An update review on monoterpene indole alkaloids and biological activities of Tabernaemontana species occurring in Brazil

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Tabernaemontana genus belongs to the Apocynaceae family of which 30 species are found in Brazil. Some Tabernaemontana species are used by Brazilian indigenous people and other communities, or are listed in the Yanomami Pharmacopeia. Ethnopharmacological data include use(s) for muscle problems, depressed sternum, back pain, abscess, indigestion, eye irritation, earache, itching, vaginal discharge, as an aid for older people who are slow and forgetful, mosquito and snake bites, infection by the human botfly larvae, calmative, and fever. Obviously, many of these uses are attributed to the alkaloids found in Tabernaemontana species.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The aim is to gather information on Tabernaemontana species occurring in Brazil, as sources of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs). In addition, we aim to collect reported experimental demonstrations of their biological activity, which may provide the foundation for further studies, including phytochemistry, the development of medicinal agents, and validation of phytopreparations.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Brazilian Flora 2020 database was used as source for Tabernamontana species occurring in Brazil. The literature review on these species was collected from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Scifinder. The keywords included names and synonyms of Tabernaemontana species found in Brazil, which were validated by the Word Flora Online Plant List.

RESULTS

A literature survey covering the time frame from 1960 until June 2023 resulted in 121 MIAs, including 48 not yet reported in the last review published in 2016. Some alkaloid extracts, fractions, and isolated alkaloids present evidenced biological activity, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, and against snake venoms, among others. Notably, ethnopharmacological based information has been the basis of some reports on Tabernaemontana species.

CONCLUSIONS

Our literature survey shows that Tabernaemontana species present bioactive MIAs, such as voacamine and affinisine, demonstrating significant cytotoxicity activity against several tumoral cell lines. Those compounds can be considered promising candidates in the search for new anticancer drugs. However, the Amazonian plant biome is increasingly damaged, which may lead to the extinction of biological diversity. This threat may also affect Tabernaemontana species, which have scarcely been investigated regarding the potential of their phytochemicals for the development of new drugs.

Comparative analysis of antioxidant and fatty acid composition in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruits: Exploring regional and commercial varieties

On Madeira Island, Portugal, the avocado crop benefits from a Mediterranean climate, exhibiting exceptional phytochemical and biochemical properties. Aiming to evaluate the antioxidant quality and fatty acid composition with a commercial avocado, flours were obtained from five varieties (four regional and one commercial Hass) across different tissues (pulp and by-products) and cycles (years and on-tree maturation stages). Results showed that a regional variety with thin purple skin had the highest antioxidant qualities and lipid content, surpassing the other regional and commercial Hass varieties. Oleic acid prevailed in all samples, with regional avocados containing arachidonic acid which is an uncommon occurrence among higher plants. Variations in fatty acid content were influenced by the timing of harvest. These outcomes highlight the promising potential of avocados from Madeira Island.

The genus Polygonum: An updated comprehensive review of its ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and phytopharmaceutical formulation

Polygonum is a plant genus that includes annual and perennial species and is found at various temperatures, from northern temperate regions to tropical and subtropical areas. The genus Polygonum has been used for centuries for various disorders, including hypertension, intestinal and stomach pain, dysuria, jaundice, toothaches, skin allergies, hemorrhoids, cardiac disorders, kidney stones, hemostasis, hyperglycemia, and others. Various databases, including Google Scholar, Scifinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Web of Science, were utilized to collect pertinent scientific literature data. According to bibliographic studies, the Polygonum genus possesses various compounds from different families, including phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, quinic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, and many other compounds), flavonoids (quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, quercitrin, kaempferol, myricetin, etc.), tannins, stilbenes (polydatin and resveratrol), terpenes (α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide, bisabolene, β-farnesene, etc.), fatty acids (decanoic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, dodecanoic acid), polysaccharides, and others. Various chemical and biological activities (in vitro and in vivo), such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, hepatoprotective, neuropharmacological, gastroprotective, diuretic, antipyretic, and others, have been described in several biological studies involving this species. An updated summary of Polygonum species and their ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, toxicological, pharmacological, and phytopharmaceutical formulations is necessary. Considering the numerous potentialities of the Polygonum species and their wide-ranging use, it is extremely essential to provide knowledge by compiling the accessible literature to identify the topics of intense investigation and the main gaps to better design future studies. The objective of this review is to give readers a better understanding, greater comprehension, and in-depth knowledge of the genus Polygonum's traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicological features, and galenic formulation. Several species of this genus have been detailed in this review, including those that were frequently used in traditional medicine (P. minus, P. aviculare, P. hydropiper, P. cuspidatum, and P. multiflorum) and many of the genus' therapeutic species, like P. equisetiforme, which do not get enough attention.

Screening of anti-melanoma compounds from Morus alba L.: Sanggenon C promotes melanoma cell apoptosis by disrupting intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Morus alba L. is a widespread plant that has long been considered to have remarkable medical values, including anti-inflammation in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The components of Morus Alba L. constituents have been extensively studied and have been shown to have high prospects for cancer therapy. However, limited investigations have been done on the bioactive compounds in Morus alba L.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to systematically examine the anticancer properties of 28 commercially available compounds from Morus alba L. against melanoma cells in vitro. Additionally, the anticancer mechanisms of the bioactive compound exhibiting the most significant potential were further studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-proliferative effects of Morus alba L.-derived compounds on melanoma cells were determined by colony formation assays. Their effects on cell viability and apoptosis were determined using the CCK8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The binding affinity of identified Morus alba L. compounds with anticancer activities towards melanoma targets was analyzed via molecular docking. The molecular mechanism of Sanggenon C was explored using soft agar assays, EdU incorporation assays, flow cytometry, western blotting, transcriptome analysis, and xenograft assays.

RESULTS

Based on colony formation assays, 11 compounds at 20 μM significantly inhibited colony growth on a panel of melanoma cells. These compounds displayed IC50 values (half maximal inhibitory concentrations) ranging from 5 μM to 30 μM. Importantly, six compounds were identified as novel anti-melanoma agents, including Sanggenon C, 3'-Geranyl-3-prenyl-2',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone, Moracin P, Moracin O, Kuwanon A, and Kuwanon E. Among them, Sanggenon C showed the most potent effects, with an IC50 of about 5 μM, significantly reducing proliferation and inducing apoptosis in melanoma cells. Based on the xenograft model assay, Sanggenon C significantly inhibited melanoma cell proliferation in vivo. Sanggenon C triggered ER stress in a dose-dependent manner, which further disrupted cellular calcium ion (Ca2+) homeostasis. The Ca2+ chelator BAPTA partially restored cell apoptosis induced by Sanggenon C, confirming that Ca2+ signaling contributed to the anticancer activity of Sanggenon C against melanoma.

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, 11 compounds demonstrated anti-melanoma properties. Notably, Sanggenon C was found to promote apoptosis by disrupting the intracellular calcium homeostasis in melanoma cells. This study provides valuable information for the future development of novel cancer therapeutic agents from Morus alba L.

Widespread Production of Polyunsaturated Aldehydes by Benthic Diatoms of the North Pacific Ocean's Salish Sea

Diatoms are key primary producers across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. They are responsible for photosynthesis and secondary production that, in part, support complex food webs. Diatoms can produce phytochemicals that have transtrophic ecological effects which increase their competitive fitness. Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are one class of diatom-derived phytochemicals that are known to have allelopathic and anti-herbivory properties. The anti-herbivory capability of PUAs results from their negative effect on grazer fecundity. Since their discovery, research has focused on their production by pelagic marine diatoms, and their effects on copepod egg production, hatching success, and juvenile survival and development. Few investigations have explored PUA production by the prolific suite of benthic marine diatoms, despite their importance to coastal trophic systems. In this study, we tested eight species of benthic diatoms for the production of the bioactive PUAs 2,4-heptadienal, 2,4-octadienal, and 2,4-decadienal. Benthic diatom species were isolated from the Salish Sea, an inland sea within the North Pacific ecosystem. All species were found to be producers of at least two PUAs in detectable concentrations, with five species producing all three PUAs in quantifiable concentrations. Our results indicate that production of PUAs from Salish Sea benthic diatoms may be widespread, and thus these compounds may contribute to benthic coastal food web dynamics through heretofore unrecognized pathways. Future studies should expand the geographic scope of investigations into benthic diatom PUA production and explore the effects of benthic diatoms on benthic consumer fecundity.

