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Zhang L, Cai C, Liu X, Zhang X, An Z, Zhou E, Li J, Li Z, Li W, Sun G, Li G, Kang X, Han R, Jiang R. Multi-Stage Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Growth Mechanism of Feathers and Hair Follicles during Induction Molting by Fasting in the Late Stage of Egg Laying. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1345. [PMID: 37887055 PMCID: PMC10603888 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Induced molting is a common method to obtain a new life in laying hens, in which periodic changes in feathers are the prominent feature. Nevertheless, its precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, feather and hair follicle samples were collected during fasting-induced physiological remodeling for hematoxylin-eosin staining, hormone changes and follicle traits, and transcriptome sequencing. Feather shedding was observed in F13 to R25, while newborns were observed in R3 to R32. Triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine were significantly elevated during feather shedding. The calcium content was significantly higher, and the ash content was significantly lower after the changeover. The determination of hair follicle traits revealed an increasing trend in pore density and a decrease in pore diameter after the resumption of feeding. According to RNA-seq results, several core genes were identified, including DSP, CDH1, PKP1, and PPCKB, which may have an impact on hair follicle growth. The focus was to discover that starvation may trigger changes in thyroid hormones, which in turn regulate feather molting through thyroid hormone synthesis, calcium signaling, and thyroid hormone signaling pathways. These data provide a valuable resource for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying the cyclical growth of hair follicles in the skin during induced molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujie Zhang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chunxia Cai
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xinxin Liu
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhiyuan An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Enyou Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jianzeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wenting Li
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Guirong Sun
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Guoxi Li
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ruili Han
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.Z.); (C.C.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (G.S.); (G.L.); (X.K.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (X.Z.); (Z.A.); (E.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
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Zhu T, Liang W, He Y, Zhang B, Liu C, Wang D, Deng L, Li D, Li W, Yan F, Tian Y, Han R, Kang X, Li Z, Jiang R, Sun G. Transcriptomic analysis of mechanism underlying the effect of induced molting on semen quality and reproductive performance in aged Houdan roosters. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102935. [PMID: 37562133 PMCID: PMC10432842 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The reproductive performance of breeder roosters has significant economic importance in the poultry industry. Breeder roosters have severely reduced semen quality with age and will be at risk of culling in the following years. In order to extend the use of breeder roosters, we drew on the induced molting model of hens and selected 35 Houdan roosters aged 50 wk for induced molting. By comparing the body weight, testicular weight, semen quality, and reproductive performance before and after induced molting, we found that induced molting could restore the body weight and testicular weight to the levels before molting (P > 0.05). At the same time, it significantly improved sperm motility (P < 0.05) and also improved reproductive performance such as fertilization rate and hatching rate. To further reveal the mechanism underlying the effects of induced molting on semen quality and reproductive performance in aged Houdan roosters, we collected testes from 3 periods: 1 d before fasting (F0), 15 d after fasting (F15), and 32 d after recovery feeding (R32) for transcriptome sequencing analysis. A total of 5,671 genes were detected in F0, F15, and R32, and trend analysis of the 5,671 differential genes showed 2 significant trends (profile 5 and profile 2). KEGG enrichment analysis of the genes in the 2 profiles, revealed significantly enriched pathway regulation of actin cytoskeleton. In the regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathway, we found a protein kinase gene (SRC) and a senescence gene (ROCK2). SRC was highly expressed at F15, leading to the phosphorylation of key substrates, which in turn disrupted the Sertoli cell spermatid connection and the spermiogenesis process, resulting in no mature spermatozoa produced from F15, SRC expression was inhibited at R32, the expression level was reduced, and mature spermatozoa reappeared. The senescence gene ROCK2 was highly expressed at F15 compared to F0 and R32, which may have been responsible for inducing senescence atrophy in the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingqi Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Wenjie Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yuehua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Cong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Lekun Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Donghua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Wenting Li
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fengbin Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ruili Han
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Wang P, Gong Y, Li D, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Geng X, Zhang X, Tian Y, Li W, Sun G, Han R, Kang X, Li Z, Jiang R. Effect of induced molting on ovarian function remodeling in laying hens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102820. [PMID: 37329628 PMCID: PMC10404790 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced molting (IM) can restore the laying rate of aged laying hens to the peak level of laying and rejuvenate ovarian function for the second laying cycle. To explore the mechanism of ovarian function remodeling during IM in laying hens, in this study, ninety 71-wk-old laying lady hens with 60% laying rate and uniform weight were selected for molting induction by fasting. Samples (serum and fresh ovarian tissue) were collected on the day before fasting (F0), the 3rd and 16th days of fasting (F3, F16), and the 6th, 15th, 32nd days of refeeding (R6, R15, and R32), and the number of follicles in each period was counted. Then, the reproductive hormone levels in serum and antioxidant levels in ovarian tissues were detected at different stages, and the gene expression of the KIT-PI3K-PTEN-AKT pathway and GDF-9 in ovaries was measured by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the laying rate increased rapidly after refeeding and returned to the prefasting level by R32. At F16 and R6, the number of mature follicles significantly decreased; the number of primary and secondary follicles significantly increased; the contents of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) in serum decreased; the relative expression of KIT, PI3K, AKT, and GDF-9 significantly increased; and that of PTEN significantly decreased. At R15 and R32, except for GDF-9, which maintained a high expression state, other indicators showed opposing trends to those observed at F16 and R6. In conclusion, IM activated the KIT-PI3K-PTEN-AKT signaling pathway and promoted the activation of primordial follicles during the fasting period and early resumption of feeding; gonadotropin secretion increased gradually, which promoted the rapid development of primary and secondary follicles to mature follicles and ovulation. This study explained the mechanism of ovarian function remodeling in the process of IM and provided a theoretical basis for improving the ovarian function of laying hens and optimizing the IM program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yujie Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Donghua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xinlong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoqing Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wenting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Wang C, Shan H, Chen H, Bai X, Ding J, Ye D, Adam FEA, Yang Y, Wang J, Yang Z. Probiotics and vitamins modulate the cecal microbiota of laying hens submitted to induced molting. