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Ozalp Unal D, Sel T. Investigation of Antiproliferative Effects of Combinations of White and Black Garlic Extracts with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) on Caco-2 Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024:e2300820. [PMID: 38600874 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Garlic is rich in bioactive compounds that are effective against colon cancer cells. This study tests the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of cold-extracted white and black garlic extracts. Black garlic extracted in water (SSU) exhibits the highest antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and flavonoid content, while black garlic extracted in ethanol (SET) shows the lowest values. Caspase-3 activity is notably higher in the white garlic extracted in methanol (BME), white garlic extracted in methanol combines with 5-FU, black garlic extracted in ethanol (SET), black garlic extracted in ethanol combines with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and 5-FU treatments compare to the control group (p > 0.05). BME+5-FU displays the highest caspase-8 activity (p < 0.05). A decrease in NF-κB levels is observed in the SET+5-FU group (p>0.05), while COX-2 activities decrease in the BME, SET+5-FU, SET, and 5-FU groups (p>0.05). Wound healing increases in the BME, BME+5-FU, SET+5-FU, and 5-FU groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, aqueous black garlic extract may exhibit pro-oxidant activity despite its high antioxidant capacity. It is worth noting that exposure to heat-treated food and increased sugar content may lead to heightened inflammation and adverse health effects. This study is the first to combine garlic with chemo-preventive drugs like 5-FU in Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Ozalp Unal
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Field Crops Central Research Institute, Ankara, 06170, Turkey
| | - Tevhide Sel
- The Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110, Turkey
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2
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Kemény L. Editor's Highlights - April 2024. Int J Dermatol 2024; 63:407-408. [PMID: 38439538 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
In the April issue of the Journal, we highlight the topical application of honey and garlic, detailing their active ingredients and elucidating the mechanisms by which these natural agents work. Additionally, this issue will spotlight the disparities in laboratory monitoring among patients undergoing isotretinoin treatment and provide significant data regarding the nonassociation between isotretinoin use and impulsivity in individuals with acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Noruzi H, Aziz‐Aliabadi F. Garlic (Allium sativum) and mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) powder: Investigation of performance, immune organs and humoural and cellular immune response in broilers. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e31367. [PMID: 38356455 PMCID: PMC10867595 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternatives to antibiotics have been suggested by banning their use in the poultry industry. Garlic and mushroom are two important phytobiotic compounds in poultry nutrition. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing diets with garlic and mushroom powder (MP) on growth performance, humoural and cellular immunity, and white blood cell counts of broiler chickens. METHODS Five hundred and seventy-six 1-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were assigned to 8 treatments with 6 replications (12 birds per replication) based on a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement of 4 × 2 with 4 levels of garlic powder (GP; 0.00%, 0.50%, 1.00%, and 1.50%) and two levels of MP (0.00% and 1.00%). RESULTS No significant effects of GP and MP on the growth performance and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity were observed (p > 0.05). According to the regression equation, with increasing levels of GP in the diets, the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus increased (p < 0.05). The effect of increasing levels of GP on the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) titre was greater in the absence of MP (p < 0.05). With increasing levels of GP in the diets, the percentages of lymphocytes and heterophils to lymphocytes ratio increased and reduced, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This experiment has revealed that increasing the level of GP improved the immune response of broilers without affecting performance. The effect of increasing the level of GP on the NDV titre was more significant in the absence of MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Noruzi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Fatemeh Aziz‐Aliabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
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4
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Baltzi E, Papaloukas C, Spandidos DA, Michalopoulos I. Genes encoding γ‑glutamyl‑transpeptidases in the allicin biosynthetic pathway in garlic ( Allium sativum). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:45. [PMID: 38357244 PMCID: PMC10865298 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Allicin is a thiosulphate molecule produced in garlic (Allium sativum) and has a wide range of biological actions and pharmaceutical applications. Its precursor molecule is the non-proteinogenic amino acid alliin (S-allylcysteine sulphoxide). The alliin biosynthetic pathway in garlic involves a group of enzymes, members of which are the γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase isoenzymes, Allium sativum γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase AsGGT1, AsGGT2 and AsGGT3, which catalyze the removal of the γ-glutamyl group from γ-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine to produce S-allyl-L-cysteine. This removal is followed by an S-oxygenation, which leads to the biosynthesis of alliin. The aim of the present study is to annotate previously discovered genes of garlic γ-glutamyl-transpeptidases, as well as a fourth candidate gene (AsGGT4) that has yet not been described. The annotation includes identifying the loci of the genes in the garlic genome, revealing the overall structure and conserved regions of these genes, and elucidating the evolutionary history of these enzymes through their phylogenetic analysis. The genomic structure of γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase genes is conserved; each gene consists of seven exons, and these genes are located on different chromosomes. AsGGT3 and AsGGT4 enzymes contain a signal peptide. To that end, the AsGGT3 protein sequence was corrected; four indel events occurring in AsGGT3 coding regions suggested that at least in the garlic variety Ershuizao, AsGGT3 may be a pseudogene. Finally, the use of protein structure prediction tools allowed the visualization of the tertiary structure of the candidate peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Baltzi
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Costas Papaloukas
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Michalopoulos
- Centre of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Park B, Wi S, Chung H, Lee H. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging for Environmental Stress Diagnosis in Crops. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:1442. [PMID: 38474977 DOI: 10.3390/s24051442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The field of plant phenotype is used to analyze the shape and physiological characteristics of crops in multiple dimensions. Imaging, using non-destructive optical characteristics of plants, analyzes growth characteristics through spectral data. Among these, fluorescence imaging technology is a method of evaluating the physiological characteristics of crops by inducing plant excitation using a specific light source. Through this, we investigate how fluorescence imaging responds sensitively to environmental stress in garlic and can provide important information on future stress management. In this study, near UV LED (405 nm) was used to induce the fluorescence phenomenon of garlic, and fluorescence images were obtained to classify and evaluate crops exposed to abiotic environmental stress. Physiological characteristics related to environmental stress were developed from fluorescence sample images using the Chlorophyll ratio method, and classification performance was evaluated by developing a classification model based on partial least squares discrimination analysis from the image spectrum for stress identification. The environmental stress classification performance identified from the Chlorophyll ratio was 14.9% in F673/F717, 25.6% in F685/F730, and 0.209% in F690/F735. The spectrum-developed PLS-DA showed classification accuracy of 39.6%, 56.2% and 70.7% in Smoothing, MSV, and SNV, respectively. Spectrum pretreatment-based PLS-DA showed higher discrimination performance than the existing image-based Chlorophyll ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomjin Park
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Wi
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwanjo Chung
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonsoo Lee
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Republic of Korea
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Lázaro Á, Frangiamone M, Maietti A, Cimbalo A, Vila-Donat P, Manyes L. Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Bioaccessibility and Cytotoxicity In Vitro. Foods 2024; 13:487. [PMID: 38338622 PMCID: PMC10855818 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work focuses on the evaluation of AFB1's bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity in vitro using bread (naturally contaminated) enriched or not enriched with fresh Voghiera garlic (2%). Two different experiments were carried out: experiment 1 (E1), with low-AFB1-concentration breads (1.6-1.7 mg/kg); and experiment 2 (E2), with high-AFB1-concentration breads (96.4-102.7 mg/kg). Eight breads were prepared, four for E1 (experiment 1) and another four for E2 (experiment 2), with each experiment having a control group (C), a garlic-enriched group (2%) (G), an AFB1 group (A), and an AFB1 + garlic group (A + G). Simulated digestion was performed on each type of bread, and gastric and intestinal digests were obtained. AFB1 content in flours, baked bread, and gastric and intestinal digests was measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Fluorescence Detection. The results demonstrate dose-dependent AFB1 bioaccessibility and that the presence of garlic contributed to its reduction in both doses (7-8%). Moreover, garlic's presence in AFB1-contaminated bread increased cell viability (9-18%) in differentiated Caco-2 cells and mitigated the arrest of S and G2/M phases provoked by AFB1 on Jurkat T cells and reduced apoptosis/necrosis, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial ROS by 16%, 71%, and 24% respectively. The inclusion of garlic as a functional ingredient helped relieve the presence and effects of AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Lázaro
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (Á.L.); (M.F.); (P.V.-D.); (L.M.)
| | - Massimo Frangiamone
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (Á.L.); (M.F.); (P.V.-D.); (L.M.)
| | - Annalisa Maietti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Cimbalo
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (Á.L.); (M.F.); (P.V.-D.); (L.M.)
| | - Pilar Vila-Donat
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (Á.L.); (M.F.); (P.V.-D.); (L.M.)
| | - Lara Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (Á.L.); (M.F.); (P.V.-D.); (L.M.)
