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Ye ZM, He YD, Bergamo PJ, Orr MC, Huang W, Jin XF, Lun HN, Wang QF, Yang CF. Floral resource partitioning of coexisting bumble bees: Distinguishing species-, colony-, and individual-level effects. Ecology 2024:e4284. [PMID: 38494344 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Resource partitioning is considered a key factor in alleviating competitive interactions, enabling coexistence among consumer species. However, most studies have focused on resource partitioning between species, ignoring the potentially critical role of intraspecific variation in resource use. We investigated floral resource partitioning across species, colonies, and individuals in a species-rich bumblebee community in the diversification center of bumblebees. We used a total of 10,598 bumblebees belonging to 13 species across 5 years in the Hengduan Mountains of southwest China. First, we evaluated the influence of a comprehensive set of floral traits, including both those related to attractiveness (flower color and shape) and rewards (pollen, sugar ratio, nectar volume, sugar concentration, and amino acid content) on resource partitioning at the species level in bumblebee-plant networks. Then, we explored intraspecific resource partitioning on the colony and individual levels. Our results suggest that bumblebee species differ substantially in their use of the available floral resources, and that this mainly depends on flower attractiveness (floral color and shape). Interestingly, we also detected floral resource partitioning at the colony level within all commonest bumblebee species evaluated. In general, floral resource partitioning between bumblebee individuals decreased with species- and individual-level variation in body size (intertegular span). These results suggest that bumblebee species may coexist via the flexibility in their preferences for specific floral traits, which filters up to support the co-occurrence of high numbers of species and individuals in this global hotspot of species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ming Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Deng He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro J Bergamo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael C Orr
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Entomologie, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wen Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han-Ning Lun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Feng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Walton A, Herman JJ, Rueppell O. Social life results in social stress protection: a novel concept to explain individual life-history patterns in social insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38468146 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to and avoidance of stress slow aging and confer increased longevity in numerous organisms. Honey bees and other superorganismal social insects have two main advantages over solitary species to avoid or resist stress: individuals can directly help each other by resource or information transfer, and they can cooperatively control their environment. These benefits have been recognised in the context of pathogen and parasite stress as the concept of social immunity, which has been extensively studied. However, we argue that social immunity is only a special case of a general concept that we define here as social stress protection to include group-level defences against all biotic and abiotic stressors. We reason that social stress protection may have allowed the evolution of reduced individual-level defences and individual life-history optimization, including the exceptional aging plasticity of many social insects. We describe major categories of stress and how a colonial lifestyle may protect social insects, particularly against temporary peaks of extreme stress. We use the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) to illustrate how patterns of life expectancy may be explained by social stress protection and how modern beekeeping practices can disrupt social stress protection. We conclude that the broad concept of social stress protection requires rigorous empirical testing because it may have implications for our general understanding of social evolution and specifically for improving honey bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Walton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jacob J Herman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Olav Rueppell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Lefrançois J, Otis C, Moreau M, Visser M, Bessey L, Gonzales A, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Troncy E, Sauvé F. Comparison of intradermal and serum testing for environmental allergen-specific immunoglobulin E determination in a laboratory colony of cats with naturally acquired atopic syndrome. Vet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38192079 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen testing is used to select antigens included in the desensitisation vaccine. Intradermal skin test (IDT) is the gold standard in cats, yet allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E serological testing (ASIS) is often used. Feline data are lacking regarding the agreement between IDT and ASIS results. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The first objective of the study was to establish a colony of cats with naturally acquired feline atopic syndrome (FAS). Further objectives were to define their hypersensitivity disorder to detail the allergen tests results, and to assess similarity between the allergen tests. ANIMALS Thirty-five cats with FAS and 10 control cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enrolled cats went through a five phase-screening and quarantine process before joining the colony. An elimination diet trial was performed on all FAS cats. ASIS and IDT were consecutively performed on all cats under sedation. RESULTS Reactions to 34 allergens were compiled for the 45 cats. Global sensitivity and specificity of ASIS were 34.7% and 78.9%, respectively. Only flea (ICC = 0.26, p = 0.040) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (ICC = 0.48, p < 0.001) allergens had a significant intraclass correlation (weak agreement). Two FAS cats had negative tests including one cat with a concomitant food allergy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study depicts the first reported colony of cats with naturally acquired FAS. This is the first feline study to compare and show the poor agreement between allergen tests with a panel of 34 allergens. This colony also harbours two cats with FAS with negative allergen tests. These may represent the first described cats with an intrinsic form of atopic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lefrançois
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colombe Otis
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxim Moreau
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marike Visser
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development (VMRD), Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Lauren Bessey
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development (VMRD), Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrea Gonzales
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development (VMRD), Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, CHUM Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, CHUM Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Sauvé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Lamża Ł. Diversity of 'simple' multicellular eukaryotes: 45 independent cases and six types of multicellularity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:2188-2209. [PMID: 37475165 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellularity evolved multiple times in the history of life, with most reviewers agreeing that it appeared at least 20 times in eukaryotes. However, a specific list of multicellular eukaryotes with clear criteria for inclusion has not yet been published. Herein, an updated critical review of eukaryotic multicellularity is presented, based on current understanding of eukaryotic phylogeny and new discoveries in microbiology, phycology and mycology. As a result, 45 independent multicellular lineages are identified that fall into six distinct types. Functional criteria, as distinct from a purely topological definition of a cell, are introduced to bring uniformity and clarity to the existing definitions of terms such as colony, multicellularity, thallus or plasmodium. The category of clonal multicellularity is expanded to include: (i) septated multinucleated thalli found in Pseudofungi and early-branching Fungi such as Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota; and (ii) multicellular reproductive structures formed by plasmotomy in intracellular parasites such as Phytomyxea. Furthermore, (iii) endogeneous budding, as found in Paramyxida, is described as a form of multicellularity. The best-known case of clonal multicellularity, i.e. (iv) non-separation of cells after cell division, as known from Metazoa and Ochrophyta, is also discussed. The category of aggregative multicellularity is expanded to include not only (v) pseudoplasmodial forms, such a sorocarp-forming Acrasida, but also (vi) meroplasmodial organisms, such as members of Variosea or Filoreta. A common set of topological, geometric, genetic and life-cycle criteria are presented that form a coherent, philosophically sound framework for discussing multicellularity. A possibility of a seventh type of multicellularity is discussed, that of multi-species superorganisms formed by protists with obligatory bacterial symbionts, such as some members of Oxymonada or Parabasalia. Its inclusion is dependent on the philosophical stance taken towards the concepts of individuality and organism in biology. Taxa that merit special attention are identified, such as colonial Centrohelea, and a new speculative form of multicellularity, possibly present in some reticulopodial amoebae, is briefly described. Because of insufficient phylogenetic and morphological data, not all lineages could be unequivocally identified, and the true total number of all multicellular eukaryotic lineages is therefore higher, likely close to a hundred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Lamża
- Copernicus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies, Jagiellonian University, Szczepanska 1, Kraków, 31-011, Poland
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5
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Saputro S, Saepuloh U, Darusman HS, Putriyani W, Permanawati, Ayuningsih ED, Prabandari SA, Setyawati D, Pamungkas J. Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in cynomolgus monkeys at primate research center facility in Indonesia. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:361-368. [PMID: 37525379 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in nonhuman primates has been widely reported and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Animal deaths occur routinely at the Primate Research Center of IPB University. The results of necropsy and culture suggested a K. pneumoniae infection. METHODS A mass health assessment of Cynomolgus monkeys (n = 429) was carried out by physical examination and molecular targeting K. pneumoniae (n = 96), family of Coronaviridae (n = 148) and Paramyxoviridae (n = 148). RESULTS A total of 49.18% of the animals had clinical symptoms of respiratory disorders, abscesses, trauma, and others. PCR results indicated that 28.57% were positive for K. pneumoniae with 35.71% mortality, while all samples were negative for both virus families. CONCLUSIONS There have been outbreaks caused by K. pneumoniae and/or K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. This disease is chronic, infects all of the buildings, and no tendency for disease transmission according to gender and age class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryo Saputro
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Primatology Graduate Study Program, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Uus Saepuloh
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Primatology Graduate Study Program, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Huda Shalahudin Darusman
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Primatology Graduate Study Program, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Permanawati
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Dyah Setyawati
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Joko Pamungkas
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- Primatology Graduate Study Program, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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6
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Starkie ML, Fowler EV, Piper AM, Zhu X, Wyatt P, Gopurenko D, Krosch MN, Strutt F, Armstrong KF, Patrick H, Schutze MK, Blacket MJ. A novel diagnostic gene region for distinguishing between two pest fruit flies: Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) and Bactrocera neohumeralis (Hardy) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Insect Sci 2023. [PMID: 37990951 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis are morphologically similar sibling pest fruit fly species that possess different biological attributes, geographic distributions, and host ranges. The need to differentiate between the two species is critical for accurate pest status assessment, management, biosecurity, and maintenance of reference colonies. While morphologically similar, adults may be separated based on subtle characters; however, some characters exhibit intraspecific variability, creating overlap between the two species. Additionally, there is currently no single molecular marker or rapid diagnostic assay that can reliably distinguish between B. neohumeralis and B. tryoni; therefore, ambiguous samples remain undiagnosed. Here we report the first molecular marker that can consistently distinguish between B. tryoni and B. neohumeralis. Our diagnostic region consists of two adjacent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the pangolin (pan) gene region. We confirmed the genotypes of each species are consistent across their distributional range, then developed a tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) PCR assay for rapid diagnosis of the species. The assay utilizes four primers in multiplex, with two outer universal primers, and two internal primers: one designed to target two adjacent SNPs (AA) present in B. tryoni and the other targeting adjacent SNPs present in B. neohumeralis (GG). The assay accurately discriminates between the two species, but their SNP genotypes are shared with other nontarget tephritid fruit fly species. Therefore, this assay is most suited to adult diagnostics where species confirmation is necessary in determining ambiguous surveillance trap catches; maintaining pure colony lines; and in Sterile Insect Technique management responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Starkie