Beneath the rind: A review on the remarkable health benefits and applications of the wood apple fruit

Limonia acidissima Groff, commonly referred to as the Wood apple, is a tropical fruit belonging to Rutaceae family. Indigenous to Sri Lanka, India, and Myanmar, it is extensively cultivated throughout Southeast Asia. This fruit holds a profound historical significance in traditional medicine due to its exceptional nutritional and therapeutic attributes. Wood apple pulp is significantly abundant in β-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, and contains a substantial amount of vitamin B, including riboflavin and thiamine, as well as trace amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Moreover health-benefitting properties associated with L. acidissima, such as, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spermatogenic, analgesic, antiulcer, and antihyperlipidemic properties, are attributed to a diverse range of phytochemicals. These encompass polyphenolic compounds, saponins, phytosterols, tannins, triterpenoids, coumarins, amino acids, tyramine derivatives, and vitamins. From the findings of the various studies, it was observed that wood apple fruit shows significant anticancer activity by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer. Furthermore, wood apple finds wide-ranging commercial applications in the formulation of ready-to-serve beverages, syrups, jellies, chutneys, and various other food products. In summary, this review highlights the nutritional and phytochemical constituents of wood apple, depicts its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic capabilities, and explores its potential in value-added product development. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the molecular mechanisms supporting these properties remain an underexplored domain. To ensure the safe integration of wood apple fruit into the realms of the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors, rigorous clinical trials, including toxicity assessments, are required. These endeavors hold the potential to promote innovation and contribute significantly to both research and industrial sectors.

Anticonvulsive Effect of Glucosyl Xanthone Mangiferin on Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-Induced Seizure-Provoked Mice

Anxiety and depression are major side effects induced by currently available antiepileptic drugs; apart from this, they also diminish intelligence and language skills which cause hepatic failure, anemia, etc. Hence, in this study, we assessed antiepileptic effect of a phytochemical mangiferin. Epilepsy, a prevalent non communicable neurological disorder, affects infants and older population throughout the world. Epilepsy-induced comorbidities are more severe and if not treated cautiously lead to disability and even worse cases, mortality. The onset and duration of convulsion were observed. Seizure severity score was assessed by provoking kindling with 35 mg/kg PTZ. Prooxidants and antioxidants were measured to assess the antioxidant effect of mangiferin. Inflammatory markers were measured to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of mangiferin. The levels of neurotransmitters and ATPases were quantified to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of mangiferin. Mangiferin significantly decreased the onset and duration convulsion. It also decreased the seizure severity score, locomotor activity, and immobilization effectively. The excitatory neurotransmitter was reduced, and inhibitory neurotransmitter was increased in mice treated with mangiferin. Overall, our results confirm that mangiferin efficiently protects mice from PTZ-induced seizures. It can be subjected to further research to be prescribed as a potent antiepileptic drug.

A review on pharmacological studies of natural flavanone: pinobanksin

Herbal medicinal drugs, or phytotherapy, have historically played a pivotal role in treating human ailments. In the contemporary medical landscape, there is a burgeoning interest in natural products owing to their diverse and health-beneficial components. Among these, bioactive phytochemicals represent a dynamic area of global research. This study focuses on pinobanksin, a potential polyphenolic component identified through meticulous scientific research and purified using advanced chromatographic techniques from various sources, including plants, propolis, and honey. Pinobanksin has emerged as a compelling subject of investigation, exhibiting a spectrum of pharmacological effects. Scientific studies have unveiled its prowess as an anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative, and anti-angiogenic agent. This literature review systematically synthesizes the existing body of research on pinobanksin, providing a comprehensive overview of its diverse pharmacological activities. In light of its multifaceted pharmacological profile, pinobanksin stands out as a promising scaffold for future drug discovery endeavors. This review not only consolidates the current understanding of pinobanksin's bioactivities but also underscores its potential as a valuable candidate for advancing therapeutic interventions.

Revisiting the ethnomedicinal, ethnopharmacological, phytoconstituents and phytoremediation of the plant Solanum viarum Dunal

Solanum viarum, a perennial shrub, belongs to the family Solanaceae known for its therapeutic value worldwide. As a beneficial remedial plant, it is used for treating several disorders like dysentery, diabetes, inflammation, and respiratory disorders. Phytochemistry studies of this plant have shown the presence of steroidal glycoside alkaloids, including solasonine, solasodine, and solamargine. It also has flavonoids, saponins, minerals, and other substances. S. viarum extracts and compounds possess a variety of pharmacological effects, including antipyretic, antioxidant, antibacterial, insecticidal, analgesic, and anticancer activity. Most of the heavy metals accumulate in the aerial sections of the plant which is considered a potential phytoremediation, a highly effective method for the treatment of metal-polluted soils. We emphasize the forgoing outline of S. viarum, as well as its ethnomedicinal and ethnopharmacological applications, the chemistry of its secondary metabolites, and heavy metal toxicity. In addition to describing the antitumor activity of compounds and their mechanisms of action isolated from S. viarum, liabilities are also explained and illustrated, including any significant chemical or metabolic stability and toxicity risks. A comprehensive list of information was compiled from Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science using different key phrases (traditional use, ethnomedicinal plants, western Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh, S viarum, and biological activity). According to the findings of this study, we hope that this review will inspire further studies along the drug discovery pathway of the chemicals extracted from the plant of S. viarum. Further, this review shows that ethnopharmacological information from ethnomedicinal plants can be a promising approach to drug discovery for cancer and diabetes.

Revisiting luteolin: An updated review on its anticancer potential

Numerous natural products found in our diet, such as polyphenols and flavonoids, can prevent the progression of cancer. Luteolin, a natural flavone, present in significant amounts in various fruits and vegetables plays a key role as a chemopreventive agent in treating various types of cancer. By inducing apoptosis, initiating cell cycle arrest, and decreasing angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell proliferation, luteolin is used to treat cancer. Its anticancer properties are attributed to its capability to engage with multiple molecular targeted sites and modify various signaling pathways in tumor cells. Luteolin has been shown to slow the spread of cancer in breast, colorectal, lung, prostate, liver, skin, pancreatic, oral, and gastric cancer models. It exhibits antioxidant properties and can be given to patients receiving Doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy to prevent the development of unexpected adverse reactions in the lungs and hematopoietic system subjected to DOX. Furthermore, it could be an excellent candidate for synergistic studies to overcome drug resistance in cancer cells. Accordingly, this review covers the recent literature related to the use of luteolin against different types of cancer, along with the mechanisms of action. In addition, the review highlights luteolin as a complementary medicine for preventing and treating cancer.

seed extracts

Medicinal plants can be potential sources of therapeutic agents. Traditional healers use a medicinal plant from Ethiopia, Bersama abyssinica Fresen, to treat various diseases. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical components and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of B. abyssinica seed extracts (BASE). Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was used to determine the phytochemical compositions of BASE. The antioxidant activities were assessed by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS) assay, ferric chloride reducing assay and hydroxyl scavenging capacity assay. Antimicrobial activity was investigated using the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, glycosides, tannins, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 30 volatile compounds; α-pinene (23.85%), eucalyptol (20.74%), β-pinene (5.75%), D-limonene (4.05%), and o-cymene (5.02%). DPPH-induced free radical scavenging (IC50 = 8.78), TBARS (IC50 = 0.55 µg/mL), and hydroxyl radicals' scavenging capacities assays (IC50 = 329.23) demonstrated high antioxidant effects of BASE. Reducing power was determined based on Fe3+-Fe2+ transformation in the presence of extract. BASE was found to show promising antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa (zone of inhibition 15.7 ± 2.5 mm, 16.0 ± 0.0 mm, and 16.7 ± 1.5 mm, respectively), but excellent antifungal activities against C. albican and M. furfur (zone of inhibition 22.0 ± 2.0 mm and 22.0 ± 4.0 mm, respectively). The seeds of B. abyssinica grown in Ethiopia possess high antioxidant potential, promising antibacterial and superior antifungal activity. Therefore, seeds of B. abyssinica provide a potential source for drug discovery.

Phytochemical Profiling and Assessment of Antidiabetic Activity of Curcuma Angustifolia Rhizome Methanolic Extract: an In Vitro and In Silico Analysis

Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. is a plant with medicinal potential, traditionally used to treat different diseases. The present study aimed to determine the antidiabetic activity of C. angustifolia rhizome in vitro and in silico. The methanolic extract of C. angustifolia rhizome was analyzed by FTIR and GC-MS to determine the phytochemicals present. The antidiabetic potential of the extract was evaluated by different assays in vitro. The extract inhibited both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and the glucose diffusion through the dialysis membrane in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 530.39±0.09, 293.75±0.11, and 551.74±0.3 μg/ml respectively. The methanolic extract also improved yeast cell's ability to take up glucose across plasma membranes and the adsorption of glucose. The findings were supported by molecular docking studies. The results showed that the methanol extract of C. angustifolia rhizome has significant antidiabetic activity and thus can be also studied to isolate the potential compound with antidiabetic activities.

