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Shaw CA, Lee KR, Williams A, Shaw NA, Weeks D, Jackson L, Williams KN. Best practices for communication while wearing facemasks: A scoping review. J Nurs Scholarsh 2024; 56:227-238. [PMID: 37937861 PMCID: PMC10922106 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Facemasks are an important piece of personal protective equipment (PPE) to mitigate the spread of respiratory illnesses, but they can impede communication between patients and healthcare providers. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify effective communication practices while wearing facemasks. DESIGN Scoping review using a systematic search of articles from the PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase databases. METHODS The PEO (population, exposure, outcome) methodology was selected for this systematic scoping review. The population of interest (P) includes humans of all ages (children, adults, and older adults); the exposure of interest (E) is PPE that covers the mouth (i.e., facemasks); and the outcome of interest (O) is successful or unsuccessful communication practices. The Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals appraisal guidelines were used to determine the level and quality of the research. RESULTS Thirty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen of these were high- or good-quality research studies, and the remaining 22 were non-research articles included with separate analysis as part of the scoping review. The 17 articles encompassed 2656 participants. The highest quality evidence indicated that standard surgical masks have the least impact on speech perception compared to other non-transparent mask types, and that recognizing emotions is less accurate with facemasks, necessitating compensatory actions (i.e., reducing extraneous noise, using a microphone to amplify voice, and employing clear speech). Evidence was contradictory regarding the use of transparent masks. Evidence was of limited quality for other non-verbal and verbal communication strategies. CONCLUSION Awareness of communication challenges is crucial when wearing facemasks. More high-quality studies are needed to evaluate communication techniques when speakers are wearing facemasks. Basic strategies such as selecting an appropriate mask type, reducing extraneous noise, using microphones, verbalizing emotions, and employing clear speech appear to be beneficial. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings of this scoping review highlight the importance of considering communication challenges while wearing facemasks in the healthcare settings. The review suggests that selecting an appropriate mask type, reducing extraneous noise, verbalizing emotions, and employing clear speech are some strategies that may be effective in mitigating the impact of facemasks on communication between patients and healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A. Shaw
- University of Iowa, College of Nursing, Division of Acute and Critical Care
| | | | | | - Nathan A. Shaw
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine
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Kanto L, Laakso M, Huttunen K. Use of pointing in parent-child interactions by hearing children of deaf and hearing parents: A follow-up from 1- to 3-years of age. J Child Lang 2024; 51:411-433. [PMID: 37340946 DOI: 10.1017/s030500092300020x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Pointing plays a significant role in communication and language development. However, in spoken languages pointing has been viewed as a non-verbal gesture, whereas in sign languages, pointing is regarded to represent a linguistic unit of language. This study compared the use of pointing between seven bilingual hearing children of deaf parents (Kids of Deaf Adults [KODAs]) interacting with their deaf parents and five hearing children interacting with their hearing parents. Data were collected in 6-month intervals from the age of 1;0 to 3;0. Pointing frequency among the deaf parents and KODAs was significantly higher than among the hearing parents and their children. In signing dyads pointing frequency remained stable, whereas in spoken dyads it decreased during the follow-up. These findings suggested that pointing is a fundamental element of parent-child interaction, regardless of the language, but is guided by the modality, gestural and linguistic features of the language in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kanto
- Department of Language and Communication studies, University of Jyväskylä
- Niilo Mäki Institute, Jyväskylä
| | - Minna Laakso
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki
| | - Kerttu Huttunen
- Faculty of Humanities/Research Unit of Logopedics, University of Oulu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Oulu
- Medical Research Center Oulu
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Bachmann-Windler A, Heine M, Ernst J, Koch A. [Pictograms for assessing pain quality in foreign language-speaking patients: a quality improvement study]. Pflege 2024; 37:49-55. [PMID: 37294171 DOI: 10.1024/1012-5302/a000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pictograms for assessing pain quality in foreign language-speaking patients: a quality improvement study Abstract. Background: Numerical assessment instruments allow foreign language patients to quantify their pain. However, for a complete assessment of the pain situation, the description of pain quality is also important. Problem: To assess pain quality completely, the treatment team lacked a tool. Objective: Foreign language-speaking patients can communicate their pain to the treatment team and are actively involved in the treatment process. The treatment team develops tools for recording the quality of pain and reflects on their experiences. Method: In a practice development project, pictograms of the Iconic Pain Assessment Tool 2 (IPAT2) where chosen to assess pain quality. The pictograms were prepared for everyday use, tested, and evaluated. Results: With the help of pictograms, quality of pain of 72 patients was documented almost 50% more frequently than before the study. The nursing team experienced IPAT2 as helpful in obtaining information and deepening the quality of the relationship. A feeling of being seen and understood emerged. Discussion: Pictograms are a valid method for nonverbal pain assessment. However, there is a risk of misunderstanding. The study only allowed an external assessment of patient's perceptions. An empirical investigation of the patient's view would be desirable. Conclusions: Further use and development of pictograms for communicating with foreign language-speaking patients are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Heine
- Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Winterthur, Schweiz
| | - Jutta Ernst
- Zentrum Klinische Pflegewissenschaft ZKPW, Universitätsspital Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Astrid Koch
- Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften ZHAW, Winterthur, Schweiz
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Jacobsen SL, Hart S, Anderson-Ingstrup J, Gattino G. Psychometric properties of the Marschak Interaction Method of Psychometrics and the Assessment of Parent-Child Interaction within residential care and non-referred settings. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1296113. [PMID: 38259568 PMCID: PMC10800955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1296113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Assessment and identification of children with developmental needs and their interaction with primary caregivers are critical for emotional and social development. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is a scarcity of valid observation-based tools that guide the work with family communication, which is essential for the child's healthy development. Method The Marschak Interaction Method of Psychometrics (MIM-P) and Assessment of Parent-Child Interaction (APCI) are both interaction and observation-based assessment tool, and they were explored for their validity and reliability in assessing caregiver-child interaction. The study included 30 trained and certified professionals who recruited referred and non-referred caregiver-child dyads over 11 months. Assessment data was collected from 139 caregiver-child dyads for the MIM-P with 278 individuals (100 referred and 178 non-referred) and 129 caregiver-child dyads for the APCI with 257 individuals (95 referred and 162 non-referred). Results The psychometric analyses show that both the MIM-P and APCI presents relevant sources of reliability and validity for assessing caregiver-child interaction including interrater reliability, internal consistency, test re-test reliability as well as concurrent and construct validity. Discussion and conclusion The study highlights the need for observation-based assessment tools within social work and contributes to the understanding of the importance of relationships and interaction in children's emotional and social development. However, further research is needed to explore norms and further strengthen implementation and quality of the tools.
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Silvia Bussone, Chiara Pesca, Valentina Casetti, Roberta Croce Nanni, Cristina Ottaviani, Alfonso Troisi, Valeria Carola. The long-term impact of early adverse experience on adaptive functioning: a pilot study integrating measures of mental status, nonverbal communication, and heart rate variability. Eur J Psychotraumatol; 14:2181766. [PMID: 37052107 PMCID: PMC9980016 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2181766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Childhood maltreatment (CM) can disrupt the development of behavioural and physiological systems, increasing the risk of physical and psychological adverse outcomes across the lifespan. CM may cause interpersonal dysfunctions that impair social communication and lead to dysfunctional activation of the autonomic nervous system. The present exploratory study analyzed the long-term impact of CM from an integrated perspective through the simultaneous assessment of psychological symptoms, social and behavioural communication, and physiological regulation. Methods: Participants were 55 healthy university students (9 males and 46 females; mean age ± SD = 25.26 ± 2.83 years), who filled out a battery of questionnaires to assess the presence of CM (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and psychopathological symptoms (Symptom Check-List-90 Item Revised). Participants were then subjected to a videotaped interview for the assessment of non-verbal behaviour (Ethological Coding System for Interviews) and measurement of tonic heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of physiological adaptability to the environment. We performed Pearson's correlation analysis to evaluate the associations between non-verbal behaviour, HRV, and CM variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent associations between CM variables on HRV and nonverbal behaviour. Results: We found an association between more severe CM, increased symptoms-related distress (ps < .001), less submissive behaviour (ps < .018), and decreased tonic HRV (ps < .028). As a result of multiple regression analysis, participants with a history of emotional abuse (R² = .18, p = .002) and neglect (R² = .10, p = .03) were more likely to display decreased submissive behaviour during the dyadic interview. Moreover, early experience of emotional (R² = .21, p = .005) and sexual abuse (R² = .14, p = .04) was associated with decreased tonic HRV. Conclusion: Our preliminary findings show the utility of analyzing the long-term effects of adverse early experiences at different levels of ‘adaptive functioning’ (the capabilities needed to respond effectively to environmental demands). Substantial traumatic experiences during childhood, such as emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and sexual abuse were associated with lower heart rate variability levels in a sample of young adults. Young adults with a history of emotional abuse and neglect were more likely to display decreased submissive behaviour (ethological behaviour) during the dyadic interview. Severe childhood maltreatment was associated with increased symptoms-related distress, less submissive behaviour (ethological behaviour), and decreased tonic heart rate variability in young adults.