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1180838. [PMID: 37228378 PMCID: PMC10203222 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced molting enables laying hens to relax, restore energy and prolong the laying hen cycle, resolving problems such as poor egg quality and minimizing economic losses caused by rising global feeding costs. However, traditional molting methods may disrupt gut microflora and promote potential pathogens infections. This study used a customized additive with a mixture of probiotics and vitamins to induce molting and examine the cecal microbiota post molting. A total of two hundred 377 day-of-ISA Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to four groups: non-molt with basal diet (C), 12-day feeding restriction (FR) in earlier-molting (B), feed again to 27.12% egg production in middle-molting (A) and reach second peak of egg production over 81.36% in post-molting (D). Sequencing 16S rRNA to analyze cecal microbial composition revealed that there is no significant change in bacterial community abundance post-molting. In contrast to group C, the number of potentially harmful bacteria such as E. coli and Enterococcus was not found to increase in groups B, A, or D. This additive keeps cecal microbiota diversity and community richness steady. In cecal contents, hens in group B had lower Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae (vsC, A, and D), no significant differences were found between post-molting and the non-molting. Furthermore, cecal microbiota and other chemicals (antibodies, hormones, and enzymes, etc.) strongly affect immunological function and health. Most biochemical indicators are significantly positively correlated with Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Subdoligranulum, while negatively with Phascolarctobacterium and Desulfovibrio. In conclusion, the additive of probiotics and vitamins improved the cecal microbiota composition, no increase in the associated pathogenic microbial community due to traditional molting methods, and enhances hepatic lipid metabolism and adaptive immunological function, supporting their application and induced molting technology in the poultry breeding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Honghu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Xindong Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingru Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Dongyang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | | | - Yawei Yang
- Hongyan Molting Research Institute, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shanxi, China
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Wein Y, Shira EB, Friedman A. Increased serum levels of advanced glycation end products due to induced molting in hen layers trigger a proinflammatory response by peripheral blood leukocytes. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3452-62. [PMID: 32616239 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced molting (IM), a severe detriment to animal welfare, is still used in the poultry industry in some countries to increase or rejuvenate egg production and is responsible for several physiological perturbations, possibly including reactive oxidative stress, a form of metabolic stress. Because metabolic stress has been shown to induce a proinflammatory response involved in attempts to restore homeostasis, we hypothesized that similar responses followed IM. To confirm this hypothesis, we initially confirmed the establishment of oxidative stress during IM in 75-wk-old layers by demonstrating increased production of advanced glycation end products (AGE). Concomitant with increased oxidative metabolites, cellular stress was demonstrated in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) by increased levels of stress gene products (the glucocorticoid receptor, sirtuin-1, and heat shock protein 70 mRNA). Increased expression of stress proteins in PBL was followed by a proinflammatory response as demonstrated by increased levels of proinflammatory gene products (IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA); increased expression of these gene products was also demonstrated in direct response to AGE in vitro, thus establishing a direct link between oxidative and cellular stress. To establish a possible pathway for inducing a proinflammatory response by PBL, we showed that AGE increased a time dependent expression of galactin-3, Toll-like receptor-4, and nuclear factor - κB, all involved in the proinflammatory activation pathway. In vivo, AGE formed complexes with increased levels of circulating acute phase proteins (lysozyme and transferrin), products of a proinflammatory immune response, thereby demonstrating an effector response to cope with the consequences of oxidative stress. Thus, the harmful consequences of IM for animal welfare are extended here by demonstrating the activation of a resource-demanding proinflammatory response.
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Shiraishi R, Yamazaki Y, Sasaki Y, Haruna M, Nakamura M. Imperfection of Commercial Inactivated Salmonella Vaccine Against Salmonella Infantis During Induced Molting in Chickens and Proposed Evaluation Method. Avian Dis 2019; 62:340-344. [PMID: 31119916 DOI: 10.1637/11354-122315-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the continuance and efficacy of inactivated vaccine against Salmonella Infantis (SI) in chickens raised on a commercial farm. Chickens (88-days-old) were inoculated with 1 or 0.5 doses of commercially available trivalent inactivated Salmonella vaccine; anti-SI antibody titer was examined continuously for 11 mo thereafter. Molting was induced 11 mo after vaccination, and SI was administered orally. SI colony-forming units (CFUs) were measured in cecal feces, cecal contents, liver, and spleen samples. Anti-SI antibodies in the 1 dose vaccination group could be detected in at least 90% of cases until the end of testing. SI discharge was significantly reduced in birds treated with either dose of vaccine. However, SI CFUs were elevated in the induced molting group, regardless of vaccination dose, particularly in the cecal feces, cecal contents, and spleen. Thus, the vaccine provided remarkable protection against SI infection under ordinary rearing methods but not during induced molting. To achieve sufficient SI protective efficacy, we recommend inoculation with 1 dose of vaccine. Moreover, the efficacy of inactivated Salmonella vaccine is recommended to be evaluated by challenging chickens with live Salmonella in addition to Salmonella antibody titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikiya Shiraishi
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan,
| | - Yuko Yamazaki
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8950, Japan
| | - Mika Haruna
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8950, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
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