Analysis of Achyranthes aspera leaf extract and acute toxicity study on fingerlings of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Schistosomiasis is a debilitating chronic disease with great socioeconomic and public health impact affecting the poor rural populations who lack access to sanitation, and safe water supply. The high cost of synthetic molluscicides, their toxicity to non-target organisms, and their persistence in the environment have forced the research of plant-derived molluscicides. Although plant molluscicides are cheap, biodegradable, ecofriendly and less toxic to higher animals, unregulated applications could affect non-target organisms. Therefore, ecotoxicological studies are essential to assess the toxicity of these substances to economically and ecologically significant fish species and to establish safe dosage level. This study is intended to investigate the acute toxicity of a molluscicidal plant Achyranthes aspera to Nile tilapia fingerlings, Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) (n = 7) were exposed to serial dilutions of A. aspera leaf aqueous extract using maceration method for 96 h in triplicate setup. Phytoconstituents were identified by GC-MS. Mortality data were analyzed by probit regression to determine lethal concentrations. The NOAEC was ascertained through hypothesis testing based on survival data. The respective piscicidal LC1 and LC10 values were 897.43 and 1063.87 mg/L while the LC50 is 1310.74 mg/L. In addition, the NOAEC was 1100 mg/L (p > 0.05). This piscicidal toxicity is much lower than its molluscicidal potency may be due to the presence of rotenones and triterpenoides which are commonly found in piscicidal natural products. The GC-MS analysis revealed 12 phytoconstituents including a monoterpene. This study indicates that A. aspera has low toxicity to Nile tilapia could be due to monoterpenes are nontoxic. The findings of this study demonstrate that, at this dose, the plant is safe to the test fish. Thus it can be effective, eco-friendly and sustainable alternative for the development of molluscicides for snail control.

Cellular and molecular antiproliferative effects in 2D monolayer and 3D-cultivated HT-29 cells treated with zerumbone

Zerumbone (ZER) is a phytochemical isolated from plants of the Zingiberaceae family. Numerous studies have demonstrated its diverse pharmacological properties, particularly its potent antitumorigenic activity. This study aimed to assess the antiproliferative effects of ZER on HT-29 cells cultivated in both two-dimensional (2D) monolayer and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture systems. The evaluation of growth (size), cell death, and cell cycle arrest in 3D spheroid HT-29 cells was correlated with mRNA expression data. Treatment of 2D cells revealed that ZER exhibited cytotoxicity at concentrations above 30 µM, and an IC50 of 83.54 µM (24-h post-ZER treatment) effectively suppressed cell migration. In the 3D model, ZER induced an increase in spheroid volume over a 72-h period attributed to disaggregation and reconfiguration of characteristic zones. Analysis of cell death demonstrated a significant rise in apoptotic cells after 24 h of ZER treatment, along with cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Furthermore, ZER treatment resulted in alterations in mRNA expression, affecting key signaling pathways involved in cell death (BCL2 and BBC3), endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERN1), DNA damage (GADD45A), cell cycle regulation (CDKN1A, NFKB1, MYC, and TP53), and autophagy (BECN1 and SQSTM1). These findings suggested that ZER holds promise as a potential candidate for the development of novel anticancer agents that can modulate crucial cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the use of the 3D culture system proved to be a valuable tool in our investigation.

Insights into the current status of bioactive value, postharvest processing opportunities and value addition of black carrot

Black carrots are a type of carrot that is naturally dark purple or black in color. They are a good source of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, and have been shown to have several health benefits, including reducing the risk of cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. This review article discusses the bioactive compounds present in black carrot, including anthocyanins, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and organic acids and sugars. It also compares the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of black carrot with other carrot varieties. Furthermore, it discusses various postharvest processing methods, both conventional and novel, such as encapsulation, drying, and microbial decontamination, highlighting their effects on preserving and stabilizing the bioactive compounds. The review also emphasizes the incorporation of black carrot into different food products, including dairy items, beverages, and baked goods, and their impact on nutritional enhancement. The article provides knowledge on utilizing black carrot for improved nutritional and functional outcomes.

Identification of antiviral phytochemicals from cranberry as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro)

Cranberry phytochemicals are known to possess antiviral activities. In the current study, we explored the therapeutic potential of cranberry against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting its main protease (Mpro) enzyme. Firstly, phytochemicals of cranberry origin were identified from three independent databases. Subsequently, virtual screening, using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches, led to the identification of three lead phytochemicals namely, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, β-carotene and epicatechin. Furthermore, in vitro enzymatic assays revealed that cyanidin 3-O-galactoside had the highest inhibitory potential with IC50 of 9.98 μM compared to the other two phytochemicals. Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside belongs to the class of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins extracted from frozen cranberry also exhibited the highest inhibitory potential with IC50 of 23.58 μg/ml compared to the extracts of carotenoids and flavanols, the class for β-carotene and epicatechin, respectively. Finally, we confirm the presence of the phytochemicals in the cranberry extracts using targeted LC-MS/MS analysis. Our results, therefore, indicate that the identified cranberry-derived bioactive compounds as well as cranberry could be used for therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2.

Review of the pharmacological properties of marine macroalgae used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, with 70% of its territory covered by oceans that are rich in various types of biological resources. Indonesia's biodiversity has made it possible to develop natural medicine. Marine algae have enormous potential, but the types of marine algae used still need to be more varied. Research on the pharmacology of marine macroalgae has been conducted in Indonesia, but studies on such topic related to diabetes mellitus (DM) still need to be completed. This study provides a comprehensive dataset of pharmacological anti-diabetic potential of marine macroalgae used for managing DM and reports on preclinical trials that provide pharmacological evidence. Data on the Indonesian marine macroalgae used to lower blood glucose were obtained from online sources. The bioactive chemicals of marine macroalgae have been found efficient at blocking several diabetes enzymes in in-vivo and in-vitro studies, and such chemicals have anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and other therapeutic benefits. The Google Scholar was used to search for the pharmacological literature with the keywords marine AND macroalgae AND diabetes AND Indonesia. Pharmacological research on the anti-diabetic activity of marine macroalgae has been carried out on five major Indonesian islands, including Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Sulawesi, and Papua, which encompassed 12 provinces: Southwest Papua, South Sulawesi, West Kalimantan, Riau Archipelago, Banten, West Java, North Sulawesi, East Java, Yogyakarta, Maluku, Jakarta, and Bengkulu. Articles on preclinical tests (in vitro and in vivo) were also used for the phytochemical problem section. The results briefly describe which class of algae has been widely used in Indonesia as an anti-diabetic. The findings of this research can be utilized to help find DM treatment drugs based on natural resources from marine macroalgae.

An Updated Review on Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn: Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value and Pharmacological Activities

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn is a recognised herbal plant in ancient medical sciences. Each portion of the plant leaf, flower, seed and rhizome is utilised for nutritional and medicinal purposes. The chemical compositions like phenol, alkaloids, glycoside, terpenoids and steroids have been isolated. The plant contains various nutritional values like lipids, proteins, amino acids, minerals, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. Traditional medicine confirms that the phytochemicals of plants give significant benefits to the treatment of various diseases such as leukoderma, smallpox, dysentery, haematemesis, coughing, haemorrhage, metrorrhagia, haematuria, fever, hyperlipidaemia, cholera, hepatopathy and hyperdipsia. To verify the traditional claims, researchers have conducted scientific biological in vivo and in vitro screenings, which have exhibited that the plant keeps various notable pharmacological activities such as anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiviral, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, antipyretic, hypoglycaemic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. This review, summaries the nutritional composition, chemical constituents and biological activities substantiated by the researchers done in vivo and in vitro.

The therapeutic value of Myrtus communis L.: an updated review

Myrtus communis L. (Family: Myrtaceae) is naturally found in the western part of Asia, Southern Europe, and North Africa. It has been reportedly applied in pharmaceutical industry, traditional medicine, cosmetics, spices, and food. Pubmed, Google scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were utilized to seek out relevant content concerning the therapeutic potential of M. communis. Subsequently, we conducted a review to identity noteworthy updates pertaining to M. communis. Myrtle berries, leaves, seeds, and essential oils are natural sources of several nutrients and bioactive compounds with marked health effects. The chemical analysis showed that M. communis contained oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, coumarins, saponosides, tannins, quinines, and anthraquinones. A pharmacological investigation revealed that M. communis possessed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimutagenic, immunomodulatory, dermatological, cardiovascular, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal protective effects, among numerous other biological effects. This current review focused on the biochemical, pharmacological, therapeutic effects, and various biological activities of different parts of M. communis. It signifies that M. communis is a therapeutic plant with numerous applications in medicine and could be used as a drug isolate based on its safety and effectiveness.

