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Abe Y, Inoue M, Sekiguchi K, Nakano S, Tomaru Y, Maeda T, Shimizu N, Ihara K. Clinical characteristics of preterm and term infants with Ureaplasma in gastric fluid. Pediatr Neonatol 2024; 65:170-176. [PMID: 37741759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ureaplasma spp. is an endemic microorganism that causes placental chorioamnionitis or preterm delivery in pregnant women, and the occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or intraventricular hemorrhaging in preterm infants after birth, although the pathogenicity of Ureaplasma remains controversial. The association between Ureaplasma exposure and the symptoms or outcomes of infected mothers or their infants born at term remains poorly understood. We investigated the clinical characteristics of preterm and term infants with or without Ureaplasma in their gastric fluid. METHODS Gastric fluid samples were collected from 47 newborns in the neonatal intensive-care unit immediately after birth and tested using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting Ureaplasma spp., Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. The clinical findings and outcomes of the neonates and their mothers were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS Ureaplasma spp. were detected in 9/47 samples (19%) by multiplex PCR assays. In all cases, the subspecies was U. parvum. The Ureaplasma-positive group had a significantly higher incidence of chorioamnionitis in utero than the Ureaplasma-negative group. Regarding preterm infants, the IgM levels in the Ureaplasma-positive group were significantly higher than in the Ureaplasma-negative group. In contrast, in term infants, the rates of a non-reassuring fetal status, a maternal fever, and maternal leukocyte counts and maternal C-reactive protein levels within five days before delivery in the Ureaplasma-positive group were significantly higher than those in the Ureaplasma-negative group. All three extremely-low-birth-weight infants with Ureaplasma developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The length of hospitalization in the Ureaplasma-positive group was almost same as that in the Ureaplasma-negative group for term infants. CONCLUSION Mothers or their fetuses with exposure to Ureaplasma expressed characteristic clinical features during pregnancy and after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiichi Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Koseiren Tsurumi Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Masanori Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan.
| | - Kazuhito Sekiguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Satoko Nakano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tomaru
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Norio Shimizu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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Lee KN, Choi HJ, Shin HL, Kim HJ, Park JY, Jung YH, Oh KJ, Choi CW. Analysis of gastric fluid in preterm newborns supports the view that the amniotic cavity is sterile before the onset of parturition: a retrospective cohort study. J Perinat Med 2024; 52:143-149. [PMID: 38102892 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2023-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the frequency of Ureaplasma-positive gastric fluid (GF) cultures based on the cause and mode of delivery in preterm newborns. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included women with a singleton pregnancy who delivered prematurely (between 23+0 and 32+0 weeks of gestation, n=464) at a single university hospital in South Korea. The newborns' GF was obtained on the day of birth via nasogastric intubation. The frequency of Ureaplasma spp. in GF cultures was measured and compared according to the cause and mode of delivery. RESULTS Ureaplasma spp. was detected in 20.3 % of the GF samples. The presence of Ureaplasma spp. was significantly higher in the spontaneous preterm birth group than in the indicated preterm birth group (30.2 vs. 3.0 %; p<0.001). Additionally, Ureaplasma spp. was more frequently found in the vaginal delivery group than in the cesarean delivery group, irrespective of the cause of preterm delivery [indicated preterm birth group (22.2 vs. 1.9 %, p=0.023); spontaneous preterm birth group (37.7 vs. 24.2 %, p=0.015)]. CONCLUSIONS Ureaplasma spp. were found in 20.3 % of the GFs. However, only 1.9 % of newborns in the indicated preterm birth group with cesarean delivery had a Ureaplasma-positive GF culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-No Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Lim Shin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Yoon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwa Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Joon Oh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Won Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tang JW, Li F, Liu X, Wang JT, Xiong XS, Lu XY, Zhang XY, Si YT, Umar Z, Tay ACY, Marshall BJ, Yang WX, Gu B, Wang L. Detection of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Human Gastric Fluid Through Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled With Machine Learning Algorithms. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100310. [PMID: 38135155 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori infection include, but are not limited to, urea breath test, serum antibody test, fecal antigen test, and rapid urease test. However, these methods suffer drawbacks such as low accuracy, high false-positive rate, complex operations, invasiveness, etc. Therefore, there is a need to develop simple, rapid, and noninvasive detection methods for H. pylori diagnosis. In this study, we propose a novel technique for accurately detecting H. pylori infection through machine learning analysis of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of gastric fluid samples that were noninvasively collected from human stomachs via the string test. One hundred participants were recruited to collect gastric fluid samples noninvasively. Therefore, 12,000 SERS spectra (n = 120 spectra/participant) were generated for building machine learning models evaluated by standard metrics in model performance assessment. According to the results, the Light Gradient Boosting Machine algorithm exhibited the best prediction capacity and time efficiency (accuracy = 99.54% and time = 2.61 seconds). Moreover, the Light Gradient Boosting Machine model was blindly tested on 2,000 SERS spectra collected from 100 participants with unknown H. pylori infection status, achieving a prediction accuracy of 82.15% compared with qPCR results. This novel technique is simple and rapid in diagnosing H. pylori infection, potentially complementing current H. pylori diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Tang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian Hospital of Yangzhou University, The Fifth People's Hospital of Huaian, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin-Ting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian Hospital of Yangzhou University, The Fifth People's Hospital of Huaian, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xue-Song Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Huaian Hospital of Yangzhou University, The Fifth People's Hospital of Huaian, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Lu