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Ng NKY, Dudeney J, Jaaniste T. Parent-Child Communication Incongruence in Pediatric Healthcare. Children (Basel) 2023; 11:39. [PMID: 38255353 PMCID: PMC10814587 DOI: 10.3390/children11010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Parents play a key role in providing children with health-related information and emotional support. This communication occurs both in their homes and in pediatric healthcare environments, such as hospitals, outpatient clinics, and primary care offices. Often, this occurs within situations entailing heightened stress for both the parent and the child. There is considerable research within the communication literature regarding the nature of both verbal and nonverbal communication, along with the way in which these communication modalities are either similar (i.e., congruent) or dissimilar (i.e., incongruent) to one another. However, less is known about communication congruency/incongruency, specifically in parent-child relationships, or within healthcare environments. In this narrative review, we explore the concept of verbal and nonverbal communication incongruence, specifically within the context of parent-child communication in a pediatric healthcare setting. We present an overview of verbal and nonverbal communication and propose the Communication Incongruence Model to encapsulate how verbal and nonverbal communication streams are used and synthesized by parents and children. We discuss the nature and possible reasons for parental communication incongruence within pediatric settings, along with the consequences of incongruent communication. Finally, we suggest a number of hypotheses derived from the model that can be tested empirically and used to guide future research directions and influence potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Kwun Yiu Ng
- Departments of Pain & Palliative Care, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; (N.K.Y.N.); (J.D.)
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Joanne Dudeney
- Departments of Pain & Palliative Care, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; (N.K.Y.N.); (J.D.)
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Tiina Jaaniste
- Departments of Pain & Palliative Care, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; (N.K.Y.N.); (J.D.)
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
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Kamiloğlu RG, Sauter DA. Sounds like a fight: listeners can infer behavioural contexts from spontaneous nonverbal vocalisations. Cogn Emot 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37997898 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2285854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
When we hear another person laugh or scream, can we tell the kind of situation they are in - for example, whether they are playing or fighting? Nonverbal expressions are theorised to vary systematically across behavioural contexts. Perceivers might be sensitive to these putative systematic mappings and thereby correctly infer contexts from others' vocalisations. Here, in two pre-registered experiments, we test the prediction that listeners can accurately deduce production contexts (e.g. being tickled, discovering threat) from spontaneous nonverbal vocalisations, like sighs and grunts. In Experiment 1, listeners (total n = 3120) matched 200 nonverbal vocalisations to one of 10 contexts using yes/no response options. Using signal detection analysis, we show that listeners were accurate at matching vocalisations to nine of the contexts. In Experiment 2, listeners (n = 337) categorised the production contexts by selecting from 10 response options in a forced-choice task. By analysing unbiased hit rates, we show that participants categorised all 10 contexts at better-than-chance levels. Together, these results demonstrate that perceivers can infer contexts from nonverbal vocalisations at rates that exceed that of random selection, suggesting that listeners are sensitive to systematic mappings between acoustic structures in vocalisations and behavioural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza G Kamiloğlu
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Disa A Sauter
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Research and theory in nonverbal communication have made great advances toward understanding the patterns and functions of nonverbal behavior in social settings. Progress has been hindered, we argue, by presumptions about nonverbal behavior that follow from both received wisdom and faulty evidence. In this article, we document four persistent misconceptions about nonverbal communication-namely, that people communicate using decodable body language; that they have a stable personal space by which they regulate contact with others; that they express emotion using universal, evolved, iconic, categorical facial expressions; and that they can deceive and detect deception, using dependable telltale clues. We show how these misconceptions permeate research as well as the practices of popular behavior experts, with consequences that extend from intimate relationships to the boardroom and courtroom and even to the arena of international security. Notwithstanding these misconceptions, existing frameworks of nonverbal communication are being challenged by more comprehensive systems approaches and by virtual technologies that ambiguate the roles and identities of interactants and the contexts of interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan J. Fridlund
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara
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Tavares M, de Lima A, Lia E. Validation of an instrument for dentists' perception of pain in patients with communication difficulties. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12996. [PMID: 37878889 PMCID: PMC10591483 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is present in the dental clinic, whether due to oral problems such as dental caries and its complications or related to dental procedures. Pain evaluation in patients with communication difficulties (PCDs) is challenging for dentists, potentially compromising treatment. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an instrument to assess the perception of dentists about pain in PCDs. This study followed a quantitative methodological approach involving constructing and validating an instrument administered to 50 dentists. The initial instrument consisted of 29 items divided into four domains. Content and construct validity and internal consistency were confirmed. Content validation was performed by judges using the Content Validity Index. The instrument underwent construct validation and internal consistency assessments through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis using Cronbach's α, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, and Bartlett's sphericity tests. The final instrument consisted of 21 items divided into three domains, with a high Cronbach's α for one domain and moderate values for the others. The total variance accounted for was above 46.03%. Each factor retained at least three items, with factor loadings greater than 0.3, commonalities greater than 0.2, and eigenvalues >1. Despite the study's limitations, the instrument demonstrated its applicability and potential in evaluating the perception and management of pain in PCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.G. Tavares
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - A.A. de Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - E.N. Lia
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Soto Hernández H, Fernandes De Morais LM, de Paula Paiva A, Hazin I, Ramírez Arroyo EV. A systematic review of assessment instruments for linguistic precursors during child development, ages 6 to 18 months. Appl Neuropsychol Child 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37855408 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2023.2270099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Linguistic precursors (gaze, joint attention, gestures, social interaction, etc.) have a predictive value over the course of child development. The aim of the present review is to analyze the content structure, and the theoretical perspective, of assessment instruments that focus on linguistic precursors for the 6-18-month age group. The search was achieved through the following citation databases: BVS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, Redalyc, Web of Science, Google Scholar, as well as the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Elegible articles were obtained using the following terms: "neuropsychological tests," "nonverbal communication," "child language" and "infant" as well as their equivalents in Spanish and Portuguese. Twenty-six assessment instruments were found to be compatible with the eligibility criteria. From the results, 19 instruments explore various domains of linguistic precursors, while 7 are task-specific proposals. Five instruments are aimed at early detection of signs of Autistic Spectrum Disorder. The implementation of Bruner's model of communicative functions was found on 15% of the instruments. This article provides timely information for clinicians who work with children during early stages of development, in relation to the methodical monitoring, assessment and accompaniment of infants and toddlers during the prelinguistic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Izabel Hazin
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Perelló-Campaner C, González-Trujillo A, Alorda-Terrassa C, González-Gascúe M, Pérez-Castelló JA, Morales-Asencio JM, Molina-Mula J. Determinants of Communication Failure in Intubated Critically Ill Patients: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study from the Perspective of Critical Care Nurses. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2645. [PMID: 37830682 PMCID: PMC10572283 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore what factors determine communication with awake intubated critically ill patients from the point of view of critical care nursing professionals. BACKGROUND Impaired communication frequently affects mechanically ventilated patients with artificial airways in the intensive care unit. Consequences of communication breaches comprise emotional and ethical aspects as well as clinical safety, affecting both patients and their conversation partners. Identification of determining factors in communication with awake intubated patients is needed to design effective action strategies. DESIGN A qualitative phenomenological approach was used. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were used as the data collection method. A total of 11 participants from three intensive care units of three Majorcan public hospitals, selected by purposive sampling, were interviewed. FINDINGS Three major themes regarding the communication determinants of the awake intubated critically ill patients were identified from the interviewees' statements: factors related to the patient (physical and cognitive functionality to communicate, their relational and communicative style and their personal circumstances), to the context (family presence, ICU characteristics, workload, availability/adequacy of communication aids, features of the messages and communication situations) and, finally, those related to the professionals themselves (professional experience and person-centredness). CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals determinants that influence communication with the awake intubated patient, as there are attitudes and professional beliefs. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The discovery of relations between different kinds of determinants (of patient, context or professionals) provides a multi-factor perspective on the communicative problem which should be considered in the design of new approaches to improve communicative effectiveness. This study is reported according to the COREQ checklist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Perelló-Campaner
- Emergency Care Service 061, 07011 Palma, Spain
- SATSE CIDEFIB, c/Antoni Marques, 4. Bjs izqda, 07003 Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Trujillo
- SATSE CIDEFIB, c/Antoni Marques, 4. Bjs izqda, 07003 Palma, Spain
- Emergency Hospital Care Service, Hospital de Manacor, 07500 Manacor, Spain
| | - Carme Alorda-Terrassa
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain (J.M.-M.)
| | | | | | - José Miguel Morales-Asencio
- Universidad de Málaga, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA-Bionand), 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Molina-Mula
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain (J.M.-M.)
