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Geng F, Zhong Y, Su H, Lefai E, Magaki S, Cloughesy TF, Yong WH, Chakravarti A, Guo D. SREBP-1 upregulates lipophagy to maintain cholesterol homeostasis in brain tumor cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112790. [PMID: 37436895 PMCID: PMC10528745 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a structural component of cell membranes. How rapidly growing tumor cells maintain membrane cholesterol homeostasis is poorly understood. Here, we found that glioblastoma (GBM), the most lethal brain tumor, maintains normal levels of membrane cholesterol but with an abundant presence of cholesteryl esters (CEs) in its lipid droplets (LDs). Mechanistically, SREBP-1 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1), a master transcription factor that is activated upon cholesterol depletion, upregulates critical autophagic genes, including ATG9B, ATG4A, and LC3B, as well as lysosome cholesterol transporter NPC2. This upregulation promotes LD lipophagy, resulting in the hydrolysis of CEs and the liberation of cholesterol from the lysosomes, thus maintaining plasma membrane cholesterol homeostasis. When this pathway is blocked, GBM cells become quite sensitive to cholesterol deficiency with poor growth in vitro. Our study unravels an SREBP-1-autophagy-LD-CE hydrolysis pathway that plays an important role in maintaining membrane cholesterol homeostasis while providing a potential therapeutic avenue for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Geng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yaogang Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Huali Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Etienne Lefai
- Human Nutrition Unit, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, University Clermont Auvergne, 63122 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Shino Magaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology (Neuro-Oncology), David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine at University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Deliang Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center of Cancer Metabolism, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Butovich IA, Wilkerson A, Goggans KR, Belyaeva OV, Kedishvili NY, Yuksel S. Sdr16c5 and Sdr16c6 control a dormant pathway at a bifurcation point between meibogenesis and sebogenesis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104725. [PMID: 37075844 PMCID: PMC10206187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes Sdr16c5 and Sdr16c6 encode proteins that belong to a superfamily of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR16C5 and SDR16C6). Simultaneous inactivation of these genes in double-KO (DKO) mice was previously shown to result in a marked enlargement of the mouse Meibomian glands (MGs) and sebaceous glands, respectively. However, the exact roles of SDRs in physiology and biochemistry of MGs and sebaceous glands have not been established yet. Therefore, we characterized, for the first time, meibum and sebum of Sdr16c5/Sdr16c6-null (DKO) mice using high-resolution MS and LC. In this study, we demonstrated that the mutation upregulated the overall production of MG secretions (also known as meibogenesis) and noticeably altered their lipidomic profile, but had a more subtle effect on sebogenesis. The major changes in meibum of DKO mice included abnormal accumulation of shorter chain, sebaceous-type cholesteryl esters and wax esters (WEs), and a marked increase in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated and diunsaturated Meibomian-type WEs. Importantly, the MGs of DKO mice maintained their ability to produce typical extremely long chain Meibomian-type lipids at seemingly normal levels. These observations indicated preferential activation of a previously dormant biosynthetic pathway that produce shorter chain, and more unsaturated, sebaceous-type WEs in the MGs of DKO mice, without altering the elongation patterns of their extremely long chain Meibomian-type counterparts. We conclude that the Sdr16c5/Sdr16c6 pair may control a point of bifurcation in one of the meibogenesis subpathways at which biosynthesis of lipids can be redirected toward either abnormal sebaceous-type lipidome or normal Meibomian-type lipidome in WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Butovich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Amber Wilkerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kelli R Goggans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olga V Belyaeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Natalia Y Kedishvili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Seher Yuksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Burzynska-Pedziwiatr I, Dudzik D, Sansone A, Malachowska B, Zieleniak A, Zurawska-Klis M, Ferreri C, Chatgilialoglu C, Cypryk K, Wozniak LA, Markuszewski MJ, Bukowiecka-Matusiak M. Targeted and untargeted metabolomic approach for GDM diagnosis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:997436. [PMID: 36685282 PMCID: PMC9849575 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.997436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disorder which manifests itself for the first time during pregnancy and is mainly connected with glucose metabolism. It is also known that fatty acid profile changes in erythrocyte membranes and plasma could be associated with obesity and insulin resistance. These factors can lead to the development of diabetes. In the reported study, we applied the untargeted analysis of plasma in GDM against standard glucose-tolerant (NGT) women to identify the differences in metabolomic profiles between those groups. We found higher levels of 2-hydroxybutyric and 3-hydroxybutyric acids. Both secondary metabolites are associated with impaired glucose metabolism. However, they are products of different metabolic pathways. Additionally, we applied lipidomic profiling using gas chromatography to examine the fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters in the plasma of GDM patients. Among the 14 measured fatty acids characterizing the representative plasma lipidomic cluster, myristic, oleic, arachidonic, and α-linoleic acids revealed statistically significant changes. Concentrations of both myristic acid, one of the saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and oleic acid, which belong to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), tend to decrease in GDM patients. In the case of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), some of them tend to increase (e.g., arachidonic), and some of them tend to decrease (e.g., α-linolenic). Based on our results, we postulate the importance of hydroxybutyric acid derivatives, cholesteryl ester composition, and the oleic acid diminution in the pathophysiology of GDM. There are some evidence suggests that the oleic acid can have the protective role in diabetes onset. However, metabolic alterations that lead to the onset of GDM are complex; therefore, further studies are needed to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danuta Dudzik
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Sansone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beata Malachowska
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland,Department of Nursing and Obstetrics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland,Department of Clinic Nursing, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland,Department of Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zieleniak
- Laboratory of Metabolomic Studies, Department of Structural Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Zurawska-Klis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Carla Ferreri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Katarzyna Cypryk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lucyna A. Wozniak
- Laboratory of Metabolomic Studies, Department of Structural Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal J. Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Bukowiecka-Matusiak
- Laboratory of Metabolomic Studies, Department of Structural Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland,*Correspondence: Malgorzata Bukowiecka-Matusiak,
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Sjövall P, Gregoire S, Wargniez W, Skedung L, Luengo GS. 3D Molecular Imaging of Stratum Corneum by Mass Spectrometry Suggests Distinct Distribution of Cholesteryl Esters Compared to Other Skin Lipids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36430276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial barrier properties of the stratum corneum (SC) depend critically on the design and integrity of its layered molecular structure. However, analysis methods capable of spatially resolved molecular characterization of the SC are scarce and fraught with severe limitations, e.g., regarding molecular specificity or spatial resolution. Here, we used 3D time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to characterize the spatial distribution of skin lipids in corneocyte multilayer squams obtained by tape stripping. Depth profiles of specific skin lipids display an oscillatory behavior that is consistent with successive monitoring of individual lipid and corneocyte layers of the SC structure. Whereas the most common skin lipids, i.e., ceramides, C24:0 and C26:0 fatty acids and cholesteryl sulfate, are similarly organized, a distinct 3D distribution was observed for cholesteryl oleate, suggesting a different localization of cholesteryl esters compared to the lipid matrix separating the corneocyte layers. The possibility to monitor the composition and spatial distribution of endogenous lipids as well as active drug and cosmetic substances in individual lipid and corneocyte layers has the potential to provide important contributions to the basic understanding of barrier function and penetration in the SC.
