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Fang X, Cao J, Tao Z, Yang Z, Dai Y, Zhao L. Hydroxytyrosol attenuates ethanol-induced liver injury by ameliorating steatosis, oxidative stress and hepatic inflammation by interfering STAT3/iNOS pathway. Redox Rep 2023; 28:2187564. [PMID: 36932927 PMCID: PMC10026757 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2187564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a polyphenol with a wide range of biological activities. Excessive drinking can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver, which usually develop into alcohol liver disease (ALD). At present, there is no specific drug to treat ALD. In this paper, the protection effect of HT on ALD and the underline mechanism were studied.Methods: HepG2 cells were exposed to ethanol in vitro and C57BL/6J mice were fed with a Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet in vivo.Results: triglyceride (TG) level in serum and the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) were reduced significantly by the treatment with HT The acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was increased, the serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased, catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were increased, suggesting that HT may reduce its oxidative damage to the body by promoting alcohol metabolism. Furthermore, according to the mRNA levels of tnf-α, il-6 and il-1β, HT inhibited ethanol-induced inflammation significantly. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of HT may be related to suppress the STAT3/iNOS pathway.Dissussion: Our study showed that HT could ameliorate ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and inflammation and provide a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of ALD.
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Key Words
- ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- ALD, alcohol liver disease
- ALDH, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CAT, catalase
- COX2, cyclo-oxygen-ase2
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- FASN, fatty acid synthase
- GSH, glutathione
- HT, hydroxytyrosol
- HepG2
- Hepatic steatosis
- Hydroxytyrosol
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- Liver injury
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- STAT3/iNOS pathway
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- alcoholic liver disease
- anti-inflammation
- anti-oxidation
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide Synthas
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianying Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Tao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Yanghe Distillery Co. Ltd, Suqian, People's Republic of China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Roy R, Liya IJ, Roy J, Basher MA. Acute and subchronic toxicity profile of methanol extract of leaves of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:301-307. [PMID: 36891508 PMCID: PMC9986635 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl (Cyperaceae) is a grass like herb habitually breeds as weed in paddy fields and mostly disseminated in tropical or sub-tropical countries of south and south-east Asia, northern Australia, and west Africa. The plant has been traditionally used to treat fever as a form of poultice. However, no scientific study regarding its toxicity profile has been testified. Aim of the study The study has been carried out to determine the potential toxicity of the methanol extract from leaves of the Fimbristylis miliacea, employing the technique of acute and subchronic oral administration in mice. Materials and methods In the acute toxicity study according to OECD guideline 425, oral administration of FM methanol extract at single doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg in both sexes of Swiss albino mice was performed. Toxic symptoms, abnormal behavior, changes in body weight, and mortality were observed for 14 consecutive days. In subchronic toxicity study according to OECD guideline 407, plant extract was administered orally at doses of 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg daily for 28 days. The general toxic symptoms, abnormal behavior, changes in body weight were observed daily. Biochemical analysis of serum, and histopathological examination of liver were performed at the end of the study. Results No mortality, abnormal behavior and urination, changes in sleep, food intake, adverse effect, and non-linearity in body weight have been recorded during acute toxicity study at the doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. Also, in subchronic toxicity study, FM extract produced no mortality or any kind of adverse effects in regards of general behavior, body weight, urination, sleeping routine, and food intake. In case of analysis of thirteen different biochemical parameters, concentrations of aspartate transaminase (AST) and glucose were altered significantly in male and female mice in both acute and subchronic study. Total cholesterol and triglycerides at 5000 mg/kg.bw were changed in male mice in acute toxicity study. On the other hand, female mice had altered triglycerides in subchronic test. All other critical parameters were found unaffected. In subchronic test, histopathological examination of liver demonstrated cellular necrosis at 2000 mg/kg.bw in both male and female mice while minor necrosis was observed at 1000 mg/kg.bw. Thus, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) can be assumed around 1000 mg/kg.bw. Conclusion The present study suggests that treatment with FM extract does not reveal significant toxicity.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acute toxicity
- Alb, albumin
- BIL, bilirubin
- CR, creatinine
- FM, Fimbristylis miliacea
- Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl
- Glu, glucose
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LD, Lethal Dose
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- Subchronic toxicity
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TP, total protein
- Toxicological profile
- UA, uric acid
- b.w, Body weight
- h, hour
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Jahan Liya
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Jony Roy
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Anwarul Basher
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
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Crudele L, De Matteis C, Piccinin E, Gadaleta RM, Cariello M, Di Buduo E, Piazzolla G, Suppressa P, Berardi E, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Low HDL-cholesterol levels predict hepatocellular carcinoma development in individuals with liver fibrosis. JHEP Rep 2022; 5:100627. [PMID: 36561127 PMCID: PMC9763866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Dysmetabolic conditions could drive liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), increasing susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We therefore aimed to identify novel predictive biomarkers of HCC in patients with and without liver fibrosis. Methods A total of 1,234 patients with putative metabolic conditions and NAFLD were consecutively assessed in our outpatient clinic. Clinical and biochemical data were recorded, and then liver ultrasonography was performed annually for 5 years to detect HCC onset. For the analysis, the population was first divided according to HCC diagnosis; then a further subdivision of those who did not develop HCC was performed based on the presence or absence of liver fibrosis at time 0. Results Sixteen HCC cases were recorded in 5 years. None of our patients had been diagnosed with cirrhosis before HCC was detected. Compared to patients who did not develop HCC, those who did had higher liver transaminases and fibrosis scores at time 0 (p <0.001). In addition, they presented with increased glycated haemoglobin levels and lower 25-OH vitamin D levels (p <0.05). Intriguingly, patients with higher liver fibrosis scores who subsequently developed HCC had lower HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) levels at time 0 (p <0.001). Furthermore, in the 484 patients presenting with lower HDL-c at baseline, we found that waist circumference, and then vitamin D and glycated haemoglobin levels, were significantly different in those who developed HCC, regardless of liver fibrosis (p <0.05). Conclusions This study identifies HDL-c as a bona fide novel marker to predict HCC in patients with NAFLD. Increased waist circumference and deranged metabolic pathways represent additional predisposing factors among patients with low HDL-c, highlighting the importance of studying cholesterol metabolism and integrating clinical approaches with dietary regimens and a healthy lifestyle to prevent HCC. Impact and implications Visceral adiposity and its associated conditions, such as chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, may play a pivotal role in hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We provide new insights on the underlying mechanisms of its pathogenesis, shedding light on the involvement of low levels of "good" HDL-cholesterol. We recommend integrating dietary regimens and advice on healthy lifestyles into the clinical management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, with the goal of reducing the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APRI score
- APRI, AST-to-platelet ratio index
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CVR, cardiovascular risk
- FA, fatty acid
- FIB-4, fibrosis-4
- GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDL-c, HDL-cholesterol
- HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin
- LXRs, liver X receptors
- MetS, metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- RCT, reverse cholesterol transport
- TG, triglyceride
- Vitamin D
- WC, waist circumference
- Waist circumference
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Crudele
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo De Matteis
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy,INBB National Institute for Biostructure and Biosystems, Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305 - 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Piccinin
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neurosciences and Sense organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Maria Gadaleta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Cariello
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ersilia Di Buduo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Piazzolla
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Suppressa
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Elsa Berardi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy,INBB National Institute for Biostructure and Biosystems, Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305 - 00136 Roma, Italy,Corresponding author. Address: Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy. Tel: +39 0805593262
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von Bülow V, Gindner S, Baier A, Hehr L, Buss N, Russ L, Wrobel S, Wirth V, Tabatabai K, Quack T, Haeberlein S, Kadesch P, Gerbig S, Wiedemann KR, Spengler B, Mehl A, Morlock G, Schramm G, Pons-Kühnemann J, Falcone FH, Wilson RA, Bankov K, Wild P, Grevelding CG, Roeb E, Roderfeld M. Metabolic reprogramming of hepatocytes by Schistosoma mansoni eggs. JHEP Rep 2022; 5:100625. [PMID: 36590323 PMCID: PMC9800334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection which affects more than 200 million people globally. Schistosome eggs, but not the adult worms, are mainly responsible for schistosomiasis-specific morbidity in the liver. It is unclear if S. mansoni eggs consume host metabolites, and how this compromises the host parenchyma. Methods Metabolic reprogramming was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging, liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry, metabolite quantification, confocal laser scanning microscopy, live cell imaging, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, assessment of DNA damage, and immunohistology in hamster models and functional experiments in human cell lines. Major results were validated in human biopsies. Results The infection with S. mansoni provokes hepatic exhaustion of neutral lipids and glycogen. Furthermore, the distribution of distinct lipid species and the regulation of rate-limiting metabolic enzymes is disrupted in the liver of S. mansoni infected animals. Notably, eggs mobilize, incorporate, and store host lipids, while the associated metabolic reprogramming causes oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in hepatocytes. Administration of reactive oxygen species scavengers ameliorates these deleterious effects. Conclusions Our findings indicate that S. mansoni eggs completely reprogram lipid and carbohydrate metabolism via soluble factors, which results in oxidative stress-induced cell damage in the host parenchyma. Impact and implications The authors demonstrate that soluble egg products of the parasite S. mansoni induce hepatocellular reprogramming, causing metabolic exhaustion and a strong redox imbalance. Notably, eggs mobilize, incorporate, and store host lipids, while the metabolic reprogramming causes oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in hepatocytes, independent of the host's immune response. S. mansoni eggs take advantage of the host environment through metabolic reprogramming of hepatocytes and enterocytes. By inducing DNA damage, this neglected tropical disease might promote hepatocellular damage and thus influence international health efforts.
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Key Words
- DMPE, dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine
- DNA damage
- GS, glycogen synthase
- GSH, reduced L-glutathione
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Lipid
- MALDI-MSI, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- OA, oleic acid
- Oxidative stress
- PAS, periodic acid-Schiff
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PLIN2, perilipin 2
- Parasite
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S. japonicum, Schistosoma japonicum
- S. mansoni, Schistosoma mansoni
- SEA, soluble egg antigens
- Schistosomiasis
- TG, triglyceride
- bs, bisex
- flOA, fluorescently labelled OA
- hRF, retention factor ∗ 100
- ms, monosex
- ni, non-infected
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena von Bülow
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Gindner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Baier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura Hehr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicola Buss
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lena Russ
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Wrobel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Victoria Wirth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kuscha Tabatabai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Quack
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Simone Haeberlein
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Patrik Kadesch
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gerbig
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja R. Wiedemann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Annabel Mehl
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Food Science Department, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gertrud Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Food Science Department, and Interdisciplinary Research Center (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schramm
- Experimental Pneumology, Priority Research Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Jörn Pons-Kühnemann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Justus Liebig University, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 6. 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Franco H. Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - R. Alan Wilson
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Katrin Bankov
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Wild
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph G. Grevelding
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany,Corresponding author. Address: Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Gaffkystr. 11, 35392 Giessen, Germany. Tel.: +49 641 99 42527, fax: +49 641 99 42333.
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Zhong F, Guan Q, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhao M, Yuan Z, Fan X, Han J, Li Q, Wang Z, Shao S, Zhao J. Association of longitudinal changes in serum lipids with the natural history of subclinical hypothyroidism: A retrospective cohort study using data from the REACTION study. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 53:101629. [PMID: 36060516 PMCID: PMC9433604 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) often leads to alterations in lipid profile, which may negatively impact humans health. Whether lipids in turn affect the natural history of SCH is unknown. We aimed to assess the association between longitudinal changes in serum lipid levels and the natural history of SCH. METHODS This retrospective cohort study using data from the REACTION study included 581 patients with SCH who were enrolled between July 1, 2011, and December 19, 2014, with a median follow-up of three [IQR, 2·86-3·21] years. Patients with missing data or conditions that can affect thyroid function were excluded. Changes in serum lipid levels were calculated from serum lipid measurements 3 years apart and classified in two ways: 1) the first, second, and third tertiles of the difference between baseline and follow-up and 2) the percent change from baseline, namely, serum lipid decrease ≥ 25%, minor change, and serum lipid increase ≥ 25%. The natural history of SCH includes regression to euthyroidism, SCH persistence, or progression to overt hypothyroidism (OH). Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated by multivariable logistic regression. Validation was performed on data from a health management cohort study conducted from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016, with a median follow-up of two [IQR, 1·92-2·08] years. After using the same inclusion and exclusion criteria as the REACTION cohort study, 412 patients with SCH were eligible for the validation analysis. FINDINGS There were 132 (22·7%) men and 449 (77·3%) women in the study, with a median age of 56 [IQR,49-62] years. During follow-up, 270 (46·5%), 266 (45·8%), and 27 (4·6%) patients had regression to euthyroidism, persistent SCH, and progression to OH, respectively. Both grouping manners showed a significant association between changes in lipid levels and the natural history of SCH. A total cholesterol (TC)-level increase was independently associated with a greater risk of progression to OH (OR for ≥ 25% TC increase vs. minor change: 5·40; 95% CI 1·46-21·65), whereas TC-level declines increased the likelihood of regressing to euthyroidism (OR for ≥ 25% TC decrease vs. minor change: 3·45; 95% CI 1·09-12·43). Similarly, the likelihood of regression according to changes in triglyceride (TG) levels exhibited a consistent trend with that according to TC-level changes. A similar pattern of association was observed in the validation cohort. INTERPRETATION Changes in serum lipid levels in SCH are associated with future progression or regression risk, suggesting that the changes in serum lipid levels may affect the natural history of SCH. Clinicians should pay attention to the long-term control of serum lipids levels in populations with SCH, which may benefit thyroid function. FUNDING This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1309800), the National Natural Science Foundation (81430020, 82070818), and the "Outstanding University Driven by Talents" Program and Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University (2019LJ007).