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Ting Si
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zeeshan Umar
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alfred Chin Yen Tay
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China; Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Marshall International Digestive Diseases Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Barry J Marshall
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China; Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Marshall International Digestive Diseases Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei-Xuan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian Hospital of Yangzhou University, The Fifth People's Hospital of Huaian, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bing Gu
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Okumura T, Horiba K, Tetsuka N, Sato Y, Sugiyama Y, Haruta K, Yamaguchi M, Suzuki T, Torii Y, Kawada JI, Ogi T, Hayakawa M, Ito Y. Next-generation sequencing-based detection of Ureaplasma in the gastric fluid of neonates with respiratory distress and chorioamnionitis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2023; 36:2207113. [PMID: 37150592 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2207113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory distress is common in neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units. Additionally, infectious diseases such as intrauterine infections or vertical transmission are important underlying causes of respiratory failure. However, pathogens often cannot be identified in neonates, and there are many cases in which antibacterial drugs are empirically administered. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is advantageous in that it can detect trace amounts of bacteria that cannot be detected by culturing or bacteria that are difficult to cultivate. However, there are few reports on the diagnosis of infectious diseases using NGS in the neonatal field, especially those targeting respiratory distress. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to investigate the microorganisms associated with neonatal respiratory distress and to determine whether less invasive collection specimens such as plasma and gastric fluid are useful. METHODS Neonates were prospectively recruited between January and August 2020 from Nagoya University Hospital. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) admission to the neonatal intensive care unit; 2) respiratory distress presentation within 48 h of birth; and 3) suspected infection, collection of blood culture, and administration of antibiotics. Plasma samples and blood cultures were simultaneously collected. Gastric fluid samples were also collected if the patient was not started on enteral nutrition. Information on the patients and their mothers were collected from the medical records. DNA was extracted from 140 µL of plasma and gastric fluid samples. DNA sequencing libraries were prepared, and their quality was analyzed. DNA libraries were sequenced using high-throughput NGS. The NGS data of plasma and gastric fluid samples were analyzed using the metagenomic pipeline PATHDET, which calculated the number of reads assigned to microorganisms and their relative abundance. Putative pathogens were listed. RESULTS Overall, 30 plasma samples and 25 gastric fluid samples from 30 neonates were analyzed. Microorganism-derived reads of gastric fluid samples were significantly higher than those of plasma samples. Transient tachypnea of the newborn was the most common cause of respiratory distress with 13 cases (43%), followed by respiratory distress syndrome with 7 cases (23%). There were 8 cases (29%) of chorioamnionitis and 7 cases (25%) of funisitis pathologically diagnosed. All blood cultures were negative, and only two gastric fluid cultures were positive for group B Streptococcus (Patient 15) and Candida albicans (Patient 24). Putative pathogens that met the positive criteria for PATHET were detected in four gastric fluid samples, one of which was group B Streptococcus from Patient 15. In the gastric fluid sample of Patient 24, Candida albicans were detected by NGS but did not meet the positive criteria for PATHDET. Cluster analysis of the plasma samples divided them into two study groups, and the indicator genera of each cluster (Phormidium or Toxoplasma) are shown in Figure 1. Clinical findings did not show any significant differences between the two groups. Cluster analysis of the gastric fluid samples divided them into three study groups, and the indicator genera of each cluster (Ureaplasma, Nostoc, and Streptococcus) are shown in Figure 2. The incidence rate of chorioamnionitis was significantly higher in Ureaplasma group than in the other two groups. CONCLUSION Gastric fluid may be useful for assessing neonatal patients with respiratory distress. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to reveal that the presence of Ureaplasma in the gastric fluid of neonates with respiratory distress was associated with chorioamnionitis. The early diagnosis of intra-amniotic infections using gastric fluid and its treatment may change the treatment strategy for neonatal respiratory distress. Screening for Ureaplasma in neonates with respiratory distress may reduce the need for empirical antibiotic administration. Further research is required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Horiba
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tetsuka
- Department of Infection Control, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sugiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunori Haruta