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Pramfalk C, Ahmed O, Pedrelli M, Minniti ME, Luquet S, Denis RG, Olin M, Härdfeldt J, Vedin LL, Steffensen KR, Rydén M, Hodson L, Eriksson M, Parini P. Soat2 ties cholesterol metabolism to β-oxidation and glucose tolerance in male mice. J Intern Med 2022; 292:296-307. [PMID: 34982494 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (Soat2) encodes acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), which synthesizes cholesteryl esters in hepatocytes and enterocytes fated either to storage or to secretion into nascent triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. OBJECTIVES We aimed to unravel the molecular mechanisms leading to reduced hepatic steatosis when Soat2 is depleted in mice. METHODS Soat2-/- and wild-type mice were fed a high-fat, a high-carbohydrate, or a chow diet, and parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism were assessed. RESULTS Glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), and insulin tolerance tests significantly improved in Soat2-/- mice, irrespective of the dietary regimes (2-way ANOVA). The significant positive correlations between area under the curve (AUC) OGTT (r = 0.66, p < 0.05), serum fasting insulin (r = 0.86, p < 0.05), HOMA-IR (r = 0.86, p < 0.05), Adipo-IR (0.87, p < 0.05), hepatic triglycerides (TGs) (r = 0.89, p < 0.05), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG (r = 0.87, p < 0.05) and the hepatic cholesteryl esters in wild-type mice disappeared in Soat2-/- mice. Genetic depletion of Soat2 also increased whole-body oxidation by 30% (p < 0.05) compared to wild-type mice. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that ACAT2-generated cholesteryl esters negatively affect the metabolic control by retaining TG in the liver and that genetic inhibition of Soat2 improves liver steatosis via partitioning of lipids into secretory (VLDL-TG) and oxidative (fatty acids) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pramfalk
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Medicine Unit Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Osman Ahmed
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirko E Minniti
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Maria Olin
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Härdfeldt
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lise-Lotte Vedin
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Knut R Steffensen
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Medicine Unit Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Medicine Unit Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Medicine Unit Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pavanello C, Ossoli A, Strazzella A, Risè P, Veglia F, Lhomme M, Parini P, Calabresi L. Plasma FA composition in familial LCAT deficiency indicates SOAT2-derived cholesteryl ester formation in humans. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100232. [PMID: 35598637 PMCID: PMC9198958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LCAT gene cause familial LCAT deficiency (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ID: #245900), a very rare metabolic disorder. LCAT is the only enzyme able to esterify cholesterol in plasma, whereas sterol O-acyltransferases 1 and 2 are the enzymes esterifying cellular cholesterol in cells. Despite the complete lack of LCAT activity, patients with familial LCAT deficiency exhibit circulating cholesteryl esters (CEs) in apoB-containing lipoproteins. To analyze the origin of these CEs, we investigated 24 carriers of LCAT deficiency in this observational study. We found that CE plasma levels were significantly reduced and highly variable among carriers of two mutant LCAT alleles (22.5 [4.0-37.8] mg/dl) and slightly reduced in heterozygotes (218 [153-234] mg/dl). FA distribution in CE (CEFA) was evaluated in whole plasma and VLDL in a subgroup of the enrolled subjects. We found enrichment of C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 species and a depletion in C18:2 and C20:4 species in the plasma of carriers of two mutant LCAT alleles. No changes were observed in heterozygotes. Furthermore, plasma triglyceride-FA distribution was remarkably similar between carriers of LCAT deficiency and controls. CEFA distribution in VLDL essentially recapitulated that of plasma, being mainly enriched in C16:0 and C18:1, while depleted in C18:2 and C20:4. Finally, after fat loading, chylomicrons of carriers of two mutant LCAT alleles showed CEs containing mainly saturated FAs. This study of CEFA composition in a large cohort of carriers of LCAT deficiency shows that in the absence of LCAT-derived CEs, CEs present in apoB-containing lipoproteins are derived from hepatic and intestinal sterol O-acyltransferase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pavanello
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Arianna Strazzella
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Risè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Marie Lhomme
- ICAN analytics, IHU ICAN Foundation for Innovation in Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Medicine Unit Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Ziemanski JF, Wilson L, Barnes S, Nichols KK. Prostaglandin E2 and F2α Alter Expression of Select Cholesteryl Esters and Triacylglycerols Produced by Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells. Cornea 2022; 41:95-105. [PMID: 34483274 PMCID: PMC8648972 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PGF2α analogs are commonly used to treat glaucoma and are associated with higher rates of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological effects of PGF2α and PGE2 on immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs). METHODS HMGECs were immunostained for the 4 PGE2 receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) and 1 PGF2α receptor (FP) and imaged. Rosiglitazone-differentiated HMGECs were exposed to PGF2α and PGE2 (10-9 to 10-6 M) for 3 hours. Cell viability was assessed by an adenosine triphosphate-based luminescent assay, and lipid extracts were analyzed for cholesteryl esters (CEs), wax esters (WEs), and triacylglycerols (TAGs) by ESI-MSMSALL in positive ion mode by a Triple TOF 5600 Mass Spectrometer using SCIEX LipidView 1.3. RESULTS HMGECs expressed 3 PGE2 receptors (EP1, EP2, and EP4) and the 1 PGF2α receptor (FP). Neither PGE2 nor PGF2α showed signs of cytotoxicity at any of the concentrations tested. WEs were not detected from any of the samples, but both CEs and TAGs exhibited a diverse and dynamic profile. PGE2 suppressed select CEs (CE 22:1, CE 26:0, CE 28:1, and CE 30:1). PGF2α dose dependently increased several CEs (CE 20:2, CE 20:1, CE 22:1, and CE 24:0) yet decreased others. Both prostaglandins led to nonspecific TAG remodeling. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 and PGF2α showed minimal effect on HMGEC viability. PGF2α influences lipid expression greater than PGE2 and may do so by interfering with meibocyte differentiation. This work may provide insight into the mechanism of MGD development in patients with glaucoma treated with PGF2α analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian F. Ziemanski
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Department of Optometry Vision Science, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Landon Wilson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen Barnes
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kelly K. Nichols
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Department of Optometry Vision Science, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Ravindran A, Piyarathna DWB, Gohlke J, Putluri V, Soni T, Lloyd S, Castro P, Pennathur S, Jones JA, Ittmann M, Putluri N, Michailidis G, Rajendiran TM, Sreekumar A. Lipid Alterations in African American Men with Prostate Cancer. Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010008. [PMID: 35050130 PMCID: PMC8779756 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
African-American (AA) men are more than twice as likely to die of prostate cancer (PCa) than European American (EA) men. Previous in silico analysis revealed enrichment of altered lipid metabolic pathways in pan-cancer AA tumors. Here, we performed global unbiased lipidomics profiling on 48 matched localized PCa and benign adjacent tissues (30 AA, 24 ancestry-verified, and 18 EA, 8 ancestry verified) and quantified 429 lipids belonging to 14 lipid classes. Significant alterations in long chain polyunsaturated lipids were observed between PCa and benign adjacent tissues, low and high Gleason tumors, as well as associated with early biochemical recurrence, both in the entire cohort, and within AA patients. Alterations in cholesteryl esters, and phosphatidyl inositol classes of lipids delineated AA and EA PCa, while the levels of lipids belonging to triglycerides, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidic acid, and cholesteryl esters distinguished AA and EA PCa patients with biochemical recurrence. These first-in-field results implicate lipid alterations as biological factors for prostate cancer disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Ravindran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.R.); (D.W.B.P.); (J.G.); (S.L.); (N.P.)
- Center for Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Danthasinghe Waduge Badrajee Piyarathna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.R.); (D.W.B.P.); (J.G.); (S.L.); (N.P.)
- Center for Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Gohlke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.R.); (D.W.B.P.); (J.G.); (S.L.); (N.P.)
- Center for Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Advanced Technology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Tanu Soni
- Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (T.S.); (T.M.R.)
| | - Stacy Lloyd
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.R.); (D.W.B.P.); (J.G.); (S.L.); (N.P.)