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Furuta K, Kawakubo S, Sasaki J, Masuta C. An Inexpensive System for Rapid and Accurate On-site Detection of Garlic-Infected Viruses by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Followed by Array Assay. Plant Pathol J 2024; 40:40-47. [PMID: 38326957 PMCID: PMC10850529 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.11.2023.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Garlic can be infected by a variety of viruses, but mixed infections with leek yellow stripe virus, onion yellow dwarf virus, and allexiviruses are the most damaging, so an easy, inexpensive on-site method to simultaneously detect at least these three viruses with a certain degree of accuracy is needed to produce virus-free plants. The most common laboratory method for diagnosis is multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, allexiviruses are highly diverse even within the same species, making it difficult to design universal PCR primers for all garlic-growing regions in the world. To solve this problem, we developed an inexpensive on-site detection system for the three garlic viruses that uses a commercial mobile PCR device and a compact electrophoresis system with a blue light. In this system, virus-specific bands generated by electrophoresis can be identified by eye in real time because the PCR products are labeled with a fluorescent dye, FITC. Because the electrophoresis step might eventually be replaced with a lateral flow assay (LFA), we also demonstrated that a uniplex LFA can be used for virus detection; however, multiplexing and a significant cost reduction are needed before it can be used for on-site detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shusuke Kawakubo
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Jun Sasaki
- Ornamental Plants and Vegetables Research Center, Takikawa 073-0026, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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8
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Somrani M, Huertas JP, Iguaz A, Debbabi H, Palop A. Biofilm busters: Exploring the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of essential oils against Salmonella Enteritidis. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2024:10820132241227004. [PMID: 38234112 DOI: 10.1177/10820132241227004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study delves into an exploration of the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of the essential oils (EOs) of cinnamon, garlic, and onion on Salmonella Enteritidis. Firstly, disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) techniques were employed to assess the antibacterial activity of the EOs. Additionally, the study explored the effect of these EOs on both initial cell attachment and 24 h-preformed biofilms. The crystal violet assay was implemented to evaluate biofilm biomass. The findings revealed that cinnamon EO exhibited the highest anti-biofilm activity. Furthermore, initial cell attachment inhibition at MIC ranged between 50 and 65% for the three oils, while inhibition rates on preformed structures were lower than 40% for all EOs at this MIC concentration. The study also found that the effects of these oils were dosage- and time-dependent (p < 0.05), thereby urging the adoption of these natural extracts as effective strategies for combating Salmonella biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Somrani
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- Department of AgriFood Industries, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Juan-Pablo Huertas
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asunción Iguaz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Hajer Debbabi
- Department of AgriFood Industries, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alfredo Palop
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
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Gellrich J, Breidel P, Birdir C, Lohrer EC, Schriever VA. Smelling of the mothers' diet in amniotic fluid by adult noses. Chem Senses 2024; 49:bjae003. [PMID: 38297967 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the transfer of odorants, namely vanilla, and garlic, into the amniotic fluid (AF) during the second trimester was investigated by examination of collected AF samples through healthy adults. Eleven AF samples were collected from pregnant women (aged 32.9 ± 4.9 yr, 16-25 wk of gestation) undergoing diagnostic amniocentesis after eating garlic oil or vanilla powder in high-fat yogurt. The control group did not receive food before amniocentesis. Two vanilla, 3 garlic, and 6 control samples were collected through amniocentesis 60-120 min after ingestion. Samples were collected at -80 °C and carefully defrosted over 12 h at the same time point. Sixteen healthy volunteers (8 males, aged 26.5 ± 5.0 yr) were asked to judge AF samples with potential garlic or vanilla odors from controls in a 2-alternative forced choice (2AFC) paradigm. Judges were able to identify vanilla in the AF samples with an estimated probability of 50%, resulting in a significant P-value of < 0.001. In contrast, the identification of garlic was unsuccessful with a P-value of 0.86, and only 2 judges were able to identify both vanilla and garlic. According to the results of this study, the vanilla odor probably passes into the amniotic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pauline Breidel
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cahit Birdir
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland, Germany
- Zentrum für feto/neonatale Gesundheit, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Elisabeth C Lohrer
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Varshney H, Siddique YH. Effect of Natural Plant Products on Alzheimer's Disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2024; 23:246-261. [PMID: 36852809 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230228102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants and their extracts like ginger, garlic, Curcuma, Salvia, and Ginkgo are best known for their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory responses. These plants have shown their anti-Alzheimer's properties in various in vivo and in vitro studies. Their diverse phytochemicals play a protective role against amyloid-beta-induced neurotoxicity and improve cognitive and learning impairments. These plants have a wide range of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, terpenoids, coumarins, and saponins. These chemicals scavenge the free radicals, lower the amyloid burden, improve memory dysfunction, and inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. Some of the clinical trials and animal-based studies suggested the protective role of these plants and their extract mentioned in the literature. METHODS The articles for this review were majorly searched from popular search engines, viz, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. RESULTS Medicinal plants improve cognitive and memory impairments by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity and scavenging free oxygen species by activating superoxide dismutase, catalase, and GSH activity. The plant extracts reduce amyloid insult by inactivating the beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE). The inactivation of Caspase 3 and 9 reduces apoptosis. Furthermore, the stimulation of microglial cells and astrocyte reduce inflammation by lowering chemokines and interleukins. DISCUSSION The medicinal plants help to reduce AD pathogenesis by controlling different pathways and could be used as a therapeutic agent against the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Varshney
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Serrano-Jara D, Rivera-Gomis J, Tornel JA, Jordán MJ, Martínez-Conesa C, Pablo MJC. Oregano Essential Oil and Purple Garlic Powder Effects on Intestinal Health, Microbiota Indicators and Antimicrobial Resistance as Feed Additives in Weaning Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:111. [PMID: 38200842 PMCID: PMC10778277 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Finding alternatives to zinc oxide is a pressing issue for the pig production sector. We studied the impact of the bioactive components degradation of oregano essential oil (OEO) and purple garlic powder (PGP) during storage in silos, their effect on the morphometry of the jejunum and ileum and the cecal microbiota as intestinal health indicators in piglets during the post-weaning period. We also monitored antimicrobial resistance in the commensal indicator E. coli. Histological parameters and intestinal microbiota were measured in 140 piglets weaned at 21 days of age. Seven dietary treatments were used: a negative control group (basal diet), a positive control group with ZnO (3000 mg/kg of food), two groups with OEO at 0.4% and 1.2%, respectively, two groups with PGP 0.4% and 2%, respectively, and a group with OEO with 1.2% combined with PGP with 2%. Each group of piglets received the treatment for seven weeks, from weaning, before samples were taken. Antibiotic resistance profiles were measured in 81 E. coli strains. On this occasion, only the control groups, ZnO, OEO 1.2%, PGP 2% and OEO 1.2% + PGP 2% were used, and the samples were obtained from the cecal content. A progressive loss of the bioactive components of OEO and PGP was observed during the 34 days of storage (p < 0.05). PGP 2%, OEO 1.2% and their combination showed results similar to ZnO (p > 0.05), or superior in the study of intestinal morphometry and the values of E. coli and Lactobacillus. All categories showed high levels of resistance. Only the strains isolated from the OEO 1.2% group did not show resistance to colistin and presented the lowest resistance values. In general, high doses of the additives studied showed the best results, obtaining levels like or higher than those offered by ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Serrano-Jara
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Pathology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Jorge Rivera-Gomis
- Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Centre for Epidemiology and Planetary Health, Inverness, Scotland IV2 5NA, UK
| | | | - María José Jordán
- Research Group on Rainfed Agriculture for Rural Development, Department of Rural Development, Oenology and Sustainable Agriculture, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food and Environmental Research (IMIDA), La Alberca de Las Torres, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.J.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - Cristina Martínez-Conesa
- Research Group on Rainfed Agriculture for Rural Development, Department of Rural Development, Oenology and Sustainable Agriculture, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food and Environmental Research (IMIDA), La Alberca de Las Torres, 30150 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.J.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - María José Cubero Pablo
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
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Hung FS. Growth and Enzyme Application of Garlic Enriched With Zinc and Natural Magnesium. J Am Nutr Assoc 2023:1-11. [PMID: 38108324 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2293136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Garlic can help humans ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages by sufficient zinc and magnesium intake.Method: Serpentine treated it by microwaving and sintering to enhance its crystallinity as well as its magnesium and zinc ion release rates. Furthermore, an enriched garlic enzyme extract had an approximately 8-fold increase in alliinase activity.Results: Strong bonding was observed for the microwaved and sintered powders, but also facilitated zinc ion reactions and reduced lattice defects. Accordingly, used for the garlic growth and enzyme experiments.Conclusions: (1) The sintered powder excellent magnesium and zinc ion release capability. (2) The enriched garlic enzymes had high alliinase activity, likely increasing the health benefits of the garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Shuo Hung
- Department of Leisure, Recreation and Tourism Management, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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Bautista-Perez SM, Silva-Islas CA, Sandoval-Marquez OU, Toledo-Toledo J, Bello-Martínez JM, Barrera-Oviedo D, Maldonado PD. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Garlic in Ischemic Stroke: Proposal of a New Mechanism of Protection through Regulation of Neuroplasticity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2126. [PMID: 38136245 PMCID: PMC10740829 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents one of the main causes of death and disability in the world; despite this, pharmacological therapies against stroke remain insufficient. Ischemic stroke is the leading etiology of stroke. Different molecular mechanisms, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, participate in cell death and tissue damage. At a preclinical level, different garlic compounds have been evaluated against these mechanisms. Additionally, there is evidence supporting the participation of garlic compounds in other mechanisms that contribute to brain tissue recovery, such as neuroplasticity. After ischemia, neuroplasticity is activated to recover cognitive and motor function. Some garlic-derived compounds and preparations have shown the ability to promote neuroplasticity under physiological conditions and, more importantly, in cerebral damage models. This work describes damage/repair mechanisms and the importance of garlic as a source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents against damage. Moreover, we examine the less-explored neurotrophic properties of garlic, culminating in proposals and observations based on our review of the available information. The aim of the present study is to propose that garlic compounds and preparations could contribute to the treatment of ischemic stroke through their neurotrophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Monserrat Bautista-Perez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (S.M.B.-P.); (J.M.B.-M.); (D.B.-O.)
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.S.-I.); (O.U.S.-M.); (J.T.-T.)
| | - Carlos Alfredo Silva-Islas
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.S.-I.); (O.U.S.-M.); (J.T.-T.)
| | - Oscar Uriel Sandoval-Marquez
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.S.-I.); (O.U.S.-M.); (J.T.-T.)
| | - Jesús Toledo-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.S.-I.); (O.U.S.-M.); (J.T.-T.)
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital General de Zona #30, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 08300, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Bello-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (S.M.B.-P.); (J.M.B.-M.); (D.B.-O.)
- Departamento Cirugía General, Hospital Central Militar, Mexico City 11600, Mexico
| | - Diana Barrera-Oviedo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (S.M.B.-P.); (J.M.B.-M.); (D.B.-O.)
| | - Perla D. Maldonado
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (S.M.B.-P.); (J.M.B.-M.); (D.B.-O.)
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.S.-I.); (O.U.S.-M.); (J.T.-T.)
