1
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Rezk MM. Tannic acid ameliorates the hazards effect of beryllium induced neuro-alterations and oxidative stress in adult male rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae032. [PMID: 38455638 PMCID: PMC10917228 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tannic acid (TA) is one of the most consumed and famous polyphenols with a widespread attention in the medical field according to its unique structural, pharmaceutical, physicochemical, antioxidant and other biological features. A rare study was conducted on the hazard effect of beryllium (Be) on the central nervous system. Aims This study aims to show the ability of beryllium to cross the blood brain barrier. Demonstrate the effect of beryllium and tannic acid separately or with each other on brain ions (Na+, K+, Ca++) and on norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, finally on the glutathione and malondialdehyde. Animals grouping Seventy-two rats were divided into four groups as control, Be, TA, and Be+TA where Be was injected intraperitoneally as 1 mg/Kg b. wt, TA was orally administrated as 5% in aquas solution. Results The administration of beryllium showed its ability to cross the blood brain barrier and accumulated in cortex > cerebellum>hypothalamus also, a significant increase in Na+, Ca++ cooperated with a significant decrease in K+ ions content was observed. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin showed a general significant decrease in their content joined with a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) and elevation in malondialdehydes (MDA) because of Be intoxication. On the other hands the daily oral administration of tannic acid showed a general significant decrease in Na+, Ca++ ions content parallel with a significant increase K+ also, a non-significant change in the three measured neurotransmitters was noticed. Conclusion Tannic acid showed a mitigation effect against Be intoxication which may regarded to the tannic acid antioxidant, chelating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Rezk
- Isotopes Department, Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El Maadi, Cairo 11936, Egypt
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2
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Buchner MR, Dankert F, Berthold C, Müller M, von Hänisch C. Beryllium-Mediated Halide and Aryl Transfer onto Silicon. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302652. [PMID: 37590553 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3 ) towards BeCl2 , BeBr2 , BeI2 and [Be3 Ph6 ]3 was investigated. While BeCl2 only showed unselective reactivity, BeBr2 , BeI2 and [Be3 Ph6 ] cleanly react to the trinuclear complexes [Be3 Br2 (OSiMe2 Br)4 ], [Be3 I2 (OSiMe2 I)4 ] and [Be3 Ph2 (OSiMe2 Ph)4 ]. These unprecedented bromide, iodide and phenyl transfer reactions from a group II metal onto silicon offer a versatile access to previously unknown diorgano bromo and iodo silanolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Dankert
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
- Present address: Universität Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chantsalmaa Berthold
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten von Hänisch
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Helling C, Jones C. Schlenk-Type Equilibria of Grignard-Analogous Aryl beryllium Complexes: Steric Effects. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302222. [PMID: 37528538 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of complex Schlenk equilibria is a central property of synthetically invaluable Grignard reagents substantially affecting their reactivity and selectivity in chemical transformations. In this work, the steric effects of aryl substituents on the Schlenk-type equilibria of their lighter congeners, arylberyllium bromides, are systematically studied. Combination of diarylberyllium complexes Ar2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Ar, Ar=Tip, Tcpp; Tip=2,4,6-iPr3 C6 H3 , Tcpp=2,4,6-Cyp3 C6 H3 , Cyp=c-C5 H9 ), containing sterically demanding aryl groups, and BeBr2 (OEt2 )2 (2) affords the Grignard-analogous arylberyllium bromides ArBeBr(OEt2 ) (3Ar, Ar=Tip, Tcpp). In contrast, Mes2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Mes, Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H3 ) and 2 exist in a temperature-dependent equilibrium with MesBeBr(OEt2 ) (3Mes) and free OEt2 . Ph2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Ph) reacts with 2 to afford dimeric [PhBeBr(OEt2 )]2 ([3Ph]2 ). Moreover, the influence of replacing the OEt2 donor by an N-heterocyclic carbene, IPr2 Me2 (IPr2 Me2 =C(iPrNCMe)2 ), on the redistribution reactions was investigated. The solution- and solid-state structures of the diarylberyllium and arylberyllium bromide complexes were comprehensively characterized using multinuclear (1 H, 9 Be, 13 C) NMR spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, while DFT calculations were employed to support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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4
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Buchner MR, Thomas-Hargreaves LR, Berthold C, Bekiş DF, Ivlev SI. A Preference for Heterolepticity - Schlenk Type Equilibria in Organometallic Beryllium Systems. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302495. [PMID: 37575053 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of homoleptic beryllium halide with diphenyl beryllium complexes leads to the clean formation of heteroleptic beryllium Grignard compounds [(L)1-2 BePhX]1-2 (X=Cl, Br, I; L=C-, N-, O-donor ligand). The influence of ligands and solvent on these compounds, their formation and exchange equilibria in solution were investigated, together with the factors determining the complex constitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Chantsalmaa Berthold
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Deniz F Bekiş
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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5
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Landis JD. Age-Dating of Foliage and Soil Organic Matter: Aligning 228Th: 228Ra and 7Be: 210Pb Radionuclide Chronometers over Annual to Decadal Time Scales. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:15047-15054. [PMID: 37774356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The 228Th:228Ra ratios of foliage and organic soil horizons evolve with time following a predictable radioactive decay law and thus provide a new chronometer for absolute age-dating of plant and soil organic matter. Preferential uptake of 228Th (t0.5 = 1.9 years) and 228Ra (t0.5 = 5.9 years) by canopy tree species, ferns, and mosses, drives disequilibrium in the 232Th-228Ra-228Th radioactive decay series within forest vegetation and organic soils. With examples from northeastern USA, we verify a new 228Th:228Ra age model by demonstrating its concordance with the fallout radionuclide chronometer 7Be:210Pb in the 0 to 5-year time frame [R2 = 0.87, RMSE = 0.5 years]. At our locality, canopy tree species assimilate 228Th with a typical initial ratio (228Th:228Ra)0 ∼ 0.3, but in several instances, both deciduous and coniferous tree species show a preference for Th over Ra with (228Th:228Ra)0 exceeding 5. While the 228Th:228Ra system is restricted to organic soil horizons, concordance of 228Th:228Ra with established 7Be:210Pb and 241Am bomb-pulse chronometers establishes a coherent age-dating system of soil organic matter based on three independent chronometers and five particle reactive metals, and spanning 0-200 years in time scale that encompasses both organic and mineral soils to depths of up to 30 cm. Concordance indicates that these metals all follow common processes of organometallic colloid formation and migration and, in conjunction with 14C, may open new opportunities to understand soil pedogenic processes that regulate the storage of carbon and atmospheric metals such as Pb and Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Landis
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, 19 Fayerweather Hill Road, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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6
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Bezhin NA, Shibetskaia IG, Kozlovskaia ON, Slizchenko EV, Tananaev IG. 7Be Recovery from Seawater by Sorbents of Various Types. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16114088. [PMID: 37297222 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a comprehensive study of sorbents based on manganese dioxide was carried out for beryllium sorption from seawater in laboratory and expeditionary conditions. The possibility of using several commercially available sorbents based on manganese dioxide (Modix, MDM, DMM, PAN-MnO2) and phosphorus(V) oxide (PD) for 7Be recovery from seawater for solving oceanological problems was evaluated. Beryllium sorption under static and dynamic conditions was studied. The distribution coefficients and dynamic and total dynamic exchange capacities were determined. Sorbents Modix (Kd = (2.2 ± 0.1) × 103 mL/g) and MDM (Kd = (2.4 ± 0.2) × 103 mL/g) showed high efficiency. The dependences of the degree of recovery on time (kinetics) and the capacity of the sorbent on the beryllium equilibrium concentration in solution (isotherm) were established. The data obtained were processed using kinetic models (intraparticle diffusion, pseudo-first and pseudo-second orders, Elovich model) and sorption isotherm equations (Langmuir, Freindlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich). The paper contains results of expeditionary studies to evaluate the sorption efficiency of 7Be from large volumes of the Black Sea water by various sorbents. We also compared the sorption efficiency of 7Be for the considered sorbents with aluminum oxide and previously obtained sorbents based on iron(III) hydroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay A Bezhin
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (MHI RAS), Kapitanskaya Str., 2, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sevastopol State University, Universitetskaya Str., 33, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Iuliia G Shibetskaia
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (MHI RAS), Kapitanskaya Str., 2, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Ol'ga N Kozlovskaia
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (MHI RAS), Kapitanskaya Str., 2, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Evgeniy V Slizchenko
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (MHI RAS), Kapitanskaya Str., 2, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Ivan G Tananaev
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sevastopol State University, Universitetskaya Str., 33, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (GEOKHI RAS), Kosygin Str., 19, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Nuclear Technology, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanov Str., 8, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
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7
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Guan XL, Sun R, Jin B, Yuan C, Wu YB. 3-D molecular stars with covalent axial bonding. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:1410-1417. [PMID: 36872591 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
