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Liu Q, Chen G, Liu X, Tao L, Fan Y, Xia T. Tolerogenic Nano-/Microparticle Vaccines for Immunotherapy. ACS Nano 2024. [PMID: 38323542 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, allergies, transplant rejections, generation of antidrug antibodies, and chronic inflammatory diseases have impacted a large group of people across the globe. Conventional treatments and therapies often use systemic or broad immunosuppression with serious efficacy and safety issues. Tolerogenic vaccines represent a concept that has been extended from their traditional immune-modulating function to induction of antigen-specific tolerance through the generation of regulatory T cells. Without impairing immune homeostasis, tolerogenic vaccines dampen inflammation and induce tolerogenic regulation. However, achieving the desired potency of tolerogenic vaccines as preventive and therapeutic modalities calls for precise manipulation of the immune microenvironment and control over the tolerogenic responses against the autoantigens, allergens, and/or alloantigens. Engineered nano-/microparticles possess desirable design features that can bolster targeted immune regulation and enhance the induction of antigen-specific tolerance. Thus, particle-based tolerogenic vaccines hold great promise in clinical translation for future treatment of aforementioned immune disorders. In this review, we highlight the main strategies to employ particles as exciting tolerogenic vaccines, with a focus on the particles' role in facilitating the induction of antigen-specific tolerance. We describe the particle design features that facilitate their usage and discuss the challenges and opportunities for designing next-generation particle-based tolerogenic vaccines with robust efficacy to promote antigen-specific tolerance for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xingchi Liu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tian Xia
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Firdessa Fite R, Bechi Genzano C, Mallone R, Creusot RJ. Epitope-based precision immunotherapy of Type 1 diabetes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2154098. [PMID: 36656048 PMCID: PMC9980607 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2154098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASITs) address important clinical needs in treating autoimmune diseases. However, Type 1 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease wherein patient characteristics influence responsiveness to ASITs. Targeting not only disease-relevant T cell populations, but also specific groups of patients using precision medicine is a new goal toward achieving effective treatment. HLA-restricted peptides provide advantages over protein as antigens, however, methods for profiling antigen-specific T cells need to improve in sensitivity, depth, and throughput to facilitate epitope selection. Delivery approaches are highly diverse, illustrating the many ways relevant antigen-presenting cell populations and anatomical locations can be targeted for tolerance induction. The role of persistence of antigen presentation in promoting durable antigen-specific tolerance requires further investigation. Based on the outcome of ASIT trials, the field is moving toward using patient-specific variations to improve efficacy, but challenges still lie on the path to delivering more effective and safer treatment to the T1D patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebuma Firdessa Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Camillo Bechi Genzano
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Gomi M, Nakayama Y, Sakurai Y, Oyama R, Iwasaki K, Doi M, Liu Y, Hori M, Watanabe H, Hashimoto K, Tanaka H, Tange K, Nakai Y, Akita H. Tolerogenic Lipid Nanoparticles for Delivering Self-Antigen mRNA for the Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1270. [PMID: 37765078 PMCID: PMC10537621 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a disease caused by autoantigen-responsive immune cells that disrupt the myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). Although immunosuppressive drugs are used to suppress symptoms, no definitive therapy exists. As in the experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis, a partial sequence of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) was identified as a causative autoantigen. This suggests that the induction of immune tolerance that is specific to MOG35-55 would be a fundamental treatment for EAE. We previously reported that lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) containing an anionic phospholipid, phosphatidylserine (PS), in their lipid composition, can be used to deliver mRNA and that this leads to proteins of interest to be expressed in the spleen. In addition to the targeting capability of PS, PS molecules avoid activating the immune system. Physiologically, the recognition of PS on apoptotic cells suppresses immune activation against these cells by releasing cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β that negatively regulate immunity. In this study, we tested whether mRNA delivery of autoantigens to the spleen by PS-LNPs causes the expression of MOG35-55 antigens with minimal immune stimulation and whether this could be used to treat an EAE model by inducing immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Gomi
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakayama
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yu Sakurai
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Oyama