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.A.J.); (M.I.)
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Human Tissue Acquisition & Pathology Shared Resource, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 84105, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Jones
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.A.J.); (M.I.)
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Operative Care Line, Urology Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.A.J.); (M.I.)
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.R.); (D.W.B.P.); (J.G.); (S.L.); (N.P.)
- Center for Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Advanced Technology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.A.J.); (M.I.)
| | - George Michailidis
- Informatics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Thekkelnaycke M. Rajendiran
- Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (T.S.); (T.M.R.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.R.); (D.W.B.P.); (J.G.); (S.L.); (N.P.)
- Center for Metabolism and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.A.J.); (M.I.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Townson AT, Malam Y, Surman K, Chhabra S, Tan CY, Deegan P, Mathews J. A case of mesenteric panniculitis in a patient with Tangier disease. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 16:164-166. [PMID: 34975012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenteric panniculitis is a rare disease caused by idiopathic inflammation of adipose tissue, most commonly affecting the mesentery of the small bowel. We present a unique case of mesenteric panniculitis in a patient with Tangier disease; a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the ABCA1 gene, leading to deficiency of high-density lipoprotein in the blood and accumulation of cholesterol esters within various tissues. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in body tissues in patients with Tangier disease may contribute to the pathogenesis of mesenteric panniculitis; although there is limited evidence to support this hypothesis due to the rarity of concurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Townson
- Department of Surgery, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, PE29 6NT, UK
| | - Yogeshkumar Malam
- Department of Surgery, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, PE29 6NT, UK.
| | - Katy Surman
- Department of Surgery, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, PE29 6NT, UK
| | - Shaan Chhabra
- Department of Surgery, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, PE29 6NT, UK
| | - Chong Yew Tan
- Lysosomal Disorders Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick Deegan
- Lysosomal Disorders Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Mathews
- Department of Surgery, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, PE29 6NT, UK
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10
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Cheng ML, Tang HY, Wu PT, Yang CH, Lo CJ, Lin JF, Ho HY. 7-Ketocholesterol Induces Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming and Enhances Cholesterol Ester Accumulation in Cardiac Cells. Cells 2021; 10:3597. [PMID: 34944104 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh) is a major oxidized cholesterol product abundant in lipoprotein deposits and atherosclerotic plaques. Our previous study has shown that 7KCh accumulates in erythrocytes of heart failure patients, and further investigation centered on how 7KCh may affect metabolism in cardiomyocytes. We applied metabolomics to study the metabolic changes in cardiac cell line HL-1 after treatment with 7KCh. Mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway-derived metabolites, such as farnesyl-pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate, phospholipids, and triacylglycerols levels significantly declined, while the levels of lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs) and lysophosphatidylethanolamines (lysoPEs), considerably increased in 7KCh-treated cells. Furthermore, the cholesterol content showed no significant change, but the production of cholesteryl esters was enhanced in the treated cells. To explore the possible mechanisms, we applied mRNA-sequencing (mRNA-seq) to study genes differentially expressed in 7KCh-treated cells. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that genes involved in lipid metabolic processes, including MVA biosynthesis and cholesterol transport and esterification, were differentially expressed in treated cells. Integrated analysis of both metabolomic and transcriptomic data suggests that 7KCh induces cholesteryl ester accumulation and reprogramming of lipid metabolism through altered transcription of such genes as sterol O-acyltransferase- and phospholipase A2-encoding genes. The 7KCh-induced reprogramming of lipid metabolism in cardiac cells may be implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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11
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Fridén M, Rosqvist F, Kullberg J, Ahlström H, Lind L, Risérus U. Associations between fatty acid composition in serum cholesteryl esters and liver fat, basal fat oxidation, and resting energy expenditure: a population-based study. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1743-1751. [PMID: 34225361 PMCID: PMC8574708 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have repeatedly shown in short-term feeding trials that a high intake of dietary n-6 PUFAs, i.e. linoleic acid, prevents liver fat accumulation compared with saturated fat. However, population-based data is lacking and the mechanisms behind such effects are unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between serum cholesteryl ester (CE) fatty acids and liver fat, basal fat oxidation [respiratory quotient (RQ)], and resting energy expenditure (REE). We hypothesized that PUFA in particular is inversely associated with liver fat and that such a relation is partly explained by a PUFA-induced increase in basal fat oxidation or REE. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses using linear regression models in a population-based cohort with data on serum CE fatty acid composition and liver fat (n = 308). RESULTS Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) (β = -0.03, 95% CI: -0.06, -0.001) and Δ5 desaturase index were inversely associated, whereas, γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6) (β = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.90), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) (β = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.75), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) (β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.16), palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) (β = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.70), Δ6 desaturase, and stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) index were directly associated with liver fat after adjustment for confounders. Several serum CE fatty acids were correlated with both liver fat and REE, but only the association between DHA (22:6n-3) and liver fat was clearly attenuated after adjustment for REE (from β = -0.63 95% CI: -1.24, -0.02 to β = -0.34, 95% CI: -0.95, 0.27). Palmitoleic acid and SCD-1 were weakly inversely correlated with RQ but could not explain a lower liver fat content. CONCLUSIONS Several serum CE fatty acids are associated with liver fat, among them linoleic acid. Although we identified novel associations between individual fatty acids and RQ and REE, our findings imply that PUFAs might prevent liver fat accumulation through mechanisms other than enhanced whole-body energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fridén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,Antaros Medical AB, BioVenture Hub, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,Antaros Medical AB, BioVenture Hub, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Butovich IA, Wilkerson A, Yuksel S. Depletion of Cholesteryl Esters Causes Meibomian Gland Dysfunction-Like Symptoms in a Soat1-Null Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1583. [PMID: 33557318 PMCID: PMC7915537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on ablation of several key genes of meibogenesis related to fatty acid elongation, omega oxidation, and esterification into wax esters have demonstrated that inactivation of any of them led to predicted changes in the meibum lipid profiles and caused severe abnormalities in the ocular surface and Meibomian gland (MG) physiology and morphology. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Soat1 ablation that were expected to cause depletion of the second largest class of Meibomian lipids (ML)-cholesteryl esters (CE)-in a mouse model. ML of the Soat1-null mice were examined using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and compared with those of Soat1+/- and wild-type mice. Complete suppression of CE biosynthesis and simultaneous accumulation of free cholesterol (Chl) were observed in Soat1-null mice, while Soat1+/- mutants had normal Chl and CE profiles. The total arrest of the CE biosynthesis in response to Soat1 ablation transformed Chl into the dominant lipid in meibum accounting for at least 30% of all ML. The Soat1-null mice had clear manifestations of dry eye and MG dysfunction. Enrichment of meibum with Chl and depletion of CE caused plugging of MG orifices, increased meibum rigidity and melting temperature, and led to a massive accumulation of lipid deposits around the eyes of Soat1-null mice. These findings illustrate the role of Soat1/SOAT1 in the lipid homeostasis and pathophysiology of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Butovich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA; (A.W.); (S.Y.)
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA
| | - Amber Wilkerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA; (A.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Seher Yuksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA; (A.W.); (S.Y.)