In designing three-dimensional (3-D) molecular stars, it is very difficult to enhance the molecular rigidity through forming the covalent bonds between the axial and equatorial groups because corresponding axial groups will generally break the delocalized π bond over equatorial frameworks and thus break their star-like arrangement. In this work, exemplified by designing the 3-D stars Be2 ©Be5 E5 + (E = Au, Cl, Br, I) with three delocalized σ bonds and delocalized π bond over the central Be2 ©Be5 moiety, we propose that the desired covalent bonding can be achieved by forming the delocalized σ bond(s) and delocalized π bond(s) simultaneously between the axial groups and equatorial framework. The covalency and rigidity of axial bonding can be demonstrated by the total Wiberg bond indices of 1.46-1.65 for axial Be atoms and ultrashort Be-Be distances of 1.834-1.841 Å, respectively. Beneficial also from the σ and π double aromaticity, these mono-cationic 3-D molecular stars are dynamically viable global energy minima with well-defined electronic structures, as reflected by wide HOMO-LUMO gaps (4.68-5.06 eV) and low electron affinities (4.70-4.82 eV), so they are the promising targets in the gas phase generation, mass-separation, and spectroscopic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Guan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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8
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Morin-Martinez AA, Arcudia J, Zarate X, Cifuentes-Quintal ME, Merino G. The quest for a bidirectional auxetic, elastic, and enhanced fracture toughness material: Revisiting the mechanical properties of the BeH 2 monolayers. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:248-255. [PMID: 35481883 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein we show a density functional theory-based study performed on two recently predicted polymorphs of the BeH2 monolayer, α-BeH2 and β-BeH2 . The α-BeH2 phase possesses an in-plane negative Poisson's ratio (NPR), introducing it into the unique group of auxetic materials. Our assessment delves into the linear-elastic and finite-strain regimes to understand both polymorphs' structural and mechanical responses to deformation. We find that the in-plane NPR is shown to be only parallel to the bonds in α-BeH2 and remains along the uniaxial tensile path. Concomitantly, an out-of-plane transition toward auxetic is also revealed in regions exhibiting conventional Poisson's ratios, making α-BeH2 a bidirectionally auxetic material. While phase transitions in β-BeH2 are triggered at very short strains, α-BeH2 displays excellent elasticity against tension, superior to that of most currently known 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando A Morin-Martinez
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Jessica Arcudia
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Ximena Zarate
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Mexico
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9
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Thomas-Hargreaves LR, Liu YQ, Cui ZH, Pan S, Buchner MR. Bonding situations in tricoordinated beryllium phenyl complexes. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:397-405. [PMID: 35767185 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The bonding situation in the tricoordinated beryllium phenyl complexes [BePh3 ]- , [(pyridine)BePh2 ] and [(trimethylsilyl-N-heterocyclic imine)BePh2 ] is investigated experimentally and computationally. Comparison of the NMR spectroscopic properties of these complexes and of their structural parameters, which were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments, indicates the presence of π-interactions. Topology analysis of the electron density reveals elliptical electron density distributions at the bond critical points and the double bond character of the beryllium-element bonds is verified by energy decomposition analysis with the combination of natural orbital for chemical valence. The present beryllium-element bonds are highly polarized and the ligands around the central atom have a strong influence on the degree of π-delocalization. These results are compared to related triarylboranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Qian Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Magnus R Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Yun GR, Li HX, Cabellos JL, Tiznado W, Cui ZH, Pan S. Hitting the Bull's Eye: Stable HeBeOH + Complex. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200587. [PMID: 36029196 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is now known that the heavier noble gases (Ng=Ar-Rn) show some varying degrees of reactivity with a gradual increase in reactivity along Ar-Rn. However, because of their very small size and very high ionization potential, helium and neon are the hardest targets to crack. Although few neon complexes are isolated at very low temperatures, helium needs very extreme situations like very high pressure. Here, we find that protonated BeO, BeOH+ can bind helium and neon spontaneously at room temperature. Therefore, extreme conditions like very low temperature and/or high pressure will not be required for their experimental isolation. The Ng-Be bond strength is very high for their heavier homologs and the bond strength shows a gradual increase from He to Rn. Moreover, the Ng-Be attractive energy is almost exclusively originated from the orbital interaction which is composed of one Ng(s/pσ )→BeOH+ σ-donation and two weaker Ng(pπ )→BeOH+ π-donations, except for helium. Helium uses its low-lying vacant 2p orbitals to accept π-electron density from BeOH+ . Previously, such electron-accepting ability of helium was used to explain a somewhat stronger helium bond than neon for neutral complexes. However, the present results indicate that such π-back donations are too weak in nature to decide any energetic trend between helium and neon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gai-Ru Yun
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, 130023, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-Xia Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, 130023, Changchun, China
| | - Jose Luis Cabellos
- Universidad Politécnica de Tapachula, Carretera Tapachula a Puerto Madero km 24+300, San Benito, Puerto Madero, C.P. 30830, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, postCode/>8370251, Chile
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, 130023, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, 130023, Changchun, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, 130023, Changchun, China.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universitt Marbur, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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11
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Fazinić S, Provatas G, Božičević Mihalić I, Tadić T, Rubel M, Grzonka J, Petersson P, Widdowson A, Moon S, Fortuna-Zaleśna E. Dust Monitors in JET with ITER-like Wall for Diagnosis of Mobilized Particles and Co-Deposited Layers. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8353. [PMID: 36499848 PMCID: PMC9740336 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Silicon plates were installed above the inner and outer divertor of the JET with the ITER-like wall (ILW) after the second and third ILW campaigns to monitor dust generation and deposition with the aim to determine the morphology and content of individual particles and co-deposits, including deuterium content. Particular interest was in metal-based particles: Be, W, steel, Cu. Ex-situ examination after two ILW campaigns was performed by a set of microscopy and ion beam methods including micro-beam nuclear reaction analysis and particle-induced X-ray emission. Different categories of Be-rich particles were found: co-deposits peeled-off from plasma-facing components (PFC), complex multi-element spherical objects, and solid metal splashes and regular spherical droplets. The fuel content on the two latter categories was at the level of 1 × 1016 at/cm-2 indicating that Be melting and splashing occurred in the very last phase of the second experimental campaign. The splashes adhere firmly to the substrate thus not posing risk of Be dust mobilisation. No tungsten droplets were detected. The only W-containing particles were fragments of tungsten coatings from the divertor tiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepko Fazinić
- Division of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Georgios Provatas
- Division of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Božičević Mihalić
- Division of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tonči Tadić
- Division of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marek Rubel
- Division of Fusion Plasma Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Justyna Grzonka
- Department of Material Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Per Petersson
- Division of Fusion Plasma Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sunwoo Moon
- Division of Fusion Plasma Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elzbieta Fortuna-Zaleśna
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Skakov M, Batyrbekov E, Sokolov I, Miniyazov A, Tulenbergenov T, Sapataev Y, Orazgaliyev N, Bukina O, Zhanbolatova G, Kozhakhmetov Y. Influence of Hydrogen Plasma on the Surface Structure of Beryllium. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6340. [PMID: 36143649 PMCID: PMC9503244 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the research results of hydrogen plasma effect on the surface structure of the TGP-56 beryllium. In the linear simulator, the operating conditions of the first wall of ITER are simulated. Beryllium was irradiated with hydrogen plasma at surface temperatures of ~360 °C, ~800 °C, and ~1200 °C, depending on its location in the ITER chamber; with a different number of pulses with a duration of each pulse of 500 s. Samples of irradiated beryllium were subjected to a set of material studies. Experimental data were obtained on the change in the structure of the surface and edges of the beryllium samples after the plasma effect. It was found that at normal (2 MW/m2) and increased (4.7 MW/m2) heat fluxes on the first wall of the ITER, the edges and beryllium surface have good resistance to erosion. Under critical conditions close to the melting point, beryllium strongly erodes and evaporates. It has been established that this material has a high resource resistance to hydrogen plasma effect in the ITER under operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhyn Skakov
- National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan
| | - Erlan Batyrbekov
- National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan
- The Department of Applied Physics and Heat Power Engineering, Shakarim University, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Miniyazov
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan
- The Department of Applied Physics and Heat Power Engineering, Shakarim University, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan
| | - Timur Tulenbergenov
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan
- The Department of Applied Physics and Heat Power Engineering, Shakarim University, Semey 071412, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerzhan Sapataev
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurkhat Orazgaliyev
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan
| | - Olga Bukina
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan
| | - Gainiya Zhanbolatova
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan
| | - Yernat Kozhakhmetov
- Institute of Atomic Energy Branch of National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov 071100, Kazakhstan