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Jiang Z, Chen H, Li M, Wang W, Long F, Fan C. Garlic consumption and colorectal cancer risk in US adults: a large prospective cohort study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1300330. [PMID: 38125729 PMCID: PMC10730668 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1300330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To clarify the inconsistent findings of epidemiological studies on the association between dietary garlic consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence, by prospectively assessing the association in a large US population. Methods Data of 58,508 participants (aged 55-74) from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial were analyzed. Dietary data were collected using a validated questionnaire. Multivariable Cox regression analysis determined hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Restricted cubic spline regression was used to investigate the non-linear relationship, and subgroup analysis was conducted to examine potential effect modifiers. Results During a median follow-up of 12.05 years, 782 CRC cases were documented, including 456 proximal colon cancer cases, 322 distal CRC cases, and 4 CRC cases with an unknown site. Moderate dietary garlic consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of overall CRC (HRquintile 3vs. 1: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.91, p = 0.007, P for trend: 0.434), exhibiting a U-shaped dose-response pattern, and also with overall CRC in males in the stratified Cox regression model (Model 2: HRquintile 3vs. 1: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.81, p = 0.002), but not in females. The protective association was more pronounced in men, Caucasian, and those with lower alcohol consumption. Notably, these protective effects were observed for overall distal CRC (HRquintile 3vs. 1: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.93, p = 0.021; and HRquintile 4vs. 1: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.92, p = 0.018, P for trend: 0.208); and for distal CRC in males (HRquintile 3vs. 1: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.71, p = 0.002, P for trend: 0.696), but not for proximal CRC. Conclusion Moderate consumption of dietary garlic is associated with a decreased CRC risk in the US population, with variations based on CRC anatomic subsites. Further in-depth prospective studies are needed to validate these findings in different populations and to explore subsites-specific associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongze Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Nutrition, Food Hygiene, and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiwu Long
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanwen Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Lorenzo C, Ramos F, Casado A, Gálvez AM, Sanz-Alférez S, Nombela G. Evaluating the Influence of Water Scarcity on the Host Response of Garlic to the Stem and Bulb Nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3845. [PMID: 38005742 PMCID: PMC10674511 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Ditylenchus dipsaci is a plant-parasitic nematode with a great economic impact on bulbous crops, including garlic (Allium sativum L.), and is distributed worldwide, particularly in the Mediterranean region. Traditionally, garlic was a rainfed crop in Spain, but irrigated areas have increased during the last few decades. However, the expected climatic conditions, with longer and more intense droughts, will make it necessary to reduce the water supply to garlic crops. This poses the urgent need to select garlic cultivars more tolerant to water scarcity and that are also more resistant to plant pathogenic organisms. The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of water stress on the host response of garlic plants to D. dipsaci. The specific objectives were to evaluate the level of nematode infestation in plants from four garlic genotypes treated with a reduced irrigation regime and compare them with those of control plants not subjected to water stress. The observed results were correlated with changes in the bulb and root development, as well as in the physiological parameters (total chlorophyll concentration and proline accumulation). The effects were different depending on whether the plants were subjected to water stress before or after nematode inoculation, as well as whether the water stress was continuous or discontinuous. Garlic inter-cultivar variability also affected the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lorenzo
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano 115 Dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain; (C.L.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (A.-M.G.)
| | - Fabio Ramos
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano 115 Dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain; (C.L.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (A.-M.G.)
| | - Andrés Casado
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano 115 Dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain; (C.L.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (A.-M.G.)
| | - Ana-María Gálvez
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano 115 Dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain; (C.L.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (A.-M.G.)
| | - Soledad Sanz-Alférez
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gloria Nombela
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano 115 Dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain; (C.L.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (A.-M.G.)
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16
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Rivera de la Cruz JF, Schelegueda LI, Delcarlo SB, Gliemmo MF, Campos CA. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils in Vapor Phase In Vitro and Its Application in Combination with Lactic Acid to Improve Chicken Breast Shelf Life. Foods 2023; 12:4127. [PMID: 38002185 PMCID: PMC10670577 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of essential oils (EOs) incorporated in their vapor phase combined with lactic acid immersion pretreatment was studied on fresh refrigerated chicken breast shelf life. Among the several EOs assayed, the in vitro results obtained from the vapor diffusion test allowed mustard, oregano, and garlic EOs to be selected due to their higher antimicrobial activity. In addition, it was possible to determine the EO minimum inhibitory concentrations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and to identify EO binary mixtures showing synergistic or additive effects. Based on the obtained results, a ternary mixture constituted by 0.073, 0.292, and 0.146 µL/mL of headspace of mustard, oregano, and garlic, respectively, was proposed for its application to chicken breasts. The ternary mixture inhibitory action was confirmed in vitro against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Furthermore, the presence of numerous compounds with recognized antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was found in its volatile phase through gas chromatography. When applying an EO mixture in its vapor phase in combination with 1.0% v/v of lactic acid immersion pretreatment on refrigerated chicken breast, a decrease in mesophilic microorganisms' growth rate as well as in lipid oxidation was observed. Moreover, in a preliminary sensory test, the treated chicken breast was found to be acceptable to consumers and showed no significant differences compared to untreated chicken. In conclusion, the combined use of lactic acid immersion and EOs in their vapor phase was an effective alternative to increase chicken breast shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovany Fortino Rivera de la Cruz
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (J.F.R.d.l.C.); (L.I.S.); (S.B.D.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Laura Inés Schelegueda
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (J.F.R.d.l.C.); (L.I.S.); (S.B.D.); (M.F.G.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Sofía Belén Delcarlo
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (J.F.R.d.l.C.); (L.I.S.); (S.B.D.); (M.F.G.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Gliemmo
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (J.F.R.d.l.C.); (L.I.S.); (S.B.D.); (M.F.G.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Carmen Adriana Campos
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; (J.F.R.d.l.C.); (L.I.S.); (S.B.D.); (M.F.G.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos y Procesos Químicos (ITAPROQ), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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Adjei‐Mensah B, Quaye B, Opoku O, Atuahene CC. Antiviral potentials of garlic (Allium sativum) in poultry production: A mini review. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2711-2718. [PMID: 37647249 PMCID: PMC10650359 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry enterprise is challenged with high economic losses due to viral infections. The outbreak of such infections, including Newcastle disease, avian influenza, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease, could undermine poultry performance leading to decreased meat and egg production. The potency of vaccines in recent times has dropped with the rise in the virulence of antigens, which can interrupt vaccination defence. Natural herbs and phytochemicals have been extensively recommended because of their vast advantageous effects. Garlic and its bioactive organo-sulphur compounds have been proven to have antiviral, immunomodulatory and other pharmaceutical properties. Remarkable effects in poultry include a decrease in viral loads, an increase in antibody titres, lessening inflammatory cytokines and augmenting antiviral gene expression; however, methods of preparation, the dose of bioactive compounds and proportions administered may cause disparities in different reports. Therefore, this review highlights the potential of garlic against viral diseases, immunomodulatory, toxicity and pathological status in embryonated chicken eggs and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Adjei‐Mensah
- Regional Center of Excellence in Poultry ScienceUniversity of LomeLomeTogo
- Department of Animal ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Bernard Quaye
- Department of Animal ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Obed Opoku
- Department of Animal ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
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18
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Yılmaz Oral ZF, Kaban G. The Effect of Black Garlic on the Volatile Compounds in Heat-Treated Sucuk. Foods 2023; 12:3876. [PMID: 37893769 PMCID: PMC10606622 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the influence of using black garlic (BG) at different levels on organic volatile compounds in heat-treated sucuk (HTS), a semi dry fermented sausage. Three independent batches of sausages were prepared: control: 1% white garlic (WG): WG-1%; BG-1%: 1% BG; BG-2%: 2% BG; and BG-3%: 3% BG. After stuffing, the sausages were subjected to fermentation, heat treatment (internal temperature of 64 °C), and drying, respectively. After production, the final products were analyzed for volatile compounds. A solid-phase microextraction technique was used for the extraction of volatile compounds, and identification was carried out by a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. A total of 47 volatile compounds, including sulfur compounds, alcohols, esters, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, acids, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and terpenes, were identified from the sausages. The use of BG in HTS had no significant effect on aliphatic hydrocarbons, acids, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, and esters. BG increased the abundances of 2-propen-1-ol, allyl methyl sulfide, methyl 2-propenyl-disulfide, sabinene, β-pinene, and β-phellandrene regardless of the increase in the addition rate. BG-3% increased the level of hexanal. According to the PCA results, BG-containing groups showed positive correlation with esters, sulfur compounds, aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alcohols, but these chemical groups were more closely correlated with BG-3%. In addition, diallyl disulfide, which is one of the main factors that causes the pungent and spicy smell of garlic, showed a close correlation with WG-1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Feyza Yılmaz Oral