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koki Iwasaki
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Mizuki Doi
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mizuho Hori
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Himeka Watanabe
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kohei Hashimoto
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0856, Japan
| | - Kota Tange
- Life Science Research Laboratory, NOF CORPORATION, 3-3, Chidoricho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0865, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakai
- Life Science Research Laboratory, NOF CORPORATION, 3-3, Chidoricho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0865, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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4
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Marshall G, Cserny J, Wang CW, Looney B, Posgai AL, Bacher R, Keselowsky B, Brusko TM. Biomaterials-based nanoparticles conjugated to regulatory T cells provide a modular system for localized delivery of pharmacotherapeutic agents. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:185-197. [PMID: 36082558 PMCID: PMC9742177 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) presents with two therapeutic challenges: the need to correct underlying autoimmunity and restore β-cell mass. We harnessed the unique capacity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the T cell receptor (TCR) to direct tolerance induction along with tissue-localized delivery of therapeutic agents to restore endogenous β-cell function. Specifically, we designed a combinatorial therapy involving biomaterials-based poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles co-loaded with the Treg growth factor, IL-2, and the β-cell regenerative agent, harmine (a tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A [DYRK1A] inhibitor), conjugated to the surface of Tregs. We observed continuous elution of IL-2 and harmine from nanoparticles for at least 7 days in vitro. When conjugated to primary human Tregs, IL-2 nanoparticles provided sufficient IL-2 receptor signaling to support STAT5 phosphorylation for sustained phenotypic stability and viability in culture. Inclusion of poly-L-lysine (PLL) during nanoparticle-cell coupling dramatically increased conjugation efficiency, providing sufficient IL-2 to support in vitro proliferation of IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cells and primary murine Tregs. In 12-week-old female non-obese diabetic mice, adoptive transfer of IL-2/harmine nanoparticle-conjugated NOD.BDC2.5 Tregs, which express an islet antigen-specific TCR, significantly prevented diabetes demonstrating preserved in vivo viability. These data provide the preclinical basis to develop a biomaterials-optimized cellular therapy to restore immune tolerance and promote β-cell proliferation in T1D through receptor-targeted drug delivery within pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit Cserny
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | | | | | - Amanda L. Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Rhonda Bacher
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Benjamin Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Inspira Therapeutics, Inc., Alachua, FL 32615, USA,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA,Correspondence to: Todd M. Brusko, PhD, Department of Pathology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Box 100275, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610; (352) 273-9255; Fax (352) 273-9339;
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5
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Solé P, Parras D, Yamanouchi J, Garnica J, Garabatos N, Moro J, Montaño J, Mondal D, Fandos C, Yang Y, Serra P, Santamaria P. Transcriptional re-programming of insulin B-chain epitope-specific T-follicular helper cells into anti-diabetogenic T-regulatory type-1 cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1177722. [PMID: 37153608 PMCID: PMC10154693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1177722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) coated with mono-specific autoimmune disease-relevant peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) molecules can resolve organ inflammation in various disease models in a disease-specific manner without impairing normal immunity. These compounds invariably trigger the formation and systemic expansion of cognate pMHCII-specific T-regulatory type 1 (TR1) cells. By focusing on type 1 diabetes (T1D)-relevant pMHCII-NP types that display an epitope from the insulin B-chain bound to the same MHCII molecule (IAg7) on three different registers, we show that pMHCII-NP-induced TR1 cells invariably co-exist with cognate T-Follicular Helper (TFH)-like cells of quasi-identical clonotypic composition and are oligoclonal, yet transcriptionally homogeneous. Furthermore, these three different TR1 specificities have similar diabetes reversal properties in vivo despite being uniquely reactive against the peptide MHCII-binding register displayed on the NPs. Thus, pMHCII-NP treatment using nanomedicines displaying different epitope specificities results in the simultaneous differentiation of multiple antigen-specific TFH-like cell clones into TR1-like cells that inherit the fine antigenic specificity of their precursors while acquiring a defined transcriptional immunoregulatory program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Solé
- Department of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Parras