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takako Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Torii
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kawada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayakawa
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Besiri K, Begou O, Deda O, Bataka E, Nakas C, Gika H, Kontou A, Agakidou E, Sarafidis K. A Cohort Study of Gastric Fluid and Urine Metabolomics for the Prediction of Survival in Severe Prematurity. Metabolites 2023; 13:708. [PMID: 37367866 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting survival in very preterm infants is critical in clinical medicine and parent counseling. In this prospective cohort study involving 96 very preterm infants, we evaluated whether the metabolomic analysis of gastric fluid and urine samples obtained shortly after birth could predict survival in the first 3 and 15 days of life (DOL), as well as overall survival up to hospital discharge. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling was used. Uni- and multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate significant metabolites and their prognostic value. Differences in several metabolites were identified between survivors and non-survivors at the time points of the study. Binary logistic regression showed that certain metabolites in gastric fluid, including arabitol, and succinic, erythronic and threonic acids, were associated with 15 DOL and overall survival. Gastric glyceric acid was also associated with 15 DOL survival. Urine glyceric acid could predict survival in the first 3 DOL and overall survival. In conclusion, non-surviving preterm infants exhibited a different metabolic profile compared with survivors, demonstrating significant discrimination with the use of GC-MS-based gastric fluid and urine analyses. The results of this study support the usefulness of metabolomics in developing survival biomarkers in very preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantia Besiri
- 1st Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Begou
- School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Olga Deda
- School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Evmorfia Bataka
- Laboratory of Biometry, University of Thessaly, N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Christos Nakas
- Laboratory of Biometry, University of Thessaly, N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helen Gika
- Biomic_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, B1.4, 57001 Thermi, Greece
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angeliki Kontou
- 1st Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Agakidou
- 1st Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kosmas Sarafidis
- 1st Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Van der Veken M, Aertsen M, Brouwers J, Stillhart C, Parrott N, Augustijns P. Gastrointestinal Fluid Volumes in Pediatrics: A Retrospective MRI Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1935. [PMID: 36145683 PMCID: PMC9502126 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The volume and distribution of fluids available in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may substantially affect oral drug absorption. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used in the past to quantify these fluid volumes in adults and its use is now being extended to the pediatric population. The present research pursued a retrospective, explorative analysis of existing clinical MRI data generated for pediatric patients. Images of 140 children from all pediatric subpopulations were analyzed for their resting GI fluid volumes in fasting conditions. In general, an increase in fluid volume as a function of age was observed for the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and small intestine (SI) as a whole. No specific pattern was observed for the ileum and colon. Body mass index (BMI), body weight, body height, and SI length were evaluated as easy-to-measure clinical estimators of the gastric and SI fluid volumes. Although weight and height were identified as the best estimators, none performed ideally based on the coefficient of determination (R2). Data generated in this study can be used as physiologically relevant input for biorelevant in vitro tests and in silico models tailored to the pediatric population, thereby contributing to the efficient development of successful oral drug products for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Van der Veken
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49—Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Aertsen
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Clinical Department of Radiology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49—Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Formulation & Process Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49—Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Jiang Y, Meng F, Liu Y, Zheng L, Ye S, Zhang J. Does Helicobacter pylori infection affect the structure of bacteria in the gastric mucosa and fluid in patients with chronic antral gastritis? J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2021; 67:179-185. [PMID: 34053980 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the composition of the gastric microbiota in the gastric mucosa and gastric fluid of patients with chronic antral gastritis. Specifically, we sought to determine whether Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection changes the bacterial community in the gastric mucosa or alters the microbiota in the gastric fluid. The bacterial community at another site in the stomach was also investigated. DNA was extracted from 160 samples collected from 40 patients with chronic antral gastritis (20 Hp-positive and 20 Hp-negative cases). Three tissue samples of the gastric mucosa (gastric angle, body, and antral mucosa) and one tube of gastric fluid were collected from every patient. A 16S rRNA amplification library was created, and high-throughput sequencing was performed. A profile of the community composition was obtained using bioinformatics methods, including cluster, taxonomy, and diversity analyses. Analysis of the gastric bacterial community revealed that the community compositions of the gastric mucosa and gastric fluid of patients without Hp are similar to but show differences from those of Hp-positive patients. The microbiota in Hp-positive patients exhibited reduced microbial diversity, and the gastric fluid of these patients contained a small proportion of Hp. The richness of Leptotrichia in mucosal samples was greater than that in gastric fluid samples from Hp-negative patients with chronic antral gastritis. Hp changes the growth of other microbiota in the mucosa and affects the microbiota in the gastric fluid of patients with chronic antral gastritis. In addition to Hp, the presence of other bacteria might be related to the development of chronic antral gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Department of Science and Education, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province