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- Cholesterol
- Cohort study
- Cr, creatinine
- FT3, free triiodothyronine
- FT4, free thyroxine
- HbA1c, glycatedhaemoglobin
- Hypothyroidism
- Lipid
- OH, overt hypothyroidism
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SCH, Subclinical hypothyroidism
- Subclinical hypothyroidism
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TPOAb, thyroperoxidase antibody
- TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Thyroid
- Triglyceride
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Zhongshang Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Xiude Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Junming Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Qihang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 324, Jing 5 Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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Li Y, Yuan X, Wei J, Sun Y, Ni W, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang R, Xu R, Liu T, Yang C, Chen G, Xu J, Liu Y. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and serum liver enzymes in older adults: a population-based longitudinal study. Ann Epidemiol 2022; 74:1-7. [PMID: 35680103 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution with serum liver enzymes in older adults. METHODS In this longitudinal study, we investigated 318,911 adults aged ≥65 years and assessed their long-term residential exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3). Linear mixed models and generalized linear mixed models were implemented for exposure-response analyses. RESULTS Each interquartile range (IQR) increase of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 exposures was significantly associated with a 4.6%, 4.6%, 5.6%, 4.6%, 6.2%, and 3.6% increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and a 4.6%, 5.2%, 3.6%, 3.3%, 6.1%, and 4.0% increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), respectively. Each IQR increase of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 exposures was significantly associated with a 23%, 24%, 28%, 17%, 31%, and 19% increase in odds of elevated ALT (>40 U/L), and a 32%, 39%, 40%, 32%, 57%, and 25% increase in odds of elevated AST (>40 U/L), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution was significantly associated with increased serum liver enzyme levels in older adults, suggesting that air pollution exposures may induce hepatocellular injury.
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Key Words
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Alanine aminotransferase
- Ambient air pollution
- Aspartate aminotransferase
- BMI, body mass index
- CHAP, ChinaHighAirPollutants
- CI, confidence interval
- CO, carbon monoxide
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- IQR, interquartile range
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Liver enzymes
- NO(2), nitrogen dioxide
- O(3), ozone
- OR, odds ratio
- Older adults Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- PM(10), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm
- PM(2.5), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm
- SD, standardized deviation
- SO(2), sulfur dioxide
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- WC, waist circumference
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Xueli Yuan
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, and Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yuanying Sun
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Wenqing Ni
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Luohu Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Ruijun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Gongbo Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China.
| | - Yuewei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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Geng C, Feng Y, Yang Y, Yang H, Li Z, Tang Y, Wang J, Zhao H. Allergic asthma aggravates angiotensin Ⅱ-induced cardiac remodeling in mice. Transl Res 2022; 244:88-100. [PMID: 35108660 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death globally, and heart failure (HF) represents its terminal stage. Asthma, one of the most common chronic diseases, has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the link between asthma and HF has rarely been studied, and the possible mechanisms by which asthma affects HF are unclear. This study aimed to explore the influence of asthma on HF and the possible mechanisms. We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and found a higher prevalence of HF among asthmatic individuals, and identified an independent association between HF and asthma. Subsequently, we produced mice with concurrent ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization-induced allergic asthma and angiotensin Ⅱ infusion-induced cardiac remodeling to explore the effect of asthma on cardiac remodeling in vivo. The results showed that OVA-induced asthma impaired heart function and aggravated cardiac remodeling in mice. We also found that OVA sensitization increased the expression levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum and IgE receptor (FcεR1) in the heart, and enhanced the activation of downstream signaling molecules of IgE-FcεR1 in the heart. Importantly, blockage of IgE-FcεR1 using FcεR1-deficient mice or an anti-IgE antibody prevented asthma-induced decline of cardiac function, and alleviated cardiac remodeling. These findings demonstrate the adverse effects of allergic asthma on the heart, and suggest the potential application of anti-IgE therapy in the treatment of asthma complicated with heart conditions.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- ANP, natriuretic peptide type A
- Ang Ⅱ, angiotensin Ⅱ
- BALF, bronchioalveolar lavage fluid
- BMI, body mass index
- BNP, natriuretic peptide type B
- BW, body weight
- CAD, coronary heart disease
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- EF, ejection fraction
- FS, fraction shortening
- HF, heart failure
- HW, heart weight
- IgE, immunoglobulin E
- LVAW, left ventricular anterior wall
- LVID, left ventricular internal dimension
- LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall
- NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- OVA, ovalbumin
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- WT, wild type
- pSmad2/3, phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic 2 and 3
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
- β-MHC, β-myosin heavy chain
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Geng
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yufan Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqin Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Guan B, Tong J, Hao H, Yang Z, Chen K, Xu H, Wang A. Bile acid coordinates microbiota homeostasis and systemic immunometabolism in cardiometabolic diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2129-2149. [PMID: 35646540 PMCID: PMC9136572 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), characterized with metabolic disorder triggered cardiovascular events, is a leading cause of death and disability. Metabolic disorders trigger chronic low-grade inflammation, and actually, a new concept of metaflammation has been proposed to define the state of metabolism connected with immunological adaptations. Amongst the continuously increased list of systemic metabolites in regulation of immune system, bile acids (BAs) represent a distinct class of metabolites implicated in the whole process of CMD development because of its multifaceted roles in shaping systemic immunometabolism. BAs can directly modulate the immune system by either boosting or inhibiting inflammatory responses via diverse mechanisms. Moreover, BAs are key determinants in maintaining the dynamic communication between the host and microbiota. Importantly, BAs via targeting Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and diverse other nuclear receptors play key roles in regulating metabolic homeostasis of lipids, glucose, and amino acids. Moreover, BAs axis per se is susceptible to inflammatory and metabolic intervention, and thereby BAs axis may constitute a reciprocal regulatory loop in metaflammation. We thus propose that BAs axis represents a core coordinator in integrating systemic immunometabolism implicated in the process of CMD. We provide an updated summary and an intensive discussion about how BAs shape both the innate and adaptive immune system, and how BAs axis function as a core coordinator in integrating metabolic disorder to chronic inflammation in conditions of CMD.
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Key Words
- AS, atherosclerosis
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter
- BAs, bile acids
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- BSH, bile salt hydrolases
- Bile acid
- CA, cholic acid
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CCs, cholesterol crystals
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CMD, cardiometabolic disease
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- Cardiometabolic diseases
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FA, fatty acids
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FMO3, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- HCA, hyocholic acid
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, high fat diet
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear receptor
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin resistance
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
- Nuclear receptors
- OCA, obeticholic acid
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- RCT, reverses cholesterol transportation
- ROR, retinoid-related orphan receptor
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- Systemic immunometabolism
- TG, triglyceride
- TGR5, takeda G-protein receptor 5
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide
- Therapeutic opportunities
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- VDR, vitamin D receptor
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- ox-LDL, oxidated low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Guan
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jinlin Tong
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhixu Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Keji Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Anlu Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing 100091, China
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Chen Q, Li Q, Liang Y, Zu M, Chen N, Canup BS, Luo L, Wang C, Zeng L, Xiao B. Natural exosome-like nanovesicles from edible tea flowers suppress metastatic breast cancer via ROS generation and microbiota modulation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:907-923. [PMID: 35256954 PMCID: PMC8897038 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several artificial nanotherapeutics have been approved for practical treatment of metastatic breast cancer, their inefficient therapeutic outcomes, serious adverse effects, and high cost of mass production remain crucial challenges. Herein, we developed an alternative strategy to specifically trigger apoptosis of breast tumors and inhibit their lung metastasis by using natural nanovehicles from tea flowers (TFENs). These nanovehicles had desirable particle sizes (131 nm), exosome-like morphology, and negative zeta potentials. Furthermore, TFENs were found to contain large amounts of polyphenols, flavonoids, functional proteins, and lipids. Cell experiments revealed that TFENs showed strong cytotoxicities against cancer cells due to the stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplification. The increased intracellular ROS amounts could not only trigger mitochondrial damage, but also arrest cell cycle, resulting in the in vitro anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and anti-invasion activities against breast cancer cells. Further mice investigations demonstrated that TFENs after intravenous (i.v.) injection or oral administration could accumulate in breast tumors and lung metastatic sites, inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast cancer, and modulate gut microbiota. This study brings new insights to the green production of natural exosome-like nanoplatform for the inhibition of breast cancer and its lung metastasis via i.v. and oral routes.
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Key Words
- AF633, Alexa Fluor 633-labeled phalloidin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN, urea nitrogen
- Breast cancer
- CDK, CYCLIN-dependent kinase
- CRE, creatinine
- DAF-FM DA, 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein diacetate
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DCFH-DA, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate
- DGDG, digalactosyl diacylglycerols
- DHE, dihydroethidium
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DiO, 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate
- DiR, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′′,3′-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide
- EC, epicatechin
- ECG, epicatechin gallate
- EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate
- Exosome-like nanoparticle
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- H&E, Hematoxylin & Eosin
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- Intravenous injection
- LC‒MS, liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MGDG, monogalactosyl diacylglycerols
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Metastasis
- Microbiota modulation
- NO, nitrogen monoxide
- NPs, nanoparticles
- OUT, operational taxonomic unit
- Oral administration
- PA, phosphatidic acids
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PC, phosphatidylcholines
- PDI, polydispersity index
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamines
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PLT, platelets
- PMe, phosphatidylmethanol
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- RBC, red blood cell
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS generation
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SA, superoxide anion
- SQDG, sulphoquinovosyl diylyceride
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TFENs, exosome-like NPs from tea flowers
- TG, triglyceride
- TUNEL, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-end labeling
- Tea flower
- WBC, white blood cell
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Guo Z, Yang Y, Liao Y, Shi Y, Zhang LJ. Emerging Roles of Adipose Tissue in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis in Obesity. JID Innov 2022; 2:100064. [PMID: 35024685 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing epidemic worldwide, and it is also considered a major environmental factor contributing to the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis (PSO) and atopic dermatitis (AD). Moreover, obesity worsens the course and impairs the treatment response of these inflammatory skin diseases. Emerging evidence highlights that hypertrophied adipocytes and infiltrated immune cells secrete a variety of molecules, including fatty acids and adipokines, such as leptin, adiponectin, and a panel of cytokines/chemokines that modulate our immune system. In this review, we describe how adipose hypertrophy leads to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state in obesity and how obesity-related inflammatory factors are involved in the pathogenesis of PSO and/or AD. Finally, we discuss the potential role of antimicrobial peptides, mechanical stress and impairment of epidermal barrier function mediated by fast expansion, and dermal fat in modulating skin inflammation. Together, this review summarizes the current literature on how obesity is associated with the pathogenesis of PSO and AD, highlighting the potentially important but overlooked immunomodulatory role of adipose tissue in the skin.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- AT, adipose tissue
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BMI, body mass index
- CI, confidence interval
- DC, dendritic cell
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- FFA, free fatty acid
- HFD, high-fat diet
- KC, keratinocyte
- OA, oleic acid
- PA, palmitic acid
- PSO, psoriasis
- SCORAD, SCORing Atopic Dermatitis
- TC, total cholesterol
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TG, triglyceride
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- Th, T helper
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- dFB, dermal fibroblast
- dWAT, dermal white adipose tissue
- sWAT, subcutaneous white adipose tissue
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Wang S, Sheng F, Zou L, Xiao J, Li P. Hyperoside attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via cholesterol metabolism and bile acid metabolism. J Adv Res 2022; 34:109-122. [PMID: 35024184 PMCID: PMC8655136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) results from increased hepatic total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG) accumulation. In our previous study, we found that rats treated with hyperoside became resistant to hepatic lipid accumulation. Objectives The present study aims to investigate the possible mechanisms responsible for the inhibitory effects of hyperoside on the lipid accumulation in the liver tissues of the NAFLD rats. Methods Label-free proteomics and metabolomics targeting at bile acid (BA) metabolism were applied to disclose the mechanisms for hyperoside reducing hepatic lipid accumulation among the NAFLD rats. Results In response to hyperoside treatment, several proteins related to the fatty acid degradation pathway, cholesterol metabolism pathway, and bile secretion pathway were altered, including ECI1, Acnat2, ApoE, and BSEP, etc. The expression of nuclear receptors (NRs), including farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor α (LXRα), were increased in hyperoside-treated rats' liver tissue, accompanied by decreased protein expression of catalyzing enzymes in the hepatic de novo lipogenesis and increased protein level of enzymes in the classical and alternative BA synthetic pathway. Liver conjugated BAs were less toxic and more hydrophilic than unconjugated BAs. The BA-targeted metabolomics suggest that hyperoside could decrease the levels of liver unconjugated BAs and increase the levels of liver conjugated BAs. Conclusions Taken together, the results suggest that hyperoside could improve the condition of NAFLD by regulating the cholesterol metabolism as well as BAs metabolism and excretion. These findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms by which hyperoside lowers the cholesterol and triglyceride in NAFLD rats.