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13
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Alavez-Rubio JS, Juarez-Cedillo T. ACAT1 as a Therapeutic Target and its Genetic Relationship with Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:699-709. [PMID: 31441726 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190823125245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive disease which impacts caregivers, families and societies physically, psychologically and economically. Currently available drugs can only improve cognitive symptoms, have no impact on progression and are not curative, so identifying and studying new drug targets is important. There are evidences which indicate disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis can be related with AD pathology, especially the compartmentation of intracellular cholesterol and cytoplasmic cholesterol esters formed by acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) can be implicated in the regulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, involved in AD. Blocking ACAT1 activity, beneficial effects are obtained, so it has been suggested that ACAT1 can be a potential new therapeutic target. The present review discusses the role of cholesterol homeostasis in AD pathology, especially with ACAT inhibitors, and how they have been raised as a therapeutic approach. In addition, the genetic relationship of ACAT and AD is discussed. CONCLUSION Although there are several lines of evidence from cell-based and animal studies that suggest that ACAT inhibition is an effective way of reducing cerebral Aβ, there is still an information gap in terms of mechanisms and concerns to cover before passing to the next level. Additionally, an area of interest that may be useful in understanding AD to subsequently propose new therapeutic approaches is pharmacogenetics; however, there is still a lot of missing information in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Juarez-Cedillo
- Unidad de Investigacion Epidemiologica y en Servicios de Salud, Area Envejecimiento, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Actualmente comisionada en la Unidad de Investigacion en Epidemiologia, Clínica, Hospital Regional, Num. 1 Dr. Carlos MacGregor Sanchez Navarro IMSS), Mexico
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14
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Andersen CB, Runge Walther A, Pipó-Ollé E, Notabi MK, Juul S, Eriksen MH, Lovatt AL, Cowie R, Linnet J, Kobaek-Larsen M, El-Houri R, Andersen MØ, Hedegaard MAB, Christensen LP, Arnspang EC. Falcarindiol Purified From Carrots Leads to Elevated Levels of Lipid Droplets and Upregulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Gene Expression in Cellular Models. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:565524. [PMID: 32982759 PMCID: PMC7485416 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.565524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Falcarindiol (FaDOH) is a cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory polyacetylenic oxylipin found in food plants of the carrot family (Apiaceae). FaDOH has been shown to activate PPARγ and to increase the expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 in cells, both of which play an important role in lipid metabolism. Thus, a common mechanism of action of the anticancer and antidiabetic properties of FaDOH may be due to a possible effect on lipid metabolism. In this study, the effect of sub-toxic concentration (5 μM) of FaDOH inside human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) was studied using white light microscopy and Raman imaging. Our results show that FaDOH increases lipid content in the hMSCs cells as well as the number of lipid droplets (LDs) and that this can be explained by increased expression of PPARγ2 as shown in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Activation of PPARγ can lead to increased expression of ABCA1. We demonstrate that ABCA1 is upregulated in colorectal neoplastic rat tissue, which indicates a possible role of this transporter in the redistribution of lipids and increased formation of LDs in cancer cells that may lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress and cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bertel Andersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Runge Walther
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emma Pipó-Ollé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martine K Notabi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Juul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mathias Hessellund Eriksen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Adam Leslie Lovatt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard Cowie
- The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jes Linnet
- The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Kobaek-Larsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rime El-Houri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Østergaard Andersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Aage Barsøe Hedegaard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Porskjær Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Eva Christensen Arnspang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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15
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Ziemanski JF, Chen J, Nichols KK. Evaluation of Cell Harvesting Techniques to Optimize Lipidomic Analysis from Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells in Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3277. [PMID: 32384602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipidomic analysis of immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs) has been proposed as a preclinical model to study meibomian gland dysfunction. An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate neutral lipid recovery following three harvesting techniques and to identify candidate lipid biomarkers of HMGECs. HMGECs were cultured in serum-containing media for two days to promote lipid production. Cells were either harvested by 0.25% trypsin–ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), harvested by 10 mM EDTA, or simultaneously harvested and extracted by 2:1 chloroform–methanol (CM). After extraction by a modified Folch technique, the nonpolar phase was processed and infused into a TripleTOF 5600 mass spectrometer (Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA) with electrospray ionization. MS and MS/MSall spectra were acquired. Nonpolar cholesteryl esters (CEs) were consistently detected in all samples, while wax esters were not. Only small differences in two out of twenty CEs were detected between harvesting methods. CM yielded less CE18:1 than the other methods but greater CE20:4 than the trypsin–EDTA method (p < 0.05 for all). Similar to human meibum, very long-chain CEs with carbon number (nc) ≥ 24 were detected in all samples and may serve as HMGEC lipid biomarkers. Further work is needed to address the absence of wax esters. Overall, the three harvesting methods are reasonably equivalent, though CM promotes much better efficiency and is recommended for higher throughput.
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16
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Roman M, Wrobel TP, Paluszkiewicz C, Kwiatek WM. Comparison between high definition FT-IR, Raman and AFM-IR for subcellular chemical imaging of cholesteryl esters in prostate cancer cells. J Biophotonics 2020; 13:e201960094. [PMID: 31999078 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The family of vibrational spectroscopic imaging techniques grows every few years and there is a need to compare and contrast new modalities with the better understood ones, especially in the case of demanding biological samples. Three vibrational spectroscopy techniques (high definition Fourier-transform infrared [FT-IR], Raman and atomic force microscopy infrared [AFM-IR]) were applied for subcellular chemical imaging of cholesteryl esters in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. The techniques were compared and contrasted in terms of image quality, spectral pattern and chemical information. All tested techniques were found to be useful in chemical imaging of cholesterol derivatives in cancer cells. The results obtained from FT-IR and Raman imaging showed to be comparable, whereas those achieved from AFM-IR study exhibited higher spectral heterogeneity. It confirms AFM-IR method as a powerful tool in local chemical imaging of cells at the nanoscale level. Furthermore, due to polarization effect, p-polarized AFM-IR spectra showed strong enhancement of lipid bands when compared to FT-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Roman
- Department of Experimental Physics of Complex Systems, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Wrobel
- Department of Experimental Physics of Complex Systems, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Czeslawa Paluszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physics of Complex Systems, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech M Kwiatek
- Department of Experimental Physics of Complex Systems, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Abstract
Although the role of translocator protein (TSPO) in cholesterol transport in steroid-synthesizing cells has been studied extensively, recent studies of TSPO genetic depletion have questioned its role. Amhr2-Cre mice have been used to generate Leydig cell-specific Tspo conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Using the same Cre line, we were unable to generate Tspo cKO mice possibly because of genetic linkage between Tspo and Amhr2 and coexpression of Amhr2-Cre and Tspo in early embryonic development. We found that Amhr2-Cre is expressed during preimplantation stages, resulting in global heterozygous mice (gHE; Amhr2-Cre+/–,Tspo–/+). Two gHE mice were crossed, generating Amhr2-Cre–mediated Tspo global knockout (gKO; Tspo–/–) mice. We found that 33.3% of blastocysts at E3.5 to E4.5 showed normal morphology, whereas 66.7% showed delayed development, which correlates with the expected Mendelian proportions of Tspo+/+ (25%), Tspo–/– (25%), and Tspo+/– (50%) genotypes from crossing 2 Tspo–/+ mice. Adult Tspo gKO mice exhibited disturbances in neutral lipid homeostasis and reduced intratesticular and circulating testosterone levels, but no change in circulating basal corticosterone levels. RNA-sequencing data from mouse adrenal glands and lungs revealed transcriptome changes in response to the loss of TSPO, including changes in several cholesterol-binding and transfer proteins. This study demonstrates that Amhr2-Cre can be used to produce Tspo gKO mice instead of cKO, and can serve as a new global “Cre deleter.” Moreover, our results show that Tspo deletion causes delayed preimplantation embryonic development, alters neutral lipid storage and steroidogenesis, and leads to transcriptome changes that may reflect compensatory mechanisms in response to the loss of function of TSPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Fan
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Enrico Campioli
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Sottas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, US
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, US
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, US
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18
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Hancock SE, Poad BLJ, Willcox MDP, Blanksby SJ, Mitchell TW. Analytical separations for lipids in complex, nonpolar lipidomes using differential mobility spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1968-1978. [PMID: 31511397 PMCID: PMC6824485 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d094854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretions from meibomian glands located within the eyelid (commonly known as meibum) are rich in nonpolar lipid classes incorporating very-long (22-30 carbons) and ultra-long (>30 carbons) acyl chains. The complex nature of the meibum lipidome and its preponderance of neutral, nonpolar lipid classes presents an analytical challenge, with typically poor chromatographic resolution, even between different lipid classes. To address this challenge, we have deployed differential mobility spectrometry (DMS)-MS to interrogate the human meibum lipidome and demonstrate near-baseline resolution of the two major nonpolar classes contained therein, namely wax esters and cholesteryl esters. Within these two lipid classes, we describe ion mobility behavior that is associated with the length of their acyl chains and location of unsaturation. This capability was exploited to profile the molecular speciation within each class and thus extend meibum lipidome coverage. Intriguingly, structure-mobility relationships in these nonpolar lipids show similar trends and inflections to those previously reported for other physicochemical properties of lipids (e.g., melting point and phase-transition temperatures). Taken together, these data demonstrate that differential ion mobility provides a powerful orthoganol separation technology for the analysis of neutral lipids in complex matrices, such as meibum, and may further provide a means to predict physicochemical properties of lipids that could assist in inferring their biological function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hancock
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
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19
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Zhang H, Reilly MP. LIPA Variants in Genome-Wide Association Studies of Coronary Artery Diseases: Loss-of-Function or Gain-of-Function? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 37:1015-1017. [PMID: 28539489 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Zhang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., M.P.R.); and Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (M.P.R.)