- Department of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jun Yamanouchi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Josep Garnica
- Department of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nahir Garabatos
- Department of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel Moro
- Department of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Montaño
- Department of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Debajyoti Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - César Fandos
- Department of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pau Serra
- Department of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Department of Liver, Digestive System and Metabolism, Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Pere Santamaria,
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6
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Burke JA, Zhang X, Bobbala S, Frey MA, Bohorquez Fuentes C, Freire Haddad H, Allen SD, Richardson RAK, Ameer GA, Scott EA. Subcutaneous nanotherapy repurposes the immunosuppressive mechanism of rapamycin to enhance allogeneic islet graft viability. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:319-330. [PMID: 35039683 PMCID: PMC8934301 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Standard oral rapamycin (that is, Rapamune) administration is plagued by poor bioavailability and broad biodistribution. Thus, this pleotropic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor has a narrow therapeutic window and numerous side effects and provides inadequate protection to transplanted cells and tissues. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of rapamycin limits its use in parenteral formulations. Here, we demonstrate that subcutaneous delivery via poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene sulfide) polymersome nanocarriers significantly alters rapamycin's cellular biodistribution to repurpose its mechanism of action for tolerance, instead of immunosuppression, and minimize side effects. While oral rapamycin inhibits T cell proliferation directly, subcutaneously administered rapamycin-loaded polymersomes modulate antigen presenting cells in lieu of T cells, significantly improving maintenance of normoglycemia in a clinically relevant, major histocompatibility complex-mismatched, allogeneic, intraportal (liver) islet transplantation model. These results demonstrate the ability of a rationally designed nanocarrier to re-engineer the immunosuppressive mechanism of a drug by controlling cellular biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Burke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sharan Bobbala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Molly A Frey
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Carolina Bohorquez Fuentes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Helena Freire Haddad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sean D Allen
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Reese A K Richardson
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo A Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Evan A Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Moorman CD, Sohn SJ, Phee H. Emerging Therapeutics for Immune Tolerance: Tolerogenic Vaccines, T cell Therapy, and IL-2 Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657768. [PMID: 33854514 PMCID: PMC8039385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect roughly 5-10% of the total population, with women affected more than men. The standard treatment for autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases had long been immunosuppressive agents until the advent of immunomodulatory biologic drugs, which aimed at blocking inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines. At the frontier of these biologic drugs are TNF-α blockers. These therapies inhibit the proinflammatory action of TNF-α in common autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. TNF-α blockade quickly became the "standard of care" for these autoimmune diseases due to their effectiveness in controlling disease and decreasing patient's adverse risk profiles compared to broad-spectrum immunosuppressive agents. However, anti-TNF-α therapies have limitations, including known adverse safety risk, loss of therapeutic efficacy due to drug resistance, and lack of efficacy in numerous autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. The next wave of truly transformative therapeutics should aspire to provide a cure by selectively suppressing pathogenic autoantigen-specific immune responses while leaving the rest of the immune system intact to control infectious diseases and malignancies. In this review, we will focus on three main areas of active research in immune tolerance. First, tolerogenic vaccines aiming at robust, lasting autoantigen-specific immune tolerance. Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyewon Phee
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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8