| | - Fei Meng
- Department of Research service, Zhiyuan Medical Inspection Institute CO., LTD
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Zhejiang Tongji Vocational College of Science and Technology
| | - Liyun Zheng
- Department of Research service, Zhiyuan Medical Inspection Institute CO., LTD
| | - Shufang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Lishui City
| | - Jianmei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Lishui City
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Ruiz RF, Jukemura J, Alves PRA, dos Santos MEL. Evaluation of pH and residual gastric volume after colon preparation with mannitol: prospective randomized study comparing procedure performed after 3 hours versus 6 hours. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e1847. [PMID: 33206752 PMCID: PMC7603285 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our goal was to compare the hydrogen potential (pH) and residual gastric volume (RGV) of patients undergoing colonoscopy after 3 and 6 hours of colon preparation with mannitol. METHODS We described a prospective randomized trial with a 50:50 allocation rate of two distinct times of colonoscopy after colon preparation with 10% mannitol. We included outpatients aged over 18 years, with no history of gastric surgeries and an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)-rated anesthetic risk below III. Colonoscopy was performed after upper digestive endoscopy at two different times: 3 versus 6-hour after mannitol ingestion. During upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, we measured RGV and evaluated pH with a digital pH meter. Clinical trials.gov: 71123317.9.3001.0065. RESULTS We randomized a total of 100 participants to the 3 and 6-hour groups, with the patients in the 6-hour group being younger and presenting a higher body mass index (BMI). The intervention did not result in any statistically significant differences between the two groups, neither for the RGV (p=0.98) or the pH (p=0.732). However, the subgroup of patients with diabetes mellitus showed statistically significant higher RGV values in the 3-hour group. CONCLUSION There was no difference between RGV and pH values at 3 versus 6-hour after bowel preparation with mannitol, except for RGV in diabetic patients at 3 hours. As prolonged fasting protocols may result in adverse events such as dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, we can infer that colonic preparation with mannitol in shorter fasting periods, such as 3 hours, can be adopted safely and routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Feitosa Ruiz
- Hospital Alemao Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Jose Jukemura
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Paulo Roberto Arruda Alves
- Hospital Alemao Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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Linder MC. Copper Homeostasis in Mammals, with Emphasis on Secretion and Excretion. A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4932. [PMID: 32668621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Cu metabolism in mammals is that tissue and fluid levels are normally maintained within a very narrow range of concentrations. This results from the ability of the organism to respond to variations in intake from food and drink by balancing excretion, which occurs mainly via the bile and feces. Although this sounds straightforward and we have already learned a great deal about aspects of this process, the balance between overall intake and excretion occurs over a high background of Cu recycling, which has generally been ignored. In fact, most of the Cu absorbed from the GI tract actually comes from digestive fluids and is constantly “re-used”. A great deal more recycling of Cu probably occurs in the interior, between cells of individual tissues and the fluid of the blood and interstitium. This review presents what is known that is pertinent to understanding these complexities of mammalian Cu homeostasis and indicates where further studies are needed.
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Makison Booth C, Frost G. Survival of a Norovirus surrogate on surfaces in synthetic gastric fluid. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:S0195-6701(20)30091-8. [PMID: 32114053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV) can survive in buffer at a range of pH values. However, when variations to pH are combined with the enzymatic conditions typical in gastric fluid, NoV survival is less predictable. Added to this, the material on which expelled vomitus fluid lands e.g. safety vinyl or carpet, might also affect the level of NoV survival in the environment. AIM This study assessed survival of the NoV surrogate Feline calicivirus (FCV) after application onto four material types in the presence of synthetic gastric fluid of varying pH values. METHODS Synthetic gastric fluid of varying pH values (1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5) containing FCV (1×106 PFU/100 μL of gastric fluid) was seeded (100 μL) onto four material types: Formica, safety vinyl, cotton sheet and carpet tiles (2 cm × 2 cm) and left for 0, 30 and 60 minutes before recovering and identifying any viable viruses via plaque assay. FINDINGS FCV survived in synthetic gastric fluid at pH values as low as 2.5 and in some cases as low as 1.5 for at least 30 min when associated with certain materials. Greater average numbers of viable virus were recovered from the more absorbent materials of cotton (1900 PFU/sample) and carpet (1600 PFU/sample) compared with Formica (360 PFU/sample) and safety vinyl (380 PFU/sample). CONCLUSION This study showed that FCV can survive in synthetic gastric fluids of low pH values for significant time periods especially on absorbent materials. This emphasises the importance of ensuring effective cleaning and decontamination procedures, particularly of soft furnishings and laundry, for infection prevention and control of NoV outbreaks.