Antimicrobial activity, surface properties, and cytotoxicity of microencapsulated phytochemicals incorporated into three-dimensionally printable dental polymers

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial properties of three dimensionally-printed dental polymers (3DPs) incorporated with microencapsulated phytochemicals (MPs) and to assess their surface characteristics and cytotoxicity.

METHODS

MPs derived from phytoncide oil and their specific chemical components were introduced into suspensions of three microbial species: Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, and Candida albicans. Optical density was measured to determine the microbial growth in the presence of MPs for testing their antimicrobial activity. MPs at 5% (w/w) were mixed with dental polymers and dispersants to 3DP discs. These microbial species were then seeded onto the discs and incubated for 24 h. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of MP-containing 3DPs were evaluated by counting the colony-forming units (n = 3). The biofilm formation on the 3DP was assessed by crystal violet staining assay (n = 3). Microbial viability was determined using a live-dead staining and CLSM observation (n = 3). Surface roughness and water contact angle were assessed (n = 10). Cytotoxicity of MP-containing 3DPs for human gingival fibroblast was evaluated by MTT assay.

RESULTS

MPs, particularly (-)-α-pinene, suppressed the growth of all tested microbial species. MP-containing 3DPs significantly reduced the colony count (P ≤ 0.001) and biofilm formation (P ≤ 0.009), of all tested microbial species. Both surface roughness (P < 0.001) and water contact angle (P < 0.001) increased. The cytotoxicity remained unchanged after incorporating MPs to the 3DPs (P = 0.310).

CONCLUSIONS

MPs effectively controlled the microbial growth on 3DPs as evidenced by the colony count, biofilm formation, and cell viability. Although MPs modified the surface characteristics, they did not influence the cytotoxicity of 3DPs.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Integration of MPs into 3DPs could produce dental prostheses or appliances with antimicrobial properties. This approach not only provides a proactive solution to reduce the risk of oral biofilm-related infection but also ensures the safety and biocompatibility of the material, thereby improving dental care.

Phytochemical composition, toxicological profiling and effect on pup birth weight of Corchorus olitorius leaf extract in rats: Implications for fetal macrosomia control

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Corchorus olitorius is used in ethnomedicine to arrest threatened miscarriage, ease labour, and promote smooth childbirth.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the phytochemical composition, toxicity profile, and effect of Corchorus olitorius L. leaf extract (COLE) on fetal macrosomia control in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical constituents of COLE were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A single dose of up to 5000 mg/kg was administered in the acute toxicity test, and the rats were monitored for 14 days. In the sub-acute toxicity study, rats were treated with the extract for 28 days, and liver function, renal function, lipid profile, and serum antioxidant parameters, coupled with liver and kidney histology, were used to assess the toxicity potential of the extract. In the pup birth weight study, treatment of pregnant rats lasted until the birth of pups and continued for an extra 4 weeks. Rats in group 1 served as a control, whereas rats in groups 2, 3, and 4 received daily doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight of COLE, respectively, via oral gavage.

RESULTS

Bioactive compounds such as D-limonene, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid (Z), dodecanoic acid, and ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate with well-known pharmacological activities were detected. LD50 of COLE was >5000 mg/kg. COLE decreased body weight and increased red blood cell, packed cell volume, and haemoglobin values when compared with the control (p < 0.05). COLE significantly decreased alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase but did not cause any significant (p > 0.05) changes in other biochemical (liver and kidney) parameters when compared to control. COLE decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol when compared with the control (p < 0.05). Birth weights of pups were significantly decreased in the COLE-treated groups when compared with the control (p < 0.05), but the observed difference terminated by the fourth week of weaning.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that COLE is not toxic but has several bioactive compounds with known pharmacological activities and therefore may be a safe oral agent for fetal macrosomia control.

Phytochemical Profiling, In-vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects of Luisia tenuifolia Extracts Against Human Skin Squamous Carcinoma

The present study establishes the phytochemical screening, TLC profiling, in-vitro radical scavenging, and anticancer activities in the successive extracts of whole plant of L. tenuifolia Blume. The preliminary phytochemical screening followed by quantitative estimation of bioactive secondary metabolites revealed higher abundance of phenolic (13.22 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g of extract), flavonoid (8.09 ± 0.13 mg QE/g of extract), and tannin (7.53 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g of extract) contents in ethyl acetate extract of L. tenuifolia which might be attributed to the difference in the polarity and efficacy of the solvents used in successive Soxhlet extraction. Antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH assay and ABTS assay revealed that the ethanol extract exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 18.7 µg/mL and 33.83 µg/mL respectively. FRAP assay carried out on the extracts showed the maximum reducing power exhibited by the ethanol extract with a FRAP value of 1162.30 ± 20.73 FeSO4 E mg/g dw. MTT assay showed that the ethanol extract exhibited promising cytotoxic effect in A431 human skin squamous carcinoma cells with an IC50 value of 24.29 µg/mL. Collectively, our findings strongly suggest that the ethanol extract and its one or more active phytoconstituent can be used as a potential therapeutic to treat skin cancer.

Plant-derived natural medicines for the management of osteoporosis: A comprehensive review of clinical trials

Background

Osteoporosis is a chronic and systemic skeletal disease that is defined by low bone mineral density (BMD) along with an increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. This study aimed to overview clinical evidence on the use of herbal medicine for management of osteoporosis.

Methods

Electronic databases including Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane library, and Scopus were searched until November 2022 for any clinical studies on the efficacy and/or safety of plant-derived medicines in the management of osteoporosis.

Results

The search yielded 57 results: 19 on single herbs, 16 on multi-component herbal preparations, and 22 on plant-derived secondary metabolites. Risk of fracture, bone alkaline phosphatase, BMD, and specific bone biomarkers are investigated outcomes in these studies. Medicinal plants including Acanthopanax senticosus, Actaea racemosa, Allium cepa, Asparagus racemosus, Camellia sinensis, Cissus quadrangularis, Cornus mas, Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, Opuntia ficus-indica, Pinus pinaster, Trifolium pretense and phytochemicals including isoflavones, ginsenoside, Epimedium prenyl flavonoids, tocotrienols are among plant-derived medicines clinically investigated on osteoporosis. It seems that multi-component herbal preparations were more effective than single-component ones; because of the synergistic effects of their constituents. The investigated herbal medicines demonstrated their promising results in osteoporosis via targeting different pathways in bone metabolism, including balancing osteoblasts and osteoclasts, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and estrogen-like functions.

Conclusion

It seems that plant-derived medicines have beneficial effects on bone and may manage osteoporosis by affecting different targets and pathways involved in osteoporosis; However, Future studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of these preparations.

Enhancing temozolomide antiglioma response by inhibiting O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase with selected phytochemicals: in silico and in vitro approach

The aim of our study was to investigate the potential of rutin, catechin, dehydrozingerone, naringenin, and quercetin, both alone and in combination with temozolomide, to inhibit the expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in glioma cells. MGMT has been shown to be a major cause of temozolomide resistance in glioma. Our study used both in silico and in vitro methods to assess the inhibitory activity of these phytochemicals on MGMT, with the goal of identifying the most effective combination of compounds for reducing temozolomide resistance. After conducting an initial in silico screening of natural compounds against MGMT protein, five phytochemicals were chosen based on their high docking scores and favorable binding energies. From the molecular docking and simulation studies, we found that quercetin showed a good inhibitory effect of MGMT with its high binding affinity. C6 glioma cells showed increased cytotoxicity when treated with the temozolomide and quercetin combination. It was understood from the isobologram and combination index plot that the drug combination showed a synergistic effect at the lowest dose. Quercetin when combined with temozolomide significantly decreased the MGMT levels in C6 cells in comparison with the other drugs as estimated by ELISA. The percentage of apoptotic cells increased significantly in the temozolomide-quercetin group indicating the potency of quercetin in decreasing the resistance of temozolomide as confirmed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Our experiment hence suggests that temozolomide resistance can be reduced by combining the drug with quercetin which will serve as an effective therapeutic target for glioblastoma treatment.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03821-7.