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Almansour A, Montague E, Furst J, Raicu D. Evaluation of Eye Gaze Dynamics During Physician-Patient-Computer Interaction in Federally Qualified Health Centers: Systematic Analysis. JMIR Hum Factors 2023; 10:e46120. [PMID: 37682590 PMCID: PMC10517387 DOI: 10.2196/46120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the communication between physicians and patients can identify areas where they can improve and build stronger relationships. This led to better patient outcomes including increased engagement, enhanced adherence to treatment plan, and a boost in trust. OBJECTIVE This study investigates eye gaze directions of physicians, patients, and computers in naturalistic medical encounters at Federally Qualified Health Centers to understand communication patterns given different patients' diverse backgrounds. The aim is to support the building and designing of health information technologies, which will facilitate the improvement of patient outcomes. METHODS Data were obtained from 77 videotaped medical encounters in 2014 from 3 Federally Qualified Health Centers in Chicago, Illinois, that included 11 physicians and 77 patients. Self-reported surveys were collected from physicians and patients. A systematic analysis approach was used to thoroughly examine and analyze the data. The dynamics of eye gazes during interactions between physicians, patients, and computers were evaluated using the lag sequential analysis method. The objective of the study was to identify significant behavior patterns from the 6 predefined patterns initiated by both physicians and patients. The association between eye gaze patterns was examined using the Pearson chi-square test and the Yule Q test. RESULTS The results of the lag sequential method showed that 3 out of 6 doctor-initiated gaze patterns were followed by patient-response gaze patterns. Moreover, 4 out of 6 patient-initiated patterns were significantly followed by doctor-response gaze patterns. Unlike the findings in previous studies, doctor-initiated eye gaze behavior patterns were not leading patients' eye gaze. Moreover, patient-initiated eye gaze behavior patterns were significant in certain circumstances, particularly when interacting with physicians. CONCLUSIONS This study examined several physician-patient-computer interaction patterns in naturalistic settings using lag sequential analysis. The data indicated a significant influence of the patients' gazes on physicians. The findings revealed that physicians demonstrated a higher tendency to engage with patients by reciprocating the patient's eye gaze when the patient looked at them. However, the reverse pattern was not observed, suggesting a lack of reciprocal gaze from patients toward physicians and a tendency to not direct their gaze toward a specific object. Furthermore, patients exhibited a preference for the computer when physicians directed their eye gaze toward it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Almansour
- Jarvis College of Computing and Digital Media, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Enid Montague
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob Furst
- Jarvis College of Computing and Digital Media, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniela Raicu
- Jarvis College of Computing and Digital Media, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Kim S, Liu W, Daack-Hirsch S, Williams KN. Development and psychometric testing of the dyadic communication observational coding scheme in DEmentia care (DCODE): family dyadic communication in dementia. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:1770-1779. [PMID: 36178152 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2126819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding family dyadic communication in dementia is essential to promote the well-being of family caregivers and persons living with dementia. The Dyadic Communication Observational coding scheme in DEmentia care (DCODE) was developed and tested to assess family dyadic communication in dementia. METHODS The DCODE was developed from a review of literature, expert review, and pretesting. A secondary analysis of the 75 in-home care video observations from 19 family caregiver-care recipient dyads was conducted to test psychometric properties. RESULTS The DCODE consists of 43 caregiver items and 41 care recipient items. We observed internal consistency, intra-rater reliability, and inter-rater reliability as adequate. Content validity and convergent validity were moderate. Predictive validity was moderate in predicting caregiver burden. The overall psychometric properties demonstrated a moderate quality of the DCODE. CONCLUSIONS Findings provided the preliminary psychometric evidence of the DCODE as a promising instrument to assess family dyadic communication in dementia. Future testing for concurrent, divergent, and structural validity of the DCODE is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Kim
- Elaine Marieb College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Danker J, Dreyfus S, Strnadová I, Pilkinton M. Scoping review on communication systems used by adults with severe/profound intellectual disability for functional communication. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2023; 36:951-965. [PMID: 37341439 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with severe/profound intellectual disability typically face poor communication outcomes as they are often nonverbal and need their supporters to provide for their communication needs. This review aimed to identify studies focused on the communication resources people with severe/profound intellectual disability use for functional communication, and the enablers and barriers to functional communication. METHODS Nine databases were systematically reviewed with keywords pertaining to the functional communication of adults with severe/profound intellectual disability. Out of 3427 identified articles, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Hand searches and ancestral searches identified another 4 articles. Out of the 16 articles, two did not meet the quality assessment criteria and were excluded. Thus, 14 articles were included in this review. RESULTS The findings revealed that picture exchange communication systems is the most common communication system used to support the development of functional communication. The most common functions enabled by the communication systems were choice-making and making requests. Several barriers (e.g., individual factors related to adults with severe/profound intellectual disability, others' attitudes, behaviour and knowledge) to and enablers (e.g., accessibility and availability of the communication system, training for those supporting adults with severe/profound intellectual disability) of functional communication were identified. CONCLUSIONS Removing the barriers and enabling functional communication is essential to developing the functional communication of adults with severe/profound intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Danker
- School of Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shoshana Dreyfus
- School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Iva Strnadová
- School of Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mary Pilkinton
- School of Education, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Jin E, Kang H, Lee K, Lee SG, Lee EC. Analysis of Nursing Students' Nonverbal Communication Patterns during Simulation Practice: A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2335. [PMID: 37628532 PMCID: PMC10454223 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11162335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic communication, of which nonverbal communication is a vital component, is an essential skill for professional nurses. The aim of this study is to assess the possibility of incorporating computer analysis programs into nursing education programs to improve the nonverbal communication skills of those preparing to become professional nurses. In this pilot observational study, the research team developed a computer program for nonverbal communication analysis including facial expressions and poses. The video clip data captured during nursing simulation practice by 10 3rd- and 4th-grade nursing students at a university in South Korea involved two scenarios of communication with a child's mother regarding the child's pre- and post-catheterization care. The dominant facial expressions varied, with sadness (30.73%), surprise (30.14%), and fear (24.11%) being the most prevalent, while happiness (7.96%) and disgust (6.79%) were less common. The participants generally made eye contact with the mother, but there were no instances of light touch by hand and the physical distance for nonverbal communication situations was outside the typical range. These results confirm the potential use of facial expression and pose analysis programs for communication education in nursing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Jin
- Department of Nursing, Gangneung Yeongdong University, Gangneung-si 25521, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyunju Kang
- College of Nursing, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunyoung Lee
- Department of Computer Science, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung Gun Lee
- Department of AI & Informatics, Graduate School, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eui Chul Lee
- Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea;
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16
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Harp NR, Langbehn AT, Larsen JT, Niedenthal PM, Neta M. Face coverings differentially alter valence judgments of emotional expressions. Basic Appl Soc Psych 2023; 45:91-106. [PMID: 37469671 PMCID: PMC10353716 DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2023.2221360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Face masks that prevent disease transmission obscure facial expressions, impairing nonverbal communication. We assessed the impact of lower (masks) and upper (sunglasses) face coverings on emotional valence judgments of clearly valenced (fearful, happy) and ambiguously valenced (surprised) expressions, the latter of which have both positive and negative meaning. Masks, but not sunglasses, impaired judgments of clearly valenced expressions compared to faces without coverings. Drift diffusion models revealed that lower, but not upper, face coverings slowed evidence accumulation and affected differences in non-judgment processes (i.e., stimulus encoding, response execution time) for all expressions. Our results confirm mask-interference effects in nonverbal communication. The findings have implications for nonverbal and intergroup communication, and we propose guidance for implementing strategies to overcome mask-related interference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew T. Langbehn
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jeff T. Larsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Maital Neta
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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17
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MacGillivray F, Bard AM, Cobb KA, Corah L, Reyher KK, Green MJ, Wapenaar W. Communicating without words: Measuring nonverbal communication between veterinarians and farmers during routine herd health consultations. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00287-4. [PMID: 37268581 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of advice and the ability to facilitate change on-farm are key elements for successful veterinary practice. However, having the necessary clinical skills and knowledge is not enough to achieve this: effective communication skills are essential for veterinarians to realize their advisory role by exploring and understanding the farmer's worldview. Research of verbal aspects of veterinarian communication supports the use of a relationship-centered communication style; we next need to study how veterinarian-farmer nonverbal communication (NVC) can influence interactions and their outcomes, which has been examined in medical and companion animal practice. In this study, we considered which aspects of NVC should be measured, and how, to provide an essential first step toward understanding the significance of NVC for veterinarians working in dairy practice, which should be of interest to researchers, veterinary educators, and practitioners. Eleven video recordings of routine consultations in the UK were analyzed for farmer and veterinarian NVC. The NVC attributes with established links to positive patient and client outcomes from medical and social science studies were chosen, and a methodology developed for their measurement, by adapting measures typically used in NVC research. Each consultation was segmented into intervals defined by the main activity and location on farm: introduction, fertility examination, discussion, and closing. This approach allowed us to analyze the content more consistently, establish which aspects of NVC featured within each interval, and whether the activity and location influenced the observed NVC. We measured 12 NVC attributes, including body orientation, interpersonal distance, head position, and body lean, which have been shown to influence empathy, rapport, and trust: key components of relationship-centered communication. Future research should seek to establish the significance of NVC in effective communication between veterinarian and farmer, building on our findings that show it is possible to measure nonverbal attributes. Veterinarians may benefit from becoming skilled nonverbal communicators and have more effective conversations during routine consultations, motivating farmers to make changes and improve herd health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F MacGillivray
- MacVet Cattle Communications Limited, Knutsford, United Kingdom WA16 9EE.