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Key Words
- ACC, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Apo, apolipoprotein
- BAs, bile acids
- BSH, bile salt hydrolase
- Bile acid metabolism
- CYP27A1, sterol 27-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Cholesterol metabolism
- FGF15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Hyperoside
- LC-MS, the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
- LXRα, liver X receptor α
- Label-free proteomics
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- QC, quality control
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SREBP1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
- SREBP2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2
- SREBPs, sterol regulatory element binding proteins
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TGR5, Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5
- Targeted metabolomics
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- WB, Western blot
- pACC, phosphorylated ACC
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Feiya Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
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Mao D, Lau ESH, Wu H, Yang A, Shi M, Fan B, Tam CHT, Chow E, Kong APS, Ma RCW, Luk A, Chan JCN. Risk associations of long-term HbA1c variability and obesity on cancer events and cancer-specific death in 15,286 patients with diabetes - A prospective cohort study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2022; 18:100315. [PMID: 35024653 PMCID: PMC8669375 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity, cancer and diabetes frequently coexist. The association of glycaemic variability (GV) and obesity with cancer events had not been explored in diabetes. Methods In the prospective Hong Kong Diabetes Register cohort (1995-2019), we used cox proportional hazards models to examine the risk associations of GV with all-site cancer (primary outcome) and cause-specific death (secondary outcome). We also explored the joint association of obesity and GV with these outcomes and site-specific cancer. We expressed GV using HbA1c variability score (HVS) defined as percentage of HbA1c values varying by 0.5% compared with values in preceding visit. Findings We included 15,286 patients (type 2 diabetes: n=15,054, type 1 diabetes: n=232) with ≥10 years of diabetes and ≥3 years of observation (51.7% men, age (mean±SD): 61.04±10.73 years, HbA1c: 7.54±1.63%, body mass index [BMI]: 25.65±3.92 kg/m2, all-site cancer events: n=928, cancer death events: n=404). There were non-linear relationships between HVS and outcomes but there was linearity within the high and low HVS groups stratified by the median (IQR) value of HVS (42.31 [27.27, 56.28]). In the high HVS group, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of each SD of HVS was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.26) for all-site cancer (n=874). The respective aHRs for breast (n=77), liver (n=117) and colorectal (n=184) cancer were 1.44 (1.07, 1.94), 1.37 (1.08, 1.74), and 1.09 (0.90, 1.32). In the high GV group, the respective aHRs were 1.21 (1.06, 1.39), 1.27 (1.15, 1.40), and 1.15 (1.09, 1.22) for cancer, vascular, and noncancer nonvascular death. When stratified by obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2), the high HVS & obese group had the highest aHRs of 1.42 (1.16, 1.73), 2.44 (1.24, 4.82), and 2.63 (1.45, 4.74) respectively for all-site, breast, and liver cancer versus the low GV & non-obese group. The respective aHRs were 1.45 (1.07, 1.96), 1.47 (1.12, 1.93), and 1.35 (1.16, 1.57) for cancer, vascular, and noncancer nonvascular death. Interpretation Obesity and high GV were associated with increased risk of all-site, breast, liver cancer, and cancer-specific death in T2D. Funding The Chinese University of Hong Kong Diabetes Research Fund
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- BMI, body mass index
- BP, blood pressure
- CI, confidence interval
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- EMR, electronic medical record
- GV, glycaemic variability
- HA, Hospital Authority
- HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HKDR, Hong Kong Diabetes Register
- HR, hazard ratio
- HVS, HbA1c variability score
- IQR, inter‐quartile range
- LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LLD, lipid lowering drug
- MD, median
- Mn, mean
- OGLDs, oral glucose lowering drugs
- RAS, renin angiotensin system
- SD, standard deviation
- SDIM, SD independent of mean
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- aHR, adjusted hazard ratio
- cancer and all cause death
- diabetes
- glycaemic variability
- obesity
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Mao
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Eric S H Lau
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Hongjiang Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Aimin Yang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Mai Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Baoqi Fan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Claudia H T Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Elaine Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.,Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Alice P S Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrea Luk
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.,Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Anand AC, Acharya SK. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Our Good Glitazar: Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:263-267. [PMID: 35535098 PMCID: PMC9077217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anil C. Anand
- Address for correspondence: Anil C Anand, Professor and Head, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751024 Odisha, India.
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14
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Dubland JA. Lipid analysis by ion mobility spectrometry combined with mass spectrometry: A brief update with a perspective on applications in the clinical laboratory. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 23:7-13. [PMID: 34988541 PMCID: PMC8703053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique where ions are separated in the gas phase based on their mobility through a buffer gas in the presence of an electric field. An ion passing through an IMS device has a characteristic collisional cross section (CCS) value that depends on the buffer gas used. IMS can be coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), which characterizes an ion based on a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), to increase analytical specificity and provide further physicochemical information. In particular, IMS-MS is of ever-increasing interest for the analysis of lipids, which can be problematic to accurately identify and quantify in bodily fluids by liquid chromatography (LC) with MS alone due to the presence of isomers, isobars, and structurally similar analogs. IMS provides an additional layer of separation when combined with front-end LC approaches, thereby, enhancing peak capacity and analytical specificity. CCS (and also ion mobility drift time) can be plotted against m/z ion intensity and/or LC retention time in order to generate in-depth molecular profiles of a sample. Utilization of IMS-MS for routine clinical laboratory testing remains relatively unexplored, but areas do exist for potential implementation. A brief update is provided here on lipid analysis using IMS-MS with a perspective on some applications in the clinical laboratory.
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Key Words
- CCS, collisional cross section
- CV, compensation voltage
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Clinical analysis
- DG, diacylglycerol
- DMS, differential mobility spectrometry
- DTIMS, drift tube ion mobility spectrometry
- EV, elution voltage
- FAIMS, field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry
- FIA, flow injection analysis
- FTICR, fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance
- HDL, high-density-lipoprotein
- HRMS, high-resolution mass spectrometry
- IMS, ion mobility spectrometry
- IMS-MS, ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry
- Ion mobility spectrometry
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LDL, low-density-lipoprotein
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- Lipids
- MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometry
- NBS, newborn screening
- PC, glycerophosphocholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- RF, radio frequency
- SLIM, structures for loss less ion manipulations
- SM, sphingomyelin
- SV, separation voltage
- TG, triglyceride
- TIMS, trapped ion mobility spectrometry
- TOF, time-of-flight
- TWIMS, traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- m/z, mass-to-charge ratio
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Dubland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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15
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Sorg O, Nocera T, Fontao F, Castex-Rizzi N, Garidou L, Lauze C, Le Digabel J, Josse G, Saurat JH. Lipid Droplet Proteins in Acne Skin: A Sound Target for the Maintenance of Low Comedogenic Sebum and Acne-Prone Skin Health. JID Innov 2021; 1:100057. [PMID: 34909752 PMCID: PMC8659390 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In adipocytes and sebocytes, lipid droplet proteins control the storage of lipids in organized droplets and their release on demand. The contribution of lipid droplet proteins to the pathogenesis of acne is plausible because they control the levels of comedogenic free fatty acids. The expression of two lipid droplet proteins, CIDEA and PLIN2, was analyzed in the skin of patients with acne by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The design of clinical protocols allowed correlating the expression of CIDEA and PLIN2 with both comedogenesis and the release of free fatty acids. Both proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry in the sebaceous glands of patients with acne, with a disturbed expression pattern of PLIN2 compared with that in the controls. Higher levels of PLIN2 and CIDEA, as detected by western blotting in the infundibulum, significantly correlated with lower ongoing comedogenesis over 48 weeks of Silybummarianum fruit extract application. Accordingly, free fatty acid release from sebum triglycerides was significantly decreased, as shown with two distinct methods. The data are consistent with the expected role of PLIN2 and CIDEA in the prevention of comedogenic free fatty acid release. Modulation of PLIN2 and CIDEA expression appears as a sound target for the maintenance of low comedogenic sebum and acne-prone skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Sorg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thérèse Nocera
- Clinical Skin Research Centre, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France.,Dermatology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Fontao
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Lucile Garidou
- Pharmacology Department, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Lauze
- Clinical Skin Research Centre, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France.,Dermatology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jimmy Le Digabel
- Clinical Skin Research Centre, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France.,Dermatology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Gwendal Josse
- Clinical Skin Research Centre, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France.,Dermatology Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Hilaire Saurat
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Gladine C, Fedorova M. The clinical translation of eicosanoids and other oxylipins, although challenging, should be actively pursued. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2021; 21:27-30. [PMID: 34820674 PMCID: PMC8600996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Key Words
- CE, cholesteryl ester
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PL, phospholipid
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid
- TG, triglyceride
- oxCE, oxidized CE
- oxLDL, oxidized LDL
- oxTG, oxidized TG
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gladine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Wang Z, Fu W, Huo M, He B, Liu Y, Tian L, Li W, Zhou Z, Wang B, Xia J, Chen Y, Wei J, Abliz Z. Spatial-resolved metabolomics reveals tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming in diabetic nephropathy by using mass spectrometry imaging. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3665-77. [PMID: 34900545 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge on tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming in diabetic nephropathy (DN) is vital for more accurate understanding the molecular pathological signature and developing novel therapeutic strategies. In the present study, a spatial-resolved metabolomics approach based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization (AFADESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) integrated mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was proposed to investigate tissue-specific metabolic alterations in the kidneys of high-fat diet-fed and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated DN rats and the therapeutic effect of astragaloside IV, a potential anti-diabetic drug, against DN. As a result, a wide range of functional metabolites including sugars, amino acids, nucleotides and their derivatives, fatty acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerides, carnitine and its derivatives, vitamins, peptides, and metal ions associated with DN were identified and their unique distribution patterns in the rat kidney were visualized with high chemical specificity and high spatial resolution. These region-specific metabolic disturbances were ameliorated by repeated oral administration of astragaloside IV (100 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. This study provided more comprehensive and detailed information about the tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming and molecular pathological signature in the kidney of diabetic rats. These findings highlighted the promising potential of AFADESI and MALDI integrated MSI based metabolomics approach for application in metabolic kidney diseases.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AFADESI, air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization
- AGEs, advanced glycation end products
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase
- AST, astragaloside IV
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Astragaloside IV
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CL, cardiolipin
- Cre, creatinine
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DESI, desorption electrospray ionization
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- DN, diabetic nephropathy
- DPA, docosapentaenoic acid
- Diabetic nephropathy
- ESKD, end-stage kidney disease
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- GLU, glucose
- GMP, guanosine monophosphate
- GSH, glutathione
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- LysoPG, lysophosphatidylglycerol
- MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MSI, mass spectrometry imaging
- Mass spectrometry imaging
- Metabolic reprogramming
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- Na-CMC, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ROI, regions of interest
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SDH, succinate dehydrogenase
- SGLTs, sodium-glucose cotransporters
- SM, sphingomyelin
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Spatial-resolved metabolomics
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TCHO, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- UMP, uridine monophosphate
- VIP, variable importance in projection
- p-AMPK, phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase
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Xu L, Yin L, Qi Y, Tan X, Gao M, Peng J. 3D disorganization and rearrangement of genome provide insights into pathogenesis of NAFLD by integrated Hi-C, Nanopore, and RNA sequencing. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3150-3164. [PMID: 34729306 PMCID: PMC8546856 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) conformation of chromatin is integral to the precise regulation of gene expression. The 3D genome and genomic variations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are largely unknown, despite their key roles in cellular function and physiological processes. High-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), Nanopore sequencing, and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) assays were performed on the liver of normal and NAFLD mice. A high-resolution 3D chromatin interaction map was generated to examine different 3D genome hierarchies including A/B compartments, topologically associated domains (TADs), and chromatin loops by Hi-C, and whole genome sequencing identifying structural variations (SVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) by Nanopore sequencing. We identified variations in thousands of regions across the genome with respect to 3D chromatin organization and genomic rearrangements, between normal and NAFLD mice, and revealed gene dysregulation frequently accompanied by these variations. Candidate target genes were identified in NAFLD, impacted by genetic rearrangements and spatial organization disruption. Our data provide a high-resolution 3D genome interaction resource for NAFLD investigations, revealed the relationship among genetic rearrangements, spatial organization disruption, and gene regulation, and identified candidate genes associated with these variations implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The newly findings offer insights into novel mechanisms of NAFLD pathogenesis and can provide a new conceptual framework for NAFLD therapy.
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Key Words
- 3C, chromosome conformation capture
- 3D genome
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Abcg5, ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5
- BWA, Burrows-Wheeler Aligner
- CNV, copy number variation
- Camk1d, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1D
- Chr, chromosome
- Chromatin looping
- DEG, differentially expressed gene
- DEL, deletion
- DI, directionality index
- DUP, duplication
- Elovl6, elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 6
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FFA, free fatty acid
- Fgfr2, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2
- GCKR, glucokinase regulator
- GO, gene ontology
- GSH, glutathione
- Gadd45g, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma
- Grm8, metabotropic glutamate receptor 8
- Gsta1, glutathione S-transferase A1
- H&E, hematoxylin-eosin
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HSD17B13, hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13
- Hi-C, high-throughput chromosome conformation capture
- IDE, interaction decay exponent
- INS, insertion
- INV, inversion
- IR, inclusion ratio
- IRGM, immunity related GTPase M
- IRS4, insulin receptor substrate 4
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- Kcnma1, calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1
- LPIN1, lipin 1
- MBOAT7, membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NF1, neurofibromin 1
- NGS, next-generation sequencing
- NOTCH1, notch receptor 1
- ONT, Oxford Nanopore Technologies
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PNPLA3, patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3
- PPP1R3B, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3B
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- Pde4b, phosphodiesterase 4B
- Plce1, 1-phosphat-idylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1
- Plxnb1, Plexin-B1
- RB1, RB transcriptional corepressor 1
- RNA-seq, RNA-sequencing
- SD, standard deviation
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SV, structural variation
- Scd1, acyl-CoA desaturase 1
- Sugct, succinate-hydroxymethylglutarate CoA-transferase
- TAD, topologically associated domain
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TM6SF2, transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2
- TP53, tumor protein p53
- TRA, translocation
- Topologically associated domain
- Transcriptome
- WGS, whole-genome sequencing
- Whole-genome sequencing
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19
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Tang G, Li S, Zhang C, Chen H, Wang N, Feng Y. Clinical efficacies, underlying mechanisms and molecular targets of Chinese medicines for diabetic nephropathy treatment and management. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2749-67. [PMID: 34589395 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been recognized as a severe complication of diabetes mellitus and a dominant pathogeny of end-stage kidney disease, which causes serious health problems and great financial burden to human society worldwide. Conventional strategies, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade, blood glucose level control, and bodyweight reduction, may not achieve satisfactory outcomes in many clinical practices for DN management. Notably, due to the multi-target function, Chinese medicine possesses promising clinical benefits as primary or alternative therapies for DN treatment. Increasing studies have emphasized identifying bioactive compounds and molecular mechanisms of reno-protective effects of Chinese medicines. Signaling pathways involved in glucose/lipid metabolism regulation, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, and podocyte protection have been identified as crucial mechanisms of action. Herein, we summarize the clinical efficacies of Chinese medicines and their bioactive components in treating and managing DN after reviewing the results demonstrated in clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, with a thorough discussion on the relative underlying mechanisms and molecular targets reported in animal and cellular experiments. We aim to provide comprehensive insights into the protective effects of Chinese medicines against DN.