Targeting dysregulated lipid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment

The reprogramming of lipid metabolism and its association with oncogenic signaling pathways within the tumor microenvironment (TME) have emerged as significant hallmarks of cancer. Lipid metabolism is defined as a complex set of molecular processes including lipid uptake, synthesis, transport, and degradation. The dysregulation of lipid metabolism is affected by enzymes and signaling molecules directly or indirectly involved in the lipid metabolic process. Regulation of lipid metabolizing enzymes has been shown to modulate cancer development and to avoid resistance to anticancer drugs in tumors and the TME. Because of this, understanding the metabolic reprogramming associated with oncogenic progression is important to develop strategies for cancer treatment. Recent advances provide insight into fundamental mechanisms and the connections between altered lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis. In this review, we explore alterations to lipid metabolism and the pivotal factors driving lipid metabolic reprogramming, which exacerbate cancer progression. We also shed light on the latest insights and current therapeutic approaches based on small molecular inhibitors and phytochemicals targeting lipid metabolism for cancer treatment. Further investigations are worthwhile to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and the correlation between altered lipid metabolism and carcinogenesis.

Decoding the enhanced antioxidant activities of the combined small berry pomaces by widely targeted metabolomics analysis

Small berry pomaces (SBPs) are poorly utilized as an inexpensive source of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the impact of compounding treatment on nutritional and antioxidant characteristics of combined SBPs, in comparison with single SBP. The results showed that the amounts of protein, minerals, dietary fiber (DF) and anthocyanidins were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in combined SBPs than in combined fruits. Moreover, the combined SBPs were characterized by an elevated abundance of minerals and anthocyanidins (6 kinds, and 5 kinds, respectively), substantiating the effectiveness of compounding treatment on SBP nutrition. A total of 776 secondary phytochemicals were detected in combined SBPs by a widely targeted metabolomics approach. Each SBP contained approximately 100 kinds of unique natural antioxidants. Furthermore, the combined SBPs group had the highest antioxidant activity compared with single SBP. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activities determined in combined SBPs were higher than arithmetic mean value of single SBP. The synergism and interaction of active components in different sources of SBPs play vital role in the high antioxidant capacity of combined SBPs. All the results provide reference for the comprehensive development and utilization of fruit residues. The SBPs should be highly prized for their substantial amount of nutritional and bioactive constituents, including protein, DF, essential minerals and secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites are positively associated with antioxidant benefits. The present study summarizes the knowledge about bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of combined SBPs group and discusses the relevant mechanisms. A conclusion can be educed that combined process is an effective way to improve properties of the pomaces.

Co-inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve growth, biochemical and physiological attributes in Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. under water deficit stress

Background

Because of swift climate change, drought is a primary environmental factor that substantially diminishes plant productivity. Furthermore, the increased use of chemical fertilizers has given rise to numerous environmental problems and health risks. Presently, there is a transition towards biofertilizers to enhance crops' yield, encompassing medicinal and aromatic varieties.

Methods

This study aimed to explore the impacts of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), both independently and in conjunction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), on various morphological, physiological, and phytochemical characteristics of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. This experimentation took place under different irrigation conditions. The irrigation schemes encompassed well watering (WW), mild water stress (MWS), and severe water stress (SWS). The study evaluated the effects of various biofertilizers, including AMF, PGPR, and the combined application of both AMF and PGPR (AMF + PGPR), compared to a control group where no biofertilizers were applied.

Results

The findings of the study revealed that under water-stress conditions, the dry yield and relative water content of D. kotschyi Boiss. experienced a decline. However, the application of AMF, PGPR, and AMF + PGPR led to an enhancement in dry yield and relative water content compared to the control group. Among the treatments, the co-application of AMF and PGPR in plants subjected to well watering (WW) exhibited the tallest growth (65 cm), the highest leaf count (187), and the most elevated chlorophyll a (0.59 mg g-1 fw) and b (0.24 mg g-1 fw) content. Regarding essential oil production, the maximum content (1.29%) and yield (0.13 g plant -1) were obtained from mild water stress (MWS) treatment. The co-application of AMF and PGPR resulted in the highest essential oil content and yield (1.31% and 0.15 g plant-1, respectively). The analysis of D. kotschyi Boiss. essential oil identified twenty-six compounds, with major constituents including geranyl acetate (11.4-18.88%), alpha-pinene (9.33-15.08%), Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (8.43-12.8%), neral (6.80-9.32%), geranial (9.23-11.91%), and limonene (5.56-9.12%). Notably, the highest content of geranyl acetate, geranial, limonene, and alpha-pinene was observed in plants subjected to MWS treatment following AMF + PGPR application. Furthermore, the co-application of AMF, PGPR, and severe water stress (SWS) notably increased the total soluble sugar (TSS) and proline content. In conclusion, the results indicate that the combined application of AMF and PGPR can effectively enhance the quantity and quality of essential oil in D. kotschyi Boiss., particularly when the plants are exposed to water deficit stress conditions.

Acrylamide toxicity in aquatic animals and its mitigation approaches: an updated overview

Acrylamide (ACR) is widely applied in various industrial activities, as well as in the water purification process. Furthermore, ACR is synthesized naturally in some starchy grains exposed to high temperatures for an extended time during the cooking process. Because of its widespread industrial usage, ACR might be released into water stream sources. Also, ACR poses a high risk of contaminated surface and ground-water resources due to its high solubility and mobility in water. Furthermore, animal studies have indicated that ACR exposure may cause cancer (in many organs such as lung, prostate, uterus, and pancreas), genetic damage (in both somatic and germ cells), and severe effects on reproduction and development. Recently, numerous studies have shown that ACR has a mild acute cytotoxic impact on aquatic species, particularly during early life stages. Besides, wide-spectrum usage of ACR in many industrial activities presented higher environmental risks as well as major hazards to consumer health. This literature was designed to include all potential and accessible reports on ACR toxicity related with aquatic species. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews were applied to evaluate the risk effects of ACR on aquatic organisms, the ACR sub-lethal concentration in the ecosystem, and the possible protective benefits of various feed additives against ACR toxicity in fish. The major findings are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. The primary aim of this literature was to specify the hazards of ACR toxicity related with fish welfare and possible suggested strategies to reduce its risks.

Biological activities of naringenin: A narrative review based on in vitro and in vivo studies

Naringenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavonone) is a phytochemical mainly found in citrus fruits. It is a promising phytochemical for human health because of its beneficial effects. This review aims to present comprehensive information on naringenin biological activities along with its action mechanisms and explain the pharmacokinetic properties of naringenin. This study involves a comprehensive literature review of in vitro and in vivo studies examining the effects of naringenin. Naringenin has antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiobesity, gastroprotective, immunomodulator, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties. These properties are primarily attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The most important antioxidant activities of naringenin including free radical scavenging and preventing lipid peroxidation. Naringenin can increase the concentration of antioxidant enzymes and inhibit metal chelation and various pro-oxidant enzymes. Anti-inflammatory activities of naringenin are associated with decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase activities and nuclear factor kappa B by modulating the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokine and enzymes. In vitro and in vivo studies show that naringenin has promising biological activities for a variety of diseases. More research must be conducted on the bioactivities of naringenin, and to determine its optimum dose. In addition, the efficiency of naringenin must be examined with enhanced bioavailability methods to be able to increase its therapeutic effect.

Hepatoprotective effects of almond shells against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in albino rats

Liver injury is a prevalent pathological process that can give rise to conditions such as fatty liver, cirrhosis, fibrosis, and even cancer. It has been observed that plants and natural products possess significant protective effects against liver injury. Current study was performed to investigate the efficacy of almonds shell against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in rat model. As almonds shell contain a large variety of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which are largely associated with antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. For this purpose, screening of small-scale library of twenty plant extracts was performed for evaluation of antioxidant potential by DPPH assay. The data revealed that almonds shell extract (ASEE) exhibited potent antioxidant activity. This potent extract was further evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in in vivo rat model on 30 rats, divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. On 29th day all rats were sacrificed and blood serum was collected for further analysis. Liver tissues were also preserved in formalin for histopathology. The results demonstrated that ASEE displayed a protective effect on liver function tests (LFT), renal function tests (RFT), and lipid biomarkers in comparison to the CCl4 group. The histological data also unveiled a substantial safeguarding impact on liver damage, characterized by a reduction in apoptosis, diminished liver hemorrhage, and decreased accumulation of cellular debris. The data indicates that ethanolic extract from almond shells possesses hepatoprotective potential, suggesting its viability as an alternative source for hepatoprotective drug development after pre-clinical research.

Impact of curcumin on p38 MAPK: therapeutic implications

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a herbal remedy which possesses numerous biological attributes including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties. Curcumin has been shown to impact a number of signaling pathways including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB), reactive oxygen species (ROS), Wingless/Integrated (Wnt), Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and transcription (JAK/STAT). P38 belongs to the MAPKs, is known as a stress-activated MAPK and is involved in diverse biological responses. P38 is activated in various signaling cascades. P38 plays a role in inflammation, cell differentiation, proliferation, motility and survival. This cascade can serve as a therapeutic target in many disorders. Extensive evidence confirms that curcumin impacts the P38 MAPK signaling pathway, through which it exerts anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and apoptotic effects. Hence, curcumin can positively affect inflammatory disorders and cancers, as well as to increase glucose uptake in cells. This review discusses the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of curcumin as effected through p38 MAPK.