| | - A M Bard
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom SY23 3DA
| | - K A Cobb
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom LE12 5RD
| | - L Corah
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom LE12 5RD
| | - K K Reyher
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom BS40 5DU
| | - M J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom LE12 5RD
| | - W Wapenaar
- Elanco Animal Health, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
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18
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Denault V, Leclerc C, Talwar V. The use of nonverbal communication when assessing witness credibility: a view from the bench. Psychiatr Psychol Law 2023; 31:97-120. [PMID: 38455269 PMCID: PMC10916926 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2023.2175068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide a better understanding of how, in practice, judges use nonverbal communication during bench trials. The article starts with an overview of legal rules on how judges are supposed to assess witness credibility and use nonverbal communication, and briefly addresses the impact of those rules on lower courts and the limited data about judges in bench trials. Subsequently, we present the methods and the results from an online survey carried out with Quebec judges. While a number of judges have beliefs consistent with the scientific literature, findings reported in this article show that many judges have beliefs inconsistent with the scientific literature, and many are silent on culture-related differences in nonverbal behavior. The article ends with a discussion on the implications of the results for scholars and practitioners, including why findings reported in this article are cause for concern for adversarial justice systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Denault
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chloé Leclerc
- School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Victoria Talwar
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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19
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Sajjad T, Khan HF, Yasmeen R, Waqas A. Language of actions: The effects of teacher's kinesics on student learning and learning environment. J Educ Health Promot 2023; 12:53. [PMID: 37113415 PMCID: PMC10127464 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_992_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A teacher's appropriate use of nonverbal communication skills, mainly kinesics, can play a crucial role in the success of the students. Medical educators are unaware of the effective use of nonverbal communication as an instructional skill that can be used to engage learners, balance learners' participation by controlling the classroom environment, and motivate them to have a passion for learning. The purpose of the study was to explore the students' perceptions regarding the effect of teachers' kinesics on students' learning and their learning environment. This can be helpful for teachers in modifying their teaching styles and delivering quality education. MATERIALS AND METHODS A qualitative study with an exploratory design was conducted at a private medical institute in 2021 for a duration of 6 months. Fourteen medical students volunteered to participate in the study. Focus group discussions were conducted with the students to explore the experiences of the medical students regarding the use of nonverbal communication skills by their teachers and its effect on their learning in the classroom. The data collected was analyzed manually. RESULTS The results of the study revealed that teachers' nonverbal behaviors in the classroom significantly influence students' motivation, engagement, and learning in the classroom. Students preferred interaction with the teachers who were friendly and confident and used their nonverbal communication skills (eye contact, facial expressions, hand gestures) effectively, compared to strict and judgmental teachers. CONCLUSION Teachers need to motivate their students by improving their teaching styles and incorporating nonverbal behaviors positively in the classroom. By creating an impactful learning environment, students' participation and learning will increase, which will, in turn, improve their academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taliya Sajjad
- Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Fayyaz Khan
- Department of Physiology, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Rahila Yasmeen
- Medical Education, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arfaa Waqas
- Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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20
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Zhao F, Wood A, Mutlu B, Niedenthal P. Faces synchronize when communication through spoken language is prevented. Emotion 2023; 23:87-96. [PMID: 35286102 PMCID: PMC9470771 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cooperating with another person requires communicating intentions and coordinating behavior. People often accomplish these tasks using spoken language, but verbal communication is not always available. Here, we test the hypothesis that, to establish successful cooperative interaction, people compensate for the temporary loss of one means, verbal communication, by amplifying another, namely nonverbal expressive synchrony. Fifty-seven female dyads, half of whom were prevented from using spoken language, completed four cooperative tasks, two of which induced expressions of emotion, while their faces were filmed. The no-language dyads displayed more facial-expressive synchrony, quantified using a novel application of multidimensional dynamic time warping. We find that solutions to coordinating interaction solved by spoken language can be compensated for by synchronizing facial expressions. The findings also point to one social force-the lack of shared language-that might, in the long-term, select for cultures of increased nonverbal expressiveness and synchrony. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyun Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | | | - Bilge Mutlu
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison
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21
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Rodriguez SN, Gullapalli AR, Maurer JM, Tirrell PS, Egala U, Anderson NE, Harenski CL, Kiehl KA. Quantitative Head Dynamics Associated with Interpersonal (Grandiose-Manipulative) Psychopathic Traits in Incarcerated Youth. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2022; 44:1054-1063. [PMID: 37008299 PMCID: PMC10065468 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-09988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians have long noted that individuals with elevated psychopathic traits can be characterized by unique interpersonal styles, including prolonged eye contact, invasion of interpersonal space, and frequent use of hand gestures. Such forms of nonverbal communication can be measured via hand, body, and head position and dynamics. Previous studies have developed an automated algorithm designed to capture head position and dynamics from digital recordings of clinical interviews in a sample of incarcerated adult men. We observed that higher psychopathy scores were associated with stationary head dwell time. Here, we applied a similar automated algorithm to assess head position and dynamics on videotaped clinical interviews assessing psychopathic traits from n = 242 youth housed at a maximum-security juvenile correctional facility. We observed that higher psychopathy scores (assessed via the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version [PCL:YV]) were associated with unique patterns of head dynamics. Specifically, PCL:YV Total, Factor 1 (measuring grandiose-manipulative and callous-unemotional traits), and Facet 1 (measuring grandiose-manipulative traits) scores were associated with a higher proportion of time spent in a head dynamics pattern consisting of moderate movement away from the average head position. This study lays the groundwork for future investigations to apply quantitative methods to better understand patterns of nonverbal communication styles in clinical populations characterized by severe antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. Rodriguez
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Palmer S. Tirrell
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ugesh Egala
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Kent A. Kiehl
- University of New Mexico, Department of Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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22
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St John M, Amor DJ, Morgan AT. Speech and language development and genotype-phenotype correlation in 49 individuals with KAT6A syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:3389-3400. [PMID: 35892268 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic KAT6A variants cause syndromic neurodevelopmental disability. "Speech delay" is reported, yet none have examined specific speech and language features of KAT6A syndrome. Here we phenotype the communication profile of individuals with pathogenic KAT6A variants. Medical and communication data were acquired via standardized surveys and telehealth-assessment. Forty-nine individuals (25 females; aged 1;5-31;10) were recruited, most with truncating variants (44/49). Intellectual disability/developmental delay (42/45) was common, mostly moderate/severe, alongside concerns about vision (37/48), gastrointestinal function (33/48), and sleep (31/48). One-third (10/31) had a diagnosis of autism. Seventy-three percent (36/49) were minimally-verbal, relying on nonverbal behaviors to communicate. Verbal participants (13/49) displayed complex and co-occurring speech diagnoses regarding the perception/production of speech sounds, including phonological impairment (i.e., linguistic deficits) and speech apraxia (i.e., motor planning/programming deficits), which significantly impacted intelligibility. Receptive/expressive language and adaptive functioning were also severely impaired. Truncating variants in the last two exons of KAT6A were associated with poorer communication, daily-living skills, and socialization outcomes. In conclusion, severe communication difficulties are present in KAT6A syndrome, typically on a background of significant intellectual disability, vision, feeding and motor deficits, and autism in some. Most are minimally-verbal, with apparent contributions from underlying motor deficits and cognitive-linguistic impairment. Alternative/augmentative communication (AAC) approaches are required for many into adult life. Tailored AAC options should be fostered early, to accommodate the best communication outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya St John
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela T Morgan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Speech Genomics Clinic, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Houchens N, Saint S, Petrilli C, Kuhn L, Ratz D, De Lott L, Zollinger M, Sax H, Kamata K, Kuriyama A, Tokuda Y, Fumagalli C, Virgili G, Fumagalli S, Chopra V. International patient preferences for physician attire: results from cross-sectional studies in four countries across three continents. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061092. [PMID: 36192090 PMCID: PMC9535197 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The patient-physician relationship impacts patients' experiences and health outcomes. Physician attire is a form of nonverbal communication that influences this relationship. Prior studies examining attire preferences suffered from heterogeneous measurement and limited context. We thus performed a multicentre, cross-sectional study using a standardised survey instrument to compare patient preferences for physician dress in international settings. SETTING 20 hospitals and healthcare practices in Italy, Japan, Switzerland and the USA. PARTICIPANTS Convenience sample of 9171 adult patients receiving care in academic hospitals, general medicine clinics, specialty clinics and ophthalmology practices. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The survey was randomised and included photographs of a male or female physician dressed in assorted forms of attire. The primary outcome measure was attire preference, comprised of composite ratings across five domains: how knowledgeable, trustworthy, caring and approachable the physician appeared, and how comfortable the respondent felt. Secondary outcome measures included variation in preferences by country, physician type and respondent characteristics. RESULTS The highest rated forms of attire differed by country, although each most preferred attire with white coat. Low ratings were conferred on attire extremes (casual and business suit). Preferences were more uniform for certain physician types. For example, among all respondents, scrubs garnered the highest rating for emergency department physicians (44.2%) and surgeons (42.4%). However, attire preferences diverged for primary care and hospital physicians. All types of formal attire were more strongly preferred in the USA than elsewhere. Respondent age influenced preferences in Japan and the USA only. CONCLUSIONS Patients across a myriad of geographies, settings and demographics harbour specific preferences for physician attire. Some preferences are nearly universal, whereas others vary substantially. As a one-size-fits-all dress policy is unlikely to reflect patient desires and expectations, a tailored approach should be sought that attempts to match attire to clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Houchens
- Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sanjay Saint
- Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Latoya Kuhn
- Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Ratz
- Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Marc Zollinger
- Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich Department of Social and General Psychiatry Zurich West, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Sax
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kazuhiro Kamata
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akira Kuriyama
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Tokuda