- Department of Food Technology, Vocational College of Technical Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Türkiye
| | - Güzin Kaban
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Türkiye;
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Hossein Nia R, Nalbandi H, Seyedlou S, Alizadeh Salteh S. Utility of heating pattern with variable air temperature in drying; effects on drying time, energy consumption, and product quality. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2023:10820132231206435. [PMID: 37844602 DOI: 10.1177/10820132231206435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Drying with variable air temperature is a technique to decrease the drying time, preserve quality and maintain the nutritional components of products. The aim of this study was to find the effect of different heating patterns with variable air temperatures on the drying time, energy consumption and the quality of garlic as well as investigate the critical times to change the air temperature. The constant air temperatures were 50, 60, and 70 °C, and the variable air temperature included three patterns of 60 °C → 50 °C (I), 70 °C→50 °C (II), and 70 °C (30 minutes) →50 °C (III). Despite preventing garlic slices' color changes in the constant air temperature of 50 °C, the antioxidant contents of the samples reduced significantly (45%), and the drying time was 136 minutes. At the air temperature of 70 °C, the color changes peaked, and the drying time was 65 minutes. The best drying condition was observed among the variable air temperature by pattern III. The drying time and loss of antioxidants were 24% and 45% lower than the one in the constant air temperature of 50 °C; besides, the effective moisture diffusivity was 24% higher. The color changes of these samples were lower compared to other patterns and the final product had acceptable quality and was produced in an optimal time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hossein Nia
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habibeh Nalbandi
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sadegh Seyedlou
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Manai-Djebali H, Yeddes W, Hammami M, Nait-Mohamed S, Msaada K, Ben Youssef N. Enhancing antioxidant and antibacterial properties of olive oil through garlic enrichment: a comprehensive study. Int J Environ Health Res 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37820709 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2266393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The amalgamation of garlic's antibacterial potency with olive oil's nutritional benefits provides a natural, effective way to boost health and counters microbial threats. This study explored the antioxidant and antibacterial traits of garlic-enriched virgin olive oil (VOO) samples, focusing on various garlic forms (fresh, oven-dried, freeze-dried). Comparative analysis revealed fresh garlic's highest total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and strongest DPPH scavenging activity. GC/MS analysis unveiled distinct volatile profiles. Fresh garlic oil contained elevated allyl-methy-sulfide, diallyl-trisulfide, methyl-propyl-disulfide levels. Antibacterial evaluation displayed substantial inhibition zones, especially fresh garlic oil against E. coli, and oven-dried/freeze-dried garlic oils against P. aeruginosa. Lower Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for fresh garlic oil and freeze-dried garlic oil against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria signify potent antibacterial activity of garlic-enriched VOO. These findings underscore garlic-enriched VOO's potential as natural antibacterial agents, fortified with antioxidant traits, while emphasizing drying methods' role in shaping volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedia Manai-Djebali
- Laboratory of Olive Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
| | - Walid Yeddes
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
| | - Majdi Hammami
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
| | - Salma Nait-Mohamed
- Laboratory of Olive Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Msaada
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Ben Youssef
- Laboratory of Olive Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
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Kacalova T, Jarosova A. How storage time affects sensory, chemical, and physical characteristics of flavored olive oil. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:6648-6659. [PMID: 37823106 PMCID: PMC10563722 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate sensory, chemical, and physical characteristics of olive oil prepared by three flavoring methods and analyze changes during storage (0, 3, and 6 months). Favored olive oil was prepared by three flavoring methods (fresh, dried, and essential oil). Selected sensory, chemical, and color parameters were monitored based on international standards. The color was determined by spectrophotometer. The results confirmed that storage time and flavoring method affect sensory characteristics of the oil. Fresh garlic oil had significantly lower (p < .05) fruity smell. The level of pungent taste significantly increased (p < .05) in the dried rosemary oil, rosemary essential oil, and fresh and dried garlic flavored oils. The intensity of rosemary smell in the sample flavored with essential oil significantly decreased (p < .05) during storage. Opposite effect was observed in the sample flavored with dried rosemary, where the smell significantly increased (p < .05) during storage. The intensity of taste significantly increased (p < .05) in samples flavored by dried rosemary during storage. The peroxide value of all flavored oils samples increased (p < .05) during storage compared to unflavored oil where peroxide value did not change. Color indicators L*, a*, and b* show that addition of fresh rosemary causes the greatest change in olive oil color. The color change, especially the turbidity, was not perceived positive by tasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Kacalova
- Department of Food TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzechia
| | - Alzbeta Jarosova
- Department of Food TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzechia
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22
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Furdak P, Pieńkowska N, Kapusta I, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Comparison of Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Effects of Various Forms of Garlic and Ramsons. Molecules 2023; 28:6512. [PMID: 37764288 PMCID: PMC10538172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic is known to be rich in antioxidants, inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells, and hamper cancer formation and growth, but various forms of garlic can differ greatly in these respects. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant properties of acetone, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of fresh Polish and Spanish garlic, black and granulated garlic, as well as fresh and dried ramsons. Extracts of black and granulated garlic showed the lowest total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The content of phenolic compounds correlated with TAC measured by ABTS• decolorization and FRAP methods, and with the results of FRAP and DPPH• decolorization assays. Garlic extracts inhibited the proliferation of PEO1 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells and, usually to a smaller extent, MRC-5 fibroblasts. PBS extracts of fresh Spanish garlic showed the highest potency for inhibition of proliferation of PEO1 cells (IC50 of 0.71 µg extract dry mass/100 µL medium). No significant correlation was found between the potency for inhibition of proliferation and the content of phenolics or flavonoids, confirming that phenolics are the main determinants of TAC but do not contribute significantly to the antiproliferative effects of garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Furdak
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; (P.F.); (N.P.)
- Doctoral School, University of Rzeszow, 16C Rejtana Street, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Natalia Pieńkowska
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; (P.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; (P.F.); (N.P.)
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Houston M, Chen C, D'Adamo CR, Papathanassiu AE, Green SJ. Effects of S-Allylcysteine-Rich Garlic Extract and Dietary Inorganic Nitrate Formula on Blood Pressure and Salivary Nitric Oxide: An Open-Label Clinical Trial Among Hypertensive Subjects. Cureus 2023; 15:e45369. [PMID: 37849591 PMCID: PMC10578647 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The conversion of dietary inorganic nitrate (NO3-) to nitric oxide (NO) is a non-canonical pathway that plays an important role in NO biology, especially under pathological conditions. Inorganic NO3- supplementation is a proven method for controlling mild hypertension. Recent reports have suggested that another gaseous transmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), influences NO biosynthesis and metabolism. Here, data are presented from an open-label clinical trial examining the effect of an encapsulated formulation (Vascanox® HP) that combines dietary sources of inorganic NO3- and S-allylcysteine (SAC), a source of H2S from garlic, on NO bioavailability and blood pressure in subjects experiencing elevated blood pressure or mild hypertension. METHODS An open-label clinical trial was conducted among patients with hypertension. Participants took Vascanox® for four weeks. Blood pressure was measured at baseline, two weeks, and four weeks. Salivary nitrite (NO2-), a surrogate of NO bioavailability, and NO3- were assessed prior to and two, six, and 24 hours after dosing on the first day of the study and prior to and two hours after dosing at subsequent study visits using saliva NO test strips. Changes in study outcomes over time were evaluated via analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-tests. RESULTS Twelve participants completed the clinical trial. Vascanox® HP decreased systolic blood pressure by ~11 mmHg (p < 0.001) at two weeks and persisted beyond four weeks with daily supplementation. It also decreased the diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive subjects but not normotensive ones. The magnitude of the decrease was 11 mmHg (p < 0.01) at four weeks of study. Measurements of salivary concentrations of NO2- revealed high peak levels (743 uM) at two hours post-administration and a slow decay to elevated levels (348 uM) at 24 hours. NO2- salivary concentrations, a surrogate biomarker of NO bioavailability, remained above baseline for the duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS Vascanox® HP was shown to be a safe, effective, quick-acting, and long-lasting dietary supplement for controlling mild hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Houston
- Cardiology, Hypertension Institute at Saint Thomas West Hospital, Nashville, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Nutrition, Calroy Health Sciences, Greensboro, USA
| | - Christopher R D'Adamo
- Family and Community Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Shawn J Green
- Cardiology, Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Medical Center, Torrance, USA
- Nutrition, MyFitStrip, Rockville, USA
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24
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Bellisai G, Bernasconi G, Cabrera LC, Castellan I, del Aguila M, Ferreira L, Santonja GG, Greco L, Jarrah S, Leuschner R, Perez JM, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Ruocco S, Santos M, Scarlato AP, Theobald A, Tiramani M, Verani A. Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for pyrimethanil in table grapes, garlic and honey. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08195. [PMID: 37621323 PMCID: PMC10445192 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Ascenza Agro S.A. submitted a request to the competent national authority in Greece to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRL) for the active substance pyrimethanil in table grapes, garlic and honey. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for table grapes, garlic and honey. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of pyrimethanil in the commodities under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the long-term intake of residues resulting from the use of pyrimethanil according to the reported agricultural practice is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.