Regulation of cytokinesis and necroptosis pathways by diosgenin inhibits the proliferation of NCI-H460 lung cancer cells

Aim Overcoming resistance to apoptosis and antimitotic chemotherapy is crucial for effective treatment of lung cancer. Diosgenin (DG), a promising phytochemical, can regulate various molecular pathways implicated in tumor formation and progression. However, the precise biological activity of DG in lung cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the antiproliferative activity of DG in NCI-H460 lung carcinoma cells to explore the underlying antimitotic mechanisms and alternative cell death pathways.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a 2D culture system, we analyzed cell viability, multinucleated cell frequency, cell concentration, cell cycle changes, cell death induction, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and nuclear DNA damage, particularly in relation to target gene expression. We also evaluated the antiproliferative activity of DG in a 3D culture system of spheroids, assessing volume changes, cell death induction, and inhibition of proliferation recovery and clonogenic growth.

KEY FINDINGS

DG reduced cell viability and concentration while increasing the frequency of cells with multiple nuclei, particularly binucleated cells resulting from daughter cell fusion. This effect was associated with genes involved in cytokinesis regulation (RAB35, OCRL, BIRC5, and AURKB). Additionally, DG-induced cell death was linked to necroptosis, as evidenced by increased intracellular ROS production and RIPK3, MLKL, TRAF2, and HSPA5 gene expression. In tumor spheroids, DG increased spheroid volume, induced cell death, and inhibited proliferation recovery and clonogenic growth.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our study provides new insights into the biological activities of DG in lung cancer cells, contributing to the development of novel oncological therapies.

Naturally Occurring Phytochemicals to Target Breast Cancer Cell Signaling

Almost 70% of clinically used antineoplastic drugs are originated from natural products such as plants, marine organism, and microorganisms and some of them are also structurally modified natural products. The naturally occurring drugs may specifically act as inducers of selective cytotoxicity, anti-metastatic, anti-mutagenic, anti-angiogenesis, antioxidant accelerators, apoptosis inducers, autophagy inducers, and cell cycle inhibitors in cancer therapy. Precisely, several reports have demonstrated the involvement of naturally occurring anti-breast cancer drugs in regulating the expression of oncogenic and tumor suppressors associated with carcinogen metabolism and signaling pathways. Anticancer therapies based on nanotechnology have the potential to improve patient outcomes through targeted therapy, improved drug delivery, and combination therapies. This paper has reviewed the current treatment for breast cancer and the potential disadvantages of those therapies, besides the various mechanism used by naturally occurring phytochemicals to induce apoptosis in different types of breast cancer. Along with this, the contribution of nanotechnology in improving the effectiveness of anticancer drugs was also reviewed. With the development of sciences and technologies, phytochemicals derived from natural products are continuously discovered; however, the search for novel natural products as chemoprevention drugs is still ongoing, especially for the advanced stage of breast cancer. Continued research and development in this field hold great promise for advancing cancer care and improving patient outcomes.

Beta-caryophyllene mitigates the cognitive impairment caused by repeated exposure to aspartame in rats: Putative role of BDNF-TrKB signaling pathway and acetylcholinesterase activity

Aspartame (ASP) is a common sweetener, but studies show it can harm the nervous system, causing learning and memory deficits. β-caryophyllene (BCP), a natural compound found in foods, including bread, coffee, alcoholic beverages, and spices, has already described as a neuroprotector agent. Remarkably, ASP and BCP are commonly consumed, including in the same meal. Therefore, considering that (a) the BCP displays plenty of beneficial effects; (b) the ASP toxicity; and (c) that they can be consumed in the same meal, this study sought to investigate if the BCP would mitigate the memory impairment induced by ASP in rats and investigate the involvement of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/ tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrKB) signaling pathway and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Young male Wistar rats received ASP (75 mg/kg; i.g.) and/or BCP (100 mg/kg; i.p.) once daily, for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, the animals were evaluated in the open field and object recognition tests. The cerebral cortex and hippocampus samples were collected for biochemical and molecular analyses. Results showed that the BCP effectively protected against the cognitive damage caused by ASP in short and long-term memories. In addition, BCP mitigated the increase in AChE activity caused by ASP. Molecular insights revealed augmented BDNF and TrKB levels in the hippocampus of rats treated with BCP, indicating greater activation of this pathway. In conclusion, BCP protected against ASP-induced memory impairment. AChE activity and the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway seem to be potential targets of BCP modulatory role in this study.

Effective inhibition of HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 by phytochemicals in vitro and in vivo

OBJECTIVE

Several coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), can cause respiratory infections in humans. To address the need for reliable anti-coronavirus therapeutics, we screened 16 active phytochemicals selected from medicinal plants used in traditional applications for respiratory-related illnesses.

METHODS

An initial screen was completed using HCoV-OC43 to identify compounds that inhibit virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and cell death inhibition. Then the top hits were validated in vitro against both HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 by determining virus titer in cell supernatant and virus-induced cell death. Finally, the most active phytochemical was validated in vivo in the SARS-CoV-2-infected B6.Cg-Tg(K18-ACE2)2Prlmn/J mouse model.

RESULTS

The phytochemicals lycorine (LYC), capsaicin, rottlerin (RTL), piperine and chebulinic acid (CHU) inhibited HCoV-OC43-induced cytopathic effect and reduced viral titres by up to 4 log. LYC, RTL and CHU also suppressed virus replication and cell death following SARS-CoV-2 infection. In vivo, RTL significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2-induced mortality by ∼40% in human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-expressing K18 mice.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, these studies indicate that RTL and other phytochemicals have therapeutic potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 infections.

Effect of different growing media on pomological and phytochemical parameters of Fragaria vesca 'Yellow Wonder' and Fragaria ×ananassa 'Camarosa': a comparative study

BACKGROUND

Strawberries are one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the world, and their popularity continues to grow due to their unique taste, high nutritional value, and numerous health benefits. The success of strawberry cultivation depends largely on the quality of the growing media used. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in soilless media as a sustainable alternative to traditional soil-based growing methods. This study aimed to compare the effect of different growing media, both soil and soilless (Hydroponic Production System) media, on the fruit quality and phytochemical contents of two cultivars of strawberry (Yellow Wonder and Camarosa) in a greenhouse.

RESULTS

The values of Fruit weight, fruit firmness, and SSC were higher in soilless media than in soil media. In addition, 'Camarosa' was higher than 'Yellow Wonder' in these characteristics. The rates of glucose and fructose were higher in soil media than soilless media, and 'Yellow Wonder' was higher than 'Camarosa' in the rates of glucose and fructose. The values of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were higher in soil media, and also 'Yellow Wonder' was found to have more total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than 'Camarosa'. In terms of mineral contents, 'Yellow Wonder' had higher values than 'Camrosa' in both media. When the results of the study were examined in general, Camarosa red strawberry variety was found to be higher than 'Yellow Wonder' in pomological characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS

Pomological values increased in both strawberry cultivar in soilless media. In terms of phytochemical properties, the 'Yellow Wonder' had higher values than the 'Camarosa'. Also, Phytochemical contents were higher in the soil media compared to the soilless media.

Review of the antioxidant potential of flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and partial substitute for synthetic antioxidants

Objective

This review describes the antioxidant activity of flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and a partial or entire substitute for synthetic antioxidants.

Materials and Methods

All relevant databases were searched using the terms "Phytochemical", "Polyphenol", and "Flavonoid".

Results

The oxidative reaction caused by free radicals is a reason for food spoilage, which causes unpleasant odor, loss of taste, and damaged tissues. The common antioxidants employed in foods include butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, propyl gallate, and tert-butyl hydroquinone. Despite their high efficiency and potency, synthetic antioxidants have adverse effects on the human body, such as causing mutation and carcinogenicity. A whole and a group of them known as polyphenols possess high antioxidant activity. These compounds are potential antioxidants due to their capabilities such as scavenging free radicals, donating hydrogen atoms, and chelating metal cations. The antioxidant mechanism of action of flavonoids is transferring hydrogen atom to free radicals. Accordingly, the more the flavonoid structure makes the hydrogen transfer faster and easier, the more the flavonoid's antioxidant power will be. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of the flavonoids with hydroxyl groups in their structure is the highest among different flavonoids.

Conclusion

In addition to health promotion and some disease prevention effects, various in vitro investigations have indicated that flavonoids possess high antioxidant activity that is comparable with synthetic antioxidants. However, to be commercially available, these compounds should be extracted from a low-price source with a high-performance method.