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Lungu M, Cristea D, Baiasu F, Staicu C, Marin A, Pompilian OG, Butoi B, Locovei C, Porosnicu C. Surface, Structural, and Mechanical Properties Enhancement of Cr 2O 3 and SiO 2 Co-Deposited Coatings with W or Be. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:2870. [PMID: 36014735 PMCID: PMC9414321 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering methods were selected for conducting the deposition of structural materials, namely ceramic and metallic co-depositions. A total of six configurations were deposited: single thin layers of oxides (Cr2O3, SiO2) and co-deposition configurations (50:50 wt.%) as structural materials (W, Be)-(Cr2O3, SiO2), all deposited on 304L stainless steel (SS). A comprehensive evaluation such as surface topology, thermal desorption outgassing, and structural/chemical state was performed. Moreover, mechanical characterization evaluating properties such as adherence, nano indentation hardness, indentation modulus, and deformation relative to yielding, was performed. Experimental results show that, contrary to SiO2 matrix, the composite layers of Cr2O3 with Be and W exhibit surface smoothing with mitigation of artifacts, thus presenting a uniform and compact state with the best microstructure. These results are relevant in order to develop future dense coatings to be used in the fusion domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Lungu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Daniel Cristea
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Transilvania University, 500068 Brasov, Romania
| | - Flaviu Baiasu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Cornel Staicu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Alexandru Marin
- Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
- Surface Analysis Laboratory, Institute for Nuclear Research Pitesti, 115400 Mioveni, Romania
| | - Oana Gloria Pompilian
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Bogdan Butoi
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Claudiu Locovei
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Magnetism and Superconductivity Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics (NIMP), 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Corneliu Porosnicu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
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14
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Cloeren M, Dement J, Gaitens J, Hines S, Diaz L, Tembunde Y, Cranford K, Shorter J, Mosier T, Ringen K. Beryllium disease among construction trade workers at Department of Energy nuclear sites: A follow-up. Am J Ind Med 2022; 65:708-720. [PMID: 35833586 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Construction workers at U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) nuclear weapons facilities are screened to identify DOE-related occupational illnesses, including beryllium sensitization (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD). The study objectives were to estimate beryllium disease risks and the CBD claims acceptance rate in the energy workers' benefits program. METHODS Workers diagnosed with BeS via beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) included in screening examinations were interviewed about subsequent diagnosis of CBD. We estimated the proportion who developed CBD based on the ratio of CBD cases, based on self-reported compensation claim status, to all workers with BeS interviewed. We used stratified analyses to explore trends in disease frequency by age, race, sex, DOE employment duration, site, trade group, and cigarette smoking history. RESULTS Between 1998 and 2020, 21,854 workers received a BeLPT; 262 (1.20%) had BeS (two abnormals or one abnormal plus one borderline test); 212 (0.97%) had a single abnormal BeLPT. Of 177 BeS workers interviewed, 35 (19.8%) reported an accepted CBD compensation claim. The claims acceptance rate among BeS workers increased with years of DOE employment, from 8.4% with <5 years to 33.3% for >25 or more years. Five of 68 interviewed workers with a single positive BeLPT reported CBD claim acceptance; an additional CBD case was confirmed by chart review (8.8%). CONCLUSIONS Years of DOE work predict the risk of developing CBD among those sensitized and getting a claim for CBD accepted. Ongoing surveillance and increased awareness of the risk of beryllium exposure and CBD as an occupational disease among construction workers are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Cloeren
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Dement
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joanna Gaitens
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stella Hines
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liliana Diaz
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yazmeen Tembunde
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kim Cranford
- Zenith American Solutions, Covina, California, USA
| | | | - Terry Mosier
- Zenith American Solutions, Covina, California, USA
| | - Knut Ringen
- Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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15
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Agnarelli L, Prots Y, Schmidt M, Krnel M, Svanidze E, Burkhardt U, Leithe-Jasper A, Grin Y. Be 3 Ru: Polar Multiatomic Bonding in the Closest Packing of Atoms. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200118. [PMID: 35726898 PMCID: PMC9210927 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The new phase Be3Ru crystallizes with TiCu3‐type structure (space group Pmmn (59), a=3.7062(1) Å, b=4.5353(1) Å, c=4.4170(1) Å), a coloring variant of the hexagonal closest packing (hcp) of spheres. The electronic structure revealed that Be3Ru has a pseudo‐gap close to the Fermi level. A strong charge transfer from Be to Ru was observed from the analysis of electron density within the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) framework and polar three‐ and four‐atomic Be−Ru bonds were observed from the ELI−D (electron localizability indicator) analysis. This situation is very similar to the recently investigated Be5Pt and Be21Pt5 compounds. The unusual crystal chemical feature of Be3Ru is that different charged species belong to the same closest packing, contrary to typical inorganic compounds, where the cationic components are located in the voids of the closest packing formed by anions. Be3Ru is a diamagnet displaying metallic electrical resistivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Agnarelli
- Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yurii Prots
- Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mitja Krnel
- Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eteri Svanidze
- Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Burkhardt
- Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Leithe-Jasper
- Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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16
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Liu YP, Cai Y, Lei YD, Yuan XY, Wang Y, Yi S, Li XY, Huang L, Long DX, Zhang ZH. Circular RNA expression profiles in human bronchial epithelial cells treated with beryllium sulfate. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1013-1021. [PMID: 34733486 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), is a novel type of endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) participated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Beryllium is one of the carcinogenesis elements. However, the mechanism and function of circRNAs in human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) induced by beryllium sulfate (BeSO4) was rarely reported. Therefore, the high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis was performed to detect the circRNA profiles between control groups and BeSO4-induced groups. Furthermore, circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and PPI network analysis were used for bioinformatics analysis. CircRNA sequencing analysis revealed that 36 circRNAs were up-regulated and 35 circRNAs were down-regulated in the BeSO4-exposed groups. The selected circRNAs were verified by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Hsa_circ_0004214 and hsa_circ_0003586 were validated to be up-regulated, hsa_circ_0047958, hsa_circ_0001944, and hsa_circ_0008982 were down-regulated. The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network annotated the key signaling pathway including cellular senescence, TNF signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and Hippo signaling pathway. The PPI network indicated the most circRNAs might participate in the BeSO4 toxicity by acting as a sponge for the miR-663b through JAK-STAT signaling pathway. In summary, our study suggests that circRNAs may play roles in the mechanism of beryllium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuan-di Lei
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yuan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shan Yi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xun-Ya Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lian Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ding-Xin Long
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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17
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Tokarčíková M, Motyka O, Peikertová P, Gabor R, Seidlerová J. Magnetically Modified Biosorbent for Rapid Beryllium Elimination from the Aqueous Environment. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14216610. [PMID: 34772136 PMCID: PMC8585364 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although both beryllium and its compounds display high toxicity, little attention has been focused on the removal of beryllium from wastewaters. In this research, magnetically modified biochar obtained from poor-quality wheat with two distinct FexOy contents was studied as a sorbent for the elimination of beryllium from an aqueous solution. The determined elimination efficiency was higher than 80% in both prepared composites, and the presence of FexOy did not affect the sorption properties. The experimental qmax values were determined to be 1.44 mg/g for original biochar and biochar with lower content of iron and 1.45 mg/g for the biochar with higher iron content. The optimum pH values favorable for sorption were determined to be 6. After the sorption procedure, the sorbent was still magnetically active enough to be removed from the solution by a magnet. Using magnetically modified sorbents proved to be an easy to apply, low-cost, and effective technique.
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18
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Kim JH, Hwang T, Nakamichi M. A Joining Process between Beryllium and Reduced-Activation Ferritic-Martensitic Steel by Plasma Sintering. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14216348. [PMID: 34771874 PMCID: PMC8585385 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the growth kinetics of the reaction layer and mechanical strength of joined materials, we joined beryllium and reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic steel (F82H) by plasma sintering under various conditions and characterized the joined region. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the thickness of the reaction layer increased with an increase in the joining time and temperature. Line analyses and elemental mapping using an electron microprobe analyser showed that the reaction layer consists of Be-Fe intermetallic compounds, including Be12Fe, Be5Fe, and Be2Fe, with small amounts of chromium and tungsten. Owing to the time and temperature dependence of the reaction-layer thickness, the layer growth of Be-Fe intermetallic compounds obeys the parabolic law, and the activation energy for the reaction-layer growth was 116.2 kJ/mol. The bonding strengths of the joined materials varied inversely with the thickness of the reaction layer.