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Key Words
- ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- ADE, adverse event
- AGEs, advanced glycation end-products
- AM, mesangial area
- AMPKα, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α
- ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker
- AREs, antioxidant response elements
- ATK, protein kinase B
- BAX, BCL-2-associated X protein
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- BCL-XL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large
- BMP-7, bone morphogenetic protein-7
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- BW, body weight
- C, control group
- CCR, creatinine clearance rate
- CD2AP, CD2-associated protein
- CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein
- CI, confidence interval
- COL-I/IV, collagen I/IV
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- Chinese medicine
- D, duration
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DG, glomerular diameter
- DKD, diabetic kidney disease
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- DN, diabetic nephropathy
- Diabetic kidney disease
- Diabetic nephropathy
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- EP, E-prostanoid receptor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ESRD, end-stage renal disease
- ET-1, endothelin-1
- ETAR, endothelium A receptor
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- FN, fibronectin
- GCK, glucokinase
- GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- GFR, glomerular filtration rate
- GLUT4, glucose transporter type 4
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- GRB 10, growth factor receptor-bound protein 10
- GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78
- GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- Gαq, Gq protein alpha subunit
- HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- Herbal medicine
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1
- IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
- IKK-β, IκB kinase β
- IL-1β/6, interleukin 1β/6
- IR, insulin receptor
- IRE-1α, inositol-requiring enzyme-1α
- IRS, insulin receptor substrate
- IκB-α, inhibitory protein α
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- LOX1, lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- MD, mean difference
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP-2, matrix metallopeptidase 2
- MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- Molecular target
- N/A, not applicable
- N/O, not observed
- N/R, not reported
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NOX-4, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase-4
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OCP, oxidative carbonyl protein
- ORP150, 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein
- P70S6K, 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PARP, poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase
- PBG, postprandial blood glucose
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2A kinase
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RAGE, receptors of AGE
- RASI, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor
- RCT, randomized clinical trial
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCr, serum creatinine
- SD, standard deviation
- SD-rat, Sprague–Dawley rat
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SMAD, small mothers against decapentaplegic
- SMD, standard mean difference
- SMURF-2, SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor 2
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Signaling pathway
- T, treatment group
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance
- TC, total cholesterol
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TG, triglyceride
- TGBM, thickness of glomerular basement membrane
- TGF-β, tumor growth factor β
- TGFβR-I/II, TGF-β receptor I/II
- TII, tubulointerstitial injury index
- TLR-2/4, toll-like receptor 2/4
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- TRAF5, tumor-necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5
- UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio
- UAER, urinary albumin excretion rate
- UMA, urinary microalbumin
- UP, urinary protein
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WMD, weight mean difference
- XBP-1, spliced X box-binding protein 1
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- eGFR, estimated GFR
- eIF2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- p-IRS1, phospho-IRS1
- p62, sequestosome 1 protein
- α-SMA, α smooth muscle actin
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Israelsen M, Kim M, Suvitaival T, Madsen BS, Hansen CD, Torp N, Trost K, Thiele M, Hansen T, Legido-Quigley C, Krag A. Comprehensive lipidomics reveals phenotypic differences in hepatic lipid turnover in ALD and NAFLD during alcohol intoxication. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100325. [PMID: 34401690 PMCID: PMC8350545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims In experimental models, alcohol induces acute changes in lipid metabolism that cause hepatocyte lipoapoptosis and inflammation. Here we study human hepatic lipid turnover during controlled alcohol intoxication. Methods We studied 39 participants with 3 distinct hepatic phenotypes: alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and healthy controls. Alcohol was administrated via nasogastric tube over 30 min. Hepatic and systemic venous blood was sampled simultaneously at 3 time points: baseline, 60, and 180 min after alcohol intervention. Liver biopsies were sampled 240 min after alcohol intervention. We used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to measure levels of more than 250 lipid species from the blood and liver samples. Results After alcohol intervention, the levels of blood free fatty acid (FFA) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) decreased, while triglyceride (TG) increased. FFA was the only lipid class to decrease in NAFLD after alcohol intervention, whereas LPC and FFA decreased and TG increased after intervention in ALD and healthy controls. Fatty acid chain uptake preference in FFAs and LPCs were oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Hepatic venous blood FFA and LPC levels were lower when compared with systemic venous blood levels throughout the intervention. After alcohol intoxication, liver lipidome in ALD was similar to that in NAFLD. Conclusions Alcohol intoxication induces rapid changes in circulating lipids including hepatic turnaround from FFA and LPC, potentially leading to lipoapoptosis and steatohepatitis. TG clearance was suppressed in NAFLD, possibly explaining why alcohol and NAFLD are synergistic risk factors for disease progression. These effects may be central to the pathogenesis of ALD. Clinical Trials Registration The study is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03018990). Lay summary We report that alcohol induces hepatic extraction of free unsaturated fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholines, hepatotoxic lipids which have not been previously associated with alcohol-induced liver injury. We also found that individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease have reduced lipid turnover during alcohol intoxication when compared with people with alcohol-related fatty liver disease. This may explain why alcohol is particularly more harmful in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver and why elevated BMI and alcohol have a synergistic effect on the risk of liver-related death. Alcohol intoxication induces rapid changes in the profile of circulating lipids. Alcohol has a profound effect on monosaturated fatty acids. Triglyceride clearance is suppressed in NAFLD during alcohol intoxication. Hepatic lipid turnover differentiates ALD and NAFLD during alcohol intoxication. A suppressed metabolic response may explain why alcohol is particularly harmful in NAFLD.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcohol-related liver disease
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, asparagine aminotransferase
- Alcohol
- CTL, healthy control
- Cer, ceramide
- DG, diglyceride
- Ethanol
- FFA, free fatty acid
- Fatty acids
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase
- HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance
- Heavy drinking
- HexCer, hexosylceramide
- LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine
- LacCer, lactosylceramides
- Lipidomics
- Liver disease
- Lysophosphatidylcholines
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- P-glucose, plasma glucose
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- QC, quality control
- SHexCer, sulfatides hexosylceramide
- SM, sphingomyelin
- TE, transient elastography
- TG, triglyceride
- Triglycerides
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Israelsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- OPEN Open Patient data Explorative Network, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Min Kim
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | - Bjørn Stæhr Madsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Camilla Dalby Hansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Torp
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kajetan Trost
- Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja Thiele
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Corresponding author. Address: Odense Liver Research Centre, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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21
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Watanabe K, Yamano M, Masujima Y, Ohue-Kitano R, Kimura I. Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101095. [PMID: 34401531 PMCID: PMC8358642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigestible polysaccharides, such as dietary fibers, benefit the host by improving the intestinal environment. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. Furthermore, curdlan supplementation elevated fecal SCFA levels, particularly butyrate. Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. Curdlan improves gut microbial composition in high-fat diet-fed (HFD) mice. The effects of HFD-induced hyperglycemia are mitigated by curdlan supplementation. Curdlan supplementation increases plasma insulin and GLP-1 levels. Curdlan increases fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Masujima
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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22
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Zhang Z, Lu Y, Qi J, Wu W. An update on oral drug delivery via intestinal lymphatic transport. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2449-2468. [PMID: 34522594 PMCID: PMC8424224 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally administered drug entities have to survive the harsh gastrointestinal environment, penetrate the enteric epithelia and circumvent hepatic metabolism before reaching the systemic circulation. Whereas the gastrointestinal stability can be well maintained by taking proper measures, hepatic metabolism presents as a formidable barrier to drugs suffering from first-pass metabolism. The pharmaceutical academia and industries are seeking alternative pathways for drug transport to circumvent problems associated with the portal pathway. Intestinal lymphatic transport is emerging as a promising pathway to this end. In this review, we intend to provide an updated overview on the rationale, strategies, factors and applications involved in intestinal lymphatic transport. There are mainly two pathways for peroral lymphatic transport-the chylomicron and the microfold cell pathways. The underlying mechanisms are being unraveled gradually and nowadays witness increasing research input and applications.
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Key Words
- ACQ, aggregation-caused quenching
- ASRT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- AUC, area under curve
- BCS, biopharmaceutics classification system
- CM, chylomicron
- Chylomicron
- DC, dendritic cell
- DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DTX, docetaxel
- Drug absorption
- Drug carriers
- Drug delivery
- FA, fatty acid
- FAE, follicle-associated epithelia
- FRET, Föster resonance energy transfer
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDV, Leu-Asp-Val
- LDVp, LDV peptidomimetic
- Lymphatic transport
- M cell, microfold cells
- MG, monoglyceride
- MPA, mycophenolic acid
- MPS, mononuclear phagocyte system
- Microfold cell
- Nanoparticles
- OA, oleate
- Oral
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PEG-PLA, polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic acid)
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RGDp, RGD peptidomimetic
- SEDDS, self-emulsifying drug delivery system
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TG, triglyceride
- TPGS, D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate
- TU, testosterone undecanoate
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- YCW, yeast cell wall
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
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23
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Chaiwong S, Chatturong U, Chanasong R, Deetud W, To-on K, Puntheeranurak S, Chulikorn E, Kajsongkram T, Raksanoh V, Chinda K, Limpeanchob N, Trisat K, Somran J, Nuengchamnong N, Prajumwong P, Chootip K. Dried mulberry fruit ameliorates cardiovascular and liver histopathological changes in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:356-368. [PMID: 34195030 PMCID: PMC8240167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Metabolic disease encompasses most contemporary non-communicable diseases, especially cardiovascular and fatty liver disease. Mulberry fruits of Morus alba L. are a favoured food and a traditional medicine. While they are anti-atherosclerotic and reduce hyperlipidemic risk factors, studies need wider scope that include ameliorating cardiovascular and liver pathologies if they are to become clinically effective treatments. Therefore, the present study sought to show that freshly dried mulberry fruits (dMF) might counteract the metabolic/cardiovascular pathologies in mice made hyperlipidemic by high-fat diet (HF). EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE C57BL/6J mice were fed for 3 months with either: i) control diet, ii) HF, iii) HF+100 mg/kg dMF, or iv) HF+300 mg/kg dMF. Body weight gain, food intake, visceral fat accumulation, fasting blood glucose, plasma lipids, and aortic, heart, and liver histopathologies were evaluated. Adipocyte lipid accumulation, autophagy, and bile acid binding were also investigated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION HF increased food intake, body weight, visceral fat, plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), TC/HDL ratio, blood glucose, aortic collagen, arterial and cardiac wall thickness, and liver lipid. Both dMF doses prevented hyperphagia, body weight gain, and visceral fat accumulation, lowered blood glucose, plasma TG and unfavourable TC/HDL and elevated plasma HDL beyond baseline. Arterial and cardiac wall hypertrophy, aortic collagen fibre accumulation and liver lipid deposition ameliorated in dMF-fed mice. Clinical trials on dMF are worthwhile but outcomes should be holistic commensurate with the constellation of disease risks. Here, dMF should supplement the switch to nutrient-rich from current energy-dense diets that are progressively crippling national health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriya Chaiwong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Usana Chatturong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Rachanee Chanasong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Watcharakorn Deetud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kittiwoot To-on
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Puntheeranurak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Ekarin Chulikorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Tanwarat Kajsongkram
- Expert Center of Innovative Herbal Products, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Veerada Raksanoh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kroekkiat Chinda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nanteetip Limpeanchob
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Pharmacological Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kanittaporn Trisat
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Pharmacological Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Julintorn Somran
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nitra Nuengchamnong
- Science Laboratory Centre, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Piya Prajumwong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Krongkarn Chootip
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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24
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Liakopoulou A, Mourelatou E, Hatziantoniou S. Exploitation of traditional healing properties, using the nanotechnology's advantages: The case of curcumin. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1143-1155. [PMID: 34150524 PMCID: PMC8190487 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) has a long history of use as an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing agent, for the treatment of various skin conditions. Encapsulation in nanocarriers may overcome the administration limitations of CUR, such as lipophilicity and photodegradation. Lipid nanocarriers with different matrix fluidity (Solid Lipid Nanoparticles; SLN, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers; NLC, and Nanoemulsion; NE) were prepared for the topical delivery of curcumin (CUR). The occlusive properties and film forming capacity, as well as the release profile of incorporated CUR, its protection against photodegradation and wound healing were studied in vitro, using empty nanocarriers or free CUR as control. The results suggest that incorporation of CUR in nanocarriers offers a significant protection against photodegradation that is not influenced by the matrix fluidity. However, this characteristic regulates properties such as the occlusion, the release rate and wound healing ability of CUR. Nanoparticles of low fluidity provided better surface occlusion, film forming capacity and retention of the incorporated CUR. All nanocarriers but especially NLC, achieved faster wound healing at lower dose of incorporated CUR. In conclusion, nanotechnology may enhance the action of CUR against skin conditions. Important characteristics of the nanocarrier such as matrix fluidity should be taken into consideration in the design of CUR nanosystems of optimal efficiency.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CA, cellulose acetate
- CUR, curcumin
- Curcumin
- DLS, Dynamic Light Scattering
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPBS, Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline
- ELS, Electrophoretic Light Scattering
- EtOH, ethanol
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- MeOH, methanol
- NE, nanoemulsion
- NLC, nanostructured lipid carriers
- Nanoemulsion
- Nanostructured lipid carrier
- Occlusion
- P/S, penicillin/streptomycin
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PdI, polydispersity index
- RH, relative humidity
- RT, room temperature
- SD, standard deviation
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- Solid lipid nanoparticle
- TG, triglyceride
- Topical application
- UV-VIS, ultraviolet – visible spectrophotometry
- WFI, water for injection
- Wound healing
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Liakopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Elena Mourelatou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, CY-2417, P.O. Box 24005, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sophia Hatziantoniou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
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25
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Osaka M, Deushi M, Aoyama J, Funakoshi T, Ishigami A, Yoshida M. High-Fat Diet Enhances Neutrophil Adhesion in LDLR-Null Mice Via Hypercitrullination of Histone H3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:507-523. [PMID: 34222722 PMCID: PMC8246031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil adhesion on the atheroprone femoral artery of high-fat diet-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice was enhanced more than in wild-type mice. The inhibition of histone H3 citrullination of neutrophils reversed the enhancement of neutrophil adhesion, suggesting that hypercitrullination contributes to enhanced neutrophil adhesion. Furthermore, pemafibrate reduced the citrullination of histone H3 in these mice. Therefore, the hypercitrullination of histone H3 in neutrophils contributes to atherosclerotic vascular inflammation.