Effect of 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise in healthy active females

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3 and 6 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass (mg/kg) on whole-body substrate oxidation during an incremental cycling exercise test in healthy active women. Using a double-blind placebo-controlled counterbalanced experimental design, 14 subjects performed three identical exercise trials after the ingestion of 3 or 6 mg/kg of caffeine or placebo. The exercise trials consisted of an incremental test on a cycle ergometer with 3-min stages at workloads from 30 to 70% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Substrate oxidation rates were measured by indirect calorimetry. During exercise, there was a significant effect of substance (F = 5.221; p = 0.016) on fat oxidation rate. In comparison to the placebo, 3 mg/kg of caffeine increased fat oxidation rates at 30 to 60% of VO2max (all p < 0.050) and 6 mg/kg at 30 to 50% of VO2max (all p < 0.050). There was also a significant effect of substance (F = 5.221; p = 0.016) on carbohydrate oxidation rate (F = 9.632; p < 0.001). In comparison to placebo, both caffeine doses decreased carbohydrate oxidation rates at 40 to 60% VO2max (all p < 0.050). The maximal rate of fat oxidation with placebo was 0.24 ± 0.03 g/min, which increased with 3 mg/kg to 0.29 ± 0.04 g/min (p = 0.032) and to 0.29 ± 0.03 with 6 mg/kg of caffeine (p = 0.042). Acute intake of caffeine improves the utilization of fat as a fuel during submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy active women with an effect of similar magnitude after the intake of 3 and 6 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass. Thus, the use of 3 mg/kg of caffeine would be more recommended than 6 mg/kg for women seeking increased fat utilization during submaximal exercise.

Phytochemical interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder: A cluster co-occurrence network analysis using CiteSpace

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated trends in the study of phytochemical treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

METHODS

The Web of Science database (2007-2022) was searched using the search terms "phytochemicals" and "PTSD," and relevant literature was compiled. Network clustering co-occurrence analysis and qualitative narrative review were conducted.

RESULTS

Three hundred and one articles were included in the analysis of published research, which has surged since 2015 with nearly half of all relevant articles coming from North America. The category is dominated by neuroscience and neurology, with two journals, Addictive Behaviors and Drug and Alcohol Dependence, publishing the greatest number of papers on these topics. Most studies focused on psychedelic intervention for PTSD. Three timelines show an "ebb and flow" phenomenon between "substance use/marijuana abuse" and "psychedelic medicine/medicinal cannabis." Other phytochemicals account for a small proportion of the research and focus on topics like neurosteroid turnover, serotonin levels, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression.

CONCLUSION

Research on phytochemicals and PTSD is unevenly distributed across countries/regions, disciplines, and journals. Since 2015, the research paradigm shifted to constitute the mainstream of psychedelic research thus far, leading to the exploration of botanical active ingredients and molecular mechanisms. Other studies focus on anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation. Please cite this article as: Gao B, Qu YC, Cai MY, Zhang YY, Lu HT, Li HX, Tang YX, Shen H. Phytochemical interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder: A cluster co-occurrence network analysis using CiteSpace. J Integr Med. 2023; Epub ahead of print.

Molecular modelling, docking and network analysis of phytochemicals from Haritaki churna: role of protein cross-talks for their action

Phytochemicals are bioactive agents present in medicinal plants with therapeutic values. Phytochemicals isolated from plants target multiple cellular processes. In the current work, we have used fractionation techniques to identify 13 bioactive polyphenols in ayurvedic medicine Haritaki Churna. Employing the advanced spectroscopic and fractionation, structure of bioactive polyphenols was determined. Blasting the phytochemical structure allow us to identify a total of 469 protein targets from Drug bank and Binding DB. Phytochemicals with their protein targets from Drug bank was used to create a phytochemical-protein network comprising of 394 nodes and 1023 edges. It highlights the extensive cross-talk between protein target corresponding to different phytochemicals. Analysis of protein targets from Binding data bank gives a network comprised of 143 nodes and 275 edges. Taking the data together from Drug bank and binding data, seven most prominent drug targets (HSP90AA1, c-Src kinase, EGFR, Akt1, EGFR, AR, and ESR-α) were found to be target of the phytochemicals. Molecular modelling and docking experiment indicate that phytochemicals are fitting nicely into active site of the target proteins. The binding energy of the phytochemicals were better than the inhibitors of these protein targets. The strength and stability of the protein ligand complexes were further confirmed using molecular dynamic simulation studies. Further, the ADMET profiles of phytochemicals extracted from HCAE suggests that they can be potential drug targets. The phytochemical cross-talk was further proven by choosing c-Src as a model. HCAE down regulated c-Src and its downstream protein targets such as Akt1, cyclin D1 and vimentin. Hence, network analysis followed by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and in-vitro studies clearly highlight the role of protein network and subsequent selection of drug candidate based on network pharmacology.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Cerebroprotective effects of Moringa oleifera derivatives extracts against MCAO ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Moringa oleifera (MO), has been studied extensively, and has numerous medicinal and socioeconomic benefits. Emerging research has investigated the efficacy of MO extract and/or its phytochemical derivatives against ischemic stroke in-vivo. To date, no studies comprehensively reviewing the effects of MO extract and/or its phytochemical derivatives against ischemic stroke have been published. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of MO extract and/or its phytochemical derivatives against focal ischemic stroke, modeled in-vivo. Compared with control groups, significant reduction in infarct volume and malondialdehyde levels, and signficant increase in antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. The primary mechanism of action of MO extract and its phytochemical derivatives which confers neuroprotection is reduction in oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes. On the whole, the present systematic review critically assessed evidence which demonstrated that MO extract may confer protective effect on experimental ischemic stroke. Although effect size may have been overestimated due to the limited number of included studies, small sample sizes and possible publication bias, results generated in this meta-analysis dmeonstrate that MO extract may be a promising neuroprotective agent against human ischemic stroke.

Review of natural compounds for potential psoriasis treatment

Psoriasis represents an immune-mediated disease with an unclear cause that's marked by inflammation triggered by dysfunction in the immune system, which results in inflammation in various parts of the skin. There could be obvious symptoms, such as elevated plaques; these plaques may appear differently depending on the type of skin. This disease can cause inflammation in the elbows, lower back, scalp, knees, or other regions of the body. It can begin at any age, although it most commonly affects individuals between the ages of 50 and 60. Specific cells (such as T cells) have been observed to play an obvious role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, in addition to specific immunological molecules such as TNF-, IL-12, IL-23, IL-17, and other molecules that can aid in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. So, during the past two decades, biologists have created chemical drugs that target these cells or molecules and therefore prevent the disease from occurring. Alefacept, efalizumab, Adalimumab, Ustekinumab, and Secukinumab are a few examples of chemical drugs. It was discovered that these chemical drugs have long-term side effects that can cause defects in the patient's body, such as the development of the rare but life-threatening disorder progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PCL). Its rapidly progressive infection of the central nervous system caused by the JC virus and other drugs may cause increased production of neutralising anti-drug antibodies (ADA) and the risk of infusion reactions like pruritus, flushing, hypertension, headache, and rash. So, our context intends to talk in our review about natural products or plants that may have therapeutic characteristics for this disease and may have few or no side effects on the patient's body.

Synthetic and natural antimicrobials as a control against food borne pathogens: A review

Food borne pathogens are one of the most common yet concerning cause of illnesses around the globe. These microbes invade the body via food items, through numerous mediums of contamination and it is impossible to completely eradicate these organisms from food. Extensive research has been made regarding their treatment. Unfortunately, the only available treatment currently is by antibiotics. Recent exponential increase in antibiotic resistance and the side effect of synthetic compounds have established a need for alternate therapies that could be utilized either on their own or along with antibiotics to provide protection against food-borne diseases. The aim of this review is to provide information regarding some common food borne diseases, their current and possible natural treatment. It will include details regarding some common foodborne pathogens, the disease they cause, prevalence, manifestations and treatment of the respective disease. Some natural modes of potential treatment will be summarized, which including phytochemicals, derived from plants either as crude extracts or as purified form and Bacteriocins as microbial based treatment, obtained from various types of bacteria. The paper will describe their mechanism of action, classification, susceptible organisms, some antimicrobial compounds and producing organisms, application in food systems and as potential treatment. Along with that, synthetic treatment i.e., antibiotics will be discussed including the first-line treatment of some common food borne infections, prevalence and mechanism of resistance against antibiotics in the pathogens.