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth V Fowler
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pauline Wyatt
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Gopurenko
- Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matt N Krosch
- Forensic Services Group, Queensland Police Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Francesca Strutt
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen F Armstrong
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Better Border Biosecurity (B3, B3nz.org.nz), Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Hamish Patrick
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Mark K Schutze
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Blacket
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Uemura M, Zalucki MP, Battisti A. Large Male Caterpillars Are the Primary Builders: Exploring Tent Construction and Foraging Behaviour in Gregarious Pine Processionary Caterpillar. Insects 2023; 14:829. [PMID: 37887841 PMCID: PMC10607817 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
As a social organism, living in a communal structure is one of the most important physical barriers against environmental elements and natural enemies. Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Notodontidae, Thaumetopoeinae) caterpillars are conifer pests that spend most of their larval stage in winter. Although T. pityocampa holds economic and medical significance, the tent construction and foraging behaviour are poorly understood. We observed the tent construction behaviour in autumn (October and November) when third- and fourth-instar T. pityocampa caterpillars build the 'winter tent' that can withstand winter conditions. Just before sunset, with no rain and temperatures over 12 °C, tent construction was undertaken by early active individuals, primarily larger male caterpillars. Early active caterpillars emerge from the tent first and spin silk on the tent for expansion and strength. Once temperatures dropped below 12 °C and twilight had passed, the early active caterpillars went out to forage and were later joined by the late active caterpillars, which were predominantly smaller females that had remained inside the tent. Foraging behaviour was continuously monitored for the first to fourth larval instars in the field. Foraging was more frequent in younger instars when environmental temperatures were warmer and became continuous and prolonged in later instar caterpillars as temperatures dropped. The final tent structure built by later instar caterpillars had the thickest layer of silk on the southern side of the tent compared to other orientations to receive maximum solar radiation during the winter. Our study provided additional insights into the collective nest building, foraging and social behaviours observed in Lepidoptera, as well as the roles of individuals within non-eusocial insect colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Uemura
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Myron P. Zalucki
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
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Kovács ÁT. Colony morphotype diversification as a signature of bacterial evolution. Microlife 2023; 4:uqad041. [PMID: 37901115 PMCID: PMC10608940 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of colony morphotypes is a signature of genetic diversification in evolving bacterial populations. Colony structure highly depends on the cell-cell interactions and polymer production that are adjusted during evolution in an environment that allows the development of spatial structures. Nucci and colleagues describe the emergence of a rough and dry morphotype of a noncapsulated Klebsiella variicola strain during a laboratory evolution study, resembling genetic changes observed in clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos T Kovács
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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Eichner M, Inomura K, Pierella Karlusich JJ, Shaked Y. Better together? Lessons on sociality from Trichodesmium. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1072-1084. [PMID: 37244772 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The N2-fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is an important player in the oceanic nitrogen and carbon cycles. Trichodesmium occurs both as single trichomes and as colonies containing hundreds of trichomes. In this review, we explore the benefits and disadvantages of colony formation, considering physical, chemical, and biological effects from nanometer to kilometer scale. Showing that all major life challenges are affected by colony formation, we claim that Trichodesmium's ecological success is tightly linked to its colonial lifestyle. Microbial interactions in the microbiome, chemical gradients within the colony, interactions with particles, and elevated mobility in the water column shape a highly dynamic microenvironment. We postulate that these dynamics are key to the resilience of Trichodesmium and other colony formers in our changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Eichner
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic.
| | - Keisuke Inomura
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | | | - Yeala Shaked
- Freddy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat, Israel
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Taylor LU, Prum RO. SOCIAL CONTEXT AND THE EVOLUTION OF DELAYED REPRODUCTION IN BIRDS. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.02.551693. [PMID: 37577720 PMCID: PMC10418290 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Classic life history theory makes generalized predictions about phenotypic correlations across large clades. Modern comparative tests of these correlations account for the underlying structure of phylogenetic trees. Yet neither life history theory nor phylogenetic comparative methods automatically specify how biological mechanisms generate correlations. This problem is evident in comparative analyses of birds. Birds show a correlation between body size and age at first reproduction, but do not actually grow larger if they delay reproduction. Instead, field studies raise the hypothesis that social contexts-especially cooperative breeding, coloniality, and lekking-generate unique demands for behavioral development, which in turn result in delayed reproduction. Here, we support that hypothesis with a comparative dataset spanning 961 species in 155 avian families. Continuous (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck), discrete (hidden state Markov), and phylogenetic regression models revealed delayed reproduction in colonial birds, a weaker signal in cooperative birds, and the consistent evolution of sexual bimaturism in polygynous, lekking birds. These results show an association between diverse social contexts, sex-specific developmental demands, and life history evolution in birds. Considering this diversity, we discuss how even statistically powerful phylogenetic correlations-whether focused on mass, lifespan, or broad social categories-can ultimately fail to model the history of life history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam U. Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Richard O. Prum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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11
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Bormans M, Legrand B, Waisbord N, Briand E. Morphological and physiological impacts of salinity on colonial strains of the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1367. [PMID: 37379426 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of global change and enhanced toxic cyanobacterial blooms, cyanobacterial transfer to estuaries is likely to increase in frequency and intensity and impact animal and human health. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the potential of their survival in estuaries. In particular, we tested if the colonial form generally observed in natural blooms enhanced the resistance to salinity shock compared to the unicellular form generally observed in isolated strains. We tested the impact of salinity on two colonial strains of Microcystis aeruginosa, producing different amounts of mucilage by combining classical batch methods with a novel microplate approach. We demonstrate that the collective organization of these pluricellular colonies improves their ability to cope with osmotic shock when compared to unicellular strains. The effect of a sudden high salinity increase (S ≥ 20) over 5 to 6 days had several impacts on the morphology of M. aeruginosa colonies. For both strains, we observed a gradual increase in colony size and a gradual decrease in intercellular spacing. For one strain, we also observed a decrease in cell diameter with an increase in mucilage extent. The pluricellular colonies formed by both strains could withstand higher salinities than unicellular strains studied previously. In particular, the strain producing more mucilage displayed a sustained autofluorescence even at S = 20, a limit that is higher than the most robust unicellular strain. These results imply survival and possible M. aeruginosa proliferation in mesohaline estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Bormans
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, University of Rennes, Rennes, Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Legrand
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, University of Rennes, Rennes, Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Waisbord
- UMR CNRS 6118 Géosciences Rennes, University of Rennes, Rennes, Cedex, France
| | - Enora Briand
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire GENALG, Nantes, France
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Kenna D, Graystock P, Gill RJ. Toxic temperatures: Bee behaviours exhibit divergent pesticide toxicity relationships with warming. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2981-2998. [PMID: 36944569 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and agricultural intensification are exposing insect pollinators to temperature extremes and increasing pesticide usage. Yet, we lack good quantification of how temperature modulates the sublethal effects of pesticides on behaviours vital for fitness and pollination performance. Consequently, we are uncertain if warming decreases or increases the severity of different pesticide impacts, and whether separate behaviours vary in the direction of response. Quantifying these interactive effects is vital in forecasting pesticide risk across climate regions and informing pesticide application strategies and pollinator conservation. This multi-stressor study investigated the responses of six functional behaviours of bumblebees when exposed to either a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) or a sulfoximine (sulfoxaflor) across a standardised low, mid, and high temperature. We found the neonicotinoid had a significant effect on five of the six behaviours, with a greater effect at the lower temperature(s) when measuring responsiveness, the likelihood of movement, walking rate, and food consumption rate. In contrast, the neonicotinoid had a greater impact on flight distance at the higher temperature. Our findings show that different organismal functions can exhibit divergent thermal responses, with some pesticide-affected behaviours showing greater impact as temperatures dropped, and others as temperatures rose. We must therefore account for environmental context when determining pesticide risk. Moreover, we found evidence of synergistic effects, with just a 3°C increase causing a sudden drop in flight performance, despite seeing no effect of pesticide at the two lower temperatures. Our findings highlight the importance of multi-stressor studies to quantify threats to insects, which will help to improve dynamic evaluations of population tipping points and spatiotemporal risks to biodiversity across different climate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kenna
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK
| | - Peter Graystock
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK
| | - Richard J Gill
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK
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13
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Furukawa A, Mori T, Shimomura O, Araki K, Oda T, Matsusaka S. Culture of circulating tumor cells using a microfilter device. Oncol Rep 2023; 49:101. [PMID: 36999627 PMCID: PMC10091075 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with cancer metastasis and prognosis but their scarcity in whole blood prevents their use as a diagnostic tool. The purpose of the present study was to establish a novel approach to capture and cultivate CTCs using a microfilter device. The present study was a prospective study of patients with pancreatic cancer at the University of Tsukuba Hospital (Tsukuba, Japan). From each patient, 5 ml of whole blood was collected into an EDTA collection tube. Whole blood was filtered to isolate CTCs and cells captured on the microfilter were cultured in place. A total of 15 patients were enrolled. CTCs and/or CTC clusters were detected in 2 of 6 cases on day 0. In all cases, CTCs and/or formed clusters and/or colonies were observed during long‑term culture periods of up to 103 days. In samples where CTCs were not immediately evident, CTC clusters and colonies emerged after long‑term culture. To confirm activity of the cultured CTCs on the filters, staining with Calcein AM was performed and epithelial cellular adhesion molecule‑positive cells were observed. The system enables the capture and culture of CTCs. Cultured CTCs may be used for patient‑specific drug susceptibility testing and genomic profiling of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Furukawa
- Department of Clinical Research and Regional Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mori