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19
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Wang G, Walley JE, Dickie DA, Molino A, Wilson DJD, Gilliard RJ. s-Block Multiple Bonds: Isolation of a Beryllium Imido Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9407-9411. [PMID: 33411396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A common feature of d- and p-block elements is that they participate in multiple bonding. In contrast, the synthesis of compounds containing homo- or hetero-nuclear multiple bonds involving s-block elements is extremely rare. Herein, we report the synthesis, molecular structure, and computational analysis of a beryllium imido (Be=N) complex (2), which was prepared via oxidation of a molecular Be0 precursor (1) with trimethylsilyl azide Me3 SiN3 (TMS-N3 ). Notably, compound 2 features the shortest known Be=N bond (1.464 Å) to date. This represents the first compound with an s-block metal-nitrogen multiple bond. All compounds were characterized experimentally with multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy (1 H, 13 C, 9 Be) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The bonding situation was analyzed with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which supports the existence of π-bonding between beryllium and nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Jacob E Walley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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20
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Wang G, Zhao J, Hu HS, Li J, Zhou M. Formation and Characterization of BeFe(CO) 4 - Anion with Beryllium-Iron Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9334-9338. [PMID: 33400362 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heteronuclear BeFe(CO)4 - anion complex is generated in the gas phase, which is detected by mass-selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the carbonyl stretching frequency region. The complex is characterized to have a Be-Fe bonded Be-Fe(CO)4 - structure with C3v symmetry and all of the four carbonyl ligands bonded on the iron center. Quantum chemical studies indicate that the complex has a quite short Be-Fe bond. Besides one electron-sharing σ bond, there are two additional, albeit weak, Be ← Fe(CO)4 - dative π bonding interactions. The findings imply that metal-metal bonding between s-block and transition metals is viable under suitable coordination environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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21
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Jabłoński M. Study of Beryllium, Magnesium, and Spodium Bonds to Carbenes and Carbodiphosphoranes. Molecules 2021; 26:2275. [PMID: 33920004 PMCID: PMC8071025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present results of theoretical study on the properties of C⋯M bonds, where C is either a carbene or carbodiphosphorane carbon atom and M is an acidic center of MX2 (M = Be, Mg, Zn). Due to the rarity of theoretical data regarding the C⋯Zn bond (i.e., the zinc bond), the main focus is placed on comparing the characteristics of this interaction with C⋯Be (beryllium bond) and C⋯Mg (magnesium bond). For this purpose, theoretical studies (ωB97X-D/6-311++G(2df,2p)) have been performed for a large group of dimers formed by MX2 (X = H, F, Cl, Br, Me) and either a carbene ((NH2)2C, imidazol-2-ylidene, imidazolidin-2-ylidene, tetrahydropyrymid-2-ylidene, cyclopropenylidene) or carbodiphosphorane ((PH3)2C, (NH3)2C) molecule. The investigated dimers are characterized by a very strong charge transfer effect from either the carbene or carbodiphosphorane molecule to the MX2 one. This may even be over six times as strong as in the water dimer. According to the QTAIM and NCI method, the zinc bond is not very different than the beryllium bond, with both featuring a significant covalent contribution. However, the zinc bond should be definitely stronger if delocalization index is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Jabłoński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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22
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Roy DK, Tröster T, Fantuzzi F, Dewhurst RD, Lenczyk C, Radacki K, Pranckevicius C, Engels B, Braunschweig H. Isolation and Reactivity of an Antiaromatic s-Block Metal Compound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3812-3819. [PMID: 33210400 PMCID: PMC7898526 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of aromaticity and antiaromaticity have a long history, and countless demonstrations of these phenomena have been made with molecules based on elements from the p, d, and f blocks of the periodic table. In contrast, the limited oxidation-state flexibility of the s-block metals has long stood in the way of their participation in sophisticated π-bonding arrangements, and truly antiaromatic systems containing s-block metals are altogether absent or remain poorly defined. Using spectroscopic, structural, and computational techniques, we present herein the synthesis and authentication of a heterocyclic compound containing the alkaline earth metal beryllium that exhibits significant antiaromaticity, and detail its chemical reduction and Lewis-base-coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Roy
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Discipline of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology IndoreKhandwa Road, SimrolIndore453552, M.P.India
| | - Tobias Tröster
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Strasse 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Carsten Lenczyk
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Conor Pranckevicius
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Strasse 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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23
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Vethanayagam D, Peters J, Saad E, Mulchey K, Gillson AM, McNab B, Farr-Jones M, Hruczkowski T, Blevins G, Coulden R, Oudit G, Beach J. Sarcoidosis: a prospective observational cohort from Northern Alberta. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2020; 37:e2020014. [PMID: 33597801 PMCID: PMC7883513 DOI: 10.36141/svdld.v37i4.8522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease reported to occur with a higher incidence in Alberta than many other health jurisdictions within and outside of Canada. The reasons for this higher incidence are currently not known. Exposure to beryllium can result in a clinically and radiologically identical disease to sarcoidosis. The purpose of our study was to identify patterns with potential occupational or environmental exposures to beryllium amongst individuals with sarcoidosis in Alberta through a tertiary referral center. METHODS A prospective observational study was carried out at the University of Alberta Hospital. Patients with confirmed sarcoidosis (stages 0-4) were recruited from subspecialty clinics (Respirology, Cardiology, Neurology and Occupational Health). A predetermined list of industries thought to involve potentially relevant exposures for the development of sarcoidosis was used to capture current and previous exposure history. Results were entered into a database and where possible verified by comparing with existing electronic medical records (including histories, physical examination, diagnostic imaging and physiology). RESULTS A total of 45 patients were recruited, 25 men and 20 women. Of these, 84% of participants reported working in or being exposed to an industry/environment suspected of contributing to development of sarcoidosis over their lifetime. The most frequently reported exposures were within farming and agriculture (27%), oil and gas (20%), metalworking and handling animals (18%). CONCLUSIONS Amongst this cohort, a high proportion reported working with a potentially relevant exposure. Individuals being assessed for sarcoidosis should have their most responsible physician elicit a detailed work and environmental history. (Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2020; 37 (4): e2020014).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emad Saad
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alberta
| | | | | | - Brian McNab
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Alberta
| | | | | | | | - Richard Coulden
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta
| | - Gavin Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta
| | - Jeremy Beach
- Emeritus, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alberta
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24
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Vos E, Montero-Campillo MM, Corral I, Yáñez M, Alkorta I, Elguero J. From Very Strong to Inexistent Be-Be Bonds in the Interactions of Be 2 with π-Systems. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2701-2708. [PMID: 32598549 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Isolated Be2 is a typical example of a weakly bound system, but interaction with other systems may give rise to surprising bonding features. The interactions between Be2 and a set of selected neutral Cn Hn (n=2-8) π-systems have been analyzed through the use of G4 and G4MP2 ab initio methods, along with multireference CASPT2//CASPT2 calculations. Our results systematically show that the Cn Hn -Be2 -Cn Hn clusters formed are always very stable. However, the nature of this interaction is completely different when the π-system involved is a closed shell species (n=2, 4, 6, 8), or a radical (n=3, 5, 7). In the first case, the interaction does not occur with the π-system as a whole, but with specific C centers yielding rather polar but strong C-Be bonds. Nonetheless, although the Be-Be distances in these complexes are similar to the ones in compounds with ultra-strong Be-Be bonds, a close examination of their electron density distribution reveals that no Be-Be bonds exist. The situation is totally different when the interaction involves two π-radicals, Cn Hn -Be2 -Cn Hn (n=3, 5, 7). In these cases, a strong Be-Be bond is formed. Indeed, even though Be is electron deficient, the Be2 moiety behaves as an efficient electron donor towards the two π-radicals, so that the different Cn Hn -Be2 -Cn Hn (n=3, 5, 7) clusters are the result of the interaction between Be2 2+ and two L- anions. The characteristics of these two scenarios do not change when dealing with bicyclic π-compounds, such as naphthalene and pentalene, because the interaction with the Be2 moiety is localized on one of the unsaturated cycles, the other being almost a spectator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vos
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13 and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Merced Montero-Campillo
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13 and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13 and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Yáñez
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias, Módulo 13 and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IadChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Kim J, Kim DH, Yang JC, Kim JS, Lee JH, Jung SH. Beryllium-Ion-Selective PEDOT Solid Contact Electrode Based on 9,10-Dinitrobenzo-9-Crown-3-Ether. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E6375. [PMID: 33182260 DOI: 10.3390/s20216375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A beryllium(II)-ion-selective poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) solid contact electrode comprising 9,10-dinitrobenzo-9-crown-3-ether was successfully developed. The all-solid-state contact electrode, with an oxygen-containing cation-sensing membrane combined with an electropolymerized PEDOT layer, exhibited the best response characteristics. The performance of the constructed electrode was evaluated and optimized using potentiometry, conductance measurements, constant-current chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under optimized conditions, which were found for an ion-selective membrane (ISM) composition of 3% ionophore, 30% polyvinylchloride (PVC), 64% o-nitro phenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE), and 3% sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB), the fabricated electrode exhibited a good performance over a wide concentration range (10-2.5-10-7.0 M) and a wide pH range of 2.0-9.0, with a Nernstian slope of 29.5 mV/D for the beryllium (II) ion and a detection limit as low as 10-7.0 M. The developed electrode shows good selectivity for the beryllium(II) ion over alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions.