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Key Words
- BM, bone marrow
- BW, body weight
- DNaseI, deoxyribonuclease I
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- IVM, intravital microscopy
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LysM, lysosome M
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- NC, normal chow
- NE, neutrophil elastase
- NET, neutrophil extracellular trap
- PAD4, peptidylarginine deiminase 4
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- TC, total cholesterol
- TDFA, N-acetyl-l-threonyl-l-α-aspartyl-N5-(2-fluoro-1-iminoethyl)-l-ornithinamide trifluoroacetate salt
- TG, triglyceride
- citrullination
- cxcl1
- eGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- in vivo imaging
- neutrophil
- vascular inflammation
- wt, wild type
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuko Osaka
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism in Cardiovascular Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Deushi
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Aoyama
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Funakoshi
- Research Team for Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Research Team for Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Luo G, Li Z, Lin X, Li X, Chen Y, Xi K, Xiao M, Wei H, Zhu L, Xiang H. Discovery of an orally active VHL-recruiting PROTAC that achieves robust HMGCR degradation and potent hypolipidemic activity in vivo. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1300-14. [PMID: 34094835 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) protein is usually upregulated after statin (HMGCR inhibitor) treatment, which inevitably diminishes its therapeutic efficacy, provoking the need for higher doses associated with adverse effects. The proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has recently emerged as a powerful approach for inducing protein degradation. Nonetheless, due to their bifunctional nature, developing orally bioavailable PROTACs remains a great challenge. Herein, we identified a powerful HMGCR-targeted PROTAC (21c) comprising a VHL ligand conjugated to lovastatin acid that potently degrades HMGCR in Insig-silenced HepG2 cells (DC50 = 120 nmol/L) and forms a stable ternary complex, as predicated by a holistic modeling protocol. Most importantly, oral administration of the corresponding lactone 21b reveled favorable plasma exposures referring to both the parent 21b and the conversed acid 21c. Further in vivo studies of 21b demonstrated robust HMGCR degradation and potent cholesterol reduction in mice with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, highlighting a promising strategy for treating hyperlipidemia and associated diseases.
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Key Words
- CRBN, cereblon
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Cholesterol reduction
- DC50, half degradation concentration
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- H&E, hematoxylin/eosin
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HMGCR
- HMGCR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- MFD, medium fat diet
- ORO, oil-red O
- Oral bioavailability
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PROTAC, proteolysis-targeting chimera
- PROTACs
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- VHL, von Hippel-Lindau
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27
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Vartela V, Armenis I, Leivadarou D, Toutouzas K, Makrilakis K, Athanassopoulos GD, Karatasakis G, Kolovou G, Mavrogeni S, Perrea D. Reduced global longitudinal strain at rest and inadequate blood pressure response during exercise treadmill testing in male heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Int J Cardiol Hypertens 2021; 9:100083. [PMID: 34095810 PMCID: PMC8167294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchy.2021.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (heFH) is a genetic disorder leading to premature coronary artery disease (CAD). We hypothesized that the subclinical pathophysiologic consequences of hypercholesterolemia may be detected before the occurrence of clinically overt CAD by stress testing and myocardial strain imaging. Patients-methods We evaluated the treadmill tests (ETTs) of 46 heFH men without known arterial hypertension/diabetes mellitus/vasculopathy like CAD and of 39 healthy men matched for age, baseline systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR), using Bruce protocol. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) of the left ventricle (LV) additionally to ejection fraction was obtained. Results heFH men reached a significantly higher peak systolic and diastolic BP compared to controls (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). Mean rate pressure product was significantly higher in heFH patients (p = 0.038). Both duration of the ETT and workload in metabolic equivalents was lower in the heFH group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Baseline to peak rise of systolic and diastolic BP in heFH men was higher (p = 0.008 and p < 0.001 for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively). Furthermore, heFH men had higher rise of HR from baseline to peak, compared to controls; (p = 0.047). GLS in heHF men was slightly decreased (p = 0.014), although the ejection fraction was similar in both groups. Conclusion heFH men have a higher rise in systolic/diastolic BP during ETT, which may reflect early, preclinical hypertension. Furthermore, slight impairment of LV GLS is present, despite the absence of apparent myocardial dysfunction in conventional 2D echocardiography.
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Key Words
- Arterial blood pressure
- BP, blood pressure
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- Coronary artery disease
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- EDV, end-diastolic volume
- ESV, end-systolic volume
- ETT, Exercise treadmill test
- Exercise treadmill test
- FH, Familial hypercholesterolemia
- GLS, Global longitudinal strain
- Global longitudinal strain
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HR, heart rate
- Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LV, left ventricle
- LVEF, LV ejection fraction
- METs, metabolic equivalents
- RPP, rate pressure product
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- heFH, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- hoFH, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Vartela
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
| | - Iakovos Armenis
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece.,Hippokration Hospital, First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Makrilakis
- Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Greece.,Hellenic Diabetes Association, Athens, Greece.,Laikon Hospital, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Karatasakis
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sophia Mavrogeni
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Perrea
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Division of Experimental Surgery, Greece
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28
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Tometsuka C, Funato N, Mizuno K, Taga Y. Long-term intake of ginger protease-degraded collagen hydrolysate reduces blood lipid levels and adipocyte size in mice. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:175-181. [PMID: 33870215 PMCID: PMC8044596 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen hydrolysate has various beneficial effects, such as bone strengthening, joint/skin protection and lipid metabolism regulation. In this study, the anti-obesity activity of ginger protease-degraded collagen hydrolysate (GDCH) was evaluated in BALB/c mice fed diets containing 14% casein (control group) or 10% casein +4% GDCH (GDCH group) for 10 weeks. In the GDCH group, triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) levels in blood and adipocyte size in white adipose tissue were significantly decreased compared with those of the control group. Further, gene expression related to fatty acid synthesis, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase, was decreased in the liver and white adipose tissue of GDCH-fed mice. On the other hand, single oral administration of GDCH did not result in decrease in blood TG and CHO compared with vehicle and casein in ICR mice pre-administered soybean oil. These results suggest that the GDCH-induced decreases in tissue and blood lipids occur through long-term alterations in lipid metabolism, not transient inhibition of lipid absorption. The lipid-lowering effects exhibited by partial substitution of casein with GDCH imply the possibility that daily supplementation of GDCH contributes to prevention/attenuation of obesity and hyperlipidemia. Long-term feeding of ginger-protease degraded collagen hydrolysate (GDCH) in mice. Blood triglycerides and cholesterol were decreased by GDCH intake. Adipocyte size of white adipose tissue was reduced by GDCH intake. Fatty acid synthesis genes were down-regulated by GDCH intake.
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Key Words
- Adipocyte
- CHO, cholesterol
- Cholesterol
- Collagen hydrolysate
- E-CHO, esterified CHO
- Fatty acid synthesis genes
- F–CHO, free CHO
- GDCH, ginger protease-degraded collagen hydrolysate
- Gly, glycine
- Hyp, hydroxyproline
- Lipid metabolism
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- Pro, proline
- SREBP-1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1" to the behind of "prorine
- T-CHO, total CHO
- TG, triglyceride
- Triglyceride
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Tometsuka
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11 Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Noriko Funato
- Department of Signal Gene Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11 Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Yuki Taga
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11 Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
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Abstract
Liver steatosis is emerging as a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, mainly due to the increasing rate of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Because of the increased incidence of liver steatosis, many organs are currently declined for transplantation despite high demand and waiting list mortality. Defatting strategies have recently emerged as a means of rapidly reducing liver steatosis to expand the pool of available organs. This review summarises advances in defatting strategies in experimental and human models of liver steatosis over the last 20 years.
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Key Words
- GDNF, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HIEC, hepatic endothelial cells
- HOPE, hypothermic machine perfusion
- LDs, lipid droplets
- Macrosteatosis
- NAFL, non-alcoholic fatty liver
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NEsLP, normothermic ex situ machine perfusion
- PHHs, primary human hepatocytes
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- SCS, static cold storage
- SRS, steatosis reduction supplements
- TG, triglyceride
- ischemia-reperfusion injury
- liver transplantation
- machine perfusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ioana Mazilescu
- Ajmera Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Selzner
- Ajmera Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Ajmera Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author. Address: Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, 11 PMB-178 Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2N2.
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30
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Luo P, Zheng M, Zhang R, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li W, Sun X, Yu Q, Tipoe GL, Xiao J. S-Allylmercaptocysteine improves alcoholic liver disease partly through a direct modulation of insulin receptor signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:668-679. [PMID: 33777674 PMCID: PMC7982498 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) causes insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysfunction, and inflammation. We investigated the protective effects and direct regulating target of S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) from aged garlic on liver cell injury. A chronic ethanol-fed ALD in vivo model (the NIAAA model) was used to test the protective functions of SAMC. It was observed that SAMC (300 mg/kg, by gavage method) effectively ameliorated ALD-induced body weight reduction, steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation without affecting the health status of the control mice, as demonstrated by histological, biochemical, and molecular biology assays. By using biophysical assays and molecular docking, we demonstrated that SAMC directly targeted insulin receptor (INSR) protein on the cell membrane and then restored downstream IRS-1/AKT/GSK3β signaling. Liver-specific knock-down in mice and siRNA-mediated knock-down in AML-12 cells of Insr significantly impaired SAMC (250 μmol/L in cells)-mediated protection. Restoration of the IRS-1/AKT signaling partly recovered hepatic injury and further contributed to SAMC's beneficial effects. Continuous administration of AKT agonist and recombinant IGF-1 in combination with SAMC showed hepato-protection in the mice model. Long-term (90-day) administration of SAMC had no obvious adverse effect on healthy mice. We conclude that SAMC is an effective and safe hepato-protective complimentary agent against ALD partly through the direct binding of INSR and partial regulation of the IRS-1/AKT/GSK3β pathway.
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Key Words
- ADIPOQ, adiponectin
- AKT
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- Alcoholic liver disease
- CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FFA, free fatty acids
- GRB14, growth factor receptor-bound protein 14
- GSK3β
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HSL, hormone sensitive lipase
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factors-1
- IL, interleukin
- INSR, insulin receptor
- IRS, insulin receptor substrate
- IRS-1
- IRTK, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
- Insulin receptor
- Insulin resistance
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LRP6, low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 6
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide
- NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NIAAA, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- ORF, open reading frame
- PA, palmitate acid
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- S-Allylmercaptocysteine
- SAMC, S-allylmercaptocysteine
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
- Safety
- TC, total cholesterol
- TCF/LEF, T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor
- TG, triglyceride
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSA, thermal shift assay
- WAT, white adipose tissues
- WT, wild-type
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31
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Cheng CK, Wang C, Shang W, Lau CW, Luo JY, Wang L, Huang Y. A high methionine and low folate diet alters glucose homeostasis and gut microbiome. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100921. [PMID: 33537464 PMCID: PMC7838713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is considered as a risk factor for several complications, including cardiovascular and neurological disorders. A high methionine low folate (HMLF) diet chronically causes HHcy by accumulating homocysteine in the systemic circulation. Elevated Hcy level is also associated with the incidence of diabetes mellitus. However, very few studies focus on the impact of HMLF diet on glucose homeostasis, and that on gut microbiome profile. HHcy was induced by feeding C57BL/6 mice a HMLF diet for 8 weeks. The HMLF diet feeding resulted in a progressive body weight loss, and development of slight glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in HHcy mice. Notably, the HMLF diet alters the gut microbiome profile and increases the relative abundance of porphyromonadaceae family of bacteria in HHcy mice. These findings provide new insights into the roles of dysregulated glucose homeostasis and gut flora in the pathogenesis of HHcy-related complications.