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Papadatou-Soulou E, Mason J, Parsons C, Oates A, Thyagarajan M, Batchelor HK. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Gastrointestinal Liquid Volumes and Distribution in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Children. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3896-3903. [PMID: 31373502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The volume and localization of fluid in the paediatric gastrointestinal tract is crucial to the design of in vitro and in silico models that predict the absorption of oral drugs administered to children. Previous studies have used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify fluid volumes and localization in the intestines of adults; this study is the first to undertake similar analysis of pediatric participants. This study quantified the amount and distribution of fluid in fasted and fluid-fed children using MRI data captured during the routine clinical assessment. Data from 32 fasted children (aged 0-16 years) and 23 fluid-fed children (aged 8-16 years) were evaluated. The gastric volume ranged from 0 to 9 mL in the fasted and 19-423 mL in the fluid-fed state. The small intestinal volume was recorded to be 0-51 mL in the fasted and 6-91 mL in the fluid-fed state with an average number of 7.7 and 22.4 fluid pockets, respectively. The data showed significant differences in gastric volumes and the number of fluid pockets in the small intestine for age-matched fasted and fluid-fed children (p < 0.05). Both the number and the volume of pockets reported in children are much lower than those previously reported in adults. This study is the first to report intestinal volumes and localization in children and provides new information to achieve the design of biorelevant in vitro models and real values to update in silico models. The data available from both fluid-fed and fasted children show the extremes of fluid volumes that are present in the gastro-intestinal tract which is useful to understand the variability associated with drug absorption in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papadatou-Soulou
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT , U.K
| | - Julie Mason
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT , U.K
| | - Caron Parsons
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust , Clifford Bridge Road , Coventry CV2 2DX , U.K
| | - Adam Oates
- Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust , Steelhouse Lane , Birmingham B4 6NH , U.K
| | | | - Hannah Katharine Batchelor
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT , U.K
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Finn SMB, Scheuermann U, Holzknecht ZE, Parker W, Granek JA, Lin SS, McKenney EA, Barbas AS. Effect of gastric fluid aspiration on the lung microbiota of laboratory rats. Exp Lung Res 2018; 44:201-210. [PMID: 30465452 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1482976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The pulmonary microbiota is important for both normal homeostasis and the progression of disease, and may be affected by aspiration of gastric fluid. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the lung microbiota induced by aspiration of gastric fluid in a laboratory rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using the intratracheal application method, male rats received aspiration with 0.9% normal saline (n = 11); gastric fluid (n = 24) or sterilized (gamma-irradiated) gastric fluid (n = 12) once-weekly for four weeks. On the fifth week, the animals were sacrificed, and the microbiota of the lung was assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Lungs without aspiration and lungs after aspiration with normal saline had similar microbial compositions, dominated by bacteria of the genera Serratia, Ralstonia and Brucella. Evaluation of the microbiota following aspiration of gastric fluid revealed a much different profile that was dominated by bacteria from the genera Romboutsia and Turicibacter and largely independent of sterilization of the gastric fluid. CONCLUSION In a laboratory rat model, aspiration with gastric fluid caused a substantial shift of the lung microbiota that could be characterized as a shift from Proteobacteria towards Firmicutes, possibly of enteric origin. Bacteria contained in the gastric fluid are not apparently responsible for this change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sade M B Finn
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Uwe Scheuermann
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Zoie E Holzknecht
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - William Parker
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Joshua A Granek
- b Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Shu S Lin
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA.,c Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA.,d Department of Immunology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Erin A McKenney
- e Department of Applied Ecology , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina , USA
| | - Andrew S Barbas
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
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Beinart D, Finn SMB, Scheuermann U, Holzknecht ZE, Barbas AS, Parker W, Lin SS. Murine model of oropharyngeal gastric fluid aspiration-A new assessment method for intrapulmonary liquid distribution using digital pixel calculation. Exp Lung Res 2017; 43:434-438. [PMID: 29252074 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2017.1397822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate a new method for visualization and quantification of intrapulmonary liquid distribution after oropharyngeal gastric fluid aspiration in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eleven mice received oropharyngeal aspiration with a gastric fluid, India ink, and saline solution. Digital imaging and pixel calculation were used to analyze intrapulmonary fluid distribution selectively. RESULTS Digital pixel analysis and orophanryngeal aspiration are both safe techniques in mice and deliver reproducible/valid results. Analysis revealed an average aspirate distribution of 86.8% of the total lung area. The proportional amount of the left lung was significantly greater than that of the right lung (P = 0.023). The lobe with the lowest mean distribution was the right lower lobe (79.2% ± 4.4%). CONCLUSION Digital pixel calculation is a reliable method for quantitative, macroscopic evaluation of fluid distribution in the lung. This method is a useful tool for training purposes and it can be used to ensure interinvestigator reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Beinart
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Sade M B Finn