- Department of Medicine, Muribushi Project for Okinawa Residency Programs, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Carlo Fumagalli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianni Virgili
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Vineet Chopra
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
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24
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Wood EA, Chang A, Bosnyak D, Klein L, Baraku E, Dotov D, Trainor LJ. Creating a shared musical interpretation: Changes in coordination dynamics while learning unfamiliar music together. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1516:106-113. [PMID: 35819164 PMCID: PMC9796755 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to coordinate with others is fundamental for humans to achieve shared goals. Often, harmonious interpersonal coordination requires learning, such as ensemble musicians rehearing together to synchronize their low-level timing and high-level aesthetic musical expressions. We investigated how the coordination dynamics of a professional string quartet changed as they learned unfamiliar pieces together across eight trials. During all trials, we recorded each musician's body sway motion data, and quantified the group's body sway similarity (cross-correlation) and information flow (Granger causality) on each trial. In line with our hypothesis, group similarity increased, while group information flow decreased significantly across trials. In addition, there was a trend such that group similarity, but not information flow, was related to the quality of the performances. As the ensemble converged on a joint interpretation through rehearsing, their body sways reflected the change from interpersonal information flow for coordinative mutual adaptations and corrections, to synchronous musical coordination made possible by the musicians learning a common internally based expressive interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Wood
- LIVELabMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Andrew Chang
- LIVELabMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada,Department of PsychologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Dan Bosnyak
- LIVELabMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Lucas Klein
- LIVELabMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Elger Baraku
- LIVELabMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Dobromir Dotov
- LIVELabMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Laurel J. Trainor
- LIVELabMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada,Rotman Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
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25
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Altmann U, Strauss B, Tschacher W. Cross-Correlation- and Entropy-Based Measures of Movement Synchrony: Non-Convergence of Measures Leads to Different Associations with Depressive Symptoms. Entropy (Basel) 2022; 24:e24091307. [PMID: 36141194 PMCID: PMC9497848 DOI: 10.3390/e24091307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several algorithms have been proposed to quantify synchronization. However, little is known about their convergent and predictive validity. METHODS The sample included 30 persons who completed a manualized interview focusing on psychosomatic symptoms. The intensity of body motions was measured using motion-energy analysis. We computed several measures of movement synchrony based on the time series of the interviewer and participant: mutual information, windowed cross-recurrence analysis, cross-correlation, rMEA, SUSY, SUCO, WCLC-PP and WCLR-PP. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9). RESULTS According to the explorative factor analyses, all the variants of cross-correlation and all the measures of SUSY, SUCO and rMEA-WCC led to similar synchrony measures and could be assigned to the same factor. All the mutual-information measures, rMEA-WCLC, WCLC-PP-F, WCLC-PP-R2, WCLR-PP-F, and WinCRQA-DET loaded on the second factor. Depressive symptoms correlated negatively with WCLC-PP-F and WCLR-PP-F and positively with rMEA-WCC, SUCO-ES-CO, and MI-Z. CONCLUSION More standardization efforts are needed because different synchrony measures have little convergent validity, which can lead to contradictory conclusions concerning associations between depressive symptoms and movement synchrony using the same dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Altmann
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psycho-Oncology, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Strauss
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psycho-Oncology, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tschacher
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CH-3060 Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Castellucci GA, Guenther FH, Long MA. A Theoretical Framework for Human and Nonhuman Vocal Interaction. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:295-316. [PMID: 35316612 PMCID: PMC9909589 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-111020-094807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vocal communication is a critical feature of social interaction across species; however, the relation between such behavior in humans and nonhumans remains unclear. To enable comparative investigation of this topic, we review the literature pertinent to interactive language use and identify the superset of cognitive operations involved in generating communicative action. We posit these functions comprise three intersecting multistep pathways: (a) the Content Pathway, which selects the movements constituting a response; (b) the Timing Pathway, which temporally structures responses; and (c) the Affect Pathway, which modulates response parameters according to internal state. These processing streams form the basis of the Convergent Pathways for Interaction framework, which provides a conceptual model for investigating the cognitive and neural computations underlying vocal communication across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg A. Castellucci
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank H. Guenther
- Departments of Speech, Language & Hearing Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A. Long
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Burgoon JK, Wang RX, Chen X, Ge TS, Dorn B. How the Brunswikian Lens Model Illustrates the Relationship Between Physiological and Behavioral Signals and Psychological Emotional and Cognitive States. Front Psychol 2022; 12:781487. [PMID: 35185682 PMCID: PMC8847219 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social relationships are constructed by and through the relational communication that people exchange. Relational messages are implicit nonverbal and verbal messages that signal how people regard one another and define their interpersonal relationships-equal or unequal, affectionate or hostile, inclusive or exclusive, similar or dissimilar, and so forth. Such signals can be measured automatically by the latest machine learning software tools and combined into meaningful factors that represent the socioemotional expressions that constitute relational messages between people. Relational messages operate continuously on a parallel track with verbal communication, implicitly telling interactants the current state of their relationship and how to interpret the verbal messages being exchanged. We report an investigation that explored how group members signal these implicit messages through multimodal behaviors measured by sensor data and linked to the socioemotional cognitions interpreted as relational messages. By use of a modified Brunswikian lens model, we predicted perceived relational messages of dominance, affection, involvement, composure, similarity and trust from automatically measured kinesic, vocalic and linguistic indicators. The relational messages in turn predicted the veracity of group members. The Brunswikian Lens Model offers a way to connect objective behaviors exhibited by social actors to the emotions and cognitions being perceived by other interactants and linking those perceptions to social outcomes. This method can be used to ascertain what behaviors and/or perceptions are associated with judgments of an actor's veracity. Computerized measurements of behaviors and perceptions can replace manual measurements, significantly expediting analysis and drilling down to micro-level measurement in a previously unavailable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judee K. Burgoon
- Center for the Management of Information, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rebecca Xinran Wang
- Management Information Systems, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Xunyu Chen
- Management Information Systems, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tina Saiying Ge
- Management Information Systems, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Bradley Dorn
- Management Information Systems, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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28
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Kushner BJ. Eccentric Gaze as a Possible Cause of "Zoom Fatigue". J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil 2021; 71:175-180. [PMID: 34672912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Covid-19 pandemic has led to a marked increase in the use of videoconferencing for social interaction. Many people report discomfort and disaffection with this modality, which has been labeled "Zoom Fatigue." Common videoconferencing hardware setups necessitate that if a user looks at the image of the person with whom they are in videoconference, they will not be looking directly at the camera and will appear to not be making direct eye contact. This study determined the minimum threshold of eccentric gaze in a videoconferencing setup above which subjects are perceived as not making direct eye contact by the majority of untrained observers. METHODS Image captures were made of four subjects successively fixating at small increments eccentric to a video camera, both vertically and horizontally ranging from 0.9 degrees to 19 degrees of eccentricity. The images were embedded in separate Powerpoint files for each subject. Each file was assessed by seven graders who indicated whether or not they felt the subject was looking directly at them in each slide. RESULTS The threshold for which 75% of the graders could detect that the subject was not looking at them ranged from only 2.7 degrees for horizontal eccentricity to 5.4 degrees for vertical eccentricity. CONCLUSION The hardware setups commonly used for videoconferencing result in persistent eccentric gaze of the participating individuals if they look at the image of the other participants. In theory, this could be a contributing cause of Zoom Fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burton J Kushner
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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29
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Pisanski K, Groyecka-Bernard A, Sorokowski P. Human voice pitch measures are robust across a variety of speech recordings: methodological and theoretical implications. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210356. [PMID: 34582736 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental frequency (fo), perceived as voice pitch, is the most sexually dimorphic, perceptually salient and intensively studied voice parameter in human nonverbal communication. Thousands of studies have linked human fo to biological and social speaker traits and life outcomes, from reproductive to economic. Critically, researchers have used myriad speech stimuli to measure fo and infer its functional relevance, from individual vowels to longer bouts of spontaneous speech. Here, we acoustically analysed fo in nearly 1000 affectively neutral speech utterances (vowels, words, counting, greetings, read paragraphs and free spontaneous speech) produced by the same 154 men and women, aged 18-67, with two aims: first, to test the methodological validity of comparing fo measures from diverse speech stimuli, and second, to test the prediction that the vast inter-individual differences in habitual fo found between same-sex adults are preserved across speech types. Indeed, despite differences in linguistic content, duration, scripted or spontan--eous production and within-individual variability, we show that 42-81% of inter-individual differences in fo can be explained between any two speech types. Beyond methodological implications, together with recent evidence that inter-individual differences in fo are remarkably stable across the lifespan and generalize to emotional speech and nonverbal vocalizations, our results further substantiate voice pitch as a robust and reliable biomarker in human communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pisanski
- University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.,CNRS/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France.,Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Jean Monnet University of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Agata Groyecka-Bernard
- University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.,Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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30
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Ong CW, Ito K. Can't fight seeing sadness in tears: Measuring the implicit association between tears and sadness. Br J Soc Psychol 2021; 61:672-687. [PMID: 34569070 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visible tears have been shown to enhance the perception of sadness. Whether the sadness perception from visible tears can occur automatically, which is essential for the rapid identification of emotional cues in real-life social interactions, is still unclear. We employed the reaction-time-based Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess the implicit association of tears and sadness in two studies. Study 1 (N = 58) used sadness/non-sadness or negative/positive affect words as attribute pairs and images of tearless or tearful neutral expressions as targeted concepts. In Study 2 (N = 54), the neutral expressions were replaced with anger, disgust, fear, surprise, and happiness expressions with or without tears. Both studies revealed a strong tendency among participants to implicitly associate tears with sadness and negative affect. The results complemented findings from self-report measures by showing that the perception of sadness from visible tears can occur efficiently with little control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Wei Ong