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Key Words
- 16S rRNA sequencing
- Glucose homeostasis
- Gut microbiome
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HHcy, hyperhomocysteinemia
- HMLF diet
- HMLF, high methionine low folate
- Hcy, homocysteine
- Hyperhomocysteinemia
- LEfSe, linear discriminant analysis effect size
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NMDS, non-metric multi-dimensional scaling
- OTU, operational taxonomic unit
- PCA, principal component analysis
- Porphyromonadaceae
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acids
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Kwong Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Heart and Vascular Institute and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Heart and Vascular Institute and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenbin Shang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Heart and Vascular Institute and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Wai Lau
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Heart and Vascular Institute and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiang-Yun Luo
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Heart and Vascular Institute and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Heart and Vascular Institute and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Heart and Vascular Institute and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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32
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Nguyen NT, Nath PV, Mai VQ, Shakir MKM, Hoang TD. Treatment of Severe Hypertriglyceridemia During Pregnancy With High Doses of Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Plasmapheresis. AACE Clin Case Rep 2021; 7:211-215. [PMID: 34095491 PMCID: PMC8165119 DOI: 10.1016/j.aace.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Severe hypertriglyceridemia carries increased health risks, including the development of pancreatitis. The objective of this study was to report on management of 2 cases with severe gestational hypertriglyceridemia. Cases In case 1, a 33-year-old pregnant woman presented with serum triglyceride level of 14 000 mg/dL after discontinuing hypolipidemic medications. She was treated with Lovaza 12 g/day, and serum triglyceride remained near normal at level of less than 800 mg mg/dL until delivery. In case 2, a 28-year-old patient (29th week gestation) presented with acute pancreatitis and triglycerides >4000 mg/dL. She was treated with Gemfibrozil, Lovaza, insulin infusion, subcutaneous heparin, and escalated to plasmapheresis. She successfully delivered a baby at the week of 36th and her triglyceride level was 304 mg/dL after that. Discussion Case 1 was treated with high-dose Lovaza and case 2 was treated with plasmapheresis successfully. Triglyceride levels were reduced to less than 500 mg/dL until delivery of healthy babies in both cases. Conclusion Omega-3 fatty acids and plasmapheresis may be effective and safe to treat pregnant women with severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T Nguyen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Priti V Nath
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vinh Q Mai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohamed K M Shakir
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thanh D Hoang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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33
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Choudhary NS, Saraf N, Saigal S, Duseja A, Gautam D, Rastogi A, Bhangui P, Thiagrajan S, Soin AS. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver in Lean Individuals: Clinicobiochemical Correlates of Histopathology in 157 Liver Biopsies from Healthy Liver Donors. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:544-549. [PMID: 34511814 PMCID: PMC8414316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty disease is made on imaging, however, mild steatosis is difficult to diagnose on imaging. Liver biopsy is the procedure of choice but is not carried out as it is an invasive procedure. We describe our experience of 157 liver biopsies in living liver donors with normal body mass index (BMI) <23 kg/M2 (lean). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted at a tertiary care center in north India. Data of lean living donors who underwent a liver biopsy before donation were analyzed. Data are presented as percentage, mean, or median (25-75 interquartile range). RESULTS Of 718 donors who had a liver biopsy before donation, 157 (21.8%) donors were lean (BMI < 23 kg/M2). Seventy-eight percent of lean donors had no or only one metabolic risk factor. Fifty-three (33.7%) of lean donors had nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) in liver biopsy. When donors with NAFL were compared to donors with normal histology, donors with NAFL had significantly higher aspartate transaminase (26.6 ± 7.5 versus 23.7 ± 5.4, p = 0.007), alanine transaminase (33.4 ± 11.7 versus 27.8 ± 10.7, p = 0.003), and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [25 (16-40.5) versus 18 (14-23), p = 0.003]. Only triglycerides (TGs) were statistically different among metabolic factors in lean NAFL and normal histology groups, 97 (70-161) versus 86 (62.5-114.7), p = 0.043. A total of 30% donors in the lean NAFL group had TGs >150 mg/dl as compared with 12.5% in the normal histology group, p = 0.009. Other metabolic risk factors were not statistically different. CONCLUSION One third of lean donors had NAFL. Among all metabolic risk factors, only higher TGs levels showed a significant association with NAFL.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- BMI, body mass index
- CT, computed tomography
- GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
- GRWR, graft-to-recipient weight ratio
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- IR, insulin resistance
- LAI, liver attenuation index
- MR, magnetic resonance
- NAFL, nonalcoholic fatty liver
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- PNPLA3, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3
- TG, triglyceride
- USG, ultrasound
- biopsy
- metabolic syndrome
- triglycerides
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra S. Choudhary
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta, the Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Neeraj Saraf
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta, the Medicity, Gurgaon, India,Address for correspondence: Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative medicine, Medanta The Medicity, Sector 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India.
| | - Sanjiv Saigal
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta, the Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dheeraj Gautam
- Department of Histopathology, Medanta, the Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Amit Rastogi
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta, the Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Prashant Bhangui
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta, the Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Srinivasan Thiagrajan
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta, the Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Arvinder S. Soin
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta, the Medicity, Gurgaon, India
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Abstract
Table olives, a product of olive tree (Olea europaea L.), is an important fermented product of the Mediterranean Diet. Agronomical factors, particularly the cultivar, the ripening stage and the processing method employed are the main factors influencing the nutritional and non-nutritional composition of table olives and their organoleptic properties. The important nutritional value of this product is due to its richness in monounsaturated fat (MUFA), mainly oleic acid, fibre and vitamin E together with the presence of several phytochemicals. Among these, hydroxytyrosol (HT) is the major phenolic compound present in all types of table olives. There is a scarcity of in vitro, in vivo and human studies of table olives. This review focused comprehensively on the nutrients and bioactive compound content as well as the health benefits assigned to table olives. The possible health benefits associated with their consumption are thought to be primarily related to effects of MUFA on cardiovascular health, the antioxidant (AO) capacity of vitamin E and its role in protecting the body from oxidative damage and the anti-inflammatory and AO activities of HT. The influence of multiple factors on composition of the end product and the potential innovation in the production of table olives through the reduction of its final salt content was also discussed.
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Key Words
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- AO, antioxidant
- Alpha-tocopherol
- BP, blood pressure
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- DM-II, Diabetes Mellitus 2
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- FM, fat mass
- GSH, glutathione
- HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HT, hydroxytyrosol
- LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- MD, Mediterranean Diet
- MUFA, monounsaturated fat
- Mediterranean Diet
- Monounsaturated fat
- NO, nitric oxide
- NaCl, sodium chloride
- NaOH, sodium hydroxide
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OL, oleuropein
- OO, olive oil
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fat
- Phenolic compounds
- RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowance
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triacylglycerol
- TG, triglyceride
- Table olives
- Ty, tyrosol
- WHO, World Health Organization
- cv, cultivar
- e.p, edible portion
- α-TOH, alpha-tocopherol
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35
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Shepherd EL, Saborano R, Northall E, Matsuda K, Ogino H, Yashiro H, Pickens J, Feaver RE, Cole BK, Hoang SA, Lawson MJ, Olson M, Figler RA, Reardon JE, Nishigaki N, Wamhoff BR, Günther UL, Hirschfield G, Erion DM, Lalor PF. Ketohexokinase inhibition improves NASH by reducing fructose-induced steatosis and fibrogenesis. JHEP Rep 2020; 3:100217. [PMID: 33490936 PMCID: PMC7807164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Increasing evidence highlights dietary fructose as a major driver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis, the majority of which is cleared on first pass through the hepatic circulation by enzymatic phosphorylation to fructose-1-phosphate via the ketohexokinase (KHK) enzyme. Without a current approved therapy, disease management emphasises lifestyle interventions, but few patients adhere to such strategies. New targeted therapies are urgently required. Methods We have used a unique combination of human liver specimens, a murine dietary model of NAFLD and human multicellular co-culture systems to understand the hepatocellular consequences of fructose administration. We have also performed a detailed nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolic tracing of the fate of isotopically labelled fructose upon administration to the human liver. Results Expression of KHK isoforms is found in multiple human hepatic cell types, although hepatocyte expression predominates. KHK knockout mice show a reduction in serum transaminase, reduced steatosis and altered fibrogenic response on an Amylin diet. Human co-cultures exposed to fructose exhibit steatosis and activation of lipogenic and fibrogenic gene expression, which were reduced by pharmacological inhibition of KHK activity. Analysis of human livers exposed to 13C-labelled fructose confirmed that steatosis, and associated effects, resulted from the accumulation of lipogenic precursors (such as glycerol) and enhanced glycolytic activity. All of these were dose-dependently reduced by administration of a KHK inhibitor. Conclusions We have provided preclinical evidence using human livers to support the use of KHK inhibition to improve steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation in the context of NAFLD. Lay summary We have used a mouse model, human cells, and liver tissue to test how exposure to fructose can cause the liver to store excess fat and become damaged and scarred. We have then inhibited a key enzyme within the liver that is responsible for fructose metabolism. Our findings show that inhibition of fructose metabolism reduces liver injury and fibrosis in mouse and human livers and thus this may represent a potential route for treating patients with fatty liver disease in the future.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcohol-related cirrhosis
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- APRI, AST to Platelet Ratio Index
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- BEC, biliary epithelial cells
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CT, computed tomography
- DNL, de novo lipogenesis
- FIB4, fibrosis-4
- Fibrosis
- Fructose
- G/F, glucose/fructose
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- HSECs, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells
- HSQC, heteronuclear single quantum coherence
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- KHK, ketohexokinase
- KO, knockout
- LGLI, low glucose and insulin
- Metabolism
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NPCs, non-parenchymal cells
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- TG, triglyceride
- TGFB, transforming growth factor beta
- TIMP-1, Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix metalloproteinase-1
- Treatment
- WT, wild-type
- aLMF, activated liver myofibroblasts
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Shepherd
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Raquel Saborano
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ellie Northall
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kae Matsuda
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ogino
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Pickens
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nobuhiro Nishigaki
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Ulrich L Günther
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gideon Hirschfield
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Derek M Erion
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Yoon SJ, Kim SK, Lee NY, Choi YR, Kim HS, Gupta H, Youn GS, Sung H, Shin MJ, Suk KT. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on metabolic syndrome. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:380-389. [PMID: 34025131 PMCID: PMC8134847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to a clustering of at least three of the following medical conditions: high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein level, and high serum triglycerides. MS is related to a wide range of diseases which includes obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. There remains an ongoing need for improved treatment strategies for MS. The most important risk factors are dietary pattern, genetics, old age, lack of exercise, disrupted biology, medication usage, and excessive alcohol consumption, but pathophysiology of MS has not been completely identified. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) refers to steamed/dried ginseng, traditionally associated with beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-fatigue, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects. KRG has been often used in traditional medicine to treat multiple metabolic conditions. This paper summarizes the effects of KRG in MS and related diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on experimental research and clinical studies.
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Key Words
- ACC, Acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AG, American ginseng extract
- AGE, advanced glycation end product
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Akt, protein kinase B
- BMI, body mass index
- C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CPT, current perception threshold
- CPT-1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CVD, Cardiovascular disease
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- DEN, diethyl nitrosamine
- EAT, epididymis adipose tissue
- EF, ejection fraction
- FABP4, fatty acid binding protein 4
- FAS, Fatty acid synthase
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FR, fine root concentration
- FS, fractional shortening
- GBHT, ginseng-plus-Bai-Hu-Tang
- GLUT, glucose transporter type
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GS, ginsenoside
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- GST-P, glutathione S-transferase placental form
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCEF-RG, hypotensive components-enriched fraction of red ginseng
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFD, High fat diet
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index
- HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
- I.P., intraperitoneal injection
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin resistance
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- KRG, Korean Red Ginseng
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- Lex, lower extremities
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP, Matrix metallopeptidases
- MS, Metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NF-кB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK cell, Natural killer cell
- NMDA-NR1, N-methyl-D-aspartate NR1
- NO, nitric oxide
- NRF1, Nuclear respiratory factor 1
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OLETF rat, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat
- PCG-1α, PPAR-γ coactivator-1α
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- Panax ginseng
- REKRG, Rg3-enriched KRG
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Rg3-KGE, Rg3-enriched KRG extract
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SCD, Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase
- SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat
- SREBP-1C, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
- STAT5, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5
- STZ, streptozotocin
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- UCP, Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- t-BHP, tert-butyl hyperoxide
- tGST, total glutathione
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ki Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Lee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rin Choi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seob Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Soo Youn
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hotaik Sung
- School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Nie X, Chen J, Ma X, Ni Y, Shen Y, Yu H, Panagiotou G, Bao Y. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiome and visceral fat accumulation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2596-2609. [PMID: 33033580 PMCID: PMC7528071 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Visceral fat is an independent risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. The study aimed to investigate the associations between gut microbiome and visceral fat. Methods We recruited 32 obese adults and 30 healthy controls at baseline. Among the obese subjects, 14 subjects underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and were followed 6 months after surgery. Abdominal visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Waist, hipline, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI) were included as simple obese parameters. Gut microbiome was analyzed by metagenomic sequencing. Results Among the obese parameters, VFA had the largest number of correlations with the species that were differentially enriched between obese and healthy subjects, following by waist, WHR, BMI, hipline, and SFA. Within the species negatively correlated with VFA, Eubacterium eligens had the strongest correlation, following by Clostridium citroniae, C. symbiosum, Bacteroides uniformis, E. ventriosum, Ruminococcaceae bacterium D16, C. hathewayi, etc. C. hathewayi and C. citroniae were increased after LSG. Functional analyses showed that among all the obese parameters, VFA had strongest correlation coefficients with the obesity-related microbial pathways. Microbial pathways involved in carbohydrate fermentation and biosynthesis of L-glutamate and L-glutamine might contribute to visceral fat accumulation. Conclusions Visceral fat was more closely correlated with gut microbiome compared with subcutaneous fat, suggesting an intrinsic connection between gut microbiome and metabolic cardiovascular diseases. Specific microbial species and pathways which were closely associated with visceral fat accumulation might contribute to new targeted therapies for metabolic disorders.
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Key Words
- 2hCP, 2-hour C-peptide
- 2hPG, 2-hour plasma glucose
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BCAAs, branched chain amino acids
- BMI, body mass index
- CoDA, Compositional Data Analysis
- Cr, creatinine
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- FCp, fasting C-peptide
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation
- FPG, fasting plasma glucose
- GPR43, G-protein coupled receptor 43
- Gut microbiome
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- LSG, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
- Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MSG, monosodium glutamate
- Metagenomics
- Obesity
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SCFAs, short chain fatty acids
- SFA, subcutaneous fat area
- TC, total cholesterol
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle
- TG, triglyceride
- UA, uric acid
- VFA, visceral fat area
- Visceral fat
- WBC, white blood cell count
- WHR, waist-to-hip ratio
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Nie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jiarui Chen
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yueqiong Ni
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haoyong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China (H. Yu and Y. Bao). Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany (G. Panagiotou).
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
- Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China (H. Yu and Y. Bao). Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany (G. Panagiotou).
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China (H. Yu and Y. Bao). Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany (G. Panagiotou).