- Department of Clinical Research and Regional Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Osamu Shimomura
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‑Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Araki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‑Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato‑Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsusaka
- Department of Clinical Research and Regional Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
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14
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Buswell VG, Ellis JS, Huml JV, Wragg D, Barnett MW, Brown A, Knight ME. When One's Not Enough: Colony Pool-Seq Outperforms Individual-Based Methods for Assessing Introgression in Apis mellifera mellifera. Insects 2023; 14:insects14050421. [PMID: 37233049 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The human management of honey bees (Apis mellifera) has resulted in the widespread introduction of subspecies outside of their native ranges. One well known example of this is Apis mellifera mellifera, native to Northern Europe, which has now been significantly introgressed by the introduction of C lineage honey bees. Introgression has consequences for species in terms of future adaptive potential and long-term viability. However, estimating introgression in colony-living haplodiploid species is challenging. Previous studies have estimated introgression using individual workers, individual drones, multiple drones, and pooled workers. Here, we compare introgression estimates via three genetic approaches: SNP array, individual RAD-seq, and pooled colony RAD-seq. We also compare two statistical approaches: a maximum likelihood cluster program (ADMIXTURE) and an incomplete lineage sorting model (ABBA BABA). Overall, individual approaches resulted in lower introgression estimates than pooled colonies when using ADMIXTURE. However, the pooled colony ABBA BABA approach resulted in generally lower introgression estimates than all three ADMIXTURE estimates. These results highlight that sometimes one individual is not enough to assess colony-level introgression, and future studies that do use colony pools should not be solely dependent on clustering programs for introgression estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Buswell
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
- Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jonathan S Ellis
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - J Vanessa Huml
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - David Wragg
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
- Beebytes Analytics CIC, Roslin Innovation Centre, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark W Barnett
- Beebytes Analytics CIC, Roslin Innovation Centre, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andrew Brown
- B4, Newton Farm Metherell, Cornwall, Callington PL17 8DQ, UK
| | - Mairi E Knight
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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15
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Phiri BJ, Pragert H, Taylor B, Hall RJ. A four-decade profile of apicultural demographics and production in New Zealand, 1980-2020. J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:342-351. [PMID: 36895194 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The demand for honey and pollination services has continued to grow in many countries worldwide, including New Zealand. This has influenced changes in the demographics of the managed population of honey bees (Apis mellifera). We examined historical data to describe how the apicultural demographics in New Zealand have changed temporally and geographically in the four decades to 2020. We also describe trends in honey production and the economic value of pure honey exported from New Zealand between 2000 and 2020. Our findings suggest that commercial apiculture has been key to the intensification of beekeeping in New Zealand during the study period. This is supported by evidence showing pronounced expansion of beekeeping operations among those with more than 1,000 colonies. The intensification has resulted in the density of apiaries increasing threefold across New Zealand during the four decades. While higher numbers of colonies per area produced higher volumes of honey, there was no corresponding improvement in production efficiency. Honey yields per apiary or colony, as indicators of production efficiency, appear to decline from the mid-2000s. The volume of pure honey export increased over 40-fold, a magnitude approximately ten times higher than that of production increase. This reflects a substantial increase in returns from honey exports, mostly driven by the price of mānuka honey. Our findings add to a pool of information to support evidence-based decision making to enhance honey bee health and develop the apicultural industry in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Phiri
- Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - Hayley Pragert
- Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - Byron Taylor
- AsureQuality Limited, 31 Norman Hayward Place, Te Rapa, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Hall
- Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
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16
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Katke C, Pedrueza-Villalmanzo E, Spustova K, Ryskulov R, Kaplan CN, Gözen I. Colony-like Protocell Superstructures. ACS Nano 2023; 17:3368-3382. [PMID: 36795609 PMCID: PMC9979656 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation, growth, and dynamics of model protocell superstructures on solid surfaces, resembling single cell colonies. These structures, consisting of several layers of lipidic compartments enveloped in a dome-shaped outer lipid bilayer, emerged as a result of spontaneous shape transformation of lipid agglomerates deposited on thin film aluminum surfaces. Collective protocell structures were observed to be mechanically more stable compared to isolated spherical compartments. We show that the model colonies encapsulate DNA and accommodate nonenzymatic, strand displacement DNA reactions. The membrane envelope is able to disassemble and expose individual daughter protocells, which can migrate and attach via nanotethers to distant surface locations, while maintaining their encapsulated contents. Some colonies feature "exocompartments", which spontaneously extend out of the enveloping bilayer, internalize DNA, and merge again with the superstructure. A continuum elastohydrodynamic theory that we developed suggests that a plausible driving force behind subcompartment formation is attractive van der Waals (vdW) interactions between the membrane and surface. The balance between membrane bending and vdW interactions yields a critical length scale of 236 nm, above which the membrane invaginations can form subcompartments. The findings support our hypotheses that in extension of the "lipid world hypothesis", protocells may have existed in the form of colonies, potentially benefiting from the increased mechanical stability provided by a superstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Katke
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center
for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Esteban Pedrueza-Villalmanzo
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Universitetsplatsen 1, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Karolina Spustova
- Centre
for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruslan Ryskulov
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - C. Nadir Kaplan
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center
for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Irep Gözen
- Centre
for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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Blecher AS, Oosthuizen MK. Social Isolation Does Not Alter Exploratory Behaviour, Spatial Learning and Memory in Captive Damaraland Mole-Rats ( Fukomys damarensis). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030543. [PMID: 36766430 PMCID: PMC9913580 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploratory behaviour, spatial learning and memory affect the survival of animals and appear to be dependent on the specific habitat that a species occupies. Good spatial navigation and memory are particularly important for subterranean animals, as it is energetically expensive to inhabit this niche. Damaraland mole-rats are subterranean mammals that live in colonies with organised social structures. Damaraland mole-rats have been maintained in the laboratory for many years and can be housed in groups or individually. We evaluated the effect of social isolation on the exploratory behaviour and spatial memory of single-housed and colony-housed animals and also considered potential differences in animals with different social statuses. We predicted that solitary housing would increase anxiety-like behaviour and result in higher activity and more errors when solving a maze. Exploration by colony- and single-housed mole-rats was tested in an open-field test, where all individuals explored readily. Single-housed queens and non-breeding females showed increased activity and spent more time in tunnels, which can be explained by increased anxiety. In the Y-maze, improvements in solving the maze were observed in all experimental groups, except in single-housed non-breeding females. In addition, all males showed a decrease in the number of errors in the maze. Spatial learning is thus apparent but could not be conclusively proven. It was possibly underestimated, as magnetic cues that may be used by mole-rats as stimuli for navigation were removed in the experimental setup. Overall, it appears that social isolation has a limited effect on the exploratory behaviour and spatial learning of Damaraland mole-rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Silvia Blecher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Maria Kathleen Oosthuizen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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18
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Nagai H, Miwa A, Yoneda K, Fujisawa K, Takami T. Optimizing the Seeding Density of Human Mononuclear Cells to Improve the Purity of Highly Proliferative Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010102. [PMID: 36671674 PMCID: PMC9855129 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold considerable promise for regenerative medicine. Optimization of the seeding density of mononuclear cells (MNCs) improves the proliferative and differentiation potential of isolated MSCs. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. We cultured human bone marrow MNCs at various seeding densities (4.0 × 104, 1.25 × 105, 2.5 × 105, 6.0 × 105, 1.25 × 106 cells/cm2) and examined MSC colony formation. At lower seeding densities (4.0 × 104, 1.25 × 105 cells/cm2), colonies varied in diameter and density, from dense to sparse. In these colonies, the proportion of highly proliferative MSCs increased over time. In contrast, lower proliferative MSCs enlarged more rapidly. Senescent cells were removed using a short detachment treatment. We found that these mechanisms increase the purity of highly proliferative MSCs. Thereafter, we compared MSCs isolated under optimized conditions with a higher density (1.25 × 106 cells/cm2). MSCs under optimized conditions exhibited significantly higher proliferative and differentiation potential into adipocytes and chondrocytes, except for osteocytes. We propose the following conditions to improve MSC quality: (1) optimizing MNC seeding density to form single-cell colonies; (2) adjusting incubation times to increase highly proliferative MSCs; and (3) establishing a detachment processing time that excludes senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nagai
- Shibuya Corporation, Kanazawa 920-8681, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Miwa
- Shibuya Corporation, Kanazawa 920-8681, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoneda
- Shibuya Corporation, Kanazawa 920-8681, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujisawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Environmental Oncology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taro Takami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Buryska S, Arji S, Wuertz B, Ondrey F. Using Bland-Altman Analysis to Identify Appropriate Clonogenic Assay Colony Counting Techniques. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231214250. [PMID: 37997353 PMCID: PMC10668582 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231214250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the interchangeability of various methods utilized for counting colonies in clonogenic assays. METHODS Clonogenic assays of 2 head and neck cancer cell lines were counted through 4 different counting modalities: Manual counting pen, via microscope, 1 publicly available automated algorithm, and a semiautomated algorithm presented by the authors. Each method counted individual wells (N = 24). Pen and microscopic counts were performed by 2 observers. Parameters included both low-growth (<150 colonies/well) and high-growth (>150 colonies/well) cell lines. Correlational and Bland-Altman analyses were performed using SPSS software. RESULTS Interobserver manual pen count correlation R2 value in both growth conditions was 0.902; controlling for only low-growth conditions decreased R2 to 0.660. Correlation of microscopic versus pen counts R2 values for observers 1 and 2 were 0.955 and 0.775, respectively. Comparing techniques, Bland-Altman revealed potential bias with respect to the magnitude of measurement (P < .001) for both observers. Correlation of microscopic counts for both interobserver (R2 = 0.902) and intraobserver (R2 = 0.916) were analyzed. Bland-Altman revealed no bias (P = .489). Automated versus microscopic counts revealed no bias between methodologies (P = .787) and a lower correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.384). Semiautomated versus microscopic counts revealed no bias with respect to magnitude of measurement for either observer (P = .327, .229); Pearson correlation was 0.985 (R2 = 0.970) and 0.965 (R2 = 0.931) for observer 1 and 2. Semiautomated versus manual pen colony counts revealed a significant bias with respect to magnitude of measurement (P < .001). CONCLUSION Counting with a manual pen demonstrated significant bias when compared to microscopic and semiautomated colony counts; 2 methods were deemed to be interchangeable. Thus, training algorithms based on manual counts may introduce this bias as well. Algorithms trained to select colonies based on size (pixels2) and shape (circularity) should be prioritized. Solely relying on Bland-Altman or correlational analyses when determining method interchangeability should be avoided; they rather should be used in conjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Buryska