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kenichi Ito
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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31
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Patterson ML, Dunbar NE, Mast MS, Fernandez-Dols JM. Editorial: Advances and Obstacles in Contemporary Nonverbal Communication Research. Front Psychol 2021; 12:731334. [PMID: 34489834 PMCID: PMC8417439 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miles L Patterson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Norah E Dunbar
- Department of Communication, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Marianne Schmid Mast
- Department of Organizational Behavior, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Klucarova S. Do masks matter? Consumer perceptions of social media influencers who wear face masks amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Appl Psychol 2021; 71:695-709. [PMID: 34898802 PMCID: PMC8652716 DOI: 10.1111/apps.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of COVID‐19 brought about an increased use of face masks among the general public. Focusing on disposable surgical masks in particular, this article examines consumer perceptions of and intentions toward social media influencers who wear such masks amid the pandemic. Drawing on the theory of product symbolism, this research experimentally demonstrates that masked (vs. unmasked) influencers remind consumers of highly competent healthcare professionals, leading in turn to greater competence inferences about and more favorable behavioral intentions toward these influencers. Additional analysis demonstrates that this effect might not hold for other groups of professionals who are considered relatively competent at the outset and/or whose profession is less reliant on external cues. Overall, this research suggests that apart from curtailing the spread of the pandemic, mask wearing might prove beneficial to certain groups of professionals, such as social media influencers, who have traditionally struggled to establish credibility. In a broader context, this research establishes mask wearing as a new form of nonverbal communication that warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Klucarova
- Marketing, Sales and Communication Department Montpellier Business School Montpellier France
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33
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Leśniak E, Grzybowski SJ. The Role of Emoticons in the Comprehension of Emotional and Non-emotional Messages in Dyslexic Youth - A Preliminary Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:693287. [PMID: 34421745 PMCID: PMC8374149 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study explored how well-dyslexic youth deals with written messages in an environment simulating popular social network communication system. The messaging systems, present more and more in pandemic and post-pandemic online world, are rich in nonverbal aspects of communicating, namely, the emoticons. The pertinent question was whether the presence of emoticons in written messages of emotional and non-emotional content changes the comprehension of the messages. Thirty-two pupils aged 11–15 took part in the study, 16 had a school-approved diagnosis of dyslexia and were included in the experimental group. Sixteen controls had no diagnosed disabilities. Both groups viewed short messages of four types (each including seven communicates): verbal-informative (without emoticons and emotional verbal content), verbal-emotive (without emoticons, with emotional verbal content), emoticon-informative (including emoticon-like small pictures, but without emotional content either verbal or nonverbal), and emoticon-emotive (with standard emoticons and including verbal-emotional content). The participants had to answer short questions after quick presentation of each message that tested their comprehension of the content. RTs and accuracy of the answers were analyzed. Students without dyslexia had shorter response times to the questions regarding all types of messages than the dyslexic participants. The answers of the experimental group to the questions about the emoticon-informative messages were less correct. The study pointed tentatively to the beneficial role of emoticons (especially the nonstandard, i.e., of non-emotional kind) in reading short messages with understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Leśniak
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szczepan J Grzybowski
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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34
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Cho MK, Kim MY. Factors Affecting Learning Satisfaction in Face-to-Face and Non-Face-to-Face Flipped Learning among Nursing Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18168641. [PMID: 34444396 PMCID: PMC8391188 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Factors influencing students’ learning satisfaction may differ between face-to-face and non-face-to-face flipped learning. For non-face-to-face flipped learning, which was widely employed during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to examine the impacts on learning satisfaction, which may vary depending on professor–student interaction rather than individual competencies, such as SDL readiness. This descriptive study, conducted 2 March 2019 to 24 June 2020, included 89 s-year, flipped-learning nursing students (28 face-to-face, 61 non-face-to-face). Students completed questionnaires about learning satisfaction, SDL readiness, and professor–student interaction. The data, collected using e-surveys, were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple stepwise regression with IBM’s SPSS Statistics 25.0 program. The total average score of learning satisfaction (38.19 ± 6.04) was positively correlated with SDL readiness (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) and professor–student interaction (r = 0.36, p = 0.001), although total learning satisfaction was significantly different between the face-to-face and the non-face-to-face groups (t = 5.28, p = 0.024). They were also significant influencing factors, along with face-to-face flipped learning, for total learning satisfaction (F = 18.00, p < 0.001, explanatory power = 36.7%), suggesting flipped learners in non-face-to-face contexts must increase engagement beyond professor–student interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Nursing Science, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Mi Young Kim
- College of Nursing, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence:
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35
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Döllinger L, Laukka P, Högman LB, Bänziger T, Makower I, Fischer H, Hau S. Training Emotion Recognition Accuracy: Results for Multimodal Expressions and Facial Micro Expressions. Front Psychol 2021; 12:708867. [PMID: 34475841 PMCID: PMC8406528 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonverbal emotion recognition accuracy (ERA) is a central feature of successful communication and interaction, and is of importance for many professions. We developed and evaluated two ERA training programs-one focusing on dynamic multimodal expressions (audio, video, audio-video) and one focusing on facial micro expressions. Sixty-seven subjects were randomized to one of two experimental groups (multimodal, micro expression) or an active control group (emotional working memory task). Participants trained once weekly with a brief computerized training program for three consecutive weeks. Pre-post outcome measures consisted of a multimodal ERA task, a micro expression recognition task, and a task about patients' emotional cues. Post measurement took place approximately a week after the last training session. Non-parametric mixed analyses of variance using the Aligned Rank Transform were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the training programs. Results showed that multimodal training was significantly more effective in improving multimodal ERA compared to micro expression training or the control training; and the micro expression training was significantly more effective in improving micro expression ERA compared to the other two training conditions. Both pre-post effects can be interpreted as large. No group differences were found for the outcome measure about recognizing patients' emotion cues. There were no transfer effects of the training programs, meaning that participants only improved significantly for the specific facet of ERA that they had trained on. Further, low baseline ERA was associated with larger ERA improvements. Results are discussed with regard to methodological and conceptual aspects, and practical implications and future directions are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Döllinger
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petri Laukka
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Björn Högman
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tanja Bänziger
- Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | | | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Hau
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Peker S, Demir Korkmaz F, Cukurova I. Perioperative Nursing Care of the Patient Undergoing a Cochlear Implant Procedure. AORN J 2021; 113:595-608. [PMID: 34048050 DOI: 10.1002/aorn.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A cochlear implant (CI) is used in the auditory rehabilitation of adult and pediatric patients with sensorineural hearing loss who do not benefit from conventional hearing aids. Perioperative nursing care of the patient with sensorineural hearing loss undergoing cochlear implantation is not extensively discussed in the literature. Preoperative care involves managing the patient and family's expectations for the procedure and determining the most effective communication techniques for each patient. Postoperative care involves monitoring patients closely and identifying the signs and symptoms of a number of possible postoperative complications, as well as knowing how to prevent these complications and respond to them. Thorough patient and family discharge instructions are vital to a successful cochlear implantation result. This article provides perioperative nurses caring for patients receiving a CI with detailed information to help ensure that they provide these patients with the most appropriate and effective care.
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Abstract
In 1975, Colwyn Trevarthen first presented his groundbreaking explorations into the early origins of human intersubjectivity. His influential model dictates that, during intimate and playful spontaneous face-to-face protoconversations, the emotions of both the 2–3-month-old infant and mother are nonverbally communicated, perceived, mutually regulated, and intersubjectively shared. This primordial basic interpersonal interaction is expressed in synchronized rhythmic-turn-taking transactions that promote the intercoordination and awareness of positive brain states in both. In this work, I offer an interpersonal neurobiological model of Trevarthen’s intersubjective protoconversations as rapid, reciprocal, bidirectional visual-facial, auditory-prosodic, and tactile-gestural right brain-to-right brain implicit nonverbal communications between the psychobiologically attuned mother and the developing infant. These co-constructed positive emotional interactions facilitate the experience-dependent maturation of the infant’s right brain, which is in an early critical period of growth. I then address the central role of interpersonal synchrony in intersubjectivity, expressed in a mutual alignment or coupling between the minds and bodies of the mother and infant in face-to-face protoconversations, as well as how these right brain-to-right brain emotional transmissions generate bioenergetic positively charged interbrain synchrony within the dyad. Following this, I offer recent brain laterality research on the essential functions of the right temporoparietal junction, a central node of the social brain, in face-to-face nonverbal communications. In the next section, I describe the ongoing development of the protoconversation over the 1st year and beyond, and the co-creation of a fundamental energy-dependent, growth-promoting social emotional matrix that facilitates the emergence of the highly adaptive human functions of mutual play and mutual love. In the final section, I discuss the clinical applications of this interpersonal neurobiological model of intersubjectivity, which has a long history in the psychotherapy literature. Toward that end, I offer very recent paradigm-shifting hyperscanning research that simultaneously measures both the patient and therapist during a psychotherapeutic interaction. Using the Trevarthen’s two-person intersubjective model, this research demonstrates changes in both brains of the therapeutic dyad and the critical role of nonverbal communications in an emotionally-focused psychotherapy session. These studies specifically document interbrain synchronization between the right temporoparietal junction of the patient and the right temporoparietal junction of the clinician, a right brain-to-right brain nonverbal communication system in the co-constructed therapeutic alliance. Lastly, I discuss the relationship between the affect communicating functions of the intersubjective motivational system and the affect regulating functions of the attachment motivational system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan N Schore
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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38
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Abstract