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26
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Deng G, Pan S, Wang G, Zhao L, Zhou M, Frenking G. Beryllium Atom Mediated Dinitrogen Activation via Coupling with Carbon Monoxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18201-18207. [PMID: 32583528 PMCID: PMC7589277 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of laser-ablated beryllium atoms with dinitrogen and carbon monoxide mixtures form the end-on bonded NNBeCO and side-on bonded (η2 -N2 )BeCO isomers in solid argon, which are predicted by quantum chemical calculations to be almost isoenergetic. The end-on bonded complex has a triplet ground state while the side-on bonded isomer has a singlet electronic ground state. The complexes rearrange to the energetically lowest lying NBeNCO isomer upon visible light excitation, which is characterized to be an isocyanate complex of a nitrene derivative with a triplet electronic ground state. A bonding analysis using a charge- and energy decomposition procedure reveals that the electronic reference state of Be in the NNBeCO isomers has an 2s0 2p2 excited configuration and that the metal-ligand bonds can be described in terms of N2 →Be←CO σ donation and concomitant N2 ←Be→CO π backdonation. The results demonstrate that the activation of N2 with the N-N bond being completely cleaved can be achieved via coupling with carbon monoxide mediated by a main group atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative MaterialsFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced MaterialsNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing211816China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435043MarburgGermany
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27
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Dange D, Paparo A, Jones C. Synthesis and Characterization of a Magnesium Boryl and a Beryllium-Substituted Diazaborole. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2447-2450. [PMID: 32558390 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of a lithium boryl, [(THF)2 Li{B(DAB)}] (DAB=[(DipNCH)2 ]2- , Dip=2,6-diisopropylphenyl), with a dinuclear magnesium(I) compound [{(Mes Nacnac)Mg}2 ] (Mes Nacnac=[HC(MeCNMes)2 ]- , Mes=mesityl) unexpectedly afforded a rare example of a terminal magnesium boryl species, [(Mes Nacnac)(THF)Mg{B(DAB)}]. Attempts to prepare the magnesium boryl via a salt metathesis reaction between the lithium boryl and a β-diketiminato magnesium iodide compound, instead led to an intractable mixture of products. Similarly, reaction of the lithium boryl with a β-diketiminato beryllium bromide precursor, [(Dep Nacnac)BeBr] (Dep=2,6-diethylphenyl) did not give a beryllium boryl, but instead afforded an unprecedented example of a beryllium substituted diazaborole heterocycle, [{(Dep Nacnac)Be(4-DAB-H )}BBr]. For sake of comparison, the same group 2 halide precursor compounds were treated with a potassium gallyl analogue of the lithium boryl, viz. [(tmeda)K{:Ga(DAB)}] (tmeda=N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine), but no reactions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dange
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Paparo
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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28
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Müller M, Buchner MR. Diphenyl beryllium Reinvestigated: Structure, Properties, and Reactivity of BePh 2 , [(12-crown-4)BePh] + , and [BePh 3 ] . Chemistry 2020; 26:9915-9922. [PMID: 31957173 PMCID: PMC7496417 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of BePh2 was accomplished almost a century ago. However, its structure has remained unknown so far, while the corresponding aryls of the elements adjacent to beryllium in the periodic table are well investigated. Herein, we present an improved synthesis for diphenylberyllium and show by X-ray diffraction that it forms a trinuclear complex in the solid state. NMR spectroscopy revealed that this structure is also retained in solution but exhibits dynamic behavior. Its stability against heat and coordinating solvents is discussed and the possible obstacles to the synthesis of BePh2 from BeCl2 are examined. In the process of this study two ether adducts, BePh2 ⋅Et2 O and Be2 Ph4 ⋅Et2 O, have been characterized as well as the previously unknown triphenylberyllate anion. From the latter several single-crystal structures were obtained under various conditions, in which [BePh3 ]- is either isolated or acts as a ligand for Li+ . Furthermore, the crown ether induced selfionization of BePh2 is described and the resulting [(12-crown-4)BePh]+ cation was isolated, which shows an unusual 4+1 coordination around the Be atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Müller
- Anorganische ChemieNachwuchsgruppe BerylliumchemieFachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Magnus R. Buchner
- Anorganische ChemieNachwuchsgruppe BerylliumchemieFachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
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29
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Virji MA, Schuler CR, Cox-Ganser J, Stanton ML, Kent MS, Kreiss K, Stefaniak AB. Associations of Metrics of Peak Inhalation Exposure and Skin Exposure Indices With Beryllium Sensitization at a Beryllium Manufacturing Facility. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:856-869. [PMID: 31504146 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peak beryllium inhalation exposures and exposure to the skin may be relevant for developing beryllium sensitization (BeS). The objective of this study was to identify risk factors associated with BeS to inform the prevention of sensitization, and the development of chronic beryllium disease (CBD). METHODS In a survey of short-term workers employed at a primary beryllium manufacturing facility between the years 1994-1999, 264 participants completed a questionnaire and were tested for BeS. A range of qualitative and quantitative peak inhalation metrics and skin exposure indices were created using: personal full-shift beryllium exposure measurements, 15 min to 24 h process-specific task and area exposure measurements, glove measurements as indicator of skin exposure, process-upset information gleaned from historical reports, and self-reported information on exposure events. Hierarchical clustering was conducted to systematically group participants based on similarity of patterns of 16 exposure variables. The associations of the exposure metrics with BeS and self-reported skin symptoms (in work areas processing beryllium salts as well as in other work areas) were evaluated using correlation analysis, log-binomial and logistic regression models with splines. RESULTS Metrics of peak inhalation exposure, indices of skin exposure, and using material containing beryllium salts were significantly associated with skin symptoms and BeS; skin symptoms were a strong predictor of BeS. However, in this cohort, we could not tease apart the independent effects of skin exposure from inhalation exposure, as these exposures occurred simultaneously and were highly correlated. Hierarchical clustering identified groups of participants with unique patterns of exposure characteristics resulting in different prevalence of BeS and skin symptoms. A cluster with high skin exposure index and use of material containing beryllium salts had the highest prevalence of BeS and self-reported skin symptoms, followed by a cluster with high inhalation and skin exposure index and a very small fraction of jobs in which beryllium salts were used. A cluster with low inhalation and skin exposure and no workers using beryllium salts had no cases of BeS. CONCLUSION Multiple pathways and types of exposure were associated with BeS and may be important for informing BeS prevention. Prevention efforts should focus on controlling airborne beryllium exposures with attention to peaks, use of process characteristics (e.g. the likelihood of upset conditions to design interventions) minimize skin exposure to beryllium particles, and in particular, eliminate skin contact with beryllium salts to interrupt potential exposure pathways for BeS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Christine R Schuler
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA.,National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jean Cox-Ganser
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marcia L Stanton
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Kreiss
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
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30
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Li WL, Zhang Q, Chen M, Hu HS, Li J, Zhou M. Formation and Characterization of a BeOBeC Multiple Radical Featuring a Quartet Carbyne Moiety. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6923-6928. [PMID: 32017342 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Through reaction of beryllium dimers with carbon monoxide, a carbonyl complex BeBeCO is formed in solid neon. Upon visible light excitation, the BeBeCO complex rearranges to a BeCOBe isomer, which further isomerizes to a low-energy BeOBeC species under UV-visible light excitation. These species are identified on the basis of infrared absorption spectroscopy with isotopic substitutions and quantum chemical studies. The BeOBeC molecule is characterized to be a multiple radical species having an electronic quintet ground state featuring an unusual quartet carbyne unit with three unpaired electrons on the carbon center. Bonding analysis indicates that the strong Pauli repulsion between carbon 2s lone pair electrons and the σ electrons of the BeOBe fragment significantly weakens the Be-C bonding and destabilizes the triplet state of the BeOBeC radical with a doublet carbyne unit. The three-center π-bonding of BeOBe is also found to play a role in stabilizing the quartet carbyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lu Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qingnan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mohua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Abstract
The preparation and spectroscopic identification of the complexes NNBe(η2‐N2) and (NN)2Be(η2‐N2) and the energetically higher lying isomers Be(NN)2 and Be(NN)3 are reported. NNBe(η2‐N2) and (NN)2Be(η2‐N2) are the first examples of covalently side‐on bonded N2 adducts of a main‐group element. The analysis of the electronic structure using modern methods of quantum chemistry suggests that NNBe(η2‐N2) and (NN)2Be(η2‐N2) should be classified as π complexes rather than metalladiazirines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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32
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Svechnikov M, Chkhalo N, Lopatin A, Pleshkov R, Polkovnikov V, Salashchenko N, Schäfers F, Sertsu MG, Sokolov A, Tsybin N. Optical constants of sputtered beryllium thin films determined from photoabsorption measurements in the spectral range 20.4-250 eV. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:75-82. [PMID: 31868739 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519014188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the refractive index of beryllium in the photon energy range 20.4-250 eV was experimentally determined. The initial data include measurements of the transmittance of two free-standing Be films with thicknesses of 70 nm and 152 nm, as well as reflectometric measurements of similar films on a substrate. Measurements were carried out at the optics beamline of the BESSY II synchrotron radiation source. The absorption coefficient β was found directly from the transmission coefficient of the films, and the real part of the polarizability δ was calculated from the Kramers-Kronig relations. A comparison is carried out with results obtained 20 years ago at the ALS synchrotron using a similar methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Svechnikov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Academicheskaya 7, Nizhny Novgorod 603087, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Chkhalo