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sanjana Arji
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Beverly Wuertz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Frank Ondrey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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20
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Zhang SF, Han BB, Shi RJ, Wu FX, Rao YY, Dai M, Huang HH. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Key Molecular Events Driving Phaeocystis globosa Bloom and Dissipation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012668. [PMID: 36293526 PMCID: PMC9604223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phaeocystis globosa is a marine-bloom-forming haptophyte with a polymorphic life cycle alternating between free-living cells and a colonial morphotype, that produces high biomass and impacts ecological structure and function. The mechanisms of P. globosa bloom formation have been extensively studied, and various environmental factors are believed to trigger these events. However, little is known about the intrinsic biological processes that drive the bloom process, and the mechanisms underlying P. globosa bloom formation remain enigmatic. Here, we investigated a P. globosa bloom occurring along the Chinese coast and compared the proteomes of in situ P. globosa colonies from bloom and dissipation phases using a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic approach. Among the 5540 proteins identified, 191 and 109 proteins displayed higher abundances in the bloom and dissipation phases, respectively. The levels of proteins involved in photosynthesis, pigment metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and matrix substrate biosynthesis were distinctly different between these two phases. Ambient nitrate is a key trigger of P. globosa bloom formation, while the enhanced light harvest and multiple inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanisms support the prosperousness of colonies in the bloom phase. Additionally, colonies in the bloom phase have greater carbon fixation potential, with more carbon and energy being fixed and flowing toward the colonial matrix biosynthesis. Our study revealed the key biological processes underlying P. globosa blooms and provides new insights into the mechanisms behind bloom formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Bei-Bei Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Rong-Jun Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Feng-Xia Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Yi-Yong Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Ming Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Hong-Hui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511485, China
- Correspondence:
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21
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Nixon LJ, Jones S, Dechaine AC, Ludwick D, Hickin M, Sullivan L, Elsensohn JE, Gould J, Keena M, Kuhar T, Pfeiffer DG, Leskey TC. Development of rearing methodology for the invasive Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). Front Insect Sci 2022; 2:1025193. [PMID: 38468780 PMCID: PMC10926372 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.1025193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Lycorma delicatula, White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), spotted lanternfly, is a univoltine, phloem-feeding, polyphagous and invasive insect in the USA. Although a primary host for this species is Ailanthus altissima, tree of heaven, L. delicatula also feeds on a wide range of hosts important to the USA including cultivated grapevines. Due to the need for classical or augmentative biological control programs to reduce impacts of L. delicatula across invaded areas, we developed a laboratory-based rearing protocol for this invasive species. Here, we evaluated the use of A. altissima apical meristems, epicormic shoots, and fresh foliage cut from A. altissima as a food source for rearing newly hatched L. delicatula. On these sources of plant material <20% of L. delicatula developed into adults and no oviposition occurred. However, when young, potted A. altissima trees were used as a food source, >50% of L. delicatula nymphs developed to the adult stage under natural daylengths and temperatures ranging from 20-25°C. The addition of wild grapevine, Vitis riparia, did not increase survivorship or reduce development time. To elicit mating and oviposition, adults were provided with A. altissima logs as an oviposition substrate and maintained under shortened daylengths and reduced nighttime temperatures (12L:12D and 24°C:13°C). This resulted in 2.12 egg masses deposited per female, which was 4× more than when adults were maintained in standard rearing conditions (16L:8D and 25°C). Based on these experiments, we present a protocol for reliably rearing L. delicatula under laboratory and/or greenhouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Nixon
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA - ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Sharon Jones
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA - ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | | | - Dalton Ludwick
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA - ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, United States
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center, Corpus Christi, TX, United States
| | - Mauri Hickin
- Forest Pest Methods Laboratory, USDA APHIS PPQ S&T, Buzzards Bay, MA, United States
| | - Liam Sullivan
- Forest Pest Methods Laboratory, USDA APHIS PPQ S&T, Buzzards Bay, MA, United States
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Entomology and Insect Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Johanna E. Elsensohn
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA - ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Juli Gould
- Forest Pest Methods Laboratory, USDA APHIS PPQ S&T, Buzzards Bay, MA, United States
| | - Melody Keena
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hamden, CT, United States
| | - Thomas Kuhar
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Tracy C. Leskey
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA - ARS), Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV, United States
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Sartor F, Kovács ÁT. Rhythmic Spatial Self-Organization of Bacterial Colonies. mBio 2022;:e0170322. [PMID: 35938723 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01703-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria display a remarkable capacity to organize themselves in space and time within biofilms. Traditionally, the spatial organization of biofilms has been dissected vertically; however, biofilms can exhibit complex, temporally structured, two-dimensional radial patterns while spreading on a surface. Kahl and colleagues report a ring pattern that indicates the alternating redox metabolism of P. aeruginosa biofilms under light/dark cycles. Does the presence of a rhythmic, daily phenotype imply a circadian rhythm? Here, we highlight several examples of rhythmic patterns reported in the literature for surface-colonizing multicellular assemblies and discuss the conceptual requirements for proving the presence of a prokaryotic circadian clock behind pattern formation.
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23
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Robert M. Voyager pour apprendre : les Canadiens reçus docteurs en médecine à Paris au XIX e siècle. Can Bull Med Hist 2022; 39:72-98. [PMID: 35506601 DOI: 10.3138/cjhh.532-042021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen Canadians obtained a doctoral degree from the Faculty of Medicine of Paris between 1822 and 1905. Their studies in France played a decisive role in some of the major trends of 19th-century Canadian history: the formation of a French-Canadian professional bourgeoisie, the formalization of diplomatic ties between Canada and France, the development of bacteriology in America, and the rise of French-Canadian nationalism at the turn of the 20th century. This article traces the careers of these medical doctors by using unpublished sources, mainly their student files and doctoral theses, located through the Pierre Moulinier database and made available by the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Santé of the Université Paris-Descartes. By examining these doctors' travels to Paris, it shows the impact on the Canadian medical profession of the relationship between a former North American colony and its former imperial capital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Robert
- Martin Robert - Oxford Centre for the History of Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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24
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Rojas-Nossa SV, Álvarez P, Garrido J, Calviño-Cancela M. Method for Nest Detection of the Yellow-Legged Hornet in High Density Areas. Front Insect Sci 2022; 2:851010. [PMID: 38468760 PMCID: PMC10926382 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.851010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The Asian hornet Vespa velutina is a social predator that has invaded several countries of Europe and Asia, impacting pollinators, apiculture and human health. One of the few effective control methods developed so far is the early destruction of nests. However, they are often built within dense vegetation, being difficult to detect. The aim of the method described here is to detect nests with a simple procedure, utilizing readily available materials, for widespread use in infested areas. The method has two phases, the first phase involves capturing and marking hornets, lured to a protein bait, and recording the flight directions of individuals to the nest and the time needed to complete a bait-nest-bait round trip, to estimate the distance. Collecting this information from two (or more) bait stations allows to delineate the approximate location of the nest. The second phase aims to determine the precise location of the nest, using sugary baits in the vicinity of the nest and conspicuous marks attached to the released hornets, to visually follow them up to their nest. This method is an alternative to other methods that are either ineffective in areas with high nest density or require expensive equipment and specialized training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra V. Rojas-Nossa
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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25
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Perl CD, Johansen ZB, Jie VW, Moradinour Z, Guiraud M, Restrepo CE, Miettinen A, Baird E. Substantial variability in morphological scaling among bumblebee colonies. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:211436. [PMID: 35242346 PMCID: PMC8753140 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Differences in organ scaling among individuals may play an important role in determining behavioural variation. In social insects, there are well-documented intraspecific differences in colony behaviour, but the extent that organ scaling differs within and between colonies remains unclear. Using 12 different colonies of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris, we aim to address this knowledge gap by measuring the scaling relationships between three different organs (compound eyes, wings and antennae) and body size in workers. Though colonies were exposed to different rearing temperatures, this environmental variability did not explain the differences of the scaling relationships. Two colonies had differences in wing versus antenna slopes, three colonies showed differences in wing versus eye slopes and a single colony has differences between eye versus antenna slopes. There are also differences in antennae scaling slopes between three different colonies, and we present evidence for putative trade-offs in morphological investment. We discuss the utility of having variable scaling among colonies and the implication for understanding variability in colony fitness and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. D. Perl
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Z. B. Johansen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - V. W. Jie
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Z. Moradinour
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - M. Guiraud
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - C. E. Restrepo
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - A. Miettinen
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E. Baird
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
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26
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Robert M. Voyager pour apprendre : les Canadiens reçus docteurs en médecine à Paris au XIX e siècle. Can Bull Med Hist 2021:e532042021. [PMID: 34936542 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.532-042021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen Canadians obtained a doctoral degree from the Faculty of Medicine of Paris between 1822 and 1905. Their studies in France played a decisive role in some of the major trends of 19th-century Canadian history: the formation of a French-Canadian professional bourgeoisie, the formalization of diplomatic ties between Canada and France, the development of bacteriology in America, and the rise of French-Canadian nationalism at the turn of the 20th century. This article traces the careers of these medical doctors by using unpublished sources, mainly their student files and doctoral theses, located through the Pierre Moulinier database and made available by the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Santé of the Université Paris-Descartes. By examining these doctors' travels to Paris, it shows the impact on the Canadian medical profession of the relationship between a former North American colony and its former imperial capital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Robert
- Oxford Centre for the History of Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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27