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (H.Z., M.P.R.); and Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York (M.P.R.).
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20
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van der Kant R, Langness VF, Herrera CM, Williams DA, Fong LK, Leestemaker Y, Steenvoorden E, Rynearson KD, Brouwers JF, Helms JB, Ovaa H, Giera M, Wagner SL, Bang AG, Goldstein LSB. Cholesterol Metabolism Is a Druggable Axis that Independently Regulates Tau and Amyloid-β in iPSC-Derived Alzheimer's Disease Neurons. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:363-375.e9. [PMID: 30686764 PMCID: PMC6414424 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic, epidemiologic, and biochemical evidence suggests that predisposition to Alzheimer's disease (AD) may arise from altered cholesterol metabolism, although the molecular pathways that may link cholesterol to AD phenotypes are only partially understood. Here, we perform a phenotypic screen for pTau accumulation in AD-patient iPSC-derived neurons and identify cholesteryl esters (CE), the storage product of excess cholesterol, as upstream regulators of Tau early during AD development. Using isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines carrying mutations in the cholesterol-binding domain of APP or APP null alleles, we found that while CE also regulate Aβ secretion, the effects of CE on Tau and Aβ are mediated by independent pathways. Efficacy and toxicity screening in iPSC-derived astrocytes and neurons showed that allosteric activation of CYP46A1 lowers CE specifically in neurons and is well tolerated by astrocytes. These data reveal that CE independently regulate Tau and Aβ and identify a druggable CYP46A1-CE-Tau axis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik van der Kant
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa F Langness
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cheryl M Herrera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel A Williams
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lauren K Fong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yves Leestemaker
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Evelyne Steenvoorden
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin D Rynearson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Research Biologist, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Anne G Bang
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Khallouki F, Owen RW, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M. Bryonolic Acid Blocks Cancer Cell Clonogenicity and Invasiveness through the Inhibition of Fatty Acid: Cholesteryl Ester Formation. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E21. [PMID: 29439506 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bryonolic acid (BrA) is a pentacyclic triterpene present in several plants used in African traditional medicine such as Anisophyllea dichostyla R. Br. Here we investigated the in vitro anticancer properties of BrA. We report that BrA inhibits acyl-coA: cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) activity in rat liver microsomes in a concentration-dependent manner, blocking the biosynthesis of the cholesterol fatty acid ester tumour promoter. We next demonstrated that BrA inhibits ACAT in intact cancer cells with an IC50 of 12.6 ± 2.4 µM. BrA inhibited both clonogenicity and invasiveness of several cancer cell lines, establishing that BrA displays specific anticancer properties. BrA appears to be more potent than the other pentacyclic triterpenes, betulinic acid and ursolic acid studied under similar conditions. The inhibitory effect of BrA was reversed by exogenous addition of cholesteryl oleate, showing that ACAT inhibition is responsible for the anticancer effect of BrA. This report reveals new anticancer properties for BrA.
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22
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Wang J, Bie J, Ghosh S. Intracellular cholesterol transport proteins enhance hydrolysis of HDL-CEs and facilitate elimination of cholesterol into bile. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1712-9. [PMID: 27381048 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m069682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While HDL-associated unesterified or free cholesterol (FC) is thought to be rapidly secreted into the bile, the fate of HDL-associated cholesteryl esters (HDL-CEs) that represent >80% of HDL-cholesterol, is only beginning to be understood. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that intracellular cholesterol transport proteins [sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and fatty acid binding protein-1 (FABP1)] not only facilitate CE hydrolase-mediated hydrolysis of HDL-CEs, but also enhance elimination of cholesterol into bile. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of FABP1 or SCP2 in primary hepatocytes significantly increased hydrolysis of HDL-[(3)H]CE, reduced resecretion of HDL-CE-derived FC as nascent HDL, and increased its secretion as bile acids. Consistently, the flux of [(3)H]cholesterol from HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary bile acids was increased by overexpression of SCP2 or FABP1 in vivo and reduced in SCP2(-/-) mice. Increased flux of HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary FC was noted with FABP1 overexpression and in SCP2(-/-) mice that have increased FABP1 expression. Lack of a significant decrease in the flux of HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary FC or bile acids in FABP1(-/-) mice indicates the likely compensation of its function by an as yet unidentified mechanism. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that FABP1 and SCP2 facilitate the preferential movement of HDL-CEs to bile for final elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jinghua Bie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298
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Tambini MD, Pera M, Kanter E, Yang H, Guardia-Laguarta C, Holtzman D, Sulzer D, Area-Gomez E, Schon EA. ApoE4 upregulates the activity of mitochondria-associated ER membranes. EMBO Rep 2015; 17:27-36. [PMID: 26564908 PMCID: PMC4718413 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the appearance of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by aberrant lipid metabolism and early mitochondrial dysfunction. We recently showed that there was increased functionality of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM), a subdomain of the ER involved in lipid and cholesterol homeostasis, in presenilin-deficient cells and in fibroblasts from familial and sporadic AD patients. Individuals carrying the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4) are at increased risk for developing AD compared to those carrying ApoE3. While the reason for this increased risk is unknown, we hypothesized that it might be associated with elevated MAM function. Using an astrocyte-conditioned media (ACM) model, we now show that ER-mitochondrial communication and MAM function-as measured by the synthesis of phospholipids and of cholesteryl esters, respectively-are increased significantly in cells treated with ApoE4-containing ACM as compared to those treated with ApoE3-containing ACM. Notably, this effect was seen with lipoprotein-enriched preparations, but not with lipid-free ApoE protein. These data are consistent with a role of upregulated MAM function in the pathogenesis of AD and may help explain, in part, the contribution of ApoE4 as a risk factor in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Tambini
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marta Pera
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Kanter
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Sorci-Thomas MG, Pollard RD, Thomas MJ. What does procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer protein 2 have to do with HDL-cholesteryl ester uptake? Or how I learned to stop worrying and love reverse cholesterol transport? Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26. [PMID: 26218419 PMCID: PMC4564020 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to provide an update on the role HDL apolipoprotein A-I plays in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and how it relates to reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). RECENT FINDINGS Despite numerous studies showing that plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations are correlated with a reduced risk of CVD, pharmacologic elevation of HDL has not shown any beneficial effects to date. In contrast, studies correlating the measure of an individual's plasma cholesterol efflux capacity show greater promise as a tool for assessing CVD risk. Although ATP-binding cassette transporter 1-mediated lipidation of apoA-I is considered the principal source of plasma HDL, it represents only one side of the RCT pathway. Equally important is the second half of the RCT pathway in which the liver scavenger receptor class B1 selectively removes HDL cholesteryl esters for excretion. The combined action of the two enzyme systems is reflected in the overall steady-state concentration of plasma HDL cholesterol. For example, reduced ATP-binding cassette transporter 1-mediated production of nascent HDL lowers plasma HDL concentration, just as an increase in cholesteryl ester uptake by scavenger receptor class B1 reduces HDL levels. Thus, the complexity of intravascular HDL metabolism suggests that steady-state plasma HDL concentrations do not provide adequate information regarding an individual's HDL quality or function. Herein, we describe a new player, procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 2, which shows atheroprotective function and influences both sides of RCT by enhancing production and catabolism of HDL cholesteryl esters. SUMMARY The discovery of a new molecule, procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 2, implicated in the regulation of HDL cholesteryl ester concentrations suggests that the extracellular matrix and the proteins that regulate its function represent a new and as yet unexplored realm of HDL cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G. Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ricquita D. Pollard
