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Margolis LM, Pasiakos SM. Performance nutrition for cold-weather military operations. Int J Circumpolar Health 2023; 82:2192392. [PMID: 36934427 PMCID: PMC10026745 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2023.2192392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
.High daily energy expenditure without compensatory increases in energy intake results in severe energy deficits during cold-weather military operations. The severity of energy deficits has been proportionally linked to declines in body mass, negative protein balance, suppression of androgen hormones, increases in systemic inflammation and degraded physical performance. Food availability does not appear to be the predominant factor causing energy deficits; providing additional rations or supplement snack bars does not reduce the severity of the energy deficits. Nutrition interventions that allow greater energy intake could be effective for reducing energy deficits during cold-weather military operations. One potential intervention is to increase energy density (i.e. energy per unit mass of food) by increasing dietary fat. Our laboratory recently reported that self-selected higher energy intakes and reductions in energy deficits were primarily driven by fat intake (r = 0.891, r2 = 0.475), which, of the three macronutrients. Further, soldiers who ate more fat lost less body mass, had lower inflammation, and maintained net protein balance compared to those who ate less fat. These data suggest that consuming high-fat energy-dense foods may be a viable nutritional intervention that mitigates the negative physiological effects of energy deficit and sustains physical performance during cold-weather military operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Heming N, Carlier R, Prigent H, Mekki A, Jousset C, Lofaso F, Ambrosi X, Bounab R, Maxime V, Mansart A, Crenn P, Moine P, Foltzer F, Cuenoud B, Konz T, Corthesy J, Beaumont M, Hartweg M, Roessle C, Preiser JC, Breuillé D, Annane D. Effect of an enteral amino acid blend on muscle and gut functionality in critically ill patients: a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2022; 26:358. [PMCID: PMC9670468 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A defining feature of prolonged critical illness is muscle wasting, leading to impaired recovery. Supplementation with a tailored blend of amino acids may bolster the innate gut defence, promote intestinal mucosa repair and limit muscle loss. Methods This was a monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study that included patients with sepsis or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients received a specific combination of five amino acids or placebo mixed with enteral feeding for 21 days. Markers of renal function, gut barrier structure and functionality were collected at baseline and 1, 2, 3 and 8 weeks after randomization. Muscle structure and function were assessed through MRI measurements of the anterior quadriceps volume and by twitch airway pressure. Data were compared between groups relative to the baseline. Results Thirty-five critically ill patients were randomized. The amino acid blend did not impair urine output, blood creatinine levels or creatinine clearance. Plasma citrulline levels increased significantly along the treatment period in the amino acid group (difference in means [95% CI] 5.86 [1.72; 10.00] nmol/mL P = 0.007). Alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were lower in the amino acid group than in the placebo group at one week (ratio of means 0.5 [0.29; 0.86] (P = 0.015) and 0.73 [0.57; 0.94] (P = 0.015), respectively). Twitch airway pressure and volume of the anterior quadriceps were greater in the amino acid group than in the placebo group 3 weeks after randomization (difference in means 10.6 [0.99; 20.20] cmH20 (P = 0.035) and 3.12 [0.5; 5.73] cm3/kg (P = 0.022), respectively). Conclusions Amino acid supplementation increased plasma citrulline levels, reduced alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels, and improved twitch airway pressure and anterior quadriceps volume. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02968836. Registered November 21, 2016. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-022-04232-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Heming
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (AP-HP), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, University Paris Saclay, 104, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation - U1173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, INSERM, University Versailles Saint Quentin - University Paris Saclay, Garches, France ,FHU SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to PerSonalize Interventions for Sepsis), 92380 Garches, France ,RHU RECORDS (Rapid rEcognition of CORticosteroiD Resistant or Sensitive Sepsis), 92380 Garches, France
| | - Robert Carlier
- grid.414291.bDepartment of Radiology, APHP, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France ,grid.12832.3a0000 0001 2323 0229UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone-Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Helene Prigent
- grid.414291.bDepartment of Physiology-AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Garches, France ,grid.12832.3a0000 0001 2323 0229UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone-Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Ahmed Mekki
- grid.414291.bDepartment of Radiology, APHP, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France ,grid.12832.3a0000 0001 2323 0229UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone-Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Camille Jousset
- grid.414291.bDepartment of Radiology, APHP, DMU Smart Imaging, GH Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France ,grid.12832.3a0000 0001 2323 0229UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone-Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Frederic Lofaso
- grid.414291.bDepartment of Physiology-AP-HP, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Garches, France ,grid.12832.3a0000 0001 2323 0229UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone-Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Xavier Ambrosi
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (AP-HP), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, University Paris Saclay, 104, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France ,grid.277151.70000 0004 0472 0371Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Rania Bounab
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (AP-HP), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, University Paris Saclay, 104, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Virginie Maxime