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Adams DR, Aguirre-Cordero E, Hamer GL. The effect of anticoagulants in artificial blood meals on the mortality, fecundity, and fertility of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). J Vector Ecol 2021; 46:137-142. [PMID: 35230017 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-46.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blood sources used for insect colonies and their effects on fecundity and fertility have been studied in multiple mosquito species, but the effect of anticoagulants that prevent clotting of blood has received minimal attention. Here, we identify the effect two anticoagulants have on the mortality, fecundity, and fertility of Culex quinquefasciatus (Sebring and BCS strains) and Aedes aegypti Liverpool. Each mosquito species was provided with one of three treatments: direct feeding on live chicken (LC), blood from freshly exsanguinated chicken treated with heparin (EXS) or commercially purchased chicken blood treated with Alsever's solution (ART). No significant effect of treatment on mortality was observed. Both Cx. quinquefasciatus Sebring and BCS strains demonstrated a significant effect of treatment type on fecundity with the number of eggs laid for LC being 1.40-fold higher than EXS and 2.14-fold higher than ART for Sebring. For BCS strain mosquitoes, LC was 1.55-fold higher than ART, and EXS was 1.57-fold higher than ART, but there was no significant difference between LC and EXS. For Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, only a significant difference in mean egg counts was observed between LC and ART treatments, with LC laying 1.46-fold more eggs. No significant effect on fertility was observed among any mosquitoes for any treatment. These results demonstrate the negative effect of anticoagulants on the fecundity for multiple mosquito taxa. This may affect the ability of labs to produce large numbers of mosquitoes or colonize wild mosquito populations and should be taken into account when considering colony maintenance or vector biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayvion R Adams
- Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A
- Texas A&M University, Schubot Center for Avian Health, College Station, TX, U.S.A
| | - Erik Aguirre-Cordero
- Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A.,
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28
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Zhu Z, Meng R, Smith WO, Doan-Nhu H, Nguyen-Ngoc L, Jiang X. Bacterial Composition Associated With Giant Colonies of the Harmful Algal Species Phaeocystis globosa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:737484. [PMID: 34721335 PMCID: PMC8555426 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.737484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The cosmopolitan algae Phaeocystis globosa forms harmful algal blooms frequently in a number of tropical and subtropical coastal regions in the past two decades. During the bloom, the giant colony, which is formed by P. globosa, is the dominant morphotype. However, the microenvironment and the microbial composition in the intracolonial fluid are poorly understood. Here, we used high-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to examine the bacterial composition and predicted functions in intracolonial fluid. Compared with the bacterial consortia in ambient seawater, intracolonial fluids possessed the lower levels of microbial richness and diversity, implying selectivity of bacteria by the unique intracolonial microenvironment enclosed within the P. globosa polysaccharide envelope. The bacterial consortia in intracolonial fluid were dominated by Balneola (48.6% of total abundance) and Labrezia (28.5%). The bacteria and microbial function enriched in intracolonial fluid were involved in aromatic benzenoid compounds degradation, DMSP and DMS production and consumption, and antibacterial compounds synthesis. We suggest that the P. globosa colonial envelope allows for the formation of a specific microenvironment; thus, the unique microbial consortia inhabiting intracolonial fluid has close interaction with P. globosa cells, which may benefit colony development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zhu
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Meng
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Walker O Smith
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Doan-Nhu
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Lam Nguyen-Ngoc
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Xinjun Jiang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Ren X, Yu Z, Qiu L, Cao X, Song X. Effects of Modified Clay on Phaeocystis globosa Growth and Colony Formation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph181910163. [PMID: 34639465 PMCID: PMC8507688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phaeocystis globosa is a globally distributed harmful algal blooms (HABs) species dominated by the colonial morphotype, which presents dramatic environmental hazards and poses a threat to human health. Modified clay (MC) can effectively flocculate HAB organisms and prevent their subsequent growth, but the effects of MC on colony-dominated P. globosa blooms remain uncertain. In this paper, a series of removal and incubation experiments were conducted to investigate the growth, colony formation and colony development of P. globosa cells after treatment with MC. The results show that the density of colonies was higher at MC concentrations below 0.2 g/L compared to those in the control, indicating the role of P. globosa colonies in resistance to environmental stress. Concentrations of MC greater than 0.2 g/L could reduce the density of solitary cells and colonies, and the colony diameter and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) content were also decreased. The adsorption of MC to dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and the cell damage caused by collision may be the main mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. These results elucidate that the treatment with an appropriate concentration of MC may provide an effective mitigation strategy for P. globosa blooms by preventing their growth and colony formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzheng Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.R.); (L.Q.); (X.C.); (X.S.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.R.); (L.Q.); (X.C.); (X.S.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-82898587
| | - Lixia Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.R.); (L.Q.); (X.C.); (X.S.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.R.); (L.Q.); (X.C.); (X.S.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (X.R.); (L.Q.); (X.C.); (X.S.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Abstract
The spatial interaction of clonal organisms is an unsolved but crucial topic in evolutionary biology. We evaluated the interactions between aphid clones using a colour mutant (yellow) and an original (green) clone. Colonies founded by two aphids of the same clone and mixed colonies, founded by a green aphid and a yellow aphid, were set up to observe population growth for 15 days. We confirmed positive competition effects, with mixed colonies increasing in size more rapidly than clonal colonies. In mixed colonies where reproduction started simultaneously, green aphids overwhelmed yellow aphids in number, and yellow aphids restrained reproduction. However, when yellow aphids started to reproduce earlier, they outnumbered the green aphids. To test whether aphids have the ability to control reproduction according to the densities of self and non-self clones, one yellow aphid or one antennae-excised yellow aphid was transferred into a highly dense green clone colony. Intact yellow aphids produced fewer nymphs in crowded green colonies, whereas the fecundity of antennae-excised aphids did not change. Thus, we conclude that aphid clones can discriminate between self and non-self clones, and can regulate their reproduction, depending on whether they are superior or inferior in number to their competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi Guizhou 563006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shin-ichi Akimoto
- Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Ni H, Kong WL, Zhang QQ, Wu XQ. First Report of leaf spot disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Chaenomeles sinensis in China. Plant Dis 2021; 105:2731. [PMID: 33534606 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-20-2488-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chaenomeles sinensis is a shrub or small arbor of the genus Chaenomeles in Rosaceae, which is widely planted in China. It is a kind of garden ornamental plant and has high economic value. Since 2020, a leaf disease occurred on the foliage of C. sinensis at the campus of Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China. After investigating, C. sinensis was found with leaf spot disease at a 100% infection rate, which causing gigantic ornamental loss. Leaf spots are round to irregular distributing on the leaves, in addition, the color of spots is brown. There are yellow halos on the edge of the lesion. Small leaf tissues (3 to 4 mm2) from lesion margins were surface sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30s and then rinsed with sterile dH2O for three times. Afterwards, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C. Pure cultures were obtained by monosporic isolation, and a representative isolate (NJTJ.1) was obtained. When cultured on PDA, the colony of NJTJ.1 was white and cottony. On the reverse side, the color of colony nearly light yellow. The colony were placed in the liquid Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) medium. After culturing for 24h in a shaker at 25℃ and 150rmp/min, the spore liquid was taken by us. The conidia were one-celled, straight, hyaline, subcylindrical with rounded ends and measured 15.1 to 23.6× 5.4 to 7.9 µm (n =30). Appressoria were one-celled, brown, thick-walled, ellipsoidal, and measured 7.7 to 13.8 × 6.4 to 10.3 µm (n =30). The morphological characteristics of NJTJ.1 fitted with the description of the Colletotrichhum gloeosporioides complex (Weir et al., 2012). For accurate identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the genes encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT) and chitin synthase (CHS-1) were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4, GDF/GDR, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, and CHS-79F/CHS-345R (Zhu et al, 2019), respectively. The sequences were deposited in GenBank [Accession Nos.MT984264, MW030495 and MW030496 to MW030497 for NJTJ.1]. A Blast search of GenBank showed that ITS, GAPDH, ACT and CHS-1 sequences of NJTJ.1 were 99%, 99%, 100% and 100% identical to those of C. gloeosporioides (MH571757.1 ,KY995355.1 , MN058143.1 and MN313581.1). A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was generated by combining all sequenced loci in MEGA7. The isolate NJTJ.1 clustered in the C. gloeosporioides clade with 99% bootstrap support. The pathogenicity of the NJTJ.1 was verified both on detached and living leaves. The detached leaves were inoculated with 5-mm mycelial plugs cut from the edge of 6-day old cultures on PDA and 20 μL of spore suspension (106 conidia/mL) and each treatment had 5 replicates. Controls were treated with sterile dH2O. The inocula were placed at a distance of 2 to 3 cm on the leaves which were wounded with a sterile needle. All of them were placed in 20-cm dishes on wet filter paper at 25°C. After 5 days, all the inoculated points showed lesions which were similar to those outdoor observed. Whereas, controls were asymptomatic.At the same time, the plugs of C. gloeosporioides were inoculated on living leaves.After 7 days, the leaves which were inoculated also appeared lesions. This is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing leaf blotch on Chaenomeles sinensis in China. These data will help develop effective strategies for managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Longpan Road 159Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210037;
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32
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Ren W, Wang L, Zhang X, Feng X, Zhuang L, Jiang N, Xu R, Li X, Wang P, Sun X, Yu H, Yu Y. Expansion of murine and human olfactory epithelium/mucosa colonies and generation of mature olfactory sensory neurons under chemically defined conditions. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:684-699. [PMID: 33391499 PMCID: PMC7738855 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunctions, including hyposmia and anosmia, affect ~100 million people around the world and the underlying causes are not fully understood. Degeneration of olfactory sensory neurons and incapacity of globose basal cells to generate olfactory sensory neurons are found in elder people and patients with smell disorders. Thus, olfactory stem cell may function as a promising tool to replace inactivated globose basal cells and to generate sensory neurons. Methods: We established clonal expansion of cells from the murine olfactory epithelium as well as colony growth from human olfactory mucosa using Matrigel-based three-dimensional system. These colonies were characterized by immunostaining against olfactory epithelium cellular markers and by calcium imaging of responses to odors. Chemical addition was optimized to promote Lgr5 expression, colony growth and sensory neuron generation, tested by quantitative PCR and immunostaining against progenitor and neuronal markers. The differential transcriptomes in multiple signaling pathways between colonies under different base media and chemical cocktails were determined by RNA-Seq. Results: In defined culture media, we found that VPA and CHIR99021 induced the highest Lgr5 expression level, while LY411575 resulted in the most abundant yield of OMP+ mature sensory neurons in murine colonies. Different base culture media with drug cocktails led to apparent morphological alteration from filled to cystic appearance, accompanied with massive transcriptional changes in multiple signaling pathways. Generation of sensory neurons in human colonies was affected through TGF-β signaling, while Lgr5 expression and cell proliferation was regulated by VPA. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that targeting expansion of olfactory epithelium/mucosa colonies in vitro potentially results in discovery of new source to cell replacement-based therapy against smell loss.