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Uwe Scheuermann
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Zoie E Holzknecht
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Andrew S Barbas
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - William Parker
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Shu S Lin
- a Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA.,b Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA.,c Department of Immunology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA
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Nahler G, Grotenhermen F, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA. A Conversion of Oral Cannabidiol to Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Seems Not to Occur in Humans. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2:81-86. [PMID: 28861507 PMCID: PMC5510776 DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a major cannabinoid of hemp, does not bind to CB1 receptors and is therefore devoid of psychotomimetic properties. Under acidic conditions, CBD can be transformed to delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids. It has been argued that this may occur also after oral administration in humans. However, the experimental conversion of CBD to THC and delta8-THC in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) is a highly artificial approach that deviates significantly from physiological conditions in the stomach; therefore, SGF does not allow an extrapolation to in vivo conditions. Unsurprisingly, the conversion of oral CBD to THC and its metabolites has not been observed to occur in vivo, even after high doses of oral CBD. In addition, the typical spectrum of side effects of THC, or of the very similar synthetic cannabinoid nabilone, as listed in the official Summary of Product Characteristics (e.g., dizziness, euphoria/high, thinking abnormal/concentration difficulties, nausea, tachycardia) has not been observed after treatment with CBD in double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trials. In conclusion, the conversion of CBD to THC in SGF seems to be an in vitro artifact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Waldo Zuardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM)
| | - José A.S. Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM)
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Pound BG. The electrochemical behavior of nitinol in simulated gastric fluid. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:2394-2400. [PMID: 27571598 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increased use is being made of nitinol for implants that are exposed to gastric fluid. However, few corrosion studies have involved nitinol in an appropriate acidified chloride solution. In this work, the electrochemical behavior of electropolished (EP) nitinol was examined in simulated gastric fluid, the corresponding neutral solution with the same concentration (0.6%) of NaCl, and 0.9% NaCl. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization was used to evaluate the susceptibility to pitting corrosion, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to examine the passive oxide film. The potentiodynamic tests showed that the susceptibility of EP nitinol to pitting corrosion is affected by chloride concentration and pH. Acidification, in particular, resulted in the susceptibility being markedly higher in gastric fluid compared with that in the corresponding neutral NaCl solution. The impedance data could be fitted using a parallel resistance-capacitance (as a constant phase element) circuit associated with the oxide film. The thickness of the oxide was determined from the capacitive component and found to be little affected by chloride concentration. In contrast, acidification increased the solubility of the oxide enough to decrease the thickness of the film from 5.3 nm in 0.6% NaCl to 4.2 nm in gastric fluid. The resistivity of the oxide obtained from the resistance was affected by chloride concentration (0.7 × 1011 and 1.7 × 1011 Ω m in 0.9% and 0.6% NaCl, respectively) and particularly by pH (6.3 × 1011 Ω m in gastric fluid). The resistivity values suggest that the oxide was more defective in the neutral solutions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B:2394-2400, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Pound
- Materials and Corrosion Engineering, Exponent, 149 Commonwealth Drive, Menlo Park, California, 94025
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16
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Merrick J, Lane B, Sebree T, Yaksh T, O'Neill C, Banks SL. Identification of Psychoactive Degradants of Cannabidiol in Simulated Gastric and Physiological Fluid. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016; 1:102-112. [PMID: 28861485 PMCID: PMC5576596 DOI: 10.1089/can.2015.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In recent research, orally administered cannabidiol (CBD) showed a relatively high incidence of somnolence in a pediatric population. Previous work has suggested that when CBD is exposed to an acidic environment, it degrades to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other psychoactive cannabinoids. To gain a better understanding of quantitative exposure, we completed an in vitro study by evaluating the formation of psychoactive cannabinoids when CBD is exposed to simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Methods: Materials included synthetic CBD, Δ8-THC, and Δ9-THC. Linearity was demonstrated for each component over the concentration range used in this study. CBD was spiked into media containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Samples were analyzed using chromatography with UV and mass spectrometry detection. An assessment time of 3 h was chosen as representative of the maximal duration of exposure to gastric fluid. Results: CBD in SGF with 1% SDS was degraded about 85% after 60 min and more than 98% at 120 min. The degradation followed first-order kinetics at a rate constant of −0.031 min−1 (R2=0.9933). The major products formed were Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC with less significant levels of other related cannabinoids. CBD in physiological buffer performed as a control did not convert to THC. Confirmation of THC formation was demonstrated by comparison of mass spectral analysis, mass identification, and retention time of Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC in the SGF samples against authentic reference standards. Conclusions: SGF converts CBD into the psychoactive components Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC. The first-order kinetics observed in this study allowed estimated levels to be calculated and indicated that the acidic environment during normal gastrointestinal transit can expose orally CBD-treated patients to levels of THC and other psychoactive cannabinoids that may exceed the threshold for a physiological response. Delivery methods that decrease the potential for formation of psychoactive cannabinoids should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Lane