Introduction The importance of non-verbal cues in communication between physicians and patients is well published in the medical literature. However, few medical school curricula teach non-verbal communication. Chamber musicians employ non-verbal communication to coordinate musician intention. Observation of chamber musicians’ use of non-verbal communication may improve the understanding of non-verbal communication among medical students. Methods A total of 72 medical students attended rehearsals of two world-renowned string quartets on a single date. Following a brief discussion and demonstration on non-verbal communication by musicians, students observed the non-verbal cues employed by the quartets during musical rehearsals. Authors provided pre- and post-surveys, which included closed and open-ended questions to assess understanding of non-verbal communication and confidence in identifying non-verbal cues with patients and healthcare providers. Close-ended questions used numerical scales. The authors used paired t-tests to compare mean numerical scores pre- and post-intervention and analyzed qualitative, open-ended responses thematically. Results Of the 72 students who attended the workshop, 63 (88%) completed both pre- and post-surveys. Comparison demonstrated significant improvement in students’ ability to appreciate non-verbal interactions among healthcare teams (p<0.05) and patients (p<0.05). Following the workshop, students commented that they appreciated the similarities in non-verbal cues between musicians and medical professionals. Discussion Chamber musicians and physicians share similarities, e.g., working in teams and performing specialized tasks; good communication is crucial to both. Observation of chamber musicians may serve as a vehicle to instruct medical students on non-verbal communication. Next steps include determining the longer-term impact of the workshop on confidence in communication by resurveying participants and comparing responses with those students who did not attend the workshop. Future studies are needed to assess the clinical impact of chamber music observation on medical students’ non-verbal communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo M Hall
- Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
| | - Connor Buechler
- Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
| | - Georgiana Marusca
- Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
| | - Simone Brennan
- Office of Learning and Teaching, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA
| | - Diane L Levine
- Internal Medicine, Wayne State University Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, USA
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39
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Lakshmikantha N, Nayak BS, Kashinkunti M, Javali SB, Mukherjee S. Sensitivity towards patient's presence to avoid violent situations in hospitals: An observatory study. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:1359-1363. [PMID: 34041179 PMCID: PMC8140260 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_842_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The process of communication includes intense observation based on which opinions are formed or situations are created. A patient whose is in state of panic due to the health conditions feels neglected and becomes skeptical about the treatment hi/she is going to receive. Aims: The aim of the study is to understand the need for being sensitive towards patient's presence while communicating. Settings and Design: It was conducted in the outpatient wing of clinics at three different cities of Karnataka using a Sequential Observatory Study design. Materials and Methods: Based on the results obtained from the pilot study a final schedule was prepared and sent to people using google drive during the month of Dec 2019. Out of 200 filled forms only 55 patients/relatives were qualified for analysis. SPSS version 17.0 software, Microsoft word and Excel were used in data handling and analysis. Textual analysis was used for presenting interview data. Results: The qualitative analysis of the questionnaires found four emerging themes that disturbed the patients psychologically and such situations could lead to violence. The results prove that patients/relatives observe both verbal and nonverbal communication in the hospital from the time of their entry to exit. Conclusion: The communication intended or unintended made some impact on the perceptions of the patients about the way they are going to be treated. This indicates that the workforce should be conscious of their behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Lakshmikantha
- Manipal Institute of Communication, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - B Shivananda Nayak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago.,Department of Biochemistry, Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, Shimoga, India
| | - Mohan Kashinkunti
- Department of General Medicine, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Dharward, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivalingappa B Javali
- Department of Community Medicine (Statistics), USM KLE International Medical Program, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Sananda Mukherjee
- Manipal Institute of Communication, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Leavens DA. The Referential Problem Space revisited: An ecological hypothesis of the evolutionary and developmental origins of pointing. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2021; 12:e1554. [PMID: 33511793 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pointing by great apes poses a significant challenge to contemporary theories about the evolutionary and developmental foundations of cognitive development, because pointing has long been viewed by theoreticians as an evolved, human-unique developmental stepping-stone to linguistic reference. Although reports of pointing by great apes have existed in the scientific literature for over a century, only in recent decades has it become clear that ape pointing is definitely an intentionally communicative signal, by the same criteria we adjudge human pointing to be intentionally communicative. Theoretical responses to this changed empirical landscape have generally taken the approach of asserting, without any direct evidence (indeed, in the absence of any possibility of direct evidence), that pointing by humans is psychologically distinct from and more cognitively complex than the pointing of apes. It is commonplace in the contemporary literature to appeal to imaginary, species-unique causal factors to account for human pointing, rendering a large body of contemporary theoretical work untestable with scientific methods: scientific arguments require the public availability of core theoretical entities. In this paper, I will analyze the circumstances of pointing by apes and humans and develop an alternative theoretical model of pointing that does not rely upon non-physical constructs. According to the view espoused, here, pointing develops as a solution to a particular kind of developmental problem, characterized by (a) a developing capacity for tool use, (b) barriers to direct action, and (c) a history of caregiver responsiveness. Pointing by both apes and humans is explicable without invoking imaginary, mental causes. This article is categorized under: Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition Cognitive Biology > Cognitive Development Psychology > Comparative Psychology.
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Burgoon JK, Wang X, Chen X, Pentland SJ, Dunbar NE. Nonverbal Behaviors "Speak" Relational Messages of Dominance, Trust, and Composure. Front Psychol 2021; 12:624177. [PMID: 33574790 PMCID: PMC7870468 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonverbal signals color the meanings of interpersonal relationships. Humans rely on facial, head, postural, and vocal signals to express relational messages along continua. Three of relevance are dominance-submission, composure-nervousness and trust-distrust. Machine learning and new automated analysis tools are making possible a deeper understanding of the dynamics of relational communication. These are explored in the context of group interactions during a game entailing deception. The "messiness" of studying communication under naturalistic conditions creates many measurement and design obstacles that are discussed here. Possibilities for their mitigation are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judee K. Burgoon
- Center for the Management of Information, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Xinran Wang
- Center for the Management of Information, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Xunyu Chen
- Center for the Management of Information, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Steven J. Pentland
- Information Technology and Supply Chain Management, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Norah E. Dunbar
- Department of Communication, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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Ruben MA, Stosic MD, Correale J, Blanch-Hartigan D. Is Technology Enhancing or Hindering Interpersonal Communication? A Framework and Preliminary Results to Examine the Relationship Between Technology Use and Nonverbal Decoding Skill. Front Psychol 2021; 11:611670. [PMID: 33519627 PMCID: PMC7843959 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.611670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital technology has facilitated additional means for human communication, allowing social connections across communities, cultures, and continents. However, little is known about the effect these communication technologies have on the ability to accurately recognize and utilize nonverbal behavior cues. We present two competing theories, which suggest (1) the potential for technology use to enhance nonverbal decoding skill or, (2) the potential for technology use to hinder nonverbal decoding skill. We present preliminary results from two studies to test these hypotheses. Study 1 (N = 410) found that global screen time was unrelated to nonverbal decoding skill. However, how participants spent their time using technology mattered. Participants who reported more active technology use (i.e., posting content) self-reported that their nonverbal decoding skill (as measured by the Emotional Sensitivity subscale of the Social Skills Inventory) was superior but performed worse on objective measures of decoding skill (using standardized tests including the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-Adult Faces and the Workplace Interpersonal Perception Skill). By contrast, passive users performed significantly better on objective measures of nonverbal decoding skill; although they did not self-report any difference in their skill compared to less passive users. Study 2 (N = 190), and a mini-meta analysis of both studies, replicated this pattern. These effects suggest a roadmap for understanding the theoretical relationship between technology use and nonverbal communication skills. We also provide recommendations for future research, including the use of experimental designs to determine causal pathways and to advance our conceptual understanding of the relationship between technology use and nonverbal decoding skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A Ruben
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States.,Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Morgan D Stosic
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Jessica Correale
- Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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Ghossainy ME, Al-Shawaf L, Woolley JD. Epistemic Vigilance in Early Ontogeny: Children's Use of Nonverbal Behavior to Detect Deception. Evol Psychol 2021; 19:1474704920986860. [PMID: 33499655 PMCID: PMC10358419 DOI: 10.1177/1474704920986860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the development of children's ability to modulate their trust in verbal testimony as a function of nonverbal behavior. Participants included 83 children (26 four-year-olds, 29 five-year-olds, and 28 six-year-olds) that were tasked with locating a toy hidden in one of two boxes. Before deciding the location, participants watched a video of an adult providing verbal and nonverbal cues about the location of the toy. We hypothesized that older children would display epistemic vigilance, trusting nonverbal information over verbal information when the two conflict. Consistent with our expectations, when sources were consistent, all children trusted the verbal testimony. By contrast, and as predicted, when they were inconsistent, only 6-year-olds distrusted verbal testimony and favored nonverbal cues; 4- and 5-year-olds continued to trust verbal testimony. Thus, 6-year-old children demonstrate an ability to modulate their trust in verbal testimony as a function of nonverbal information. Younger children's inability to do this is not due to their being unaware of non-verbal behavior; indeed, when nonverbal information was offered exclusively, children of all ages used it to find the object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliki E. Ghossainy
- Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, MA, USA
| | - Laith Al-Shawaf
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- National Institute for Human Resilience (NIHR), University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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Thakur K, Sharma SK. Nurse with smile: Does it make difference in patients' healing? Ind Psychiatry J 2021; 30:6-10. [PMID: 34483517 PMCID: PMC8395552 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_165_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Smiling is a highly significant component of nurses' caring behavior. Nurses have to deal with too many people at workplace and interpersonal relation building is the key secret for quality work and also enhances job satisfaction. A genuine smile given by a nurse can do wonders as it conveys acceptance, builds trust and establishes inter-personal relationship. It also helps nurses to feel better and avoid anxiety or stress burnout in clinical situation. This paper of ours highlights the importance of nurses' smile in patients' recovery and important research literature to support smiling culture among health-care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Thakur
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Suresh K Sharma