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Feng G, Zhu W, Xue Z, Hu S, Wang R, Zhao S, Chen H. Structural Variations Increase the Upper Limit of Colony Size of Microcystis: Implications from Laboratory Cultures and Field Investigations. J Phycol 2020; 56:1676-1686. [PMID: 33448389 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wild Microcystis have highly diverse colonial structures and sizes, including variable colony geometry, cell arrangement, and diameter. These structural and dimensional variations may play an important role in continual, frequent Microcystis blooms during summer and autumn, the cause of which still remains unclear. Here, laboratory cultures and field investigations were applied to assess mechanisms that drive variation in structure and size, as well as factors that influence diversity. The results demonstrated that colonies grew to large sizes at the expense of their structure being loose and inhomogeneous. Furthermore, colonies may spontaneously change structure to relieve the constraints of size in return. Influencing factors (nutrient limits and turbulent shear) tended to promote these variations. Our work highlights that the diversity of Microcystis colonies may be a result of structural variations as survival strategies for gaining a higher upper size limit. Therefore, during seasonal successions, large colonies commonly have porous or loosely arranged structures, such as in M. aeruginosa. Additionally, this study hypothesized three possible transition routes for better understanding structural diversity and variations in Microcystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Feng
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Zongpu Xue
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Siyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Ruochen Wang
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Huaimin Chen
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China
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34
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Țigu AB, Toma VA, Moț AC, Jurj A, Moldovan CS, Fischer-Fodor E, Berindan-Neagoe I, Pârvu M. The Synergistic Antitumor Effect of 5-Fluorouracil Combined with Allicin against Lung and Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081947. [PMID: 32331446 PMCID: PMC7221923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is an anticancer drug used to inhibit the proliferation of many different tumor cells. Since severe events are associated with this compound, its combination with different anticancer drugs or adjuvants would allow the use of a significantly lower dose of 5-FU. In this study, we highlighted that the combination of allicin with 5-FU inhibited the cell migration and proliferation of colorectal and lung cancer cells. 5-FU inhibited cell growth with a similar inhibitory concentration for both normal and tumor cells (~200µM), while allicin showed different inhibitory concentrations. With an IC50 of 8.625 µM, lung cancer cells were the most sensitive to allicin. Compared to 5-FU and allicin single-agent treatments, the co-treatment showed a reduced viability rate, with p < 0.05. The morphological changes were visible on all three cell lines, indicating that the treatment inhibited the proliferation of both normal and tumor cells. We highlighted different cell death mechanisms—apoptosis for lung cancer and a non-apoptotic cell death for colorectal cancer. The synergistic antitumor effect of 5-FU combined with allicin was visible against lung and colorectal carcinoma cells. Better results were obtained when a lower concentration of 5-FU was combined with allicin than the single-agent treatment at IC50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Bogdan Țigu
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.B.Ț.); (C.S.M.); (E.F.-F.); (I.B.-N.)
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vlad-Alexandru Toma
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Institute of Biological Research Cluj-Napoca, branch of NIRDBS Bucuresti, 400113 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics, National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and MolecularTechnologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Augustin Cătălin Moț
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University,11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ancuța Jurj
- The Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cristian Silviu Moldovan
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.B.Ț.); (C.S.M.); (E.F.-F.); (I.B.-N.)
- The Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Eva Fischer-Fodor
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.B.Ț.); (C.S.M.); (E.F.-F.); (I.B.-N.)
- Department of Radiobiology and Tumor Biology, the Oncology Institute “Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta”, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.B.Ț.); (C.S.M.); (E.F.-F.); (I.B.-N.)
- The Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, the Oncology Institute “Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta”, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marcel Pârvu
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence:
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Dusick AF, Bach JF, Liao PT, Hartmann FA. Growth of adenocarcinoma from canine pleural fluid on aerobic bacterial culture. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 32:156-158. [PMID: 31744399 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719887753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of canine adenocarcinoma with multi-organ metastasis in which colonies of adenocarcinoma cells grew upon aerobic bacterial culture of pleural effusion. Stained agar colonies were highly similar to rare suspicious cells seen on cytologic examination of the pleural effusion, as well as rare cells seen on cytologic examination of pancreatic and gastric wall fine-needle aspirates. Cells from colonies growing on agar media were mildly immunoreactive for cytokeratin. Histologic examination of tissues obtained at autopsy revealed pancreatic adenocarcinoma with vascular invasion and nodal, gastric, pulmonary, and pleural metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison F Dusick
- Departments of Pathobiological Sciences (Dusick), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Medical Sciences (Bach, Liao), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,UW Veterinary Care (Hartmann), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Jonathan F Bach
- Departments of Pathobiological Sciences (Dusick), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Medical Sciences (Bach, Liao), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,UW Veterinary Care (Hartmann), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Pen-Ting Liao
- Departments of Pathobiological Sciences (Dusick), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Medical Sciences (Bach, Liao), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,UW Veterinary Care (Hartmann), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Faye A Hartmann
- Departments of Pathobiological Sciences (Dusick), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Medical Sciences (Bach, Liao), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,UW Veterinary Care (Hartmann), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Abstract
Until now, bacterial cells facing nutrient deprivation were shown to enter dormancy as a strategy to survive prolonged stress, with the most established examples being sporulation, stationary phase, and persistence. Here, we uncovered an opposing strategy for long-term bacterial survival, in which mutant subpopulations cope with a challenging niche by proliferating rather than by stalling division. We show that this feature stems from mutations in genes disturbing the capability of the cells to differentiate into a quiescent state, enabling them to divide under restrictive conditions. Our study challenges the dogma of bacterial aging by highlighting an additional survival strategy resembling that of cancerous cells in animal organs. Bacteria in nature are known to survive for long periods under restricting conditions, mainly by reducing their growth rate and metabolic activity. Here, we uncover a novel strategy utilized by bacterial cells to resist aging by propagating rather than halting division. Bacterial aging was monitored by inspecting colonies of the Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, which is capable of differentiating into various cell types under nutrient exhaustion. We revealed that after days of incubation, rejuvenating subpopulations, arrayed over the mother colony, emerged. These subpopulations were found to harbor mutations in a variety of genes, restricting the ability of the cells to differentiate. Surprisingly, even mutations that are not classically designated to developmental pathways, concluded in differentiation deficiency, indicating that multiple paths can reach this same outcome. We provide evidence that the evolved mutants continue to divide under conditions that favor entry into quiescence, hence becoming abundant within the aging population. The occurrence of such nondifferentiating mutants could impact bacterial population dynamics in natural niches.
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Feás Sánchez X, Charles RJ. Notes on the Nest Architecture and Colony Composition in Winter of the Yellow-Legged Asian Hornet, Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hym.: Vespidae), in Its Introduced Habitat in Galicia (NW Spain). Insects 2019; 10:E237. [PMID: 31382493 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, at least one multimated female yellow-legged Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836) arrived in France, giving rise to a pan-European invasion, altering the environment, affecting ecosystem processes, and impacting society. During winter, V. velutina nests (n = 3) were collected in Galicia and data on internal and external aspects of the nests and the colony as a whole were collected. The whole colony population (WCPN; adult insects, larvae, and pupae in percentages) was as follows: nest A: n = 176 (49%, 3%, and 48%); nest B: n = 1979 (52%, 36%, and 12%); and nest C: n = 662 (5%, 27%, and 8%). The adult insect population (IAPN; males, workers, and gynes in percentages) was as follows: nest A: n = 87 (11%, 66%, and 23%); nest B: n = 1021 (3%, 62%, and 35%); and nest C: n = 430 (20%, 73%, and 7%). As a small number of queens is sufficient for a population to develop, it is necessary to avoid continued spread by deactivating and removing all nests, even those detected in winter. This practice can be of greatest importance in border areas where V. velutina is expanding into new territory.
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Eichner M, Basu S, Gledhill M, de Beer D, Shaked Y. Hydrogen Dynamics in Trichodesmium Colonies and Their Potential Role in Mineral Iron Acquisition. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1565. [PMID: 31354665 PMCID: PMC6636555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N2-fixing cyanobacteria mediate H2 fluxes through the opposing processes of H2 evolution, which is a by-product of the N2 fixation reaction, and H2 uptake, which is driven by uptake hydrogenases. Here, we used microelectrodes to characterize H2 and O2 dynamics in single natural colonies of the globally important N2 fixer Trichodesmium collected from the Gulf of Eilat. We observed gradually changing H2 dynamics over the course of the day, including both net H2 evolution and net H2 uptake, as well as large differences in H2 fluxes between individual colonies. Net H2 uptake was observed in colonies amended with H2 in both light and dark. Net H2 evolution was recorded in the light only, reflecting light-dependent N2 fixation coupled to H2 evolution. Both net H2 evolution and H2 uptake rates were higher before 2 pm than later in the day. These pronounced H2 dynamics in the morning coincided with strong net O2 uptake and the previously reported diel peak in N2 fixation. Later in the afternoon, when photosynthesis rates determined by O2 measurements were highest, and N2 fixation rates decrease according to previous studies, the H2 dynamics were also less pronounced. Thus, the observed diel variations in H2 dynamics reflect diel changes in the rates of O2 consumption and N2 fixation. Remarkably, the presence of H2 strongly stimulated the uptake of mineral iron by natural colonies. The magnitude of this effect was dependent on the time of day, with the strongest response in incubations that started before 2 pm, i.e., the period that covered the time of highest uptake hydrogenase activity. Based on these findings, we propose that by providing an electron source for mineral iron reduction in N2-fixing cells, H2 may contribute to iron uptake in Trichodesmium colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Eichner
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Subhajit Basu
- The Freddy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
| | - Martha Gledhill
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yeala Shaked
- The Freddy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
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Crawford HM, Calver MC, Fleming PA. A Case of Letting the Cat out of The Bag-Why Trap-Neuter-Return Is Not an Ethical Solution for Stray Cat ( Felis catus) Management. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E171. [PMID: 30995809 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs, in which stray cats are captured, neutered and returned to the environment are advocated as a humane, ethical alternative to euthanasia. We review the TNR literature in light of current debate over whether or not there should be further TNR trials in Australia. We revisit the problems arising from stray cats living in association with human habitation and estimate how many stray cats would have to be processed through a scientifically-guided TNR program to avoid high euthanasia rates. We also identify 10 ethical and welfare challenges that have to be addressed: we consider the quality of life for stray cats, where they would live, whether the TNR process itself is stressful, whether TNR cats are vulnerable to injury, parasites and disease, can be medically treated, stray cats' body condition and diet, and their impacts on people, pet cats, and urban wildlife, especially endemic fauna. We conclude that TNR is unsuitable for Australia in almost all situations because it is unlikely to resolve problems caused by stray cats or meet ethical and welfare challenges. Targeted adoption, early-age desexing, community education initiatives and responsible pet ownership have greater promise to minimize euthanasia, reduce numbers rapidly, and address the identified issues.