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Ramdhan DH, Kurniasari F, Tejamaya M, Fitri A, Indriani A, Kusumawardhani A, Santoso M. Increase of Cardiometabolic Biomarkers Among Vehicle Inspectors Exposed to PM0.25 and Compositions. Saf Health Work 2021; 12:114-8. [PMID: 33732536 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to particulate matter (PM) emitted from vehicle exhaust might disrupt systemic function and elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we examined the changes of cardiometabolic biomarkers among vehicle inspectors exposed daily to PM0.25 and components. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at two vehicle inspection centers, Pulogadung and Ujung Menteng, located in East Jakarta, Indonesia. The exposed respondents were 43 workers from vehicle inspection centers, and the unexposed group consisted of 22 staff officers working in the same locations. Vehicle exhaust particulate matter was measured for eight hours using a Leland Legacy personal pump attached to a Sioutas Cascade Impactor. The used filters were 25 and 37-mm quartz filters. The particulate matter concentration was analyzed using a gravimetric method, whereas trace elements were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. An EEL Smoke Stain Reflectometer analyzed black carbon. Results The personal exposure concentrations of PM0.25 were 10.4-fold higher than those in unexposed groups. Calcium and sulfur were the major components in the obtained dust, and their levels were 3.3- and 7.2-fold higher, respectively, in the exposed group. Based on an independent-samples t-test, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, HbA1c, total immunoglobulin E, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide levels were significantly different between the groups. Conclusions In summary, it was suggested that PM0.25 exposure from vehicle exhaust might affect cardiometabolic biomarkers change.
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Key Words
- Ca, calcium
- Cu, copper
- EDXRF, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Fe, iron
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c
- IgE, immunoglobulin E
- K, potassium
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Mn, manganese
- NO, nitric oxide
- Ni, nickel
- PM, particulate matter
- PM0.25
- Pb, lead
- S, sulfur
- TG, triglyceride
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor–alpha
- Ti, titanium
- Zn, zinc
- cardiometabolic syndrome
- hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
- particulate matter
- vehicle emission
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Wang Z, He B, Liu Y, Huo M, Fu W, Yang C, Wei J, Abliz Z. In situ metabolomics in nephrotoxicity of aristolochic acids based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1083-1093. [PMID: 32642414 PMCID: PMC7332651 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the nephrotoxicity induced by drug candidates is vital to drug discovery and development. Herein, an in situ metabolomics method based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI) was established for direct analysis of metabolites in renal tissue sections. This method was subsequently applied to investigate spatially resolved metabolic profile changes in rat kidney after the administration of aristolochic acid I, a known nephrotoxic drug, aimed to discover metabolites associated with nephrotoxicity. As a result, 38 metabolites related to the arginine–creatinine metabolic pathway, the urea cycle, the serine synthesis pathway, metabolism of lipids, choline, histamine, lysine, and adenosine triphosphate were significantly changed in the group treated with aristolochic acid I. These metabolites exhibited a unique distribution in rat kidney and a good spatial match with histopathological renal lesions. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying aristolochic acids nephrotoxicity and demonstrates that AFADESI-MSI-based in situ metabolomics is a promising technique for investigation of the molecular mechanism of drug toxicity.
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Key Words
- AA, aristolochic acids
- AAI, aristolochic acids I
- AAN, AA-induced nephrotoxicity
- AFADESI
- AFADESI, air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Aristolochic acid
- CPT1, xarnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
- DESI, desorption electrospray ionization
- DG, diglyceride
- GC, gas chromatograph
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- In situ metabolomics
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
- MG, monoglyceride
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MSI, mass spectrometry imaging
- Mass spectrometry imaging
- Nephrotoxicity
- OPLS-DA, orthogonal projections to the latent structures' discriminant analysis
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- ROI, region of interest
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- TG, triglyceride
- TIC, total ion current
- Ucr, urine creatinine
- Upr, urine protein
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Ma X, Shang X, Qin X, Lu J, Liu M, Wang X. Characterization of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1b2 knockout rats generated by CRISPR/Cas9: a novel model for drug transport and hyperbilirubinemia disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:850-860. [PMID: 32528832 PMCID: PMC7276679 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 (OATP1B1/3) as important uptake transporters play a fundamental role in the transportation of exogenous drugs and endogenous substances into cells. Rat OATP1B2, encoded by the Slco1b2 gene, is homologous to human OATP1B1/3. Although OATP1B1/3 is very important, few animal models can be used to study its properties. In this report, we successfully constructed the Slco1b2 knockout (KO) rat model via using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the first time. The novel rat model showed the absence of OATP1B2 protein expression, with no off-target effects as well as compensatory regulation of other transporters. Further pharmacokinetic study of pitavastatin, a typical substrate of OATP1B2, confirmed the OATP1B2 function was absent. Since bilirubin and bile acids are the substrates of OATP1B2, the contents of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, and total bile acids in serum are significantly higher in Slco1b2 KO rats than the data of wild-type rats. These results are consistent with the symptoms caused by the absence of OATP1B1/3 in Rotor syndrome. Therefore, this rat model is not only a powerful tool for the study of OATP1B2-mediated drug transportation, but also a good disease model to study hyperbilirubinemia-related diseases.
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Key Words
- A/G, albumin/globulin ratio
- ADRs, adverse drug reactions
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- AUC, the area under the time–plasma concentration curve
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CL/F, clearance/bioavailability
- CR, reatinine
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- CRISPR/Cas9
- Chr, chromosome
- Cmax, peak concentration
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
- DBL, direct bilirubin
- DDI, drug–drug interaction
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- FDA, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GLB, globulin
- GLU, glucose
- HCG, human chorionic gonadotropin
- HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HE, haemotoxylin and eosin
- HMG, hydroxymethylglutaryl
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- HZ, heterozygous
- IBIL, indirect bilirubin
- IS, internal standard solution
- KO, knockout
- LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol
- MC, methylcellulose
- MRT, mean residence time
- NC, nitrocellulose
- OATP1B1/3
- OATP1B1/3, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3
- OATP1B2
- OATPs, organic anion transporting polypeptides
- PAM, protospacer adjacent motif
- PMSG, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
- R-GT, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase
- Rat model
- SD, Sprague–Dawley
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SLC, solute carrier
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- T-CH, total cholesterol
- T7E I, T7 endonuclease I
- TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease
- TBA, total bile acid
- TBL, total bilirubin
- TBST, Tris-buffered saline Tween 20
- TG, triglyceride
- TP, total protein
- Tmax, peak time
- Transporter
- UA, uric acid
- Ugt1a1, UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1
- Vd/F, the apparent volume of distribution/bioavailability
- WT, wild type
- ZFN, zinc-finger nucleases
- crRNA, mature CRISPR RNA
- p.o., peroral
- sgRNA, single guide RNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Wang
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 21 24206564; fax: +86 21 5434 4922.
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Kautbally S, Lepropre S, Onselaer MB, Le Rigoleur A, Ginion A, De Meester de Ravenstein C, Ambroise J, Boudjeltia KZ, Octave M, Wéra O, Hego A, Pincemail J, Cheramy-Bien JP, Huby T, Giera M, Gerber B, Pouleur AC, Guigas B, Vanoverschelde JL, Kefer J, Bertrand L, Oury C, Horman S, Beauloye C. Platelet Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Phosphorylation: A Risk Stratification Marker That Reveals Platelet-Lipid Interplay in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:596-610. [PMID: 31768476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelet phosphoACC is a marker for risk stratification in suspected CAD patients. It identifies high-risk CAD patients and correlates with severity of coronary artery calcification. The triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is strongly associated with increased phosphoACC in circulating platelets. PhosphoACC is a metabolic signature of the platelet-proatherogenic lipid interplay in CAD patients. Phosphorylation and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase impacts platelet lipid content by down-regulating triglycerides lipid species.
Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) signaling is activated in platelets by atherogenic lipids, particularly by oxidized low-density lipoproteins, through a CD36-dependent pathway. More interestingly, increased platelet AMPK–induced ACC phosphorylation is associated with the severity of coronary artery calcification as well as acute coronary events in coronary artery disease patients. Therefore, AMPK–induced ACC phosphorylation is a potential marker for risk stratification in suspected coronary artery disease patients. The inhibition of ACC resulting from its phosphorylation impacts platelet lipid content by down-regulating triglycerides, which in turn may affect platelet function.
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Key Words
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- AMPK
- AMPK, adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase
- AU, arbitrary units
- AoC, extra-coronary calcification score
- CAC, coronary artery calcification
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- S-CAD, stable coronary artery disease
- TG, triglyceride
- acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- coronary artery disease
- lipidomics
- oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- phosphoACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation on serine 79
- platelet
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Jin X, Cao J, Zhou J, Wang Y, Han X, Song Y, Fan Y, Chen Z, Xu D, Yang X, Dong W, Li L, Chen L, Zhong Q, Fu M, Hu K, Zhou J, Ge J. Outcomes of patients with anemia and renal dysfunction in hospitalized heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (from the CN-HF registry). Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2019; 25:100415. [PMID: 31508483 PMCID: PMC6726881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Although a large number of studies on heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have found that anemia and renal dysfunction (RD) independently predicted poor outcomes, there are still few reports on patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods Clinical data of HFpEF patients registered in the China National Heart Failure Registration Study (CN-HF) were evaluated and the clinical features of patients with or without anemia/RD were compared to explore the impact of anemia and RD on all-cause mortality and all-cause re-hospitalization. Results 1604 patients with HFpEF were enrolled, the prevalence of anemia was 51.0%. Although anemia was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and all-cause re-hospitalization in univariate COX regression (p < 0.05), multivariate COX model confirmed that anemia was not independently associated with all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–1.52, p = 0.386] and all-cause re-hospitalization (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.96–1.33, p = 0.152). Similarly, RD was not an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (HR 1.18, 95% CI 0.88–1.57, p = 0.269) and all-cause re-hospitalization (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.79–1.12, p = 0.488) as assessed in the adjusted COX regression model. The interaction between RD and anemia on end-points events was also not statistically significant. However, anemia was associated with increased all-cause re-hospitalization in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV. Conclusions In patients with HFpEF from CN-HF registry, anemia was common, but was not an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and all-cause re-hospitalization, except for the all-cause re-hospitalization in patients with NYHA class III-IV. Clinical Trial Registration: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home; ID: NCT02079428.
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Key Words
- ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
- AF, atrial fibrillation
- ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers
- Anemia
- BNP, brain natriuretic peptide
- CI, confidence interval
- CN-HF, China National Heart Failure Registration Study
- CRFs, case report forms
- HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HF, Heart failure
- HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- HR, hazard ratio
- Heart failure
- Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dimension
- LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction
- MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
- NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide
- NYHA, New York Heart Association
- RD, renal dysfunction
- Renal dysfunction
- TC, serum total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Cao
- North Sichuan Medical College, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueting Han
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyuan Fan
- North Sichuan Medical College, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyue Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Heart Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- North Sichuan Medical College, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiaoqing Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
| | - Micheal Fu
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingmin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Liu Y, Xu W, Zhai T, You J, Chen Y. Silibinin ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating CFLAR-JNK pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:745-757. [PMID: 31384535 PMCID: PMC6664044 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic metabolic syndrome and the CFLAR-JNK pathway can reverse the process of NASH. Although silibinin is used for the treatment of NASH in clinical, its effect on CFLAR-JNK pathway in NASH remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silibinin on CFLAR-JNK pathway in NASH models both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo study was performed using male C57BL/6 mice fed with methionine- choline-deficient diet and simultaneously treated with silibinin for 6 weeks. The in vitro study was performed by using mouse NCTC-1469 cells which were respectively pretreated with oleic acid plus palmitic acid, and adenovirus-down Cflar for 24 h, then treated with silibinin for 24 h. After the drug treatment, the key indicators involved in CFLAR-JNK pathway including hepatic injury, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress were determined. Silibinin significantly activated CFLAR and inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK, up-regulated the mRNA expression of Pparα, Fabp5, Cpt1α, Acox, Scd-1, Gpat and Mttp, reduced the activities of serum ALT and AST and the contents of hepatic TG, TC and MDA, increased the expression of NRF2 and the activities of CAT, GSH-Px and HO-1, and decreased the activities and expression of CYP2E1 and CYP4A in vivo. These effects were confirmed by the in vitro experiments. Silibinin prevented NASH by regulating CFLAR-JNK pathway, and thereby on one hand promoting the β-oxidation and efflux of fatty acids in liver to relieve lipid accumulation, and on the other hand inducing antioxidase activity (CAT, GSH-Px and HO-1) and inhibiting pro-oxidase activity (CYP2E1 and CYP4A) to relieve oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- 2-NBDG, 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxyglucose
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acox, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase X
- Akt, serine–threonine protein kinase
- CAT, catalase
- CFLAR
- CFLAR, caspase 8 and Fas-associated protein with death domain-like apoptosis regulator
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- CYP4A, cytochrome P450 4A
- Cpt1α, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α
- Fabp5, fatty acid-binding proteins 5
- GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase
- Gpat, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase
- HE, hematoxylin–eosin
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- IR, insulin resistance
- IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- Lipid accumulation
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCD, methionine- and choline-deficient
- MCS, methionine- and choline-sufficient
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MT, Masson–Trichrome
- Mttp, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OA, oleic acid
- ORO, oil red O
- Oxidation stress
- PA, palmitic acid
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase
- Pnpla3, phospholipase domain containing 3
- Pparα, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α
- SD, Sprague–Dawley
- Scd-1, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1
- Silibinin
- Srebp-1c, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1C
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- pIRS1, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1
- pJNK, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yong Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC. The G115 standardized ginseng extract: an example for safety, efficacy, and quality of an herbal medicine. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:179-193. [PMID: 32148399 PMCID: PMC7031746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng products on the market show high variability in their composition and overall quality. This becomes a challenge for both consumers and health-care professionals who are in search of high-quality, reliable ginseng products that have a proven safety and efficacy profile. The botanical extract standardization is of crucial importance in this context as it determines the reproducibility of the quality of the product that is essential for the evaluation of effectiveness and safety. This review focuses on the well-characterized and standardized ginseng extract, G115, which represents an excellent example of an herbal drug preparation with constant safety and efficacy within the herbal medicinal products. Over the many decades, extensive preclinical and clinical research has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of G115. In vitro and in vivo studies of G115 have shown pharmacological effects on physical performance, cognitive function, metabolism, and the immune system. Furthermore, a significant number of G115 clinical studies, most of them double-blind placebo-controlled, have reinforced the findings of preclinical evidence and proved the efficacy of this extract on blood glucose and lipid regulation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, energy, physical performance, and immune and cognitive functions. Clinical trials and 50 years of presence on the market are proof of a good safety profile of G115.