- Pace Analytical Services, Oakdale, Minnesota
| | - Terri Sebree
- Zynerba Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Devon, Pennsylvania
| | - Tony Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Stan L Banks
- Zynerba Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Devon, Pennsylvania
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Foltz E, Azad S, Everett ML, Holzknecht ZE, Sanders NL, Thompson JW, Dubois LG, Parker W, Keshavjee S, Palmer SM, Davis RD, Lin SS. An assessment of human gastric fluid composition as a function of PPI usage. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/1/e12269. [PMID: 25626870 PMCID: PMC4387745 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for chronic gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (GERD), which affects up to 40% of the population, is the use of drugs such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) that block the production of stomach acid. Despite widespread use, the effects of PPIs on gastric fluid remain poorly characterized. In this study, gastric fluid was collected from patients undergoing cardiac surgery who were not (n = 40) or were (n = 25) actively taking PPIs. Various enzymatic and immunoassays as well as mass spectrometry were utilized to analyze the concentrations of bile, gastricsin, trypsin, and pepsin in the gastric fluid. Proteomic analyses by mass spectrometry suggested that degradation of trypsin at low pH might account, at least in part, for the observation that patients taking PPIs have a greater likelihood of having high concentrations of trypsin in their gastric fluid. In general, the concentrations of all analytes evaluated varied over several orders of magnitude, covering a minimum of a 2000‐fold range (gastricsin) and a maximum of a 1 × 106 –fold range (trypsin). Furthermore, the concentrations of various analytes were poorly correlated with one another in the samples. For example, trypsin and bile concentrations showed a significant (P < 0.0001) but not strong correlation (r = 0.54). Finally, direct assessment of bacterial concentrations by flow cytometry revealed that PPIs did not cause a profound increase in microbial load in the gastric fluid. These results further delineate the profound effects that PPI usage has on the physiology of the stomach. Further delineating the profound effects that PPI usage has on the physiology of the stomach, gastric fluid was collected from patients undergoing cardiac surgery who were not (n = 40) or were (n = 25) actively taking PPIs. Proteomic analyses by mass spectrometry suggested that degradation of trypsin at low pH might account, at least in part, for the observation that patients taking PPIs have a greater likelihood of having high concentrations of trypsin in their gastric fluid. Direct assessment of bacterial concentrations by flow cytometry revealed that PPIs did not cause a profound increase in microbial load in the gastric fluid, contrary with results previously obtained using culture‐dependent methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Foltz
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sassan Azad
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Lou Everett
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zoie E Holzknecht
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nathan L Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - J Will Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Laura G Dubois
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott M Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - R Duane Davis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shu S Lin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Abstract
To accurately predict the in vivo performance of drugs from an in vitro dissolution test, the dissolution conditions used are supposed to be similar to those present in the gastrointestinal milieu. Post-prandial gastric fluid contains partially digested food mixtures consisting of fat, protein and carbohydrate. Despite this, the compendia dissolution medium recommended to simulate the gastric fluid is still composed of a simple solution of hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride with or without the addition of pepsin. Therefore, in this investigation, biorelevant dissolution media were developed to evaluate the impact of food constituents; milk with different fat contents, egg albumin, gelatin, casein, gluten, carbohydrates and amino acids on the intrinsic dissolution behavior of ketoconazole. Most of the food additives that were evaluated enhanced the apparent solubility of the drug but to different extents. The greatest enhancement in dissolution was observed in media containing either neutral amino acids or media based on milk mixtures. The formation of complexes between the drug and the additives most likely accounted for the solubilizing effect and in milk-containing media, the effect was attributed to the whole complex structure of milk rather than simply its fat content. These results highlight the potential effect of the type of ingested meal on drug dissolution and subsequent bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba S Ghazal
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK and
| | | | - James L Ford
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK and
| | - Gillian A Hutcheon
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK and
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Chang JC, Leung J, Tang T, Holzknecht ZE, Hartwig MG, Duane Davis R, Parker W, Abraham SN, Lin SS. Cromolyn ameliorates acute and chronic injury in a rat lung transplant model. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 33:749-57. [PMID: 24768366 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells have been associated with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) in human pulmonary allografts, although their role in the development of OB remains unknown. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the role of mast cells in pulmonary allograft rejection using an orthotopic rat pulmonary allograft model that utilizes chronic aspiration of gastric fluid to reliably obtain OB. Pulmonary allograft recipients (n = 35) received chronic aspiration of gastric fluid with (n = 10) and without (n = 16) treatment with a mast cell membrane stabilizer, cromolyn sodium, or chronic aspiration with normal saline (n = 9) as a control. RESULTS The acute graft injury associated with long ischemic time in the model (6 hours total ischemic time; typical acute graft injury rate ~30%) was apparently blocked by cromolyn, because peri-operative mortality associated with the acute graft injury was not observed in any of the animals receiving cromolyn (p = 0.045). Further, the rats receiving cromolyn developed significantly fewer OB lesions than those treated with gastric fluid alone (p < 0.001), with a mean reduction of 46% of the airways affected. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide impetus for further studies aimed at elucidating the effects of cromolyn and the role of mast cells in pulmonary allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chih Chang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Surgery, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jason Leung