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Eichner M, Thoms S, Rost B, Mohr W, Ahmerkamp S, Ploug H, Kuypers MMM, de Beer D. N 2 fixation in free-floating filaments of Trichodesmium is higher than in transiently suboxic colony microenvironments. New Phytol 2019; 222:852-863. [PMID: 30507001 PMCID: PMC6590460 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of micrometer-scale oxygen (O2 ) gradients in facilitating dinitrogen (N2 ) fixation, we characterized O2 dynamics in the microenvironment around free-floating trichomes and colonies of Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101. Diurnal and spatial variability in O2 concentrations in the bulk medium, within colonies, along trichomes and within single cells were determined using O2 optodes, microsensors and model calculations. Carbon (C) and N2 fixation as well as O2 evolution and uptake under different O2 concentrations were analyzed by stable isotope incubations and membrane inlet mass spectrometry. We observed a pronounced diel rhythm in O2 fluxes, with net O2 evolution restricted to short periods in the morning and evening, and net O2 uptake driven by dark respiration and light-dependent O2 uptake during the major part of the light period. Remarkably, colonies showed lower N2 fixation and C fixation rates than free-floating trichomes despite the long period of O2 undersaturation in the colony microenvironment. Model calculations demonstrate that low permeability of the cell wall in combination with metabolic heterogeneity between single cells allows for anoxic intracellular conditions in colonies but also free-floating trichomes of Trichodesmium. Therefore, whereas colony formation must have benefits for Trichodesmium, it does not favor N2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Eichner
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyCelsiusstr. 1Bremen28359Germany
| | - Silke Thoms
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchAm Handelshafen 12Bremerhaven27570Germany
| | - Björn Rost
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchAm Handelshafen 12Bremerhaven27570Germany
| | - Wiebke Mohr
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyCelsiusstr. 1Bremen28359Germany
| | - Soeren Ahmerkamp
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyCelsiusstr. 1Bremen28359Germany
| | - Helle Ploug
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgCarl Skottbergsgata 22 BGöteborg41319Sweden
| | | | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyCelsiusstr. 1Bremen28359Germany
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41
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Johnson SA, Tompkins MM, Tompkins H, Colla SR. Artificial Domicile Use by Bumble Bees (Bombus; Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Ontario, Canada. J Insect Sci 2019; 19:5292355. [PMID: 30657955 PMCID: PMC6339236 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bumble bees are an important group of pollinating insects that are of increasing conservation concern due to relatively recent and dramatic species-specific declines. Nesting ecology can vary significantly between species, and nest site selection may be affected by many factors, including heredity, individual experience, and habitat availability. Data on bumble bee nesting ecology are inherently difficult to collect in the wild as nests are often cryptic. Artificial domiciles (nest boxes) can be a useful tool for gathering information on species-specific nesting behavior to inform conservation management of native pollinator populations. The aim of this study was to examine the use of three different domicile designs for monitoring bumble bees: aboveground, underground, and false underground, while collecting information on occupying species identity and richness to compare with sampling with traditional netting survey methods. Across Ontario, the majority of sites had at least one domicile occupied, with the aboveground installation method proving most successful whereas no false-underground domiciles were occupied. Occupied domiciles appeared to preferentially sample certain species compared to netting surveys, and rarefied species richness of both methods was similar. Given that some bumble bees did occupy artificial domiciles, and species richness relative to sample size was high, with further refinement, this method may be useful for bumble bee research and monitoring: filling in nesting ecology knowledge gaps and potentially as a conservation management tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, Native Pollinator Initiative, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Hayley Tompkins
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, Native Pollinator Initiative, Guelph, Canada
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Sheila R Colla
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada
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42
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Fischer A, Benka VA, Briggs JR, Maki J, Morris KN, Myers KA, Rhodes L, Weedon GR, Levy JK. Hybrid model intermediate between a laboratory and field study: A humane paradigm shift in feline research. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:803-810. [PMID: 30021502 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18791872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-surgical contraceptives are under development to provide accessible, affordable and humane alternatives for the management of free-roaming cat populations. The objective of this project was to develop a research approach for promising non-surgical contraceptives using outbred cats in a simulated free-roaming setting, meeting high standards for both animal welfare and scientific rigor. METHODS A facility, specially constructed with indoor and outdoor living areas, was approved and regulated as both an animal shelter and a United States Department of Agriculture research facility. Thirty female and five male cats, healthy but at high risk of euthanasia, were recruited from animal shelters and private homes. Guided by a detailed protocol, cats were housed in this facility for up to 18 months after acclimatization. Cats were administered the study product or a placebo, and then entered into a breeding trial. Cats were adopted at the end of the study. A range of methods was used to provide enrichment and balance a natural environment with the need for detailed daily monitoring. RESULTS Primary study results related to contraceptive safety and efficacy are published separately. Achieving a research model that is an intermediate step between a laboratory and an uncontained free-roaming cat colony was complex. Significant learnings shared in this current publication span: the selection of cats; acclimatization to a simulated colony environment; cat behavioral training during the study and in preparation for adoption; disease management; contract staff and volunteer support; and cat behavior throughout a breeding study. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This model inspires continued movement away from the paradigm of breeding cats for research and instead sources existing cats at risk for euthanasia. The housing and management of the cats elevates research animals' quality of life and provides positive post-study outcomes. While not appropriate for every feline research scenario, this hybrid model (between a laboratory and field study) proved to be a practical, humane and reliable scenario for research requiring a simulated real-world environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Fischer
- 1 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,2 Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Valerie Aw Benka
- 2 Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joyce R Briggs
- 2 Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joanne Maki
- 2 Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA.,3 Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kevin N Morris
- 2 Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA.,4 Institute for Human-Animal Connection, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kayla A Myers
- 1 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Linda Rhodes
- 2 Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
| | - George Robert Weedon
- 2 Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA.,5 College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Julie K Levy
- 2 Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA.,6 Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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43
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Kuo A, Smith MT. In vivo profiling of four centrally administered opioids for antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression: Between- colony differences in Sprague Dawley rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:1056-1066. [PMID: 29786873 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Outbred rodent stocks including Sprague Dawley rats, are known for their genetic diversity and so they are often used to develop animal models of human disease. Although between-colony differences in pharmaco-behavioural studies have been published previously, a direct head-to-head comparison study, whereby all research was performed in the same laboratory by the same experimenter utilising the supraspinal route of drug administration in the same strain of rat, is lacking. Herein, we report our head-to-head comparison study, involving assessment of antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression evoked by single bolus intracerebroventricular (ICV) doses of morphine, buprenorphine, DPDPE and U69,593 using male Sprague Dawley rats sourced from a different breeding colony (BC2) from that (BC1) used by us previously. Our data show that there are marked differences in the potency rank order for morphine and buprenorphine between rats sourced from BC2 and BC1. Although ICV morphine evoked a bell-shaped dose-response curve in the constipation test for rats from both colonies, this occurred at higher doses for rats from BC2. In conclusion, our head-to-head comparison shows considerable between-colony differences for the same rat strain, in the potency rank order of two clinically important strong opioid analgesics given by the ICV route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Kuo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree T Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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44
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Hellmann JK, Hamilton IM. Intragroup social dynamics vary with the presence of neighbors in a cooperatively breeding fish. Curr Zool 2018; 65:21-31. [PMID: 30697235 PMCID: PMC6347054 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflict is an inherent part of social life in group-living species. Group members may mediate conflict through submissive and affiliative behaviors, which can reduce aggression, stabilize dominance hierarchies, and foster group cohesion. The frequency and resolution of within-group conflict may vary with the presence of neighboring groups. Neighbors can threaten the territory or resources of the whole group, promoting behaviors that foster within-group cohesion. However, neighbors may also foster conflict of interests among group members: opportunities for subordinate dispersal may alter conflict among dominants and subordinates while opportunities for extra-pair reproduction may increase conflict between mates. To understand how neighbors mediate within-group conflict in the cooperatively breeding fish Neolamprologus pulcher, we measured behavioral dynamics and social network structure in isolated groups, groups recently exposed to neighbors, and groups with established neighbors. Aggression and submission between the dominant male and female pair were high in isolated groups, but dominant aggression was directly primarily at subordinates when groups had neighbors. This suggests that neighbors attenuate conflict between mates and foster conflict between dominants and subordinates. Further, aggression and submission between similarly sized group members were most frequent when groups had neighbors, suggesting that neighbors induce rank-related conflict. We found relatively little change in within-group affiliative networks across treatments, suggesting that the presence of neighbors does not alter behaviors associated with promoting group cohesion. Collectively, these results provide some of the first empirical insights into the extent to which intragroup behavioral networks are mediated by intergroup interactions and the broader social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Hellmann
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ian M Hamilton
