''biological indicators'' show that Lake Faro is not at risk of contamination by these pollutants and, moreover, is free of health problems for the consumer based on regulatory limits.

Continuous co-treatment of mine drainage with municipal wastewater

Acid mine drainage (AMD) and municipal wastewater (MWW) are commonly co-occurring waste streams in mining regions. Co-treating AMD at existing wastewater facilities represents an innovative solution for simultaneous AMD reclamation and improved MWW treatment. However, unknowns related to biological processes and continuous treatment performance block full-scale use. The overarching goal of this work was to address questions related to efficacy and performance of continuous processing of AMD in a biological MWW treatment system. Synthetic AMD was co-treated with synthetic MWW in a continuously-operating bench-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR). SBRs treated MWW with two strengths of AMD (91 and 720 mg/L as CaCO3 Acidity) to capture the variations of coal AMD chemistry and strength observed in the field. Each co-treatment phases lasted 40+ days, during which clarified effluent and settled sludge quality was routinely monitored to determine impacts of co-treatment relative to conventional MWW treatment performance. Co-treatment produced effluent that met key standards for secondary treatment including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) < 5 mg/L, total suspended solids (TSS) < 20 mg/L, and pH ∼7.0. Addition of AMD also improved treatment performance, increasing Phosphate (PO4) removal by >60% and pathogen removal by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, AMD co-treatment did not exhibit any major impacts on the overall diversity of the wastewater microbial community. Co-treatment sludge had slightly higher settleability and a lower bound water content, but notable changes in sludge morphology was observed. This study demonstrates co-treatment allows for continuous mitigation of AMD without adversely impacting MWW treatment performance in conventional biological MWW processes.

Blood Pb levels are associated with prostate cancer prevalence among general adult males: Linking National Cancer Registry (2002-2017) and KNHANES (2008-2017) databases of Korea

BACKGROUND

Exposure to heavy metals may increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. However, these observations are often inconsistent and not based on clinically diagnosed cases.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) exposure with clinically determined prostate cancer cases among adult males in South Korea.

METHODS

Metal biomonitoring data and cancer information from the general Korean population were extracted by linking National Cancer Center (NCC) cancer registration data (2002-2017) with Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data (2008-2017). Among them, 46 prostate cancer cases (designated as 'all-prostate'), including 25 diagnosed after heavy metal measurement (designated as 'post-prostate'), and 93 matching controls were chosen. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between the heavy metal levels and prostate cancer.

RESULTS

Post-prostate patients exhibited higher blood Pb levels than controls (median 3.1 μg/dL vs. 2.38 μg/dL, p = 0.01). For all-prostate cancer, the OR of prostate cancer increased by 2.04-fold for every doubling of Pb levels (95% CI = 1.08-3.87, p = 0.03). The OR was also significantly elevated when comparing the third quartile (Q3) to the lowest quartile (Q1), with ORs ranging from 3.38 to 7.95, depending on model (p < 0.05). Blood Pb levels maintained a positive association with inconsistent significance for post-prostate cancer patients. For Cd and Hg, no statistically significant association was established.

SIGNIFICANCE

By linking two national health databases for the first time, we constructed an unbiased database of prostate cancer cases and matching controls. We found that blood Pb concentrations were associated with the risk of prostate cancer in Korean men at the current level of exposure.

Association between multiple sclerosis and urinary levels of toxic metals and organophosphates: A cross-sectional study in Israel

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease of uncertain etiology damaging myelin sheaths around axons of the central nervous system. Myelin protects the axon from potentially harmful exogenous factors. The aetiological role of environmental exposure metals and organophosphates is unclear.

OBJECTIVE

Identify whether urinary levels of metals and organophosphates differed in MS patients and controls.

METHODS

We recruited MS patients from Ziv Medical Centre and healthy controls. MS patients were evaluated according to Expanded Disability Status Scale into mild and moderate-severe conditions. Each participant provided a urine sample and completed epidemiological questionnaires. The levels of six metal (Aluminum, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury, Nickel) and one metalloid (Arsenic) and common organophosphates pesticide metabolites (6 dialkylphosphates, DAP) were measured in urine using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. We compared cases with controls in terms of urinary levels of these compounds using Mann-Whitney and Kruskall-Wallis tests.

RESULTS

Urinary cadmium and mercury levels were higher in the 49 MS patients than the 37 controls (p < 0.01). Cadmium levels were higher in moderate-severe MS patients (n = 24) than mild MS patients (n = 25) (p = 0.003).

CONCLUSION

Urinary cadmium and mercury levels were higher among MS patients than controls. Cadmium levels correlated with disease severity. Further studies are needed to explore potential causal pathways between these compounds and MS pathogenesis.

Assessment of the ecological quality status of the Sepetiba Bay (SE Brazil): When metabarcoding meets morphology on foraminifera

In recent years, the region surrounding Sepetiba Bay (SB; SE Brazil) has become a hub of intense urban expansion and economic exploitation in response to ore transport and industrial and port activities. As a result, contaminants have been introduced into the bay, leading to an overall worsening of the environmental quality. The present work applies for the first time a foraminiferal morphology-based approach (M) and eDNA-based metabarcoding sequencing (G), along with geochemical data to assess the ecological quality status (EcoQS) in the SB. Principal component analysis shows that the eDNA and morphospecies diversity as well as most of the taxa relative abundance decline in response to the environmental stress (ES) gradient related to total organic carbon (TOC) and metal pollution. Based on ecological indices, Exp(H'bc) (G), Exp(H'bc) (M), foraminifera ATZI marine biotic index (Foram-AMBI), Foram Stress Index (FSI), and geochemical indices (TOC and Potential Ecological Risk Index), the lowest values of EcoQS (i.e., bad to moderate) are inferred in the innermost part of the SB. Despite minor discrepancies among the six EcoQS indices, an agreement has been found for 63% of the stations. To improve the agreement between the ecological indices, it is necessary to fill the gap in species ecology; information on the ecology of many species is still unknown. This work reinforces the importance of molecular analysis and morphological methods in environmental impact studies and confirms the reliability of foraminiferal metabarcoding in EcoQS assessment. This is the first study evaluating the EcoQS in the South Atlantic by using combined foraminiferal eDNA metabarcoding with morphological data.