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha City, Hunan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zoie E Holzknecht
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew G Hartwig
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - R Duane Davis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shu S Lin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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Kim HY, Kim CJ, Han SG, Lee S, Choi KH, Yoon Y. Gastric Fluid and Heat Stress Response of Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated on Frankfurters Formulated with 10%, 20%, and 30% Fat Content. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2014; 34:20-5. [PMID: 26760741 PMCID: PMC4597825 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of frankfurter fat content on Listeria monocytogenes resistance to heat stress and gastric fluid, and the Caco-2 cell invasion efficiency of the pathogen. A 10-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes was inoculated on frankfurters formulated with 10%, 20%, and 30% fat content (10%: F10, 20%: F20, 30%: F30) and stored at 10℃ for 30 d. The samples were analyzed for L. monocytogenes resistance to heat stress and a simulated gastric fluid challenge. The total bacteria and L. monocytogenes survival rates were measured on tryptic soy agar plus 0.6% yeast extract and Palcam agar, respectively. L. monocytogenes colonies inoculated on F10, F20, and F30 samples were used for a Caco-2 cell invasion assay. In general, no obvious differences were observed between the survival rates of total bacteria and L. monocytogenes grown on different fat contents under heat stress and gastric fluid challenge. However, L. monocytogenes obtained from the F30 samples had a significantly higher Caco-2 cell invasion efficiency than those in the F10 and F20 samples (p<0.05). These results indicate that although high fat content in food may not be related to L. monocytogenes resistance to heat stress and gastric fluid, it may increase the Caco-2 cell invasion efficiency of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hack-Youn Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340-702, Korea
| | - Cheon-Jei Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Sunah Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hee Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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Chang JC, Leung JH, Tang T, Hartwig MG, Holzknecht ZE, Parker W, Davis RD, Lin SS. In the face of chronic aspiration, prolonged ischemic time exacerbates obliterative bronchiolitis in rat pulmonary allografts. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:2930-7. [PMID: 22882880 PMCID: PMC4332511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aspiration of gastric fluid into the lung mediates the development of obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) in orthotopic WKY-to-F344 rat pulmonary transplants that have been subjected to immunosuppression with cyclosporine. However, the contribution of ischemic time to this process remains unknown. In this study, the effect of long (n = 16) and short (n = 12) ischemic times (average of 6 h and of 73 min, respectively) on rat lung transplants receiving aspiration of gastric fluid was assessed. Long ischemic times (LIT) led to significantly (p < 0.05) greater development of OB (ratio of OB lesions/total airways = 0.45 ± 0.07, mean ± standard error) compared to short ischemic times (ratio = 0.19 ± 0.05). However, the development of OB was dependent on aspiration, as controls receiving aspiration with normal saline showed little development of OB, regardless of ischemic time (p < 0.05). These data suggest that LIT, while insufficient by itself to lead to OB, works synergistically with aspiration of gastric fluid to exacerbate the development of OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-C. Chang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - J. H. Leung
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - T. Tang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha City, Hunan Province, Peoples Republic of China
| | - M. G. Hartwig
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Z. E. Holzknecht
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - W. Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - R. D. Davis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - S. S. Lin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Corresponding author: Shu S. Lin,
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Ezzat K, Zaghloul EM, El Andaloussi S, Lehto T, El-Sayed R, Magdy T, Smith CIE, Langel U. Solid formulation of cell-penetrating peptide nanocomplexes with siRNA and their stability in simulated gastric conditions. J Control Release 2012; 162:1-8. [PMID: 22698942 PMCID: PMC7126485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short cationic peptides that have been extensively studied as drug delivery vehicles for proteins, nucleic acids and nanoparticles. However, the formulation of CPP-based therapeutics into different pharmaceutical formulations and their stability in relevant biological environments have not been given the same attention. Here, we show that a newly developed CPP, PepFect 14 (PF14), forms non-covalent nanocomplexes with short interfering RNA (siRNA), which are able to elicit efficient RNA-interference (RNAi) response in different cell-lines. RNAi effect is obtained at low siRNA doses with a unique kinetic profile. Furthermore, the solid dispersion technique is utilized to formulate PF14/siRNA nanocomplexes into solid formulations that are as active as the freshly prepared nanocomplexes in solution. Importantly, the nanocomplexes are stable and active in mediating RNAi response after incubation with simulated gastric fluid (SGF) that is highly acidic. These results demonstrate the activity of PF14 in delivering and protecting siRNA in different pharmaceutical forms and biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariem Ezzat
- Stockholm University, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm, Sweden.
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