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Carambia A, Gottwick C, Schwinge D, Stein S, Digigow R, Şeleci M, Mungalpara D, Heine M, Schuran FA, Corban C, Lohse AW, Schramm C, Heeren J, Herkel J. Nanoparticle-mediated targeting of autoantigen peptide to cross-presenting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells protects from CD8 T-cell-driven autoimmune cholangitis. Immunology 2021; 162:452-463. [PMID: 33346377 PMCID: PMC7968394 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by adaptive immune responses to self‐antigens. The development of antigen‐specific therapies that suppress disease‐related, but not unrelated immune responses in general, is an important goal of biomedical research. We have previously shown that delivery of myelin peptides to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) using LSEC‐targeting nanoparticles provides effective protection from CD4 T‐cell‐driven autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Here, we investigated whether this methodology might also serve antigen‐specific treatment of a CD8 T‐cell‐driven autoimmune disease. As a model for CD8 T‐cell‐mediated autoimmunity, we used OT‐1 T‐cell‐driven cholangitis in K14‐OVAp mice expressing the cognate MHC I‐restricted SIINFEKL peptide in cholangiocytes. To study whether peptide delivery to LSECs could modulate cholangitis, SIINFEKL peptide‐conjugated nanoparticles were administered intravenously one day before transfer of OT‐1 T cells; five days after cell transfer, liver pathology and hepatic infiltrates were analysed. SIINFEKL peptide‐conjugated nanoparticles were rapidly taken up by LSECs in vivo, which effectively cross‐presented the delivered peptide on MHC I molecules. Intriguingly, K14‐OVAp mice receiving SIINFEKL‐loaded nanoparticles manifested significantly reduced liver damage compared with vehicle‐treated K14‐OVAp mice. Mechanistically, treatment with LSEC‐targeting SIINFEKL‐loaded nanoparticles significantly reduced the number of liver‐infiltrating OT‐1 T cells, which up‐regulated expression of the co‐inhibitory receptor PD‐1 and down‐regulated cytotoxic effector function and inflammatory cytokine production. These findings show that tolerogenic LSECs can effectively internalize circulating nanoparticles and cross‐present nanoparticle‐bound peptides on MHC I molecules. Therefore, nanoparticle‐mediated autoantigen peptide delivery to LSECs might serve the antigen‐specific treatment of CD8 T‐cell‐driven autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Carambia
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Gottwick
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schwinge
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stein
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fenja A Schuran
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carlotta Corban
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Centre for Rare Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Kuo R, Saito E, Miller SD, Shea LD. Peptide-Conjugated Nanoparticles Reduce Positive Co-stimulatory Expression and T Cell Activity to Induce Tolerance. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1676-1685. [PMID: 28408181 PMCID: PMC5498812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted approaches to treat autoimmune diseases would improve upon current therapies that broadly suppress the immune system and lead to detrimental side effects. Antigen-specific tolerance was induced using poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles conjugated with disease-relevant antigen to treat a model of multiple sclerosis. Increasing the nanoparticle dose and amount of conjugated antigen both resulted in more durable immune tolerance. To identify active tolerance mechanisms, we investigated downstream cellular and molecular events following nanoparticle internalization by antigen-presenting cells. The initial cell response to nanoparticles indicated suppression of inflammatory signaling pathways. Direct and functional measurement of surface MHC-restricted antigen showed positive correlation with both increasing particle dose from 1 to 100 μg/mL and increasing peptide conjugation by 2-fold. Co-stimulatory analysis of cells expressing MHC-restricted antigen revealed most significant decreases in positive co-stimulatory molecules (CD86, CD80, and CD40) following high doses of nanoparticles with higher peptide conjugation, whereas expression of a negative co-stimulatory molecule (PD-L1) remained high. T cells isolated from mice immunized against myelin proteolipid protein (PLP139-151) were co-cultured with antigen-presenting cells administered PLP139-151-conjugated nanoparticles, which resulted in reduced T cell proliferation, increased T cell apoptosis, and a stronger anti-inflammatory response. These findings indicate several potential mechanisms used by peptide-conjugated nanoparticles to induce antigen-specific tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/drug effects
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/pharmacology
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage
- Delayed-Action Preparations/chemistry
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/metabolism
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/chemistry
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/pharmacology
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Ovalbumin/chemistry
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Particle Size
- Polyglactin 910/chemistry