- formerly of Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J. Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Polewski MA, Burhans MS, Zhao M, Colman RJ, Shanmuganayagam D, Lindstrom MJ, Ntambi JM, Anderson RM. Plasma diacylglycerol composition is a biomarker of metabolic syndrome onset in rhesus monkeys. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1461-70. [PMID: 26063458 PMCID: PMC4513987 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m057562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is linked with obesity and is often first identified clinically by elevated BMI and elevated levels of fasting blood glucose that are generally secondary to insulin resistance. Using the highly translatable rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) model, we asked if metabolic syndrome risk could be identified earlier. The study involved 16 overweight but healthy, euglycemic monkeys, one-half of which spontaneously developed metabolic syndrome over the course of 2 years while the other half remained healthy. We conducted a series of biometric and plasma measures focusing on adiposity, lipid metabolism, and adipose tissue-derived hormones, which led to a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in the insulin-resistant animals. Plasma fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography for cholesteryl ester, FFA, diacylglycerol (DAG), phospholipid, and triacylglycerol lipid classes; plasma lipoprotein profiles were generated by NMR; and circulating levels of adipose-derived signaling peptides were determined by ELISA. We identified biomarker models including a DAG model, two lipoprotein models, and a multiterm model that includes the adipose-derived peptide adiponectin. Correlations among circulating lipids and lipoproteins revealed shifts in lipid metabolism during disease development. We propose that lipid profiling may be valuable for early metabolic syndrome detection in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minghui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Ricki J Colman
- National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Mary J Lindstrom
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - James M Ntambi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Rozalyn M Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison WI
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26
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Peters J, Byrne GI. Chlamydia trachomatis growth depends on eukaryotic cholesterol esterification and is affected by Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibition. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv028. [PMID: 25883118 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is auxotrophic for a variety of essential metabolites. Inhibitors that interrupt host cell catabolism may inhibit chlamydial growth and reveal Chlamydia metabolite requirements. We used the known indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-inhibitor 4-phenyl imidazole (4-PI) to reverse Interferon (IFN)-γ-induced chlamydial growth inhibition. However, at elevated inhibitor concentrations chlamydial growth was arrested even in the absence of IFN-γ. Since 4-PI is known to interfere with cholesterol metabolism, the effect of cholesterol add-back was tested. Chlamydia growth was restored in the presence of cholesterol in serum-containing, but not serum-free medium suggesting that cholesterol and other serum components are required for growth recovery. When serum factors were tested, either cholesteryl linoleate or the combination of cholesterol and linoleic acid restored chlamydial growth. However, growth was not restored when either cholesterol or linoleic acid were added alone, suggesting that the production of cholesteryl esters from cholesterol and fatty acids was affected by 4-PI treatment. In eukaryotic cells, the enzyme Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) catalyzes the production of cholesteryl esters. When HeLa cells were treated with the ACAT-specific inhibitor 4-hydroxycinnamicacid amide C. trachomatis growth was interrupted, but was restored by the addition of cholesteryl linoleate, suggesting that ACAT activity is necessary for intracellular Chlamydia growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Peters
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gerald I Byrne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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27
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Shon JC, Shin HS, Seo YK, Yoon YR, Shin H, Liu KH. Direct infusion MS-based lipid profiling reveals the pharmacological effects of compound K-reinforced ginsenosides in high-fat diet induced obese mice. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:2919-2929. [PMID: 25744175 DOI: 10.1021/jf506216p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The serum lipid metabolites of lean and obese mice fed normal or high-fat diets were analyzed via direct infusion nanoelectrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry followed by multivariate analysis. In addition, lipidomic biomarkers responsible for the pharmacological effects of compound K-reinforced ginsenosides (CK), thus the CK fraction, were evaluated in mice fed high-fat diets. The obese and lean groups were clearly discriminated upon principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plot, and the major metabolites contributing to such discrimination were triglycerides (TGs), cholesteryl esters (CEs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs). TGs with high total carbon number (>50) and low total carbon number (<50) were negatively and positively associated with high-fat diet induced obesity in mice, respectively. When the CK fraction was fed to obese mice that consumed a high-fat diet, the levels of certain lipids including LPCs and CEs became similar to those of mice fed a normal diet. Such metabolic markers can be used to better understand obesity and related diseases induced by a hyperlipidic diet. Furthermore, changes in the levels of such metabolites can be employed to assess the risk of obesity and the therapeutic effects of obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Cheol Shon
- †College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Hwa-Soo Shin
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, Siheung 429-793, Korea
| | - Yong Ki Seo
- #Food Research Center, CJ Jeiljedang, Seoul 152-051, Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- §Department of Biomedical Science and Clinical Trial Center, BK21 PLUS KNU Bio-Medical Convergence Program for Creative Talent, Kyungpook National University Graduate School and Hospital, Daegu 700-734, Korea
| | - Heungsop Shin
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Korea Polytechnic University, Siheung 429-793, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- †College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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28
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Lee JT, Escobar OH, Anouseyan R, Janisiewicz A, Eivers E, Blackwell KE, Keschner DB, Garg R, Porter E. Assessment of epithelial innate antimicrobial factors in sinus tissue from patients with and without chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2014; 4:893-900. [PMID: 25196914 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway secretions contain endogenous antimicrobial factors (AMFs) that contribute to the innate host defense of the respiratory tract. Antibacterial peptides as well as host-derived lipids including cholesteryl esters have been detected in maxillary lavage fluid. Sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1) is a key enzyme in cholesteryl ester production. The purpose of this study is to determine if such intrinsic microbicidal molecules are acutely expressed within sinus tissue and to compare levels of expression between patients with and without chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS Sinus tissue was obtained from subjects with (24) and without (9) a history of CRS. Six CRS patients had nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Immunofluorescence staining for human neutrophil peptide (HNP) was done as a marker for inflammation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) following RNA extraction was used to quantify the expression of SOAT-1, the epithelial beta-defensins (HBD2 and HBD3), and the cathelicidin LL37 with ribosomal protein, large, P0 (RPLP0) as the housekeeping gene. RESULTS Immunofluorescence showed significant increase in HNP staining in CRS patients without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP) vs non-CRS specimens (p = 0.010), in agreement with clinical inflammation status. SOAT1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was also upregulated in CRSsNP compared to non-CRS (p = 0.041) and CRSwNP (p = 0.005) patients, whereas increases for HBD2 and HBD3 were less prominent. LL37 was either absent or expressed at very low levels in all samples. CONCLUSION Increased biosynthesis of SOAT1, a key enzyme for antimicrobial cholesteryl ester production, was observed in the sinus tissue of CRSsNP patients but not in CRSwNP patients. This further supports the novel concept of lipid-mediated innate mucosal defense and delineates CRS with and without nasal polyposis as distinct subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jivianne T Lee
- Orange County Sinus Institute, Southern California Permanente Medical Group (SCPMG), Irvine, CA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA