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Key Words
- 3′,5′-AMP, adenosine 3′5′ monophosphate
- AMPK, 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Blood glucose and lipid regulation
- CDR, cognitive drug research
- CDRI, cognitive drug research index
- CO, crossover
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- DB, double-blind
- DER, drug extract ratio
- Energy and physical performance
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- FEF50, forced expiratory flow50
- FEF75, forced expiratory flow75
- FER, forced expiratory ratio
- FEV1, forced expiration volume in one second
- FEV1/FVC, ratio of FEV1/FVC
- FVC, forced vital capacity
- G115 standardized ginseng extract
- G115, standardized root extract of P. ginseng Meyer
- GACPs, good agricultural and collection practices
- GMPs, good manufacturing practices
- HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein
- HMPs, herbal medicinal products
- HbAlc, glycated hemoglobin
- Immune and cognitive functions
- LA, lipoic acid
- LDLc, low-density lipoprotein
- MVV, maximum ventilation volume
- PC, placebo-controlled
- PEF, peak expiration flow
- PEFR, peak expiration flow rate
- PFTs, pulmonary function tests
- PG, parallel group
- PGC-1α, proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α
- PS, pilot study
- PaO2, blood oxygen pressure
- R, randomized
- RVIP, rapid visual information processing
- S-SIgA, SIgA secretion rate
- SB, single-blind
- SFR, saliva flow rate
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SIgA, secretory immunoglobulin A
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
- VO2 max, maximal oxygen consumption
- WHO, World Health Organization
- pO2, partial oxygen pressure
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria C Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Sahin K, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Erten F, Juturu V. Capsaicinoids improve consequences of physical activity. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:598-607. [PMID: 29854630 PMCID: PMC5977905 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicinoids (CAPs) are active compounds in Capsicum fruits. CAPs have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. CAPs with regular exercise may enhance lipid metabolism. CAPs down-regulate muscle SREBP-1c, LXRs, ACLY, FAS in exercised rats.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of capsaicinoids (CAPs) on lipid metabolism, inflammation, antioxidant status and the changes in gene products involved in these metabolic functions in exercised rats. A total of 28 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7) (i) No exercise and no CAPs, (ii) No exercise + CAPs (iii) Regular exercise, (iv) Regular exercise + CAPs. Rats were administered as 0.2 mg capsaicinoids from 10 mg/kg BW/day Capsimax® daily for 8 weeks. A significant decrease in lactate and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed in the combination of regular exercise and CAPs group (P < 0.0001). Regular exercise + CAPs treated rats had greater nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels in muscle than regular exercise and no exercise rats (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, regular exercise + CAPs treated had lower nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and IL-10 levels in muscle than regular exercise and control rats (P < 0.001). Muscle sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), liver X receptors (LXR), ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) levels in the regular exercise + CAPs group were lower than all groups (P < 0.05). However, muscle PPAR-γ level was higher in the regular exercise and CAPs alone than the no exercise rats. These results suggest CAPs with regular exercise may enhance lipid metabolism by regulation of gene products involved in lipid and antioxidant metabolism including SREBP-1c, PPAR-γ, and Nrf2 pathways in rats.
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Key Words
- ACLY, ATP-citrate lyase
- ACS, acetyl-CoA synthetase
- AMPK, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- CAPs, capsaicinoids
- Capsaicinoid
- Exercise
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase
- HO-1, heme-oxygenase 1
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- LXR-s, liver X receptor-s
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2
- PGC-la, peroxisomal proliferator activator receptor c coactivator
- PPAR-γ
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SREBP-1c
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein1c
- TC, total serum cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1
- Tfam, mitochondrial transcription factor A
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Veterinary Faculty, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Fusun Erten
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Vijaya Juturu
- Research and Development, Clinical Affairs, OmniActive Health Technologies Inc., Morristown, NJ, USA
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Shimada R, Ebihara K. Soybean amplifies the hypohomocysteinemic effect of betaine and improves its hypercholesterolemic effect. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:669-676. [PMID: 29207911 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1403886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether soybean (SB) and soy protein isolate (SPI) can prevent the betaine-induced elevation of plasma cholesterol as well as maintain the betaine-induced reduction of plasma Hcy concentration. Rats were fed casein-, SB-, or SPI-based diet with or without betaine; SPI-based diet with betaine containing soybean fiber (SF) or soy lecithin (SL) or the combination of SF and SL. Plasma Hcy concentration was decreased by feeding betaine to rats fed the casein-, SB-, and SPI-based diets. Betaine-induced elevation of plasma cholesterol was decreased by feeding the SB-based diet compared with the casein-based diet, but was not decreased by feeding the SPI-based diet. In rats fed the SPI-based diet, the increased concentration of plasma cholesterol by betaine feeding was not prevented by independent addition of SL or SF, but was prevented by a combination of SL and SF, and was associated with increased fecal excretion of bile acids.
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Key Words
- BHMT, betaine-homocysteine-S-methyltransferase
- Betaine
- CBS, cystathionine β-synthesis
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- HMG-CoA reductase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase
- Hcy, homocysteine
- MS, methionine synthesis
- MTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
- SAH, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine, SPI, soy protein isolate
- SB, soybean
- SF, soy fiber
- SL, soy lecithin
- TG, triglyceride
- plasma cholesterol
- plasma homocysteine
- soy protein isolate
- soybean
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Shimada
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Osaka Aoyama University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ebihara
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Osaka Aoyama University , Osaka , Japan
- b Department of Biological Resources, Faculty of Agriculture , Ehime University , Matsuyama , Japan
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Al-Seeni MN, El Rabey HA, Al-Hamed AM, Zamazami MA. Nigella sativa oil protects against tartrazine toxicity in male rats. Toxicol Rep 2017; 5:146-155. [PMID: 29854586 PMCID: PMC5977377 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of Nigella sativa oil against the adverse effects of tartrazine on male rats. 18 albino rats were divided randomly into four groups (n = 6). The first (G1) is the negative control, the second group (G2) is the positive control received 10 mg/kg b.w. tartrazine in the diet and the third (G3) received the same dose of tartrazine as in G2 and co-treated with Nigella sativa oil for 8 weeks. Tartrazine decreased total protein, antioxidants and high density lipoproteins, whereas increased liver enzyme, kidney function parameters, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in the positive control group. In addition, it caused pathological changes in the tissues of liver, kidney, testes and stomach. Treating tartrazine supplemented rats of G3 with Nigella sativa oil for 8 weeks significantly improved all biochemical parameters and restored the tissues of kidney, stomach, testes and liver to normal. It could be concluded that N. sativa oil succeeded in protecting male rats against the adverse conditions resulted from tartrazine administration.
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Key Words
- ALP, serum alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, serum alanine aminotransferase
- AST, serum aspartate aminotransferase
- B.W., body weight
- BWG, body weight gain
- FER, food efficiency ratio
- Food additives
- G1, the first negative control untreated group fed basal diet containing 3.75 mg/kg b.w. sulfanilic acid
- G2, the second positive control group fed diets containing 10 mg/kg b.w. tartrazine and 3.75 mg/kg b.w. sulfanilic acid
- G3, the third group (G3) received 10 mg/kg b.w. tartrazine and 3.75 mg/kg b.w. sulfanilic acid and cotreated with 10 ml/kg body weight Nigella sativa oil for 8 weeks
- Honey
- Kidney
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- Liver
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- N.N cellulose, non-nutritive cellulose
- Nigella sativa
- Rat
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- Tartrazine
- VLDL, very low density lipoproteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeha N. Al-Seeni
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haddad A. El Rabey
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Bioinformatics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University Of Sadat City, P.O. Box 79, Sadat City, Egypt
- Corresponding author at: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amani Mohammed Al-Hamed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A. Zamazami
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Funakoshi T, Kanzaki N, Otsuka Y, Izumo T, Shibata H, Machida S. Quercetin inhibits adipogenesis of muscle progenitor cells in vitro. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 13:39-44. [PMID: 29379887 PMCID: PMC5773448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle satellite cells are committed myogenic progenitors capable of contributing to myogenesis to maintain adult muscle mass and function. Several experiments have demonstrated that muscle satellite cells can differentiate into adipocytes in vitro, supporting the mesenchymal differentiation potential of these cells. Moreover, muscle satellite cells may be a source of ectopic muscle adipocytes, explaining the lipid accumulation often observed in aged skeletal muscle (sarcopenia) and in muscles of patients` with diabetes. Quercetin, a polyphenol, is one of the most abundant flavonoids distributed in edible plants, such as onions and apples, and possesses antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we examined whether quercetin inhibited the adipogenesis of muscle satellite cells in vitro with primary cells from rat limbs by culture in the presence of quercetin under adipogenic conditions. Morphological observations, Oil Red-O staining results, triglyceride content analysis, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that quercetin was capable of inhibiting the adipogenic induction of muscle satellite cells into adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner by suppressing the transcript levels of adipogenic markers, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and fatty acid binding protein 4. Our results suggested that quercetin inhibited the adipogenesis of muscle satellite cells in vitro by suppressing the transcription of adipogenic markers. Quercetin inhibited the adipogenesis of muscle satellite cells in vitro. The effect of quercetin might be based on suppression at the transcriptional levels. Quercetin could limit ectopic lipid accumulation as observed in aged muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Funakoshi
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiragagakuendai, Inzai-shi, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kanzaki
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Yuta Otsuka
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Takayuki Izumo
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibata
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiragagakuendai, Inzai-shi, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
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Tudorache IF, Trusca VG, Gafencu AV. Apolipoprotein E - A Multifunctional Protein with Implications in Various Pathologies as a Result of Its Structural Features. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2017;15:359-365. [PMID: 28660014 PMCID: PMC5476973 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a 34 kDa glycoprotein, mediates hepatic and extrahepatic uptake of plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol efflux from lipid-laden macrophages. In humans, three structural different apoE isoforms occur, with subsequent functional changes and pathological consequences. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of apoE structural domains and isoforms in normal and altered lipid metabolism, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as stress-related pathological states. Studies using truncated apoE forms provided valuable information regarding the regions and residues responsible for its properties. ApoE3 renders protection against cardiovascular diseases by maintaining lipid homeostasis, while apoE2 is associated with dysbetalipoproteinemia. ApoE4 is a recognized risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanism of the disease initiation and progression is not entirely elucidated. ApoE is also implicated in infections with herpes simplex type-1, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses. Interacting with both viral and host molecules, apoE isoforms differently interfere with the viral life cycle. ApoE exerts anti-inflammatory effects, switching macrophage phenotype from the proinflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2, suppressing CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, and reducing IL-2 production. The anti-oxidative properties of apoE are isoform-dependent, modulating the levels of various molecules (Nrf2 target genes, metallothioneins, paraoxonase). Mimetic peptides were designed to exploit apoE beneficial properties. The “structure correctors” which convert apoE4 into apoE3-like molecules have pharmacological potential. Despite no successful strategy is yet available for apoE-related disorders, several promising candidates deserve further improvement and exploitation.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ApoE
- ApoE, Apolipoprotein E
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HLP, phospholipid transfer protein
- HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type-1
- Isoform
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LPG, lipoprotein glomerulopathy
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- Mimetic peptide
- NS5A, nonstructural protein 5A
- PLTP, type III hyperlipoproteinemia
- Structural domain
- TG, triglyceride
- Truncated molecule
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
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Sandbakk SB, Nauman J, Lavie CJ, Wisløff U, Stensvold D. Combined Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Fatness With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Older Norwegian Adults: The Generation 100 Study. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2017; 1:67-77. [PMID: 30225403 PMCID: PMC6135019 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the independent and combined associations of fitness and fatness with cardiometabolic risk factors in older Norwegian women and men. Patients and Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 505 women and 417 men aged 70 to 77 years enrolled in the Generation 100 study in Norway. Fitness was assessed as peak oxygen uptake and fatness as high body mass index (BMI; ≥25 kg/m2), waist circumference (WC) of 88 cm or greater for women and 102 cm or greater for men, and percent body fat (%BF) of 35% or greater and 25% or greater for women and men, respectively. High cardiometabolic risk was defined as the presence of 2 or more of the following risk factors: elevated triglyceride level, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose level or pharmacological treatment of these conditions. Results Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses identified fitness levels of less than 25.7 and less than 30.7 mL/kg per minute in women and men, respectively, as critical thresholds for having high cardiometabolic risk. Individuals with levels below these thresholds had an adjusted odds ratio of 2.77 (95% CI, 2.09-3.66) for having high cardiometabolic risk, while high BMI, WC, and %BF had odds ratios (95% CIs) of 3.58 (2.69-4.77), 3.06 (2.29-4.10), and 3.26 (2.47-4.30), respectively. In our combined analyses, being lean did not attenuate the cardiometabolic risk associated with low fitness, and combinations of low fitness and/or high BMI, WC, or %BF cumulatively increased cardiometabolic risk. Conclusion Low fitness and indication of fatness were independently and cumulatively associated with poor cardiometabolic health. Our results emphasize the importance of including both physical fitness and body fatness in the assessment of cardiometabolic risk and health promotion efforts in older adults.
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Key Words
- %BF, percent body fat
- AUC, area under the curve
- BMI, body mass index
- BP, blood pressure
- CV, cardiovascular
- CVD, CV disease
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HTN, hypertension
- HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin
- OR, odds ratio
- PA, physical activity
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- T2D, type 2 diabetes
- TG, triglyceride
- VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake
- WC, waist circumference
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana B. Sandbakk
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Javaid Nauman
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carl J. Lavie
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Correspondence: Address to Ulrik Wisløff, PhD, K. G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Post Box 8905, Medisinsk Teknisk Forskningssenter, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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