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (AP-HP), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, University Paris Saclay, 104, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Arnaud Mansart
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation - U1173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, INSERM, University Versailles Saint Quentin - University Paris Saclay, Garches, France ,FHU SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to PerSonalize Interventions for Sepsis), 92380 Garches, France ,RHU RECORDS (Rapid rEcognition of CORticosteroiD Resistant or Sensitive Sepsis), 92380 Garches, France
| | - Pascal Crenn
- grid.12832.3a0000 0001 2323 0229UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone-Veil, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France ,grid.414291.bClinical Nutrition Unit and FHU Hepatinov, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, APHP Université Paris Saclay, Garches, France
| | - Pierre Moine
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (AP-HP), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, University Paris Saclay, 104, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation - U1173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, INSERM, University Versailles Saint Quentin - University Paris Saclay, Garches, France ,FHU SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to PerSonalize Interventions for Sepsis), 92380 Garches, France ,RHU RECORDS (Rapid rEcognition of CORticosteroiD Resistant or Sensitive Sepsis), 92380 Garches, France
| | - Fabien Foltzer
- Nestlé Research, Société de Produits de Nestlé, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Cuenoud
- Translation Research, Nestlé Health Science, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Konz
- Nestlé Research, Société de Produits de Nestlé, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Corthesy
- Nestlé Research, Société de Produits de Nestlé, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Beaumont
- Nestlé Research, Société de Produits de Nestlé, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Hartweg
- Nestlé Research, Société de Produits de Nestlé, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Roessle
- Translation Research, Nestlé Health Science, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Preiser
- grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Nutrition Team, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Breuillé
- Nestlé Research, Société de Produits de Nestlé, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Djillali Annane
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535General Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital (AP-HP), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, University Paris Saclay, 104, Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation - U1173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, INSERM, University Versailles Saint Quentin - University Paris Saclay, Garches, France ,FHU SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to PerSonalize Interventions for Sepsis), 92380 Garches, France ,RHU RECORDS (Rapid rEcognition of CORticosteroiD Resistant or Sensitive Sepsis), 92380 Garches, France
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Oudbier SJ, Goh J, Looijaard SMLM, Reijnierse EM, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. Pathophysiological mechanisms explaining the association between low skeletal muscle mass and cognitive function. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1959-1968. [PMID: 35661882 PMCID: PMC9536455 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults. This review describes the possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms: systemic inflammation, insulin metabolism, protein metabolism, and mitochondrial function. We hypothesize that the central tenet in this pathophysiology is the dysfunctional myokine secretion consequent to minimal physical activity. Myokines, such as fibronectin type III domain containing 5/irisin and cathepsin B, are released by physically active muscle and cross the blood–brain barrier. These myokines upregulate local neurotrophin expression such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain microenvironment. BDNF exerts anti-inflammatory effects that may be responsible for neuroprotection. Altered myokine secretion due to physical inactivity exacerbates inflammation and impairs muscle glucose metabolism, potentially affecting the transport of insulin across the blood–brain barrier. Our working model also suggests other underlying mechanisms. A negative systemic protein balance, commonly observed in older adults, contributes to low skeletal muscle mass and may also reflect deficient protein metabolism in brain tissues. As a result of age-related loss in skeletal muscle mass, decrease in the abundance of mitochondria and detriments in their function lead to a decrease in tissue oxidative capacity. Dysfunctional mitochondria in skeletal muscle and brain result in the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, which drives tissue oxidative stress and further perpetuates the dysfunction in mitochondria. Both oxidative stress and accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations due to aging drive cellular senescence. A targeted approach in the pathophysiology of low muscle mass and cognition could be to restore myokine balance by physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Janette Oudbier
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Outpatient Clinics, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorming Goh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program and Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, @AgeSingapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Esmee Mariëlle Reijnierse
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Rehabilitation Medicine, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Ageing & Vitality, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carolus Gerardus Maria Meskers
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Rehabilitation Medicine, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Ageing & Vitality, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Britta Maier