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Academicheskaya 7, Nizhny Novgorod 603087, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Lopatin
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Academicheskaya 7, Nizhny Novgorod 603087, Russian Federation
| | - Roman Pleshkov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Academicheskaya 7, Nizhny Novgorod 603087, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Polkovnikov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Academicheskaya 7, Nizhny Novgorod 603087, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Salashchenko
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Academicheskaya 7, Nizhny Novgorod 603087, Russian Federation
| | - Franz Schäfers
- Department of Nanooptics and Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mewael G Sertsu
- Department of Nanooptics and Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Sokolov
- Department Precision Gratings, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolay Tsybin
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Academicheskaya 7, Nizhny Novgorod 603087, Russian Federation
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Müller M, Buchner MR. Understanding the Localization of Berylliosis: Interaction of Be 2+ with Carbohydrates and Related Biomimetic Ligands. Chemistry 2019; 25:16257-16269. [PMID: 31498482 PMCID: PMC6973027 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The interplay of metal ions with polysaccharides is important for the immune recognition in the lung. Due to the localization of beryllium associated diseases to the lung, it is likely that beryllium carbohydrate complexes play a vital role for the development of berylliosis. Herein, we present a detailed study on the interaction of Be2+ ions with fructose and glucose as well as simpler biomimetic ligands, which emulate binding motives of saccharides. Through NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, complemented by competition reactions we were able to determine a distinctive trend in the binding affinity of these ligands. This suggests that under physiological conditions beryllium ions are only bound irreversibly in glycoproteins or polysaccharides if a quasi ideal tetrahedral environment and κ4‐coordination is provided by the respective biomolecule. Furthermore, Lewis acid induced conversions of the ligands and an extreme increase in the Brønstedt acidity of the present OH‐groups imply that upon enclosure of Be2+, alterations may be induced by the metal ion in glycoproteins or polysaccharides. In addition the frequent formation of Be‐O‐heterocycles indicates that multinuclear beryllium compounds might be the actual trigger of berylliosis. This investigation on beryllium coordination chemistry was supplemented by binding studies of selected biomimetic ligands with Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and Li+, which revealed that none of these beryllium related ions was tetrahedrally coordinated under the give conditions. Therefore, studies on the metabolization of beryllium compounds cannot be performed with other hard cations as a substitute for the hazardous Be2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Müller
- Anorganische Chemie, Nachwuchsgruppe Berylliumchemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Magnus R Buchner
- Anorganische Chemie, Nachwuchsgruppe Berylliumchemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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34
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Amon A, Svanidze E, Ormeci A, König M, Kasinathan D, Takegami D, Prots Y, Liao YF, Tsuei KD, Tjeng LH, Leithe-Jasper A, Grin Y. Interplay of Atomic Interactions in the Intermetallic Semiconductor Be 5 Pt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15928-15933. [PMID: 31483920 PMCID: PMC7754163 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Semiconducting substances form one of the most important families of functional materials. However, semiconductors containing only metals are very rare. The chemical mechanisms behind their ground‐state properties are only partially understood. Our investigations have rather unexpectedly revealed the semiconducting behaviour (band gap of 190 meV) for the intermetallic compound Be5Pt formed at a very low valence‐electron count. Quantum‐chemical analysis shows strong charge transfer from Be to Pt and reveals a three‐dimensional entity of vertex‐condensed empty Be4 tetrahedrons with multi‐atomic cluster bonds interpenetrated by the framework of Pt‐filled vertex‐condensed Be4 tetrahedrons with two‐atomic polar Be−Pt bonds. The combination of strong Coulomb interactions with relativistic effects results in a band gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Amon
- Department Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eteri Svanidze
- Department Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alim Ormeci
- Department Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus König
- Department Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Deepa Kasinathan
- Department Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daisuke Takegami
- Department Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yurii Prots
- Department Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yen-Fa Liao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, 30076, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ku-Ding Tsuei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, 30076, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Liu Hao Tjeng
- Department Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Leithe-Jasper
- Department Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Department Chemische Metallkunde, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01277, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Aldehydes play a key role in the human metabolism. Therefore, it is essential to know their reactivity with beryllium compounds in order to assess its effects in the body. The reactivity of simple aldehydes towards beryllium halides (F, Cl, Br, I) was studied through solution and solid‐state techniques and revealed distinctively different reactivities of the beryllium halides, with BeF2 being the least and BeI2 the most reactive. Rearrangement and aldol condensation reactions were observed and monitored by in situ NMR spectroscopy. Crystal structures of various compounds obtained by Be2+‐catalyzed cyclization, rearrangement, and aldol addition reactions or ligation of beryllium halides have been determined, including unprecedented one‐dimensional BeCl2 chains and the first structurally characterized example of an 1‐iodo‐alkoxide. Long‐term studies showed that only aldehydes without a β‐H can form stable beryllium complexes, whereas other aldehydes are oligo‐ and polymerized or decomposed by beryllium halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Müller
- Anorganische Chemie, Nachwuchsgruppe Berylliumchemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Magnus R Buchner
- Anorganische Chemie, Nachwuchsgruppe Berylliumchemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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36
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Wang G, Freeman LA, Dickie DA, Mokrai R, Benkő Z, Gilliard RJ. Isolation of Cyclic(Alkyl)(Amino) Carbene-Bismuthinidene Mediated by a Beryllium(0) Complex. Chemistry 2019; 25:4335-4339. [PMID: 30706565 PMCID: PMC6593863 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The long‐sought carbene–bismuthinidene, (CAAC)Bi(Ph), has been synthesized. Notably, this represents both the first example of a carbene‐stabilized subvalent bismuth complex and the extension of the carbene‐pnictinidene concept to a non‐toxic metallic element (Bi). The bonding has been investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies and DFT calculations. This report also highlights the hitherto unknown reducing and ligand transfer capability of a beryllium(0) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Lucas A Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Réka Mokrai
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Rd./ PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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Abstract
Beryllium (Be) is a metal mainly used in the form of alloys, with copper (Cu) and aluminium (Al) in the metal industry. Be is an extremely toxic element which must be handled under strictly controlled conditions to avoid health hazards to workers. Exposure to Be can be responsible for Chronic Beryllium Disease, a pulmonary disease preceded by sensitization to the element, and for lung cancer. The goals of the current study were to investigate Be exposure in France, to determine the airborne Be occupational exposure levels, the associated impregnation of employees through their urinary Be levels and the factors that might affect them, and finally to study a possible relation between biomonitoring and airborne data. Seventy-five volunteer subjects were thus atmospherically and biologically monitored in five French companies involved in Cu or Al casting, Al smelting, CuBe machining or AlBe general mechanical engineering. Airborne exposure was quite low with only 2% of measurements above the current French Occupational Exposure Limit (2 µg/m3); the population potentially most exposed was foundry workers. Impregnation with Be was also low with only 10% of quantified urinary Be measurements above the current German BAR value (0.05 µg/L). Using a Bayesian statistical modelling approach, the mean subject-specific urinary excretion of Be was found to increase significantly with the mean subject-specific exposure to airborne Be. From this relationship, and based on the current French OEL-8 hr, a Biological Limit Value of 0.08 µg/L (= 0.06 µg/g creatinine) could be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Devoy
- a Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité , Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy , France
| | - Aurélie Martin Remy
- a Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité , Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy , France
- d EA 4360 APEMAC, Université de Lorraine , Ecole de Sante Publique de Nancy , Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy , France
| | - Bénédicte La Rocca
- a Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité , Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy , France
| | - Pascal Wild
- b Research and Study Management , Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité , Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy , France
| | - Davy Rousset
- c Pollutants Metrology Division, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité , Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy , France
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38
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Peng G, Ye N, Lin Z, Kang L, Pan S, Zhang M, Lin C, Long X, Luo M, Chen Y, Tang YH, Xu F, Yan T. NH 4 Be 2 BO 3 F 2 and γ-Be 2 BO 3 F: Overcoming the Layering Habit in KBe 2 BO 3 F 2 for the Next-Generation Deep-Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8968-8972. [PMID: 29752873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
KBe2 BO3 F2 (KBBF) is still the only practically usable crystal that can generate deep-ultraviolet (DUV) coherent light by direct second harmonic generation (SHG). However, applications are hindered by layering, leading to difficulty in the growth of thick crystals and compromised mechanical integrity. Despite efforts, it is still a great challenge to discover new nonlinear optical (NLO) materials that overcome the layering while keeping the DUV SHG available. Now, two new DUV NLO beryllium borates have been successfully designed and synthesized, NH4 Be2 BO3 F2 (ABBF) and γ-Be2 BO3 F (γ-BBF), which not only overcome the layering but also can be used as next-generation DUV NLO materials with the shortest type I phase-matching second-harmonic wavelength down to 173.9 nm and 146 nm, respectively. Significantly, γ-BBF is superior to KBBF in all metrics and would be the most outstanding DUV NLO crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic, Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ning Ye