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25
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Kaur M, Barringer S. Effect of Yogurt and Its Components on the Deodorization of Raw and Fried Garlic Volatiles. Molecules 2023; 28:5714. [PMID: 37570683 PMCID: PMC10420880 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic contains sulfur volatiles that cause a bad odor after consumption. The objective of this study was to understand how yogurt and its components cause deodorization. Raw and fried garlic samples were mixed with various treatments and measurements of volatiles were conducted using a selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometer. Frying garlic significantly reduced almost all sulfur volatile compounds. Raw garlic was deodorized more than fried garlic by all of the treatments. Fat, protein and water significantly reduced the concentration of sulfur-based volatiles in garlic. At the same concentration, either fat or protein produced higher deodorization, depending on the hydrophobicity of the volatile. Whey protein, casein and their complex all caused deodorization. Increasing the pH to 7 or heating changed the structure of the proteins and decreased the deodorization of the volatiles, showing the importance of proteins for deodorization. As the quantity of fat increased, the deodorization of the volatiles also increased. Foods with higher fat or protein content can be formulated to offer a potential solution to reduce the unpleasant odor associated with garlic consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheryl Barringer
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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26
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Hong Y, Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Yuan X, Ma Z, Wu M, Chen S. Screening and Identification of Garlic Leaf Blight ( Pleospora herbarum)-Resistant Mutants Induced by Ethyl Methane Sulphonate. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11819. [PMID: 37511578 PMCID: PMC10380478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a popular condiment used as both medicine and food. Garlic production in China is severely affected by continuous cropping and is especially affected by leaf blight disease. Garlic is sterile, so it is very important to develop specialized genotypes, such as those for disease resistance, nutritional quality, and plant architecture, through genetic modification and innovation. In this experiment, we applied the induction method using EMS to mutate garlic cloves of cultivar G024. From the mutations, 5000 M0 mutants were generated and planted in the field. Then, 199 M1 mutant lines were screened according to growth potential and resistance to leaf blight. From M2 to M3, 169 generational lines were selected that grew well and were resistant to leaf blight in the field. Thereafter, their resistance to leaf blight was further analyzed in the lab; 21 lines resistant to leaf blight that had good growth potential were identified, among which 3 mutants were significantly different, and these were further screened. Also, transcriptome analysis of two mutants infected with Pleospora herbarum, A150 and G024, was performed, and the results revealed 2026 and 4678 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. These DEGs were highly enriched in hormone signaling pathway, plant-pathogen interaction, and MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, the results provide a theoretical and technical basis for the creation of garlic germplasm resistant to leaf blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hong
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yinhui Sun
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ma
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Meiqian Wu
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Shuxia Chen
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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27
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Inan Yuksel E, Cicek D, Demir B, Sahin K, Tuzcu M, Orhan C, Ozercan IH, Sahin F, Kocak P, Yildirim M. Garlic Exosomes Promote Hair Growth Through the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway and Growth Factors. Cureus 2023; 15:e42142. [PMID: 37602007 PMCID: PMC10438139 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are membrane-derived nanovesicles produced by cells and play an important role in intercellular communication. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of garlic exosome (GE) on hair growth. Methods Forty-two Sprague-Dawley/Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into six groups: non-shaved control, shaved control, topical control, GE 2 mg, GE 4 mg, and topical GE. At the end of the experiment, the number of hair follicles, follicle diameter, and subcutaneous tissue thicknesses were measured histopathologically. The Wnt-1, β-catenin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and collagen I levels were measured by the Western Blot method. Results The anagen follicle counts of the GE 2 mg, 4 mg, and topical GE groups were 66.57±15.49, 105.71±25.06, and 55.29±6.72, and were significantly higher than the control groups (p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). The follicle diameter of the GE 4 mg group was higher than the others (p<0.05). The Wnt-1, PDGF, VEGF, TGF-β1, and collagen I levels of all GE groups, and the β-catenin levels of the GE 4 mg and topical GE groups were significantly higher than the control groups (p<0.05). Conclusion GE induces hair growth in rats via the Wnt-1, β-catenin, VEGF, PDGF, and TGF-β1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Inan Yuksel
- Department of Dermatology, Biruni University Hospital, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Demet Cicek
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, TUR
| | - Betul Demir
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, TUR
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, TUR
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, TUR
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, TUR
| | | | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Pelin Kocak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Merve Yildirim
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, TUR
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Giang TV, Hoa LNM, Hien TT, Cuong QD, Cap NT, Lam Vuong N, Thach PN. Traditional Vietnamese Medicine Containing Garlic Extract for Patients With Non-severe COVID-19: A Phase-II, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus 2023; 15:e42484. [PMID: 37637574 PMCID: PMC10452047 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still ongoing with the omicron variant. Low-cost, effective treatments are still needed, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of TD0068, an herbal medicine developed from mainly garlic, for patients with non-severe COVID-19. Methods This is a phase-II, double-blind, randomized controlled trial to compare oral capsule TD0068 and placebo in adults aged 18-65 years with non-severe COVID-19 between September and October 2021. The efficacy outcomes measured included daily cycle threshold (Ct) value from the time of the initial reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, time to viral clearance, daily symptom severity score from 15 symptoms of interest, time to symptom resolution, and progression to severe/critical COVID-19. Safety outcomes included adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs). Results Sixty patients were randomized (31 received TD0068, and 29 received a placebo). The two groups were balanced in baseline characteristics: mean age was 39 years, and female was predominant (66%). Daily Ct value (median on days 3, 5, 7, and 9 was 25.7, 30.8, 35.4, and 37.6 in the TD0068 group, and 26.4, 31.2, 36.0, and 37.4 in the placebo group, respectively) and time to viral clearance (median: 10 vs. 11 days in TD0068 and placebo groups) were similar between groups. Daily symptom severity score (median on days 3, 5, 7, and 9 was 2, 2, 1, and 0 in the TD0068 group, and 3, 2, 1, and 1 in the placebo group), and time to symptom resolution (median: seven vs. nine days, respectively) were also comparable between groups. No SAE occurred in the study. Conclusions TD0068 is safe but does not show an effect for non-severe COVID-19 patients. Further research is needed to explore the potential benefits of garlic in other forms or dosages for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Van Giang
- Department of Viral and Parasitic Diseases, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, VNM
| | - Le Nguyen Minh Hoa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
| | - Tran Thi Hien
- Department of Viral and Parasitic Diseases, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
| | - Quach Duy Cuong
- Department of Viral and Parasitic Diseases, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
| | - Nguyen Trung Cap
- Emergency Department, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
| | - Nguyen Lam Vuong
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VNM
| | - Pham Ngoc Thach
- Emergency Department, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
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29
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Elbahaie ES, El Gamal RL, Fathy GM, Al-Ghandour AMF, El-Akabawy N, Abd El Hameed BH, Yahia SH. The controverted therapeutic efficacy of Allium sativum and Artemisia herba-alba extracts on Cryptosporidium-infected mice. J Infect Dev Ctries 2023; 17:732-743. [PMID: 37406057 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.17360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cryptosporidiosis has become an issue of great interest being life-threatening among immunocompromised hosts worldwide. This study explored the curative effect of Allium sativum (garlic) and Artemisia herba-alba ethanolic extract versus Nitazoxanide drug on both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed-Cryptosporidium experimentally-infected mice. METHODOLOGY One hundred male Swiss albino mice were divided into the following groups: (GI) non-infected non-treated group, (GII) infected non-treated group, (GIII) garlic treated group, (GIV) A. herba-alba treated group, (GV) Nitazoxanide treated group, each group subdivided into two subgroups (a) Immunocompetent, (b) immunosuppressed. The assessment was performed by parasitological counting of fecal oocysts, histological examination of intestinal tissue, immunological detection of interferon-gamma levels in mice sera, and ultrastructural study by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Garlic and A. herbal-alba extracts showed a decrease in the mean oocyst counts through all days of follow-up. This was associated with significant up-regulation of interferon-gamma cytokine levels in serum and histological improvement in intestinal tissues of mice compared to control groups and the results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The highest efficacy was obtained by garlic, then by A. herbal-alba extracts followed by Nitazoxanide treated group; where the immunocompetent groups showed better improvement than immunosuppressed ones. CONCLUSIONS Garlic has a perfect effect as a promising therapeutic agent against Cryptosporidiosis and therefore validates their traditional use in parasitic infections. Accordingly, it may offer a good option for cryptosporidium treatment in immunocompromised patients. They could be used as a natural safe product for the preparation of a new therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Said Elbahaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reda Lamei El Gamal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mahmoud Fathy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Nadia El-Akabawy
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Samah Hassan Yahia
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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30
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Astrain-Redin N, Raza A, Encío I, Sharma AK, Plano D, Sanmartín C. Novel Acylselenourea Derivatives: Dual Molecules with Anticancer and Radical Scavenging Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1331. [PMID: 37507871 PMCID: PMC10376326 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress surrounding cancer cells provides them with certain growth and survival advantages necessary for disease progression. In this context, Se-containing molecules have gained attention due to their anticancer and antioxidant activity. In our previous work, we synthesized a library of 39 selenoesters containing functional groups commonly present in natural products (NP), which showed potent anticancer activity, but did not demonstrate high radical scavenger activity. Thus, 20 novel Se derivatives resembling NP have been synthesized presenting acylselenourea functionality in their structures. Radical scavenger activity was tested using DPPH assay and in vitro protective effects against ROS-induced cell death caused by H2O2. Additionally, antiproliferative activity was evaluated in prostate, colon, lung, and breast cancer cell lines, along with their ability to induce apoptosis. Compounds 1.I and 5.I showed potent cytotoxicity against the tested cancer cell lines, along with high selectivity indexes and induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis. These compounds exhibited potent and concentration-dependent radical scavenging activity achieving DPPH inhibition similar to ascorbic acid and trolox. To conclude, we have demonstrated that the introduction of Se in the form of acylselenourea into small molecules provides strong radical scavengers in vitro and antiproliferative activity, which may lead to the development of promising dual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Astrain-Redin
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Asif Raza
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ignacio Encío
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Daniel Plano
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Yudho Sutopo CC, Aznam N, Arianingrum R, Hsu JL. Screening potential hypertensive peptides using two consecutive bioassay-guided SPE fractionations and identification of an ACE inhibitory peptide, DHSTAVW (DW7), derived from pearl garlic protein hydrolysate. Peptides 2023; 167:171046. [PMID: 37330111 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The pearl garlic (Allium sativum L.) protein (PGP) was digested using pepsin, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, thermolysin, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The α-chymotrypsin hydrolysate showed the highest angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEI) activity, with an IC50 value of 190.9 ± 11µg/mL. A reversed-phase C18 solid-phase extraction (RP-SPE) cartridge was used for the first fractionation, and the S4 fraction from RP-SPE showed the most potent ACEI activity (IC50 = 124.1 ± 11 3µg/mL). The S4 fraction was further fractionated using a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography SPE (HILIC-SPE). The H4 fraction from HILIC-SPE showed the highest ACEI activity (IC50 = 57.7 ± 3µg/mL). Four ACEI peptides (DHSTAVW, KLAKVF, KLSTAASF, and KETPEAHVF) were identified from the H4 fraction using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and their biological activities were appraised in silico. Among the identified α-chymotryptic peptides, DHSTAVW (DW7), derived from I lectin partial protein, exhibited the most potent ACEI activity (IC50 value of 2.8 ± 0.1µM). DW7 was resistant to simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and it was classified as a prodrug-type inhibitor according to the preincubation experiment. The inhibition kinetics indicated that DW7 was a competitive inhibitor, which was rationalized by the molecular docking simulation. The quantities of DW7 in 1mg of hydrolysate, S4 fraction, and H4 fraction were quantified using LC-MS/MS to give 3.1 ± 0.1, 4.2 ± 0.1, and 13.2 ± 0.1µg, respectively. The amount of DW7 was significantly increased by 4.2-fold compared with the hydrolysate, which suggested that this method is efficient for active peptide screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoper Caesar Yudho Sutopo