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Hopperton KE, Duncan RE, Bazinet RP, Archer MC. Fatty acid synthase plays a role in cancer metabolism beyond providing fatty acids for phospholipid synthesis or sustaining elevations in glycolytic activity. Exp Cell Res 2013; 320:302-10. [PMID: 24200503 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase is over-expressed in many cancers and its activity is required for cancer cell survival, but the role of endogenously synthesized fatty acids in cancer is unknown. It has been suggested that endogenous fatty acid synthesis is either needed to support the growth of rapidly dividing cells, or to maintain elevated glycolysis (the Warburg effect) that is characteristic of cancer cells. Here, we investigate both hypotheses. First, we compared utilization of fatty acids synthesized endogenously from (14)C-labeled acetate to those supplied exogenously as (14)C-labeled palmitate in the culture medium in human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and untransformed breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A). We found that cancer cells do not produce fatty acids that are different from those derived from exogenous palmitate, that these fatty acids are esterified to the same lipid and phospholipid classes in the same proportions, and that their distribution within neutral lipids is not different from untransformed cells. These results suggest that endogenously synthesized fatty acids do not fulfill a specific function in cancer cells. Furthermore, we observed that cancer cells excrete endogenously synthesized fatty acids, suggesting that they are produced in excess of requirements. We next investigated whether lipogenic activity is involved in the maintenance of high glycolytic activity by culturing both cancer and non-transformed cells under anoxic conditions. Although anoxia increased glycolysis 2-3 fold, we observed no concomitant increase in lipogenesis. Our results indicate that breast cancer cells do not have a specific qualitative or quantitative requirement for endogenously synthesized fatty acids and that increased de novo lipogenesis is not required to sustain elevations in glycolytic activity induced by anoxia in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Robin E Duncan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
| | - Michael C Archer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
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30
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Simonelli S, Tinti C, Salvini L, Tinti L, Ossoli A, Vitali C, Sousa V, Orsini G, Nolli ML, Franceschini G, Calabresi L. Recombinant human LCAT normalizes plasma lipoprotein profile in LCAT deficiency. Biologicals 2013; 41:446-9. [PMID: 24140107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is the enzyme responsible for cholesterol esterification in plasma. Mutations in the LCAT gene leads to two rare disorders, familial LCAT deficiency and fish-eye disease, both characterized by severe hypoalphalipoproteinemia associated with several lipoprotein abnormalities. No specific treatment is presently available for genetic LCAT deficiency. In the present study, recombinant human LCAT was expressed and tested for its ability to correct the lipoprotein profile in LCAT deficient plasma. The results show that rhLCAT efficiently reduces the amount of unesterified cholesterol (-30%) and promotes the production of plasma cholesteryl esters (+210%) in LCAT deficient plasma. rhLCAT induces a marked increase in HDL-C levels (+89%) and induces the maturation of small preβ-HDL into alpha-migrating particles. Moreover, the abnormal phospholipid-rich particles migrating in the LDL region were converted in normally sized LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Simonelli
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
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31
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Martinez LRC, Santos RD, Miname MH, Deus DF, Lima ES, Maranhão RC. Transfer of lipids to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is altered in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism 2013; 62:1061-4. [PMID: 23540443 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), the metabolism and anti-atherogenic functions of HDL can be affected by the continuous interactions with excess LDL amounts. Here, lipid transfers to HDL, an important step for HDL intravascular metabolism and for HDL role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) were investigated in FH patients. METHODS Seventy-one FH patients (39 ± 15 years, LDL-cholesterol=274 ± 101; HDL-cholesterol=50 ± 14 mg/dl) and 66 normolipidemic subjects (NL) (38 ± 11 years, LDL-cholesterol=105 ± 27; HDL-cholesterol=52 ± 12 mg/dl) were studied. In vitro, lipid transfers were evaluated by incubation of plasma samples (37°C, 1h) with a donor lipid nanoemulsion labeled with 3H-triglycerides (TG) and 14C-unesterified cholesterol (UC) or with 3H-cholesteryl ester (EC) and 14C-phospholipids (PL). Radioactivity was counted at the HDL fraction after chemical precipitation of apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins and the nanoemulsion. Data are % of total radioactivity measured in the HDL fraction. RESULTS Transfer of UC to HDL was lower in FH than in NL (5.6 ± 2.1 vs 6.7 ± 2.0%, p=0.0005) whereas TG (5.5 ± 3.1 vs 3.7 ± 0.9%, p=0.018) and PL (20.9 ± 4.6 vs 18.2 ± 3.7 %, p=0.023) transfers were higher in FH. EC transfer was equal. By multivariate analysis, transfers of all four lipids correlated with HDL-cholesterol and with apo A-I. CONCLUSION FH elicited marked changes in three of the four tested lipid transfers to HDL. The entry of UC into HDL for subsequent esterification is an important driving force for RCT and reduction of UC transfer to HDL was previously associated to precocious coronary heart disease. Therefore, in FH, HDL functions can be lessened, which can also contribute to atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilton R C Martinez
- Lipid Clinic, Heart Institute (InCor) of the Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Ding L, Biswas S, Morton RE, Smith JD, Hay N, Byzova T, Febbraio M, Podrez E. Akt3 deficiency in macrophages promotes foam cell formation and atherosclerosis in mice. Cell Metab 2012; 15:861-72. [PMID: 22632897 PMCID: PMC3372639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Akt, a serine-threonine protein kinase, exists as three isoforms. The Akt signaling pathway controls multiple cellular functions in the cardiovascular system, and the atheroprotective endothelial cell-dependent role of Akt1 has been recently demonstrated. The role of Akt3 isoform in cardiovascular pathophysiology is not known. We explored the role of Akt3 in atherosclerosis using mice with a genetic ablation of the Akt3 gene. Using hyperlipidemic ApoE(-/-) mice, we demonstrated a macrophage-dependent, atheroprotective role for Akt3. In vitro experiments demonstrated differential subcellular localization of Akt1 and Akt3 in macrophages and showed that Akt3 specifically inhibits macrophage cholesteryl ester accumulation and foam cell formation, a critical early event in atherogenesis. Mechanistically, Akt3 suppresses foam cell formation by reducing lipoprotein uptake and promoting ACAT-1 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. These studies demonstrate the nonredundant atheroprotective role for Akt3 exerted via the previously unknown link between the Akt signaling pathway and cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ding
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
| | - Sudipta Biswas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
| | | | | | - Nissim Hay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Tatiana Byzova
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
| | - Eugene Podrez
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
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Rogers MA, Liu J, Kushnir MM, Bryleva E, Rockwood AL, Meikle AW, Shapiro D, Vaisman BL, Remaley AT, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Cellular pregnenolone esterification by acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17483-17492. [PMID: 22474282 PMCID: PMC3366839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.331306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnenolone (PREG) can be converted to PREG esters (PE) by the plasma enzyme lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and by other enzyme(s) with unknown identity. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (ACAT1 and ACAT2) convert various sterols to steryl esters; their activities are activated by cholesterol. PREG is a sterol-like molecule, with 3-β-hydroxy moiety at steroid ring A, but with much shorter side chain at steroid ring D. Here we show that without cholesterol, PREG is a poor ACAT substrate; with cholesterol, the V(max) for PREG esterification increases by 100-fold. The binding affinity of ACAT1 for PREG is 30-50-fold stronger than that for cholesterol; however, PREG is only a substrate but not an activator, while cholesterol is both a substrate and an activator. These results indicate that the sterol substrate site in ACAT1 does not involve significant sterol-phospholipid interaction, while the sterol activator site does. Studies utilizing small molecule ACAT inhibitors show that ACAT plays a key role in PREG esterification in various cell types examined. Mice lacking ACAT1 or ACAT2 do not have decreased PREG ester contents in adrenals, nor do they have altered levels of the three major secreted adrenal steroids in serum. Mice lacking LCAT have decreased levels of PREG esters in the adrenals. These results suggest LCAT along with ACAT1/ACAT2 contribute to control pregnenolone ester content in different cell types and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian A Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Jay Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Mark M Kushnir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Elena Bryleva
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Alan L Rockwood
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - A Wayne Meikle
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - David Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Boris L Vaisman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section,Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section,Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Catherine C Y Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755.