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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İnak S, Okray Z. Structural Equation Model of Personality Traits, Psychopathology, and Nonverbal Immediacy Behavior. Alpha Psychiatry 2021; 22:19-24. [PMID: 36426210 PMCID: PMC9590614 DOI: 10.5455/apd.16251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between personality traits, psychopathology, and nonverbal immediacy behaviors. The study gains importance because of the fact that personality traits, psychopathology, and the concept of nonverbal immediacy have not been studied together in Turkish culture. METHODS The research sample was created with the convenience sampling method, one of the nonrandom sampling methods. The sample consisted of 336 university students aged 18 and over. In the study, the 10-Item Personality Inventory, Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report Form (NIS-STr), Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), and Communicator Styles Scale were used. To examine the effect of personality traits on SCL-90-R and the effect of SCL-90-R scores on nonverbal immediacy behavior, a structural equation model was used and the path analysis of the model was created. RESULTS Although it was determined that the scores for conscientiousness, emotional stability, and extraversion in the scale of resilience to the scope of the study did not significantly predict the SCL-90-R scores (P > 0.05), the scores for agreeableness (β = 0.38, P < 0.05) and openness (β = 0.38, P < 0.05) predicted the SCL-90-R scores significantly and positively. In addition, it was determined that the scores of other applications from the SCL-90-R were similarly significant surrounding other predictors of NIS-STr scores (β = -0.30, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It can be stated that personality traits are predictors of psychopathological symptoms. Students' SCL-90-R scores positively predicted the NIS-STr scores in a statistically negative way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sözen İnak
- Department of Psychology, Near East University Faculty of Arts and Sciences,
Nicosia,
TRNC
| | - Zihniye Okray
- Department of Psychology, European University of Lefke Faculty of Arts and Sciences,
Lefke,
TRNC
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Abstract
Despite recent evidence of a positive relationship between cortisol levels and voice pitch in stressed speakers, the extent to which human listeners can reliably judge stress from the voice remains unknown. Here, we tested whether voice-based judgments of stress co-vary with the free cortisol levels and vocal parameters of speakers recorded in a real-life stressful situation (oral examination) and baseline (2 weeks prior). Hormone and acoustic analyses indicated elevated salivary cortisol levels and corresponding changes in voice pitch, vocal tract resonances (formants), and speed of speech during stress. In turn, listeners' stress ratings correlated significantly with speakers' cortisol levels. Higher pitched voices were consistently perceived as more stressed; however, the influence of formant frequencies, vocal perturbation and noise parameters on stress ratings varied across contexts, suggesting that listeners utilize different strategies when assessing calm versus stressed speech. These results indicate that nonverbal vocal cues can convey honest information about a speaker's underlying physiological level of stress that listeners can, to some extent, detect and utilize, while underscoring the necessity to control for individual differences in the biological stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pisanski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Poland; University of Lyon/Saint-Etienne, France.,Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
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Hamel LM, Moulder R, Harper FWK, Penner LA, Albrecht TL, Eggly S. Examining the dynamic nature of nonverbal communication between Black patients with cancer and their oncologists. Cancer 2020; 127:1080-1090. [PMID: 33290592 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although communication quality is associated with patient outcomes, racial disparities in communication exist, disproportionately burdening Black patients. However, most communication research focuses on verbal behaviors in predominantly White patient populations. We used a newly developed and theory-guided network analysis that examines the dynamic interplay and behavioral convergence and divergence between Black patients with cancer and their oncologists during cancer treatment discussions. METHODS We applied a nonverbal behavioral coding system to thin slices of video recordings of Black patients and their oncologists discussing treatment. We then estimated 3 networks: 1) a temporal network to determine whether a nonverbal behavior predicts another nonverbal behavior at the next time point in an interaction, and how much each nonverbal behavior influences other nonverbal behaviors and is influenced by other nonverbal behaviors; 2) a contemporaneous network to determine whether a nonverbal behavior co-occurs with other nonverbal behaviors at the same time point in an interaction; and 3) a between-dyads network to examine the covariation between nonverbal behaviors across all dyads. RESULTS Black patients (n = 74) and their non-Black physicians (n = 15) showed a mix of convergence and divergence in their nonverbal behaviors at the same points in time, from one time point to the next, and across dyads. Across analyses, convergence was most likely to occur when physicians matched their behaviors to their patients; especially with smiling, gaze, leaning, and laughter behaviors. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal patterns of modifiable behaviors that can potentially inform interventions to reduce disparities in clinical communication and, in turn, treatment and mortality disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Hamel
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine & Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Robert Moulder
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Felicity W K Harper
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine & Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Louis A Penner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine & Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Terrance L Albrecht
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine & Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Susan Eggly
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine & Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
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Ramos-Cabo S, Vulchanov V, Vulchanova M. Different Ways of Making a Point: A Study of Gestural Communication in Typical and Atypical Early Development. Autism Res 2020; 14:984-996. [PMID: 33241639 PMCID: PMC8246876 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deictic pointing is among the most impaired gestures in children with autism. Research on typical development demonstrates that contact with the referent and handshape when pointing, are associated with different communicative intentions and developmental stages. Despite their importance, the morphological features of pointing remain largely unexplored in autism. The aim of the present study was to map out pointing production in autism with a focus on handshape and contact with the referent. Participants (age range = 1–6 years old) with ASD (n = 16), at high risk for autism (n = 13) and typically developing children (n = 18) interacted with their caregivers in a gesture elicitation task. Results showed that children with ASD produced fewer pointing gestures overall and fewer index finger pointing without contact with the referent compared to the typically developing children. Lay Summary Children with autism produce less gestures than typical children, and pointing gestures appear to be more affected than other gesture types. Whether children point using their index finger or the palm, and whether they touch or not the referent is crucial for understanding communicative intentions. This is the first study to document experimentally exactly how pointing gestures differ in autism in comparison to typical development. We found important qualitative differences in the communicative patterns of children with autism and at risk for autism, that may serve to identify potential new markers for early diagnosis. Autism Res 2021, 14: 984–996. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramos-Cabo
- Language Acquisition and Language Processing Lab, Department of Language and Literature, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Valentin Vulchanov
- Language Acquisition and Language Processing Lab, Department of Language and Literature, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mila Vulchanova
- Language Acquisition and Language Processing Lab, Department of Language and Literature, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Keating CF, Adjei Boateng F, Loiacono H, Sherwood W, Atwater K, Hutchison J. Charismatic Nonverbal Displays by Leaders Signal Receptivity and Formidability, and Tap Approach and Avoidance Motivational Systems. Front Psychol 2020; 11:526288. [PMID: 33192767 PMCID: PMC7643026 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.526288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Status cues and signals act as guidance systems by regulating social approach and avoidance. Applied to leadership, we hypothesized that nonverbal displays conveying the dual-status messages of receptivity and formidability and the approach/avoidance motives they activate set conditions for charismatic, leader–follower relationships. We investigated perceptions of charisma, the nonverbal signals associated with them, the motives they energize, and the relationships they support across levels of analysis. At the social–perceptual level (studies 1a–d), eligible voters rated political leaders’ traits after viewing silent, 30-s videos of speeches presented online. As predicted, perceptions of politicians’ receptivity (warmth and attractiveness) and formidability (competence and power) were independently associated with perceptions of their charisma; perceptions of trustworthiness and authenticity showed weaker or negligible associations. Results were similar when the stimuli were female, Jamaican educational leaders. Leaders’ nonverbal behavior was linked to perceptions of their receptivity, formidability, and charisma in study 2. At the brain systems level, studies 3a and 3b tested predictions that charismatic nonverbal performances stimulate equivalent degrees of approach and avoidance motivation in observers. Brain recordings via electroencephalography (EEG) were made while undergraduates viewed leaders rated high or low in charisma. Discrepancies in alpha activity in the left and the right frontal hemispheres (associated with approach and avoidance, respectively) were relatively diminished when participants viewed highly charismatic political leaders, indicating that approach and avoidance motives are energized in response to charismatic performances. The EEG patterns for Jamaican leaders were similar but not significant. At the group level of analysis, study 4 sought evidence that charismatic leaders create uniquely influential relationships with followers. Video recordings of student leaders interacting with pairs of unfamiliar students during a group decision-making task were assessed for leader receptivity, formidability, and charisma by independent sets of undergraduate judges. Perceptions of student leaders’ receptivity and formidability predicted their charisma, and charismatic leaders were most influential in bringing followers to privately accept a controversial group decision. Across studies, evidence generally supported hypotheses generated from status cues theory: charismatic leadership builds upon the nonverbal projection of dual-status messages and the approach/avoidance motives they engender, setting conditions for a uniquely powerful brand of influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline F Keating
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States
| | | | - Hannah Loiacono
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States
| | - William Sherwood
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States
| | - Kelsie Atwater
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States
| | - Jaelah Hutchison
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, United States
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Grebelsky-Lichtman T, Katz R. Gender Effect on Political Leaders' Nonverbal Communicative Structure during the COVID-19 Crisis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17217789. [PMID: 33114350 PMCID: PMC7662649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been intense interest in political leaders’ nonverbal communicative structures (NCS) during televised appearances. This study analyzes the effect of gender on leaders’ NCS and presents theoretical and analytical frameworks of gendered NCS. We analyzed 20 televised appearances by 10 heads of state (five males and five females) from democratic Western countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings revealed that gender had a significant effect on leaders’ NCS, indicating that leaders presented NCS that corresponded to their gender. Male leaders’ masculine NCS included competition, warning, threatening, and scaring behavior, broad proxemics, tension leakage, and illustrative gestures, while female leaders presented feminine NCS of cooperativeness, emotional communication, empathy, optimism, eye contact, and flexible expressions. Furthermore, the effect of gender on leaders’ NCS had an interaction effect with the situation of the pandemic, indicating that countries with a female leader had fewer diseased and severe cases and more calmness and healing NCS. The conclusions present theoretical and analytical frameworks that explain the central effect of gender on contemporary leaders’ NCS. This study develops advanced distinctive profiles for male versus female leaders’ NCS of emotions, cognition, and behavior during a crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsfira Grebelsky-Lichtman
- Department of Communication and The Program of Conflict Research, Management and Resolution, The Hebrew University, 91905 Jerusalem, Israel;
- Department of Education, Ono Academic College, 55000 Kiryat Ono, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Roy Katz
- Department of Communication and The Program of Conflict Research, Management and Resolution, The Hebrew University, 91905 Jerusalem, Israel;
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