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Nurfina Aznam
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Yogyakarta State University, Sleman 55281, Indonesia
| | - Retno Arianingrum
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Yogyakarta State University, Sleman 55281, Indonesia
| | - Jue-Liang Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety Management, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
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32
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García-García J, Gracián C, Baños A, Guillamón E, Gálvez J, Rodriguez-Nogales A, Fonollá J. Beneficial Effects of Daily Consumption of Garlic and Onion Extract Concentrate on Infectious Respiratory Diseases in Elderly Resident Volunteers. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102308. [PMID: 37242191 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological process with high susceptibility to several infections. This risk increases in older patients in residential care facilities (RCF). Thus, there is a clear demand for developing preventive interventions with new therapeutic compounds that combine efficacy and safety. This could be the case of compounds derived from plants of the genus Allium spp. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a combination of a garlic and onion extract concentrate standardized in organosulfur compounds derived from propiin on the incidence of respiratory tract infections in elderly patients of RCF. Sixty-five volunteers were selected at random to receive a placebo or a single daily dose of the extract for thirty-six weeks. Different clinical visits were performed to evaluate the main respiratory diseases with an infectious origin, as well as the associated symptoms and their duration. The extract showed a clinical safety profile and significantly reduced the incidence of respiratory infections. Moreover, the treatment decreased the number and duration of the associated symptoms compared with the placebo group. For the first time, we demonstrated the protective effect of Alliaceae extract in respiratory infectious diseases in elderly healthy volunteers, which could be used prophylactically against the most common infectious respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Gracián
- Nursing Home "Residencia de Mayores Claret", 18011 Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Julio Gálvez
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.Granada), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Rodriguez-Nogales
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.Granada), 18012 Granada, Spain
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Hasna B, Houari H, Koula D, Marina S, Emilia U, Assia B. In Vitro and In Vivo Study of Combined Effect of Some Algerian Medicinal Plants and Probiotics against Helicobacter pylori. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1242. [PMID: 37317215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer and affects more than half of the world's population. Although this infection can have serious consequences, no novel cure or remedy have been discovered, the present therapy still relies on a variety of known antibiotics and anti-secretory agents. In the present study, the potential effect of combinations between methanolic extracts of four Algerian medicinal plants, garlic (Allium sativum), red onion (Allium cepa), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) and fenugreek (T. foenum-graecum L.), with different strains of lactic acid bacteria against H. pylori, was investigated. Similarly, the in vivo antibacterial effect of fenugreek extract combined with Bifidobacterium breve on H. pylori colonization potential to confirm the enhanced effect of the mixture was explored. Helicobacter pylori was inhibited by all combined mixtures of extracts and probiotics with varying results. The highest anti-H. pylori activities were found in fenugreek/B. breve, cumin/B. breve, garlic/B. breve and onion/B. breve combinations with inhibition diameters of 29, 26, 23 and 25 mm, respectively. Preliminary studies on the effect of probiotics against H. pylori revealed that the inhibition was due to lactic acid and bacteriocins and it was also related to the presence of phenolic compounds in the studied plants, such as gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin and vanillic acid. Fenugreek extract was found to inhibit the growth of H. pylori in a concentration-dependent manner. When H. pylori-infected rats were administered B. breve, the infection rate of H. pylori was significantly reduced, while the combination of B. breve and fenugreek extract effectively inhibited H. pylori. In addition, the B. breve and fenugreek extract mixture significantly reduced gastritis in H. pylori-infected rats. These results suggest that this complex mixture may be an alternative to treating diseases caused by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouhenni Hasna
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
| | - Hemida Houari
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
| | - Doukani Koula
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
| | - Spinu Marina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ungureanu Emilia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Boumezrag Assia
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
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Khounganian RM, Alwakeel A, Albadah A, Nakshabandi A, Alharbi S, Almslam AS. The Antifungal Efficacy of Pure Garlic, Onion, and Lemon Extracts Against Candida albicans. Cureus 2023; 15:e38637. [PMID: 37284395 PMCID: PMC10241316 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The oral cavity is considered to be one of the most intricate environments in the human body. It is known to harbor commensal microorganisms that do not cause diseases, such as Candida albicans, a yeast fungus that has a carriage rate that tends to increase with age. It is worth noting that C. albicans can be readily identified within the flora of the gastrointestinal tract in 80% of healthy patients. Traditional medicine has alternatively been shown to play a key role in various health amenities with a wide spectrum anti-microbial effect against various yeast molds. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of pure garlic, onion, and lemon juice extracts against C. albicans. Materials and methods: C. albicans (ATCC 10231) were sub-cultured in brain agar followed by anaerobic incubation for 48 hours at 37°C. Ten plates were used for each of the materials studied to evaluate their antifungal efficacy against C. albicans. The efficiency of commercially available fresh garlic, onion, and lemon was tested in isolation against C. albicans. One-way ANOVA and chi-square were used for comparison between the different materials. The inhibition zone was measured, and the level of statistical significance was set at ≤0.05. RESULTS The diameter of inhibition zones has been measured along the vertical and horizontal axis. No inhibition zones were observed for the onion and lemon extracts used in this study whereas the garlic extract exhibited inhibition zones with altered sizes (4.89 ± 0.275). A highly significant difference was observed between groups (P = 0.000) and between garlic and the other materials (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS Pure garlic showed a highly significant antifungal efficacy when compared to the onion and lemon juice extracts against C. albicans. Further studies are needed using different concentrations of onion, lemon, and lemon peel juice to confirm their antifungal efficacy in addition to their actual antimicrobial benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Khounganian
- Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | - Abdulhakim Albadah
- Microbiology Laboratory, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Abdulrahman Nakshabandi
- Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
- Oral Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Shahad Alharbi
- Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Buraidah Central Hospital, Buraydah, SAU
| | - Ahmed S Almslam
- Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
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Filyushin MA, Anisimova OK, Shchennikova AV, Kochieva EZ. Genome-Wide Identification, Expression, and Response to Fusarium Infection of the SWEET Gene Family in Garlic ( Allium sativum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087533. [PMID: 37108694 PMCID: PMC10138969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the SWEET (Sugar Will Eventually be Exported Transporters) family play an important role in plant development, adaptation, and stress response by functioning as transmembrane uniporters of soluble sugars. However, the information on the SWEET family in the plants of the Allium genus, which includes many crop species, is lacking. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and identified 27 genes putatively encoding clade I-IV SWEET proteins. The promoters of the A. sativum (As) SWEET genes contained hormone- and stress-sensitive elements associated with plant response to phytopathogens. AsSWEET genes had distinct expression patterns in garlic organs. The expression levels and dynamics of clade III AsSWEET3, AsSWEET9, and AsSWEET11 genes significantly differed between Fusarium-resistant and -susceptible garlic cultivars subjected to F. proliferatum infection, suggesting the role of these genes in the garlic defense against the pathogen. Our results provide insights into the role of SWEET sugar uniporters in A. sativum and may be useful for breeding Fusarium-resistant Allium cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Filyushin
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga K Anisimova
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Shchennikova
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Z Kochieva
- Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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Froldi G. The Use of Medicinal Plants in Blood Vessel Diseases: The Influence of Gender. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040866. [PMID: 37109395 PMCID: PMC10147070 DOI: 10.3390/life13040866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Data available in the literature on the use of herbal products to treat inflammation-related vascular diseases were considered in this study, while also assessing the influence of gender. To this end, the articles published in PubMed over the past 10 years that described the use of plant extracts in randomized clinical trials studying the effectiveness in vascular pathologies were analyzed. The difference in efficacy of plant-derived preparations in female and male subjects was always considered when reporting. The safety profiles of the selected plants were described, reporting unwanted effects in humans and also by searching the WHO database (VigiBase®). The medicinal plants considered were Allium sativum, Campomanesia xanthocarpa, Sechium edule, Terminalia chebula. Additionally, an innovative type of preparation consisting of plant-derived nanovesicles was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmina Froldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Rakshit D, Nayak S, Kundu S, Angelopoulou E, Pyrgelis ES, Piperi C, Mishra A. The Pharmacological Activity of Garlic ( Allium sativum) in Parkinson's Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to the Therapeutic Potential. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1033-1044. [PMID: 36861262 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most common neurological diseases worldwide, is mainly characterized neuropathologically by the dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the brainstem. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to PD pathophysiology through modulation of pleiotropic cellular mechanisms. The currently available treatment options focus only on replenishing dopamine and do not alter disease progression. Interestingly, garlic (Allium sativum), globally famed for its flavor and taste-enhancing properties, has shown protective activity in different PD models. Numerous chemical constituents of garlic, mainly the organosulfur compounds, have been shown to exhibit anti-Parkinsonian effects by targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and neuroinflammation-related signaling. However, despite its therapeutic potential against PD, the major bioactive components of garlic display some stability issues and some adverse effects. In the present review, we explore the therapeutic potential of garlic and its major constituents in PD, the molecular mechanisms responsible for its pharmaceutical activity, and the associated limitations that need to be overcome for its future potential use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Rakshit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Sudipta Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Snehashis Kundu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens 11528, Greece
| | - Efstratios-Stylianos Pyrgelis
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens 11528, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam 781101, India
