1
|
Zhao-Hui Wen, Meng-Meng Wang, Ling-Yun Li, Piet Herdewijn, Robert Snoeck, Graciela Andrei, Zhao-Peng Liu, Chao Liu. Synthesis and anti-SARS-CoV-2 evaluation of lipid prodrugs of β-D- N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) and a 3′-fluoro-substituted analogue of NHC. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135. [PMID: 37031504 PMCID: PMC10076076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC, EIDD-1931) is a nucleoside analogue that exhibits broad spectrum antiviral activity against a variety of RNA viruses. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of lipid prodrugs of NHC and a novel 3′-fluoro modified NHC analogue, and evaluation of their antiviral activity against five variants of SARS-CoV-2. All lipid prodrugs showed potent antiviral activity against the tested SARS-CoV-2 variants with EC50 values in the range of 0.31–3.51 μM, which were comparable to those of NHC or higher than those of remdesivir and molnupiravir. An increase in the cytostatic activity of the lipid prodrugs was found, but prodrug 2d proved equally selective as molnupinavir. The 3′-F analogue of NHC (6) only displayed minor antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (EC50 = 29.91 μM), while no activity was found for other variants at the highest concentration tested. The promising antiviral data of the lipid prodrugs of NHC suggest that they deserve further investigation as new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
Collapse
|
2
|
Lo MK, Shrivastava-Ranjan P, Chatterjee P, Flint M, Beadle JR, Valiaeva N, Murphy J, Schooley RT, Hostetler KY, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF. Broad-Spectrum In Vitro Antiviral Activity of ODBG-P-RVn: An Orally-Available, Lipid-Modified Monophosphate Prodrug of Remdesivir Parent Nucleoside (GS-441524). Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0153721. [PMID: 34817209 PMCID: PMC8612139 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01537-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity for intravenous administration of remdesivir confines its utility for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to hospitalized patients. We evaluated the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of ODBG-P-RVn, an orally available, lipid-modified monophosphate prodrug of the remdesivir parent nucleoside (GS-441524), against viruses that cause diseases of human public health concern, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ODBG-P-RVn showed 20-fold greater antiviral activity than GS-441524 and had activity nearly equivalent to that of remdesivir in primary-like human small airway epithelial cells. Our results warrant in vivo efficacy evaluation of ODBG-P-RVn. IMPORTANCE While remdesivir remains one of the few drugs approved by the FDA to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), its intravenous route of administration limits its use to hospital settings. Optimizing the stability and absorption of remdesivir may lead to a more accessible and clinically potent therapeutic. Here, we describe an orally available lipid-modified version of remdesivir with activity nearly equivalent to that of remdesivir against emerging viruses that cause significant disease, including Ebola and Nipah viruses. Our work highlights the importance of such modifications to optimize drug delivery to relevant and appropriate human tissues that are most affected by such diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Punya Shrivastava-Ranjan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Payel Chatterjee
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mike Flint
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James R. Beadle
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nadejda Valiaeva
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joyce Murphy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert T. Schooley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karl Y. Hostetler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schooley RT, Carlin AF, Beadle JR, Valiaeva N, Zhang XQ, Clark AE, McMillan RE, Leibel SL, McVicar RN, Xie J, Garretson AF, Smith VI, Murphy J, Hostetler KY. Rethinking Remdesivir: Synthesis, Antiviral Activity, and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Lipid Prodrugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0115521. [PMID: 34310217 PMCID: PMC8448143 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01155-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV; GS-5734) is currently the only FDA-approved antiviral drug for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The drug is approved for use in adults or children 12 years or older who are hospitalized for the treatment of COVID-19 on the basis of an acceleration of clinical recovery for inpatients with this disease. Unfortunately, the drug must be administered intravenously, restricting its use to those requiring hospitalization for relatively advanced disease. RDV is also unstable in plasma and has a complex activation pathway which may contribute to its highly variable antiviral efficacy in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Potent orally bioavailable antiviral drugs for early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed, and several, including molnupiravir and PF-07321332, are currently in clinical development. We focused on making simple, orally bioavailable lipid analogs of remdesivir nucleoside (RVn; GS-441524) that are processed to RVn monophosphate, the precursor of the active RVn triphosphate, by a single-step intracellular cleavage. In addition to high oral bioavailability, stability in plasma, and simpler metabolic activation, new oral lipid prodrugs of RVn had submicromolar anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in a variety of cell types, including Vero E6, Calu-3, Caco-2, human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived lung cells, and Huh7.5 cells. In Syrian hamsters, oral treatment with 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-glycero-3-phosphate RVn (ODBG-P-RVn) was well tolerated and achieved therapeutic levels in plasma above the 90% effective concentration (EC90) for SARS-CoV-2. The results suggest further evaluation as an early oral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection to minimize severe disease and reduce hospitalizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Schooley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aaron F. Carlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James R. Beadle
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nadejda Valiaeva
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xing-Quan Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alex E. Clark