The natural chalcone cardamonin selectively induces apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial malignant tumor in childhood. Approximately 60% of all patients are classified as high-risk and require intensive treatment including non-selective chemotherapeutic agents leading to severe side effects. Recently, phytochemicals like the natural chalcone cardamonin (CD) have gained attention in cancer research. For the first time, we investigated the selective anti-cancer effects of CD in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells compared to healthy (normal) fibroblasts (NHDF). Our study revealed selective and dose-dependent cytotoxicity of CD in SH-SY5Y. The natural chalcone CD specifically altered the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), as an early marker of apoptosis, in human neuroblastoma cells. Caspase activity was also selectively induced and the amount of cleaved caspase substrates such as PARP was thus increased in human neuroblastoma cells. CD-mediated apoptotic cell death was rescued by pan caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. The natural chalcone CD selectively induced apoptosis, the programmed cell death, in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells whereas NHDF being a model for normal (healthy) cells were unaffected. Our data indicates a clinical potential of CD in the more selective and less harmful treatment of neuroblastoma.

Nuclear receptors potentially regulate phytochemical detoxification in Spodoptera litura

Phytochemicals are a class of potential pesticides for pest control. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the development of Spodoptera litura is suppressed by two phytochemicals, flavone and xanthotoxin. Generally, phytochemical is metabolized by insect detoxification enzyme systems. Nuclear receptor (NR) is the ligand-activated transcription factor that involved in the regulation of detoxification gene expressions. To explore how NR responds to phytochemical to mediate detoxification gene expression, in the present study, 19 NRs were firstly identified in S. litura genome. The transcriptional levels of most NRs were significantly induced in the midgut of S. litura larvae after exposure to flavone and xanthotoxin. RNAi-mediated knockdown of FTZF1, EcR, Dsf, and HR3 remarkably reduced the larval tolerance to flavone or xanthotoxin. In addition, many crucial detoxification genes were downregulated by dsNR administrations, which might be responsible for the high sensitivity of S. litura to phytochemicals. Molecular docking indicated that phytochemicals as the potential ligands had high affinity to bind to NRs. This study suggested that NR potentially regulated the transcriptional expression of detoxification genes in response to phytochemical stresses, which partially elucidated the mechanism of extensive host adaptation in S. litura and provided the theoretical evidences for the development of NR-targeted insecticides.

Phytochemical analysis and bioactivity reports of ethnomedicinal plants from West Bengal, India

The biodiversity-rich forests of the Jhargram subdivision of West Bengal, India houses many lesser-known prospective plants. Four ethnomedicinal plants from this locality-Cleistanthus collinus, Tiliacora racemosa, Eupatorium odoratum, and Sida acuta reported for traditional medical uses by local forest tribes have been analyzed for phytochemical constituents and bioactivity potential, viz., antioxidant, antibacterial and antitumor activity. Cleistanthus and Tiliacora plants were rich in alkaloids while Eupatorium and Sida showed tannin abundance. Tiliacora showed maximum alkaloid content, that is, 711 mg strychnine equivalent/gm dry weight. Consequently, these plant extracts showed decent antioxidant activity which is reflected in their antibacterial and antitumor potencies. Cleistanthus showed strong bactericidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria, particularly against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while Tiliacora showed robust antitumor activity against cervical cancer cells SiHa at a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 86 µg/ml. Hence, the biodiversity-rich Jhargram forest should be conserved to protect the potential repertoire for ethnomedicinal plants.

Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides: An overview of their phytochemicals, biological activities, structure-activity relationship, biosynthetic pathway and 13C NMR data

Huperzine A, a lycodine-type alkaloid, exhibits potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and has been utilized to treat neurodegenerative diseases' symptoms. Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides, a member of the family Lycopodiaceae, is renowned for its lycodine-type alkaloids. Some of these alkaloids show various pharmacological benefits, such as anti-cholinesterase, neuroprotective, and cytotoxic effects. To date, 113 chemical compounds, including seventy-four lycodine-type alkaloids, ten terpenoids, eleven aliphatics, and eighteen other compounds, have been isolated from this plant. In this review, we have discussed phytochemicals and biological activities of the reported compounds of L. casuarinoides. Moreover, structure-activity relationship (SAR), plausible biosynthetic pathways, and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹³C NMR) data of the lycodine-type alkaloids are also summarized.

Delivery of curcumin within emulsome nanoparticles enhances the anti-cancer activity in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell

BACKGROUND

Curcumin, a dietary polyphenol isolated from turmeric, is a potent phytochemical possessing intrinsic anticancer activities against various cancer types including prostate cancer. However, low water solubility and bioavailability of the compound are major challenges against its medical use. The objective of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of curcumin-loaded emulsome nanoparticular system, i.e. CurcuEmulsomes, for the treatment of androgen dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cell line.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The antiproliferative effect of both free curcumin and CurcuEmulsome were investigated comparatively on LNCaP and PNT1A cells. Cell viability data indicates that the inhibition in proliferation of LNCaP cells becomes more effective when curcumin is provided with its emulsome formulation rather than its free form. Corresponding to a therapeutic index of 2.25, Half maximal inhibitory (IC₅₀) and cytotoxic (CC₅₀) concentrations of CurcuEmulsomes for LNCaP and PNT1A cells were estimated as 17.1 µM and 38.6 µM, respectively. The fluorescence signal of autofluorescence curcumin was preserved within the CurcuEmulsomes at 72 h after the treatment. Thus, CurcuEmulsomes prolonged biological activity of curcumin. Induced apoptotic cell death and stimulated cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase were attributed to antiproliferative activity of CurcuEmulsomes. Treatment of LNCaP cells with CurcuEmulsomes increased expression of caspase-3 significantly by 11.76-fold, whereas decreased cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and AR expression levels significantly by of 0.18, 0.06 and 0.46-fold, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Presented safety and anticancer activity of CurcuEmulsomes on LNCaP cell line highlights the potential of CurcuEmulsomes to benefit intrinsic anticancer activities of curcumin in androgen dependent prostate cancer therapy.

In-vitro antioxidant, lipoxygenase inhibitory, and in-vivo muscle relaxant potential of the extract and constituent isolated from Diospyros kaki (Japanese Persimmon)

Diospyros kaki (Japanese persimmon) is cultivated specious of the Diospyros genus. D. kaki is a multi-medicinal application in the folk system for the cure of ischemic stroke, angina, atherosclerosis, muscle relaxation, internal hemorrhage, hypertension, high cough, and infectious disease. The main objective of this study was the isolated bioactive metabolites from chloroform fractions of D. kaki. The extract and fractions were then tested for various in-vitro (antioxidant and lipoxygenase) and in-vivo (muscle relaxant) activities. The repeated chromatographic separation of chloroform extract afforded compound 1. Compound 1, n-hexane, and chloroform fractions were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant, lipoxygenase inhibitory, and in vivo muscle relaxant potency. The chloroform extract has 79.54% interaction with DPPH at higher concentrations (100 μg/ml) while the compound exhibited a maximum effect of 95.09% at 100 μg/ml. Compound 1 exhibited significant lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 36.98 μM followed by a chloroform extract of 57.09 μM. Similarly, compound 1 and chloroform extract showed excellent muscle relaxant effects at a higher dose. From this investigation, it is concluded that extracts and pure compounds exhibited promising antioxidant, lipoxygenase inhibitory, and muscle relaxant activity. This study excellently rationalizes the traditional usage of D. kaki in curing various diseases. Furthermore, the docking results indicate, that the isolated compound fits well into the active site of the lipoxygenase, and makes strong interactions with the target protein.

Cold Plasma Treatment Increases Bioactive Metabolites in Oat (Avena sativa L.) Sprouts and Enhances In Vitro Osteogenic Activity of their Extracts

Cold plasma treatment has been studied to enhance the germination, growth, and bioactive phytochemical production in crops. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of cold plasma treatment on the growth, bioactive metabolite production, and protein expression related to the physiological and osteogenic activities of oat sprouts. Oat seeds were soaked for 12 h, and then exposed to plasma for 6 min/day for 3 days after sowing. Plasma exposure did not significantly change the growth of oat sprouts; however, increased the content of bioactive metabolites. A single exposure for 6 min on the first day (T-1) increased the content of free amino acids (39.4%), γ-aminobutyric acid (53%), and avenacoside B (23%) compared to the control. Hexacosanol content was the highest in T-3 (6 min exposure on each day for 3 days), 28% higher than that in the control. Oat sprout extracts induced the phosphorylation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase and osteoblast differentiation was enhanced by increasing the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity; all these effects were induced by plasma treatment. Avenacoside B content was positively correlated with ALP activity (r = 0.911, p < 0.1). These results suggest that plasma treatment has the potential to improve the value of oat sprouts and that it may be used in food fortification to enhance nutritional value for promoting human health.