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic, Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zheshuai Lin
- Beijing Center for Crystal R&D, Key Lab of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology of, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lei Kang
- Beijing Center for Crystal R&D, Key Lab of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology of, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shilie Pan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Chensheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic, Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xifa Long
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic, Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Min Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic, Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic, Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Yu-Huan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic, Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic, Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic, Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
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39
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Abstract
ωB97XD/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations were performed for clusters of Z2+ cations (Z=Be and Mg) and HCN molecules (up to six molecules). The clusters of Be(CH3 )2 and Mg(CH3 )2 with HCN species were also calculated to analyse the influence of the Be/Mg-C formally covalent bonds on interactions of Be or Mg centre with ligands. The beryllium and magnesium centres possess different areas of a positive electrostatic potential that depend on a number of HCN ligands in the cluster considered. Numerous correlations between geometrical, energetic and topological parameters of the clusters considered are discussed since various theoretical approaches are applied; Quantum Theory of 'Atoms in Molecules', Natural Bond Orbital method and decomposition of the energy of interaction. The Be/Mg…N interactions classified as beryllium and magnesium bonds possess numerous characteristics which are known for the hydrogen bonds. Different types of coordination of Be and Mg centres analysed here exist also in crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir J Grabowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country and Donostia, International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080, Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
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40
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Abstract
We studied the nature of the interaction of the weakly bound Be-He adduct by means of an integrated theoretical approach based on high-level quantum chemical calculations for the characterization of the potential energy surfaces and charge displaced upon adduct formation, together with the development of a semi-empirical analytical formulation of the interaction potential. Our results show that Be is able to form a stable adduct with He when the Be(1 D) (1s2 2s2 →1s2 2s0 2p2 ) excited state is involved, with a binding energy of as much as 10.2 kcal/mol, an astonishingly large value for He in neutral systems. The analysis of the leading interaction components in the Be*-He adduct proves the relevance of the charge transfer to the overall stability, which contributes to decreasing the intermolecular distance, thus strengthening the induction-energy component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nunzi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (ISTM-CNR), via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Diego Cesario
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fernando Pirani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (ISTM-CNR), via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (ISTM-CNR), via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
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41
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Dastjerdi MHT, Fiordaliso EM, Leshchenko ED, Akhtari-Zavareh A, Kasama T, Aagesen M, Dubrovskii VG, LaPierre RR. Three-fold Symmetric Doping Mechanism in GaAs Nanowires. Nano Lett 2017; 17:5875-5882. [PMID: 28903563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A new dopant incorporation mechanism in Ga-assisted GaAs nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy is reported. Off-axis electron holography revealed that p-type Be dopants introduced in situ during molecular beam epitaxy growth of the nanowires were distributed inhomogeneously in the nanowire cross-section, perpendicular to the growth direction. The active dopants showed a remarkable azimuthal distribution along the (111)B flat top of the nanowires, which is attributed to preferred incorporation along 3-fold symmetric truncated facets under the Ga droplet. A diffusion model is presented to explain the unique radial and azimuthal variation of the active dopants in the GaAs nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H T Dastjerdi
- Department of Engineering Physics, Centre for Emerging Device Technologies, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario Canada , L8S 4L7
| | - E M Fiordaliso
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - E D Leshchenko
- ITMO University , Kronverkskiy pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A Akhtari-Zavareh
- Department of Engineering Physics, Centre for Emerging Device Technologies, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario Canada , L8S 4L7
| | - T Kasama
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Aagesen
- Gasp Solar ApS, Gregersensvej 7, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - V G Dubrovskii
- ITMO University , Kronverkskiy pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg Academic University , Khlopina 8/3, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Ioffe Physical Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - R R LaPierre
- Department of Engineering Physics, Centre for Emerging Device Technologies, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario Canada , L8S 4L7
- ITMO University , Kronverkskiy pr. 49, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
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42
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Naglav D, Buchner MR, Bendt G, Kraus F, Schulz S. Off the Beaten Track-A Hitchhiker's Guide to Beryllium Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10562-76. [PMID: 27364901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview aims to give an introduction to beryllium chemistry for all less-experienced scientists in this field of research. Up to date information on the toxicity of beryllium and its compounds are reviewed and several basic and necessary guidelines for a safe and proper handling in modern chemical research laboratories are presented. Interesting phenomenological observations are described that are related directly to the uniqueness of this element, which are also put into historical context. Herein we combine the contributions and experiences of many scientist that work passionately in this field. We want to encourage fellow scientists to reconcile the long-standing reservations about beryllium and its compounds and motivate intense research on this spurned element. Who on earth should be able to deal with beryllium and its compounds if not chemists?
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Naglav
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Magnus R Buchner
- Anorganische Chemie, Fluorchemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Georg Bendt
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Kraus
- Anorganische Chemie, Fluorchemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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Falta MT, Tinega AN, Mack DG, Bowerman NA, Crawford F, Kappler JW, Pinilla C, Fontenot AP. Metal-specific CD4+ T-cell responses induced by beryllium exposure in HLA-DP2 transgenic mice. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:218-28. [PMID: 26129650 PMCID: PMC4698108 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a granulomatous lung disorder that is associated with the accumulation of beryllium (Be)-specific CD4(+) T cells into the lung. Genetic susceptibility is linked to HLA-DPB1 alleles that possess a glutamic acid at position 69 (βGlu69), and HLA-DPB1*02:01 is the most prevalent βGlu69-containing allele. Using HLA-DP2 transgenic (Tg) mice, we developed a model of CBD that replicates the major features of the human disease. Here we characterized the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of Be-responsive CD4(+) T cells derived from the lungs of Be oxide-exposed HLA-DP2 Tg mice. The majority of Be-specific T-cell hybridomas expressed TCR Vβ6, and a subset of these hybridomas expressed identical or nearly identical β-chains that were paired with different α-chains. We delineated mimotopes that bind to HLA-DP2 and form a complex recognized by Be-specific CD4(+) T cells in the absence of Be. These Be-independent peptides possess an arginine at p5 and a tryptophan at p7 that surround the Be-binding site within the HLA-DP2 acidic pocket and likely induce charge and conformational changes that mimic those induced by the Be(2+) cation. Collectively, these data highlight the interplay between peptides and Be in the generation of an adaptive immune response in metal-induced hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Falta
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Alex N. Tinega
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Douglas G. Mack
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Natalie A. Bowerman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Frances Crawford
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206 USA
| | - John W. Kappler
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206 USA
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Andrew P. Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
,Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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44
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McKee AS, Mack DG, Crawford F, Fontenot AP. MyD88 dependence of beryllium-induced dendritic cell trafficking and CD4⁺ T-cell priming. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1237-47. [PMID: 25760420 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Beryllium exposure results in beryllium hypersensitivity in a subset of exposed individuals, leading to granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis in the lung. In addition to its antigenic properties, beryllium has potent adjuvant activity that contributes to sensitization via unknown pathways. Here we show that beryllium induces cellular death and release of interleukin (IL)-1α and DNA into the lung. Release of IL-1α was inflammasome independent and required for beryllium-induced neutrophil recruitment into the lung. Beryllium enhanced classical dendritic cell (cDC) migration from the lung to draining lymph nodes (LNs) in an IL-1R-independent manner, and the accumulation of activated cDCs in the LN was associated with increased priming of CD4(+) T cells. DC migration was reduced in Toll-like receptor 9 knockout (TLR9KO) mice; however, cDCs in the LNs of TLR9-deficient mice were highly activated, suggesting a role for more than one innate receptor in the effects on DCs. The adjuvant effects of beryllium on CD4(+) T-cell priming were similar in wild-type, IL-1R-, caspase-1-, TLR2-, TLR4-, TLR7-, and TLR9-deficient mice. In contrast, DC migration, activation, and the adjuvant effects of beryllium were significantly reduced in myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 knockout (MyD88KO) mice. Collectively, these data suggest that beryllium exposure results in the release of damage-associated molecular patterns that engage MyD88-dependent receptors to enhance pulmonary DC function.