- Polyglactin 910/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eiji Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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Cai S, Hou J, Fujino M, Zhang Q, Ichimaru N, Takahara S, Araki R, Lu L, Chen JM, Zhuang J, Zhu P, Li XK. iPSC-Derived Regulatory Dendritic Cells Inhibit Allograft Rejection by Generating Alloantigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1174-1189. [PMID: 28434942 PMCID: PMC5425686 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory dendritic cell (DCregs)-based immunotherapy is a potential therapeutic tool for transplant rejection. We generated DCregs from murine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which could remain in a “stable immature stage” even under strong stimulation. Harnessing this characteristic, we hypothesized that iPS-DCregs worked as a negative vaccine to generate regulatory T cells (Tregs), and induced donor-specific allograft acceptance. We immunized naive CBA (H-2Kk) mice with B6 (H-2Kb) iPS-DCregs and found that Tregs (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+) significantly increased in CBA splenocytes. Moreover, immunized CBA recipients permanently accepted B6 cardiac grafts in a donor-specific pattern. We demonstrated mechanistically that donor-type iPS-DCregs triggered transforming growth factor β1 secretion, under which the donor-antigen peptides directed naive CD4+ T cells to differentiate into donor-specific FOXP3+ Tregs instead of into effector T cells in vivo. These findings highlight the potential of iPS-DCregs as a key cell therapy resource in clinical transplantation. iPS-DCregs keep in stable immature stage that makes them a powerful cellular vaccine Donor-type iPS-DCregs lead to permanent acceptance of allogeneic cardiac grafts iPS-DCregs reduce CTL and downregulate proinflammatory cytokine iPS-DCregs enhance Tregs transmigration capability in a TGF-β1-dependent manner
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjie Cai
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jiangang Hou
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Qi Zhang
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Naotsugu Ichimaru
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shiro Takahara
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryoko Araki
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lina Lu
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ji-Mei Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510100, China.
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
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11
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Pishesha N, Bilate AM, Wibowo MC, Huang NJ, Li Z, Deshycka R, Bousbaine D, Li H, Patterson HC, Dougan SK, Maruyama T, Lodish HF, Ploegh HL. Engineered erythrocytes covalently linked to antigenic peptides can protect against autoimmune disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3157-62. [PMID: 28270614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701746114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for autoimmune diseases rely on traditional immunosuppressive medications that expose patients to an increased risk of opportunistic infections and other complications. Immunoregulatory interventions that act prophylactically or therapeutically to induce antigen-specific tolerance might overcome these obstacles. Here we use the transpeptidase sortase to covalently attach disease-associated autoantigens to genetically engineered and to unmodified red blood cells as a means of inducing antigen-specific tolerance. This approach blunts the contribution to immunity of major subsets of immune effector cells (B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) in an antigen-specific manner. Transfusion of red blood cells expressing self-antigen epitopes can alleviate and even prevent signs of disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, as well as maintain normoglycemia in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes.
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12
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Verbeke CS, Gordo S, Schubert DA, Lewin SA, Desai RM, Dobbins J, Wucherpfennig KW, Mooney DJ. Multicomponent Injectable Hydrogels for Antigen-Specific Tolerogenic Immune Modulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201600773. [PMID: 28116870 PMCID: PMC5518671 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial scaffolds that enrich and modulate immune cells in situ can form the basis for potent immunotherapies to elicit immunity or reëstablish tolerance. Here, the authors explore the potential of an injectable, porous hydrogel to induce a regulatory T cell (Treg) response by delivering a peptide antigen to dendritic cells in a noninflammatory context. Two methods are described for delivering the BDC peptide from pore-forming alginate gels in the nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes: encapsulation in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles, or direct conjugation to the alginate polymer. While particle-based delivery leads to antigen-specific T cells responses in vivo, PLG particles alter the phenotype of the cells infiltrating the gels. Following gel-based peptide delivery, transient expansion of endogenous antigen-specific T cells is observed in the draining lymph nodes. Antigen-specific T cells accumulate in the gels, and, strikingly, ≈60% of the antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in the gels are Tregs. Antigen-specific T cells are also enriched in the pancreatic islets, and administration of peptide-loaded gels does not accelerate diabetes. This work demonstrates that a noninflammatory biomaterial system can generate antigen-specific Tregs in vivo, which may enable the development of new therapies for the treatment of transplant rejection or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia S Verbeke
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Susana Gordo
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Sarah A Lewin
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rajiv M Desai
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | - David J Mooney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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