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Bacles CFE, Bouchard C, Lange F, Manicki A, Tentelier C, Lepais O. Estimating the effective number of breeders from single parr samples for conservation monitoring of wild populations of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Fish Biol 2018; 92:699-726. [PMID: 29377125 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses whether the effective number of breeders (Nb ) can be estimated using a time and cost-effective protocol using genetic sibship reconstruction from a single sample of young-of-the-year (YOY) for the purposes of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar population monitoring. Nb was estimated for 10 consecutive reproductive seasons for S. salar in the River Nivelle, a small population located at the rear-edge of the species distribution area in France, chronically under its conservation limit and subjected to anthropogenic and environmental changes. Subsampling of real and simulated data showed that accurate estimates of Nb can be obtained from YOY genotypes, collected at moderate random sampling intensity, achievable using routine juvenile electrofishing protocols. Spatial bias and time elapsed since spawning were found to affect estimates, which must be accounted for in sampling designs. Nb estimated in autumn for S. salar in the River Nivelle was low and variable across years from 23 (95% C.I. 14-41) to 75 (53-101) and was not statistically correlated with the estimated number of returning adults, but it was positively correlated with the estimated number of YOY at age 9 months. Nb was found to be lower for intermediate levels of redd aggregation, suggesting that the strength of the competition between males to access females affects reproductive success variance depending on redd spatial configuration. Thus, environmental factors such as habitat availability and quality for spawning and YOY development predominate over demographic ones (number of returning adults) in driving long-term population viability for S. salar in the River Nivelle. This study showcases Nb as an integrated parameter, encompassing demographic and ecological information about a reproductive event, relevant to the assessment of both short-term effects of management practices and long-term population conservation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F E Bacles
- ECOBIOP, INRA, Université Pau & Pays Adour, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
| | - C Bouchard
- ECOBIOP, INRA, Université Pau & Pays Adour, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
| | - F Lange
- ECOBIOP, INRA, Université Pau & Pays Adour, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
| | - A Manicki
- ECOBIOP, INRA, Université Pau & Pays Adour, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
| | - C Tentelier
- ECOBIOP, INRA, Université Pau & Pays Adour, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
| | - O Lepais
- ECOBIOP, INRA, Université Pau & Pays Adour, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
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Abstract
This paper analyses the buildings, spaces and interiors of Bangour Village public asylum for the insane, near Edinburgh, and compares these with an English asylum, Whalley, near Preston, of similar early-twentieth-century date. The village asylum, which developed from a European tradition of rendering the poor productive through 'colonisation', was more enthusiastically and completely adopted in Scotland than in England, perhaps due to differences in asylum culture within the two jurisdictions. 'Liberty' and 'individuality', in particular, were highly valued within Scottish asylum discourses, arguably shaping material provision for the insane poor from the scale of the buildings to the quality of the furnishings. The English example shows, by contrast, a greater concern with security and hygiene. These two differing interpretations show a degree of flexibility within the internationalized asylum model which is seldom recognized in the literature.
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47
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Grześ IM, Okrutniak M, Sternalski J, Banasiak M, Piszczek P. Body Size in Males of the Ant Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Along a Metal Pollution Gradient. Environ Entomol 2016; 45:1574-1578. [PMID: 28028107 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress can lead to a decrease in the body size of insects. As social insects, ants have a complex caste system; each caste has its own morphological traits and functions in the colony, hence the effects of stress may manifest differentially among different ant castes. Here we investigated the body size of males of the common garden ant, Lasius niger L., 1758, living in a postmining area polluted mainly by Zn, Cd, and Pb. We examined if individual body size decreases with the pollution gradient. The ants were sampled from 39 wild colonies originating from 17 sites located along the metal pollution gradient; head width was used as the estimator of body size. We failed to show a significant correlation between pollution and male body size, indicating no direct effect of pollution on the body size of males of the investigated ant. However, we found a significant dependence with the colony of origin, which is in line with a previous study performed on this species in unpolluted sites. These results further strengthen a general conclusion that morphological traits in ants, such as body size or fluctuating asymmetry, are relatively invariable and stable across gradients of metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena M Grześ
- Department of Environmental Zoology, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural University, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, PL-30-059 Kraków, Poland (; ; ; )
| | - Mateusz Okrutniak
- Department of Environmental Zoology, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural University, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, PL-30-059 Kraków, Poland (; ; ; )
| | - Jakub Sternalski
- Department of Environmental Zoology, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural University, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, PL-30-059 Kraków, Poland (; ; ; )
| | - Marek Banasiak
- Department of Environmental Zoology, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural University, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, PL-30-059 Kraków, Poland (; ; ; )
| | - Piotr Piszczek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
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48
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Hellmann JK, Ligocki IY, O'Connor CM, Reddon AR, Farmer TM, Marsh-Rollo SE, Balshine S, Hamilton IM. The influence of status and the social environment on energy stores in a social fish. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:1321-1334. [PMID: 26840014 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explores how muscle and liver energy stores are linked with social status and the social environment in Neolamprologus pulcher, a cooperatively breeding fish that lives in colonies comprised of up to 200 distinct social groups. Subordinate muscle energy stores were positively correlated with the number of neighbouring social groups in the colony, but this pattern was not observed in dominant N. pulcher. Furthermore, liver energy stores were smaller in dominants living at the edge of the colony compared with those living in the colony centre, with no differences among subordinates in liver energy stores. Subordinate N. pulcher may build up large energy stores in the muscles to fuel rapid growth after dispersal, which could occur more frequently in high-density environments. Dominant N. pulcher may use the more easily mobilized energy stores in the liver to fuel daily activities, which could be more energetically demanding on the edge of the colony as a result of the increased predation defence needed on the edge. Overall, this study demonstrates that both subordinate and dominant physiology in N. pulcher varies with characteristics of the social environment. Furthermore, dominant and subordinate energy storage strategies appear to differ due to status-dependent variation in daily activities and variation in the need to prepare for future reproductive or dispersal opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Hellmann
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, U.S.A
| | - I Y Ligocki
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, U.S.A
| | - C M O'Connor
- Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - A R Reddon
- Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, 231 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, U.S.A
| | - T M Farmer
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, U.S.A
| | - S E Marsh-Rollo
- Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - S Balshine
- Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - I M Hamilton
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, U.S.A
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49
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Li ZK, Dai GZ, Juneau P, Qiu BS. Capsular polysaccharides facilitate enhanced iron acquisition by the colonial cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. isolated from a freshwater lake. J Phycol 2016; 52:105-115. [PMID: 26987092 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis sp., especially in its colonial form, is a common dominant species during cyanobacterial blooms in many iron-deficient water bodies. It is still not entirely clear, however, how the colonial forms of Microcystis acclimate to iron-deficient habitats, and the responses of unicellular and colonial forms to iron-replete and iron-deficient conditions were examined here. Growth rates and levels of photosynthetic pigments declined to a greater extent in cultures of unicellular Microcystis than in cultures of the colonial form in response to decreasing iron concentrations, resulting in the impaired photosynthetic performance of unicellular Microcystis as compared to colonial forms as measured by variable fluorescence and photosynthetic oxygen evolution. These results indicate that the light-harvesting ability and photosynthetic capacity of colonial Microcystis was less affected by iron deficiency than the unicellular form. The carotenoid contents and nonphotochemical quenching of colonial Microcystis were less reduced than those of the unicellular form under decreasing iron concentrations, indicating that the colonial morphology enhanced photoprotection and acclimation to iron-deficient conditions. Furthermore, large amounts of iron were detected in the capsular polysaccharides (CPS) of the colonies, and more iron was found to be attached to the colonial Microcystis CPS under decreasing iron conditions as compared to unicellular cultures. These results demonstrated that colonial Microcystis can acclimate to iron deficiencies better than the unicellular form, and that CPS plays an important role in their acclimation advantage in iron-deficient waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Guo-Zheng Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Philippe Juneau
- Department of Biological Sciences-TOXEN, Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP8888 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3P8
| | - Bao-Sheng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
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50
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Oliveira EF, Fernandes WS, Oshiro ET, Oliveira AG, Galati EAB. Alternative Method for the Mass Rearing of Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) cruzi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a Laboratory Setting. J Med Entomol 2015; 52:925-931. [PMID: 26336242 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the transmission dynamics of Leishmania spp. Ross as well as the epidemiology and spread of leishmaniasis is related to parasite-vector-host interactions. These interactions can be studied using specimens of a sand fly population reared in the laboratory, exposing individuals to experimental infection for the investigation of vector competence and parameters of the vectorial capacity of the species. The present study sought to describe an alternative method for the implantation of a Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) cruzi colony with wild specimens captured in the municipality of Corumbá, Brazil. With Method 1, engorged females were individualized for oviposition. The eggs were transferred to an acrylic petri dish with a layer of plaster on the bottom, on which food was placed after hatching of the first larvae. With Method 2, females were kept in groups for oviposition in containers, in which soil and food were placed on their bottom for the larvae. In addition, the exposure time of the larvae to light was reduced in comparison with Method 1. With Method 2, a significantly greater number of specimens of Lu. cruzi was obtained. The ratio between the number of emerged adults and the females followed for oviposition was 0.42 with Method 1 and 2.75 with Method 2. The optimization of the rearing conditions for Lu. cruzi will enable the establishment of a colony providing a sufficient number of specimens to develop experimental infection by Leishmania as well as vectorial competence and some parameters of the vectorial capacity of this sand fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - São Paulo, SP, BRA 01246-904. Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - W S Fernandes
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande, MS, BRA 79090-900
| | - E T Oshiro
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande, MS, BRA 79090-900
| | - A G Oliveira
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Cidade Universitária, s/n, Campo Grande, MS, BRA 79090-900
| | - E A B Galati
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo - USP, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - São Paulo, SP, BRA 01246-904
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