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45
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Abstract
Harriet Hardy, protégé of Alice Hamilton, spent 1948 in the Health Division of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The contemporary campaign for federal legislation to compensate nuclear workers brought to the fore living retirees in whose cases of occupational illness Hardy had a role in diagnosis or case management. A third case is documented in archival records. Methods of participatory action research were used to better document the cases and strategize in light of the evidence, thereby assisting the workers with compensation claims. Medical and neuropsychological exams of the mercury case were conducted. Hardy's diary entries and memoirs were interpreted in light of medicolegal documentation and workers' recollections. Through these participatory research activities, Harriet Hardy's role and influence both inside and outside the atomic weapons complex have been elucidated. An important lesson learned is the ongoing need for a system of protective medical evaluations for nuclear workers with complex chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rick Bird
- Northern New Mexico College in Espanola
| | | | | | - Hilario Romero
- Independent Environmental Consultant, Northern New Mexico and Washington State
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Tooker BC, Brindley SM, Chiarappa-Zucca ML, Turteltaub KW, Newman LS. Accelerator mass spectrometry detection of beryllium ions in the antigen processing and presentation pathway. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:181-7. [PMID: 24932923 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.917748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to small amounts of beryllium (Be) can result in beryllium sensitization and progression to Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD). In CBD, beryllium is presented to Be-responsive T-cells by professional antigen-presenting cells (APC). This presentation drives T-cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-2, TNFα, and IFNγ) production and leads to granuloma formation. The mechanism by which beryllium enters an APC and is processed to become part of the beryllium antigen complex has not yet been elucidated. Developing techniques for beryllium detection with enough sensitivity has presented a barrier to further investigation. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) is sensitive enough to quantify the amount of beryllium presented by APC to stimulate Be-responsive T-cells. To achieve this goal, APC - which may or may not stimulate Be-responsive T-cells - were cultured with Be-ferritin. Then, by utilizing AMS, the amount of beryllium processed for presentation was determined. Further, IFNγ intracellular cytokine assays were performed to demonstrate that Be-ferritin (at levels used in the experiments) could stimulate Be-responsive T-cells when presented by an APC of the correct HLA type (HLA-DP0201). The results indicated that Be-responsive T-cells expressed IFNγ only when APC with the correct HLA type were able to process Be for presentation. Utilizing AMS, it was determined that APC with HLA-DP0201 had membrane fractions containing 0.17-0.59 ng Be and APC with HLA-DP0401 had membrane fractions bearing 0.40-0.45 ng Be. However, HLA-DP0401 APC had 20-times more Be associated with the whole cells (57.68-61.12 ng) than HLA-DP0201 APC (0.90-3.49 ng). As these findings demonstrate, AMS detection of picogram levels of Be processed by APC is possible. Further, regardless of form, Be requires processing by APC to successfully stimulate Be-responsive T-cells to generate IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Tooker
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
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Stark M, Lerman Y, Kapel A, Pardo A, Schwarz Y, Newman L, Maier L, Fireman E. Biological exposure metrics of beryllium-exposed dental technicians. Arch Environ Occup Health 2014; 69:89-99. [PMID: 24205960 PMCID: PMC4347856 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2012.744736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Beryllium is commonly used in the dental industry. This study investigates the association between particle size and shape in induced sputum (IS) with beryllium exposure and oxidative stress in 83 dental technicians. Particle size and shape were defined by laser and video, whereas beryllium exposure data came from self-reports and beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) results. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) gene expression in IS was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A high content of particles (92%) in IS >5 μ in size is correlated to a positive BeLPT risk (odds ratio [OR] = 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9-13). Use of masks, hoods, and type of exposure yielded differences in the transparency of IS particles (gray level) and modulate HO1 levels. These results indicate that parameters of size and shape of particles in IS are sensitive to workplace hygiene, affect the level of oxidative stress, and may be potential markers for monitoring hazardous dust exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Stark
- a Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, National Laboratory Service for ILD, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv , Israel
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48
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Armstrong JL, Day GA, Park JY, Stefaniak AB, Stanton ML, Deubner DC, Kent MS, Schuler CR, Virji MA. Migration of Beryllium via Multiple Exposure Pathways among Work Processes in Four Different Facilities. J Occup Environ Hyg 2014; 11:781-792. [PMID: 25357184 PMCID: PMC5003170 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.919392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of beryllium is associated with the development of sensitization; however, dermal exposure may also be important. The primary aim of this study was to elucidate relationships among exposure pathways in four different manufacturing and finishing facilities. Secondary aims were to identify jobs with increased levels of beryllium in air, on skin, and on surfaces; identify potential discrepancies in exposure pathways, and determine if these are related to jobs with previously identified risk. Beryllium was measured in air, on cotton gloves, and on work surfaces. Summary statistics were calculated and correlations among all three measurement types were examined at the facility and job level. Exposure ranking strategies were used to identify jobs with higher exposures. The highest air, glove, and surface measurements were observed in beryllium metal production and beryllium oxide ceramics manufacturing jobs that involved hot processes and handling powders. Two finishing and distribution facilities that handle solid alloy products had lower exposures than the primary production facilities, and there were differences observed among jobs. For all facilities combined, strong correlations were found between air-surface (rp ≥ 0.77), glove-surface (rp ≥ 0.76), and air-glove measurements (rp ≥ 0.69). In jobs where higher risk of beryllium sensitization or disease has been reported, exposure levels for all three measurement types were higher than in jobs with lower risk, though they were not the highest. Some jobs with low air concentrations had higher levels of beryllium on glove and surface wipe samples, suggesting a need to further evaluate the causes of the discrepant levels. Although such correlations provide insight on where beryllium is located throughout the workplace, they cannot identify the direction of the pathways between air, surface, or skin. Ranking strategies helped to identify jobs with the highest combined air, glove, and/or surface exposures. All previously identified high-risk jobs had high air concentrations, dermal mass loading, or both, and none had low dermal and air. We have found that both pathways are relevant. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resource: a file describing the forms of beryllium materials encountered during production and characteristics of the aerosols by process areas.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Armstrong
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Gregory A. Day
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ji Young Park
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Marcia L. Stanton
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | | | - Christine R. Schuler
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Welch LS, Ringen K, Dement J, Bingham E, Quinn P, Shorter J, Fisher M. Beryllium disease among construction trade workers at Department of Energy nuclear sites. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:1125-36. [PMID: 23794247 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A medical surveillance program was developed to identify current and former construction workers at significant risk for beryllium related disease from work at the DOE nuclear weapons facilities, and to improve surveillance among beryllium exposed workers. METHODS Medical examinations included a medical history and a beryllium blood lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT). Stratified and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore the risk of disease by age, race, trade, and reported work in buildings where beryllium was used. After adjusting for covariates, the risk of BeS was significantly higher among boilermakers, roofers, and sheet metal workers, as suggested in the stratified analyses. Workers identified as sensitized to beryllium were interviewed to determine whether they had been subsequently diagnosed with chronic beryllium disease. RESULTS Between 1998 and December 31, 2010 13,810 workers received a BeLPT through the BTMed program; 189 (1.4%) were sensitized to beryllium, and 28 reported that they had had a compensation claim accepted for CBD. CONCLUSIONS These data on former construction workers gives us additional information about the predictive value of the blood BeLPT test for detection of CBD in populations with lower total lifetime exposures and more remote exposures than that experienced by current workers in beryllium machining operations. Through this surveillance program we have identified routes of exposures to beryllium and worked with DOE site personnel to identity and mitigate those exposures which still exist, as well as helping to focus attention on the risk for beryllium exposure among current demolition workers at these facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Welch
- Center for Construction Research and Training; Silver Spring; Maryland
| | - Knut Ringen
- Center for Construction Research and Training; Silver Spring; Maryland
| | - John Dement
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Duke University Medical Center; Durham; North Carolina
| | - Eula Bingham
- Department of Environmental Health; University of Cincinnati Medical Center; Cincinnati; Ohio
| | - Patricia Quinn
- Center for Construction Research and Training; Silver Spring; Maryland
| | | | - Miles Fisher
- Center for Construction Research and Training; Silver Spring; Maryland
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50
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Abstract
Beryllium induces non-caseating granulomatous inflammation in humans exposed to the metal dust or fumes in both occupational and non-occupational settings. The resulting condition, chronic beryllium disease (CBD), affects principally the lungs, lymphatics, and skin and continues to plague modern industry. Beryllium exerts several important immunotoxic effects, including induction of a beryllium-antigen specific adaptive immune response and the triggering of inflammatory and innate immune responses. Genetic susceptibility plays a role in CBD adaptive immune responses, mainly mediated through single nucleotide polymorphisms in HLA-DP and, to a lesser extent, HLA-DR. The adaptive response is characterized by influx and proliferation of CD4+ central and effector memory T cells expressing Th1 cytokines. Insights into the immunopathogenesis of CBD have implications for the understanding of other immune-mediated granulomatous disorders and for metal antigen behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Newman
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics and Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, B-164, 80262, Denver, CO, USA,
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