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755.
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Tchoua U, Rosales C, Tang D, Gillard BK, Vaughan A, Lin HY, Courtney HS, Pownall HJ. Serum opacity factor enhances HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux, esterification and anti inflammatory effects. Lipids 2010; 45:1117-26. [PMID: 20972840 PMCID: PMC3036000 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Serum opacity factor (SOF) is a streptococcal protein that disrupts the structure of human high density lipoproteins (HDL) releasing lipid-free apo A-I while forming a large cholesteryl ester-rich particle and a small neo HDL. Given its low cholesterol and high phospholipid contents, we tested the hypotheses that neo HDL is a better substrate for cholesterol esterification via lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), better than HDL as an acceptor of THP-1 macrophage cholesterol efflux, and improves reduction of oxidized LDL-induced production of inflammatory markers. We observed that both cholesterol efflux and esterification were improved by recombinant (r)SOF treatment of whole plasma and that the underlying cause of the improved cholesterol esterification in plasma and macrophage cholesterol efflux to rSOF-treated plasma was due to the rSOF-mediated conversion of HDL to neo HDL. Moreover, the reduction of secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 by THP-1 cells by neo HDL was twice that of HDL. Studies in BHK cells overexpressing cholesterol transporters showed that efflux to neo HDL occurred primarily via ABCA1 not ABCG1. Thus, rSOF improves two steps in reverse cholesterol transport with a concomitant reduction in the release of macrophage markers of inflammation. We conclude that rSOF catalyzes a novel reaction that might be developed as a new therapy that prevents or reverses atherosclerosis via improved reverse cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbain Tchoua
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, MSA601, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Corina Rosales
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, MSA601, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daming Tang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, MSA601, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Baiba K. Gillard
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, MSA601, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ashley Vaughan
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hu Yu Lin
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, MSA601, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harry S. Courtney
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Henry J. Pownall
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, MSA601, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of this review was to summarize the available information on lipidomic analysis of human meibum and tear film, and critically evaluate the pertinent past and present analytical procedures and results obtained in various laboratories. Human meibum was shown to be a very complex mixture of lipids of various classes. For decades, their exact structures have remained elusive. Because of the limitations of the then-current techniques, most of the complex lipids that constitute meibum could not be analyzed as whole molecules and required prior hydrolysis and/or transesterification of the entire lipid pool. These procedures effectively made it very difficult, and often impossible, to reconstruct the complete structures of the original intact compounds, which prompted us to call this The Meibomian Puzzle. Modern techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry help in solving this puzzle by allowing a researcher to detect and analyze intact molecules of complex lipid compounds, even if present in extremely low concentrations. This current de-facto standard procedure in lipidomic analysis of natural lipids and their mixtures is compared with other experimental techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and thin layer chromatography, among the others. The results obtained by older techniques, and their limitations and deficiencies are discussed. It appears that some of the earlier findings did not withstand a scrupulous re-evaluation and need to be modified and/or corrected. The most intriguing development is the virtual absence in meibum of typical phospholipids - an important group of amphiphilic compounds whose role in the human tear film was thought to be to stabilize the entire tear film structure. Instead, another group of previously unidentified compounds, very long chain (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids, appears to be a stabilizing factor which might be related to tear film stability and deterioration. Thus, these compounds may become an important target in biochemistry and (patho)physiology of ocular surface and dry eye research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Butovich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA.
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Du H, Cameron TL, Garger SJ, Pogue GP, Hamm LA, White E, Hanley KM, Grabowski GA. Wolman disease/cholesteryl ester storage disease: efficacy of plant-produced human lysosomal acid lipase in mice. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1646-57. [PMID: 18413899 PMCID: PMC2444013 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700482-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is an essential enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides (TGs) and cholesteryl esters (CEs) in lysosomes. Genetic LAL mutations lead to Wolman disease (WD) and cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). An LAL-null (lal(-/-)) mouse model resembles human WD/CESD with storage of CEs and TGs in multiple organs. Human LAL (hLAL) was expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana using the GENEWARE expression system (G-hLAL). Purified G-hLAL showed mannose receptor-dependent uptake into macrophage cell lines (J774E). Intraperitoneal injection of G-hLAL produced peak activities in plasma at 60 min and in the liver and spleen at 240 min. The t(1/2) values were: approximately 90 min (plasma), approximately 14 h (liver), and approximately 32 h (spleen), with return to baseline by approximately 150 h in liver and approximately 200 h in spleen. Ten injections of G-hLAL (every 3 days) into lal(-/-) mice produced normalization of hepatic color, decreases in hepatic cholesterol and TG contents, and diminished foamy macrophages in liver, spleen, and intestinal villi. All injected lal(-/-) mice developed anti-hLAL protein antibodies, but suffered no adverse events. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of using plant-expressed, recombinant hLAL for the enzyme therapy of human WD/CESD with general implications for other lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Du
- Division and Program in Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Terri L. Cameron
- Large Scale Biology Corporation, Vacaville, CA 95688
- Genentech, Vacaville, CA 95688
| | - Stephen J. Garger
- Large Scale Biology Corporation, Vacaville, CA 95688
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Berkeley, CA 94701
| | - Gregory P. Pogue
- Large Scale Biology Corporation, Vacaville, CA 95688
- Office of Technology Commercialization, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78759
| | - Lee A. Hamm
- Large Scale Biology Corporation, Vacaville, CA 95688
- Alta Analytical Laboratory, El Dorado Hills, CA 95762
| | - Earl White
- Large Scale Biology Corporation, Vacaville, CA 95688
- Integrated Biomolecule Corporation, Tucson, AZ 95755
| | - Kathleen M. Hanley
- Large Scale Biology Corporation, Vacaville, CA 95688
- CBR International Corp, Boulder, CO 80301
| | - Gregory A. Grabowski
- Division and Program in Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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