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rachel E. McMillan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sandra L. Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rachael N. McVicar
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jialei Xie
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Aaron F. Garretson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victoria I. Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joyce Murphy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karl Y. Hostetler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schooley RT, Carlin AF, Beadle JR, Valiaeva N, Zhang XQ, Clark AE, McMillan RE, Leibel SL, McVicar RN, Xie J, Garretson AF, Smith VI, Murphy J, Hostetler KY. Rethinking Remdesivir: Synthesis, Antiviral Activity and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Lipid Prodrugs. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 32869033 PMCID: PMC7457622 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.26.269159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV, GS-5734) is currently the only FDA-approved antiviral drug for the treatment of SARS CoV-2 infection. The drug is approved for use in adults or children 12-years or older who are hospitalized for the treatment of COVID-19 on the basis of an acceleration of clinical recovery for inpatients with this disease. Unfortunately, the drug must be administered intravenously, restricting its use to those requiring hospitalization for relatively advanced disease. RDV is also unstable in plasma and has a complex activation pathway which may contribute to its highly variable antiviral efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Potent orally bioavailable antiviral drugs for early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed and several including molnupiravir and PF-07321332 are currently in clinical development. We focused on making simple, orally bioavailable lipid analogs of Remdesivir nucleoside (RVn, GS-441524) that are processed to RVn-monophosphate, the precursor of the active RVn-triphosphate, by a single-step intracellular cleavage. In addition to high oral bioavailability, stability in plasma and simpler metabolic activation, new oral lipid prodrugs of RVn had submicromolar anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in a variety of cell types including Vero E6, Calu-3, Caco-2, human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived lung cells and Huh7.5 cells. In Syrian hamsters oral treatment with ODBG-P-RVn was well tolerated and achieved therapeutic levels in plasma above the EC90 for SARS-CoV-2. The results suggest further evaluation as an early oral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection to minimize severe disease and reduce hospitalizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Schooley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - James R Beadle
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Nadejda Valiaeva
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Xing-Quan Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Alex E Clark
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Rachel E McMillan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Sandra L Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rachael N McVicar
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jialei Xie
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Aaron F Garretson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Victoria I Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Joyce Murphy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Karl Y Hostetler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular barriers hinder drug delivery and reduce drug bioavailability. This article focuses on enhancing drug absorption across the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. Both, transporter targeted prodrug formulations and nanomicellar strategy is proven to enhance the drug permeation of therapeutic agents across various ocular barriers. These strategies can increase aqueous drug solubility and stability of many hydrophobic drugs for topical ophthalmic formulations. AREAS COVERED The article discusses various ocular barriers, ocular influx, and efflux transporters. It elaborates various prodrug strategies used for enhancing drug absorption. Along with this, the article also describes nanomicellar formulation, its characteristic and advantages, and applications in for anterior and posterior segment drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION Prodrugs and nanomicellar formulations provide an effective strategy for improving drug absorption and drug bioavailability across various ocular barriers. It will be exciting to see the efficacy of nanomicelles for treating back of the eye disorders after their topical application. This is considered as a holy grail of ocular drug delivery due to the dynamic and static ocular barriers, restricting posterior entry of topically applied drug formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Gote
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Michael Ansong
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most anticancer drugs have poor aqueous solubility and low permeability across the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, extensive efflux by P-glycoproteins (P-gp) in the small intestine also limits the efficient delivery of anticancer drugs via oral route. Area covered: This review explores the prodrug strategy for oral delivery of anticancer drugs. Different categories of oral anticancer prodrugs along with recent clinical studies have been comprehensively reviewed here. Furthermore, novel anticancer prodrugs such as polymer-prodrugs and lipid-prodrugs have been discussed in detail. Finally, various nanocarrier-based approaches employed for oral delivery of anticancer prodrugs have also been discussed. Expert opinion: Premature degradation of anticancer prodrugs in the gastrointestinal tract could lead to variable pharmacokinetics and undesired toxicity. Despite their increased aqueous solubility, the oral bioavailability of several anticancer prodrugs are limited by their poor permeability across the gastrointestinal tract. These limitations can be overcome by the use of functional excipients (polymers, lipids, amino acids/dipeptides), which are specifically absorbed via transporters and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Oral delivery of anticancer prodrugs using nanocarrier-based drug delivery system is a recent development; however it should be justified based on the comparative advantages of encapsulating prodrug in a nanocarrier versus the use of anticancer prodrug molecule itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Jain
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Sanyog Jain
- b Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Mohali , Punjab , India
| |
Collapse
|