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González-Conde M, Vega J, López-Figueroa F, García-Castro M, Moscoso A, Sarabia F, López-Romero JM. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Combination with Pyropia columbina (Rhodophyta) Extracts for a Cosmeceutical Application. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1010. [PMID: 36985903 PMCID: PMC10054154 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using daisy petals (Bellis perennis), leek (Allium porrum) and garlic skin (Allium sativum) as reducing agents and water as solvent. AgNPs are obtained with high monodispersity, spherical shapes and size ranging from 5 to 35 nm and characterized by UV-Vis and TEM techniques. The obtained yields in AgNPs are in concordance with the total phenolic content of each plant. We also study the incorporation of AgNPs in combination with the red algae Pyropia columbina extracts (PCE) into cosmetic formulations and analyze their combined effect as photoprotective agents. Moreover, we carry out the inclusion of the PCE containing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which are strong UV-absorbing and antioxidant compounds, into β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and pNIPAM nanoparticles and analyze stability and release. The thermoresponsive polymer is grown by free radical polymerization using N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) as the monomer, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) as the cross-linker, and 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidene) (V50) as the initiator, while βCD complex is prepared by heating in water. We evaluate the nanoparticle and βCD complex formation by UV-Vis and FT-IR, and NMR spectroscopies, respectively, and the nanoparticles' morphology, including particle size, by TEM. The cosmetic formulations are subsequently subjected to accelerated stability tests and photoprotective analyses: a synergistic effect in the combination of AgNPs and PCE in photoprotection was found. It is not related to a UV screen effect but to the antioxidant activity, having potential against photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes González-Conde
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Julia Vega
- Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA) Experimental Center Grice Hutchinson, University of Málaga, Lomas de San Julián, 2, 29004 Malaga, Spain
| | - Félix López-Figueroa
- Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA) Experimental Center Grice Hutchinson, University of Málaga, Lomas de San Julián, 2, 29004 Malaga, Spain
| | - Miguel García-Castro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana Moscoso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Sarabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - J. Manuel López-Romero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Parreño R, Rodríguez-Alcocer E, Martínez-Guardiola C, Carrasco L, Castillo P, Arbona V, Jover-Gil S, Candela H. Turning Garlic into a Modern Crop: State of the Art and Perspectives. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1212. [PMID: 36986902 PMCID: PMC10057115 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is cultivated worldwide for the value of its bulbs, but its cultivation is challenged by the infertility of commercial cultivars and the accumulation of pathogens over time, which occurs as a consequence of vegetative (clonal) propagation. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of garlic genetics and genomics, highlighting recent developments that will lead to its development as a modern crop, including the restoration of sexual reproduction in some garlic strains. The set of tools available to the breeder currently includes a chromosome-scale assembly of the garlic genome and multiple transcriptome assemblies that are furthering our understanding of the molecular processes underlying important traits like the infertility, the induction of flowering and bulbing, the organoleptic properties and resistance to various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Parreño
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eva Rodríguez-Alcocer
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | - Lucía Carrasco
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Purificación Castillo
- Departamento I+D, Coopaman S.C.L., Carretera Peñas De San Pedro, km 1.6, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Sara Jover-Gil
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Héctor Candela
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Yu T, Che J, Song J, Duan X, Yang J. Topical garlic treatment for verruca plana triggers Koebner phenomenon: A case report. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:913-915. [PMID: 36374623 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verruca plana is a benign proliferation of the skin caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Fresh garlic can serve as an alternative therapy, and it has shown considerable effectiveness as a topical treatment for verruca plana. However, topical garlic treatment for verruca plana triggered Koebner phenomenon (KP), which has not been previously reported. AIM The aim of our report is to explore the possible causes of this adverse reaction. METHOD We here describe a 20-year-old female patient who developed a beaded rash after garlic treatment for facial wart plana, known as autoinoculation or KP. RESULTS Garlic may have caused damage to the surrounding normal skin through primary irritation or allergic reactions. Then, the HPV virus on the primary verruca plana took the opportunity to spread to the surrounding skin injured by garlic stimulation, triggering the KP. CONCLUSION When using garlic to treat verruca plana, the operator needs to precisely apply the mashed garlic to the warts, and this treatment is strictly prohibited for patients who are allergic to garlic. Avoid such adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhang Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jiaozi Che
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengde Central Hospital, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jikai Song
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinsuo Duan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
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Yoosefian SH, Ahmadi E, Mohammad-Razdari A. Combination of gamma irradiation and storage condition for improving mechanical and physical postharvest characteristics of fresh garlic cloves. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1463-1476. [PMID: 36911819 PMCID: PMC10002959 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the discrimination and optimization of irradiation effect under physical and mechanical experiments on garlic. The samples were irradiated with 0, 75, and 150 Gy doses and stored at 4 and 18°C for 5 months. Physical, mechanical, and color properties were measured in the period of storage. Based on the results, all irradiated garlic samples had less quality variation than control samples. Response surface methodology (RSM) optimized dose, storage time, and temperature of the stored garlic which was 75 Gy, 2 months, and 17°C, respectively. In addition, after finding the optimal dose, time, and temperature, the most effective factor as weight loss was obtained and the data were classified by the principal component analysis (PCA) approach. The results showed that the PCA method had a high ability to classify and separate the data obtained from measuring the physicochemical properties of garlic and cover 99% variance of data. Moreover, partial least square (PLS) was applied for predicting weight loss data with R2 0.9999. As well, a mechanical test was investigated for finding the best situation and duration of storage condition. Finally, irradiation prevented the destruction of garlic and saved garlic in the best quality as compared with control or nonirradiated samples. After all this, it can be decided to keep garlic in warehouses and transfer this product with minimum damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Hoda Yoosefian
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Bu-Ali Sina University Hamadan Iran
| | - Ebrahim Ahmadi
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Bu-Ali Sina University Hamadan Iran
| | - Ayat Mohammad-Razdari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems Shahrekord University Shahrekord Iran
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Hamad RS. Rutin, a Flavonoid Compound Derived from Garlic, as a Potential Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Agent against Murine Schistosomiasis mansoni. Nutrients 2023; 15. [PMID: 36904204 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease caused by trematode worms. The inflammatory response of the host to schistosome eggs leads to formation of granuloma in the liver and intestine. Praziquantel (PZQ) is still an effective treatment for schistosomiasis, however resistance development may reduce its efficacy. The current study investigated the possible immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory action of rutin, a natural flavonoid compound isolated from garlic, on liver fibrotic markers in mice infected with S. mansoni in comparison to PZQ. Male albino CD1 mice were infected with 100 ± 2 S. mansoni cercariae/mouse and treated with garlic, rutin, or PZQ. At the end of the experiment, the liver and intestines were harvested for parasitological and histological assessment and to analyze the proinflammatory cytokine. Rutin significantly affects the pathological alterations caused by Schistosoma in the liver. This may be partially explained by a decrease in the number of eggs trapped in the tissues of the liver and a modification in the serum levels of certain cytokines, which are implicated in the formation of Schistosoma granuloma. In conclusion, rutin has strong anti-schistosome properties in vivo, raising the possibility that rutin might be further investigated as a therapy for S. mansoni.
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Ghazimoradi MM, Ghoushi E, Ghobadi Pour M, Karimi Ahmadabadi H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. A review on garlic as a supplement for Alzheimer's disease: a mechanistic insight in its direct and indirect effects. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:CPD-EPUB-129683. [PMID: 36809972 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230222093016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most complicated neurodegenerative diseases causing dementia in human beings. Aside from that incidence of AD is increasing also its treatment is very complicated. There are several known hypotheses regarding the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, including the Amyloid beta hypothesis, Tau hypothesis, inflammation hypothesis, and cholinergic hypothesis, which are investigated in different researches to completely elucidate the pathology of AD. Aside from these some new mechanisms such as immune, endocrine, and vagus pathways, as well as bacteria metabolite secretions are being explained as other causes that are somehow related to AD pathogenesis. There is still no definite treatment for Alzheimer's disease that can completely cure and eradicate AD. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a traditional herb used as a spice in different cultures and due to the organosulfur compounds like allicin it possesses highly anti-oxidant properties and the benefits of garlic in cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and atherosclerosis is examined and reviewed, although its beneficiary effects in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD is not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the effects of garlic based on its components such as allicin, S-allyl cysteine on Alzheimer's disease and the mechanisms that garlic components can be beneficiary for AD patients, including its effects amyloid beta, oxidative stress, tau protein, gene expression, and cholinesterase enzymes. Based on the literature review we have done, garlic has revealed beneficiary effects on Alzheimer's disease, especially in animal studies; however, more studies should be done on human populations to find the exact mechanism of garlic effects on AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Ghazimoradi
- Faculty of pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Interdisciplinary Neuro-Brain Research and Education Network (INBREN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghoushi
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mozhgan Ghobadi Pour
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Ben Abdallah S, Riahi C, Vacas S, Navarro-Llopis V, Urbaneja A, Pérez-Hedo M. The Dual Benefit of Plant Essential Oils against Tuta absoluta. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:985. [PMID: 36903846 PMCID: PMC10005231 DOI: 10.3390/plants12050985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant essential oils (PEOs) are being studied as a potential alternative to synthetic pesticides in agriculture. PEOs have the potential to control pests both directly, by being toxic or repellent to pests, and indirectly, by activating plant's defense mechanisms. In this study, the effectiveness of five PEOs (Achillea millefolium, Allium sativum, Rosmarinus officinallis, Tagetes minuta, and Thymus zygis) on controlling Tuta absoluta and their impact on the predator Nesidiocoris tenuis was examined. The study revelead that PEOs from A. millefolium and A. sativum-sprayed plants significantly reduced the number of T. absoluta-infested leaflets and did not affect the establishment and reproduction of N. tenuis. Additionally, the spraying of A. millefolium and A. sativum increased the expression of defense genes in the plants, triggering the release of herbivory-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), such as C6 green leaf volatiles, monoterpenes, and aldehydes, which can be messengers in tritrophic interactions. The results suggest that PEOs from A. millefolium and A. sativum can provide a dual benefit for controlling arthropod pests, as they can directly exhibit toxicity against these pests while also activating plant defense mechanisms. Overall, this study provides new insights into using PEOs as a sustainable solution for controlling pests and diseases in agriculture, by reducing synthetic pesticides and promoting the use of natural predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoussen Ben Abdallah
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, CV-315, Km 10.7, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
- Horticultural Science Department, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA
| | - Chaymaa Riahi
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, CV-315, Km 10.7, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Vacas
- Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola, Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Navarro-Llopis
- Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola, Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, CV-315, Km 10.7, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Meritxell Pérez-Hedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, CV-315, Km 10.7, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Abd El-Hay RI, Mazroa SA, El-Mohandes E, Am M. The possible protective role of melatonin versus garlic on monosodium Glutamate-induced changes in rat cerebellar cortex: histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscope study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2023; 47:1-24. [PMID: 36803391 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2023.2175943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a flavor enhancer. Melatonin and garlic are well known as antioxidant. The present study was performed to evaluate the microscopic changes in the cerebellar cortex of rats after the administration of MSG and the possible protective effect of melatonin versus garlic on those changes. The rats were divided into four main groups. Group I (control group). Group II received MSG (4 mg/ g/day). Group III received MSG+ melatonin (10 mg/kg bw/day). Group IV received MSG+garlic (300 mg/kg bw/day). Immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was done as a marker for astrocyte demonstration. Morphometric study was done to assess the mean number and diameter of Purkinje cells, the number of astrocytes and the percentage area of positive GFAP immune stain. MSG group demonstrated congested blood vessels, vacuolations in the molecular layer, and Purkinje cells appeared irregular with nuclear degeneration. Granule cells appeared shrunken with darkly stained nuclei. The immunohistochemical stain for GFAP was less than expected in the three layers of the cerebellar cortex. Purkinje cells and granule cells appeared irregular in shape with dark small heterochromatic nuclei. The myelinated nerve fibers showed splitting and loss of the lamellar structure of their myelin sheath. Melatonin group showed that the cerebellar cortex was nearly similar to that of control group. Garlic treated group showed partial improvement. In conclusion, melatonin and garlic could partially protect against MSG induced changes and the protective effect of melatonin was better than garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Ibrahim Abd El-Hay
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Al Mansurah Egypt
| | - Shireen A Mazroa
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Al Mansurah Egypt
| | - E El-Mohandes
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Al Mansurah Egypt
| | - Moustafa Am
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Al Mansurah Egypt
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Verma T, Aggarwal A, Dey P, Chauhan AK, Rashid S, Chen KT, Sharma R. Medicinal and therapeutic properties of garlic, garlic essential oil, and garlic-based snack food: An updated review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1120377. [PMID: 36875845 PMCID: PMC9978857 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1120377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) is an edible tuber belonging to the family Liliaceae. It has been used since ancient times as a spice to enhance the sensory characteristics of food and as a household remedy for the treatment of a variety of ailments. Garlic has been studied for its medicinal and therapeutic effects in the treatment of various human diseases for a long time. Health benefits associated with the consumption of garlic are attributed to the various sulfur compounds present in it such as allicin, ajoene, vinyl-dithiin, and other volatile organosulfur compounds which are all metabolized from alliin. Several researches in the literature have shown evidence that garlic exhibits antioxidant, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, antihypertensive, anti-anemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anticarcinogenic, antiaggregant, and immunomodulatory properties. The present review identifies and discusses the various health benefits associated with the consumption of garlic, its essential oil, and bioactive constituents, along with exploring the various snack-food products developed by incorporating garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Verma
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankur Aggarwal
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priya Dey
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kow-Tong Chen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Wang Q, Guo C, Yang S, Zhong Q, Tian J. Screening and Verification of Reference Genes for Analysis of Gene Expression in Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) under Cold and Drought Stress. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:763. [PMID: 36840111 PMCID: PMC9963267 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The principal objective of this study was to screen and verify reference genes appropriate for gene expression evaluation during plant growth and development under distinct growth conditions. Nine candidate reference genes were screened based on garlic transcriptome sequence data. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of the aforementioned reference genes in specific tissues under drought and cold stress. Then, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ReFinder were used to consider the consistency of the expression levels of candidate reference genes. Finally, the stress-responsive gene expression of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was quantitatively evaluated to confirm the chosen reference genes. Our results indicated that there were variations in the abundance and stability of nine reference gene transcripts underneath cold and drought stress, among which ACT and UBC-E2 had the highest transcript abundance, and 18S rRNA and HIS3 had the lowest transcript abundance. UBC and UBC-E2 were the most stably expressed genes throughout all samples; UBC and UBC-E2 were the most stably expressed genes during cold stress, and ACT and UBC were the most stably expressed genes under drought stress. The most stably expressed genes in roots, pseudostems, leaves, and cloves were EF1, ACT, HIS3, UBC, and UBC-E2, respectively, while GAPDH was the most unstable gene during drought and cold stress conditions and in exclusive tissues. Taking the steady reference genes UBC-E2, UBC, and ACT as references during drought and cold stress, the reliability of the expression levels was further demonstrated by detecting the expression of AsAPX. Our work thereby offers a theoretical reference for the evaluation of gene expression in garlic in various tissues and under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhang Wang
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chunqian Guo
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Shipeng Yang
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Qiwen Zhong
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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Wang Y, Xiao XX, Yang Y, Feng FY, Song LX, Chen XL, Sun X, Li Y, Zeng XP, Ma JJ, Yu XY. [Determination and Traceability Analysis of Phthalic Acid Esters in Garlic ( Allium stivum L.) from Jiangsu Province, China]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2023; 44:1029-1039. [PMID: 36775626 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202204278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and are recognized as a threat to the environment and agricultural product safety across the world. In order to investigate the level of PAEs in garlic, soils, and agricultural films from Pizhou City, Jiangsu province, China, 11 garlic samples, 106 soil samples, and 4 agricultural film samples were collected and analyzed using GC-MS. In addition, the uptake and transport characteristics of six PAEs compounds classified as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the garlic cultivar Daqingke were investigated under hydroponic conditions. The results indicated that dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominant PAEs species in garlic cloves of the different garlic varieties from Pizhou City. The average contents of DBP and DEHP in garlic cloves were 0.611 mg·kg-1 and 0.167 mg·kg-1, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the commercial varieties of garlic. The concentrations of DBP and DEHP differed in three tissues of garlic bulbs, ordered as the skin of garlic bulb>skin of garlic clove>garlic clove. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), DBP, and DEHP were the main PAEs species and were detected in all the surface soils collected from Pizhou City. Compared with the soil allowable concentrations of the six PAEs in the United States, the DMP and DBP concentrations in approximately 100% and 63.2% of soil samples exceeded the recommended allowable concentrations set by the EPA. However, the levels of DEP, DIBP, and DEHP in the soils were below the maximum allowable concentrations set by the EPA. Nevertheless, the average content of DEHP in soils was 486 μg·kg-1 and was found to be much higher than that in the other four PAEs. Six PAEs, including DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and DEHP, were detected in all the agricultural film samples. Among them, the contents of DBP and DEHP in the agricultural films were the highest, accounting for 53.7%-63.2% of the total PAEs. The amount of PAEs present in the residual film was significantly lower than that in the new film, and all six PAEs were detected in garlic or soil samples, suggesting that agricultural film can be an important source of PAEs in garlic farming soils and garlic. Furthermore, the garlic plants absorbed DMP and DEP efficiently from the substrate and showed higher translocation factors (TFs) for DMP and DEP than those for DBP, BBP, DEHP, and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), resulting in a higher accumulation of DMP and DEP in the over-ground parts of garlic. In contrast, DBP and BBP in roots of garlic displayed higher bioconcentration factors (57.4 and 81.5, respectively) compared to those of the other four PAEs, whereas the TFs of DBP and BBP were lower; this may have contributed to the high accumulation of DBP in garlic bulbs. The BCFs and TFs of DEHP and DnOP in garlic were relatively lower, but the DEHP had been detected in all garlic cloves, which may be a result of the higher DEHP contents in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.,School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xia-Xia Xiao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Fa-Yun Feng
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Li-Xiao Song
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiao-Long Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xing Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zeng
- Jiangsu Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jin-Jun Ma
- Jiangsu Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Yu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.,School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Kutasy B, Kiniczky M, Decsi K, Kálmán N, Hegedűs G, Alföldi ZP, Virág E. ' Garlic-lipo'4Plants: Liposome-Encapsulated Garlic Extract Stimulates ABA Pathway and PR Genes in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum). Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:743. [PMID: 36840091 PMCID: PMC9962754 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, environmentally friendly crop improvements using next-generation plant biostimulants (PBs) come to the forefront in agriculture, regardless of whether they are used by scientists, farmers, or industries. Various organic and inorganic solutions have been investigated by researchers and producers, focusing on tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, crop quality, or nutritional deficiency. Garlic has been considered a universal remedy ever since antiquity. A supercritical carbon dioxide garlic extract encapsulated in nanoscale liposomes composed of plant-derived lipids was examined as a possible PB agent. The present study focused on the characterization of the genes associated with the pathways involved in defense response triggered by the liposome nanoparticles that were loaded with supercritical garlic extracts. This material was applied to Triticum aestivum in greenhouse experiments using foliar spraying. The effects were examined in a large-scale genome-wide transcriptional profiling experiment by collecting the samples four times (0 min, used as a control, and 15 min, 24 h, and 48 h after spraying). Based on a time-course expression analysis, the dynamics of the cellular response were determined by examining differentially expressed genes and applying a cluster analysis. The results suggested an enhanced expression of abscisic acid (ABA) pathway and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, of which positive regulation was found for the AP2-, C2H2-, HD-ZIP-, and MYB-related transcription factor families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kutasy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Georgikon Campus, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Festetics Str. 7, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Márta Kiniczky
- Research Institute for Medicinal Plants and Herbs Ltd., Lupaszigeti Str. 4, 2011 Budakalász, Hungary
| | - Kincső Decsi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Georgikon Campus, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Festetics Str. 7, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Kálmán
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti Str. 12, 7633 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Géza Hegedűs
- Department of Information Technology and Its Applications, Faculty of Information Technology, University of Pannonia, Gasparich Str. 18, 8900 Zalaegerszeg, Hungary
- EduCoMat Ltd., Iskola Str. 12/A, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
- Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Péter Alföldi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Festetics Str. 7, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Eszter Virág
- Research Institute for Medicinal Plants and Herbs Ltd., Lupaszigeti Str. 4, 2011 Budakalász, Hungary
- EduCoMat Ltd., Iskola Str. 12/A, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
- Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, 4132 Debrecen, Hungary
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Sangouni AA, Alizadeh M, Jamalzehi A, Hosseinzadeh M, Parastouei K. Garlic supplementation improves intestinal transit time, lipid accumulation product and cardiometabolic indices in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 36721177 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Altered gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of MetS. It has been hypothesized that garlic can improve intestinal transit time and cardiovascular risks. We investigated the effect of garlic powder supplementation on intestinal transit time, lipid accumulation product (LAP), and cardiometabolic indices in subjects with MetS. A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted for 3 months among subjects with MetS. Ninety subjects were randomly assigned to the treatment group (intake of 1,600 mg/d garlic powder) or control group (placebo) using a computer-generated random number table. All participants were asked to follow the common healthy dietary recommendations during follow-up. The primary outcomes included intestinal transit time, LAP, cardiometabolic index (CMI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli risk index I (CRI-I) and Castelli risk index II (CRI-II). Garlic powder compared to the placebo improved intestinal transit time (p = .001), LAP (-21.5 ± 23.4 vs. 0.7 ± 21.5; p < .001), CMI (-0.85 ± 0.8 vs. 0.13 ± 0.8; p < .001), AIP (-0.14 ± 0.1 vs. 0.01 ± 0.1; p < .001), CRI-I (-0.69 ± 0.5 vs. 0.16 ± 0.5; p < .001) and CRI-II (-0.50 ± 0.3 vs. 0.02 ± 0.3; p < .001). Garlic supplementation can improve intestinal transit time, LAP, and cardiometabolic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ali Sangouni
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Atena Jamalzehi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Karim Parastouei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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