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program and Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Glatz-Hoppe J, Boldt A, Spiekers H, Mohr E, Losand B. Relationship between milk constituents from milk testing and health, feeding, and metabolic data of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10175-10194. [PMID: 32861490 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new evaluation scheme to assess the nutritional status of dairy cows on the basis of milk constituents was derived from 7.37 million German records of milk testing. The aim of this work was to validate this new scheme. Two data sets with fertility and health information (data set A) and with measured energy and nutrient intake and metabolic characteristics (data set B) were analyzed. Data set A included 32 commercial dairy farms in northeast Germany, with 72,982 records of 43,863 German Holstein cows; data set B included 12 German experimental farms, with 49,275 records of 1,650 German Holstein, Simmental, and Brown Swiss cows. Milk traits were linked to health disorders and metabolic and feeding characteristics. Frequently used limits of milk constituents were compared with ranges of the new "Dummerstorf feeding evaluation." To distinguish an optimal from a deficient energy supply, a milk protein content ≥3.20% (previously used) and a milk fat:protein ratio (FPR) ≤1.4 (new scheme) were chosen and compared with feed energy intake in relation to demand. Energy status was more often correctly assigned by FPR than by milk protein content (80.7 and 68.7%, respectively). Over all data, the new optimum range of milk urea between 150 and 250 mg/L was better suited to dietary crude protein intake in relation to demand than the previously used range of 150 to 300 mg/L (42.4 and 38.0%, respectively). Ketosis or blood values associated with ketosis such as β-hydroxybutyrate >1.2 mmol/L or nonesterified fatty acids >1,000 µmol/L, as well as strong mobilization of body weight ≥1.5 kg/d, loss of back fat thickness ≥10 mm, and loss of body condition score ≥1 unit in first 60 days in milk were compared with different milk trait thresholds. For the updated scheme FPR >1.4 was used in combination with either milk protein content below the individual statistical lower limit of milk protein content, or milk fat content greater than the individual statistical upper limit of milk fat content; FPR >1.5 was taken as a frequently used threshold. For these ketosis indicators, the new scheme had higher sensitivities. Energy oversupply or the risk of overconditioning could not be identified by milk constituents alone. Urinary acid-base content was not related to milk content. Similarly, milk testing data did not allow a clear distinction to be made between the diagnoses of acidosis and, for example, ketosis. Essential requirements for good herd management are the continuous observation of milk testing data in combination with other established instruments of feeding and animal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Glatz-Hoppe
- Institute of Livestock Farming, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - A Boldt
- Institute of Livestock Farming, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H Spiekers
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Bavarian State Research Center of Agriculture, 85586 Poing-Grub, Germany
| | - E Mohr
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - B Losand
- Institute of Livestock Farming, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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Karagounis LG, Beaumont M, Donato-Capel L, Godin JP, Kapp AF, Draganidis D, Pinaud S, Vuichoud J, Shevlyakova M, Rade-Kukic K, Breuillé D. Ingestion of a Pre-bedtime Protein Containing Beverage Prevents Overnight Induced Negative Whole Body Protein Balance in Healthy Middle-Aged Men: A Randomized Trial. Front Nutr 2019; 6:181. [PMID: 31850360 PMCID: PMC6896828 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age related muscle wasting leads to overall reductions of lean body mass, reduced muscle strength, and muscle function resulting in compromised quality of life. Utilizing novel nutritional strategies to attenuate such losses is of great importance in elderly individuals. We aimed to test if a complete dietary supplement containing 25 g of milk proteins and ingested in the evening before bed would improve protein metabolism in terms of whole body protein balance over a 10 h overnight period following ingestion of the test drink in healthy middle-aged male subjects. In addition we also assessed the rates of muscle protein synthesis during the second half of the night in order to see if previously reported extended amino acidemia during sleep results in increased rates of muscle protein synthesis. Seventeen healthy middle-aged male subjects (59.4 ± 3.2 year) consumed a dietary supplement drink at 21:00 containing either 25 g milk protein concentrate, 25 g maltodextrin, 7.75 g canola oil (treatment group), or an isocaloric protein void drink (placebo group). Muscle protein synthesis was assessed from a muscle biopsy following the continuous intravenous infusion of 13C-phenylalanine for 5 h (from 03:00 to 08:00). Whole body protein balance was greater in the treatment group (−0.13 ± 11.30 g prot/10 h) compared to placebo (−12.22 ± 6.91 g prot/10 h) (P ≤ 0.01). In contrast, no changes were observed on rates of muscle protein synthesis during the second half of the night. Ingestion of a dietary supplement containing 25 g of milk proteins significantly reduced the negative protein balance observed during the night. Therefore, pre-bedtime protein ingestion may attenuate overnight losses of lean tissue in healthy elderly men. Despite increases in aminoacidemia during the second part of the night, no changes were observed in the rates of muscle protein synthesis during this time. Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02041143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas G Karagounis
- Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Translation Research, Nestlé Health Science, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Carbone JW, Pasiakos SM. Dietary Protein and Muscle Mass: Translating Science to Application and Health Benefit. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051136. [PMID: 31121843 PMCID: PMC6566799 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate consumption of dietary protein is critical for the maintenance of optimal health during normal growth and aging. The current Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein is defined as the minimum amount required to prevent lean body mass loss, but is often misrepresented and misinterpreted as a recommended optimal intake. Over the past two decades, the potential muscle-related benefits achieved by consuming higher-protein diets have become increasingly clear. Despite greater awareness of how higher-protein diets might be advantageous for muscle mass, actual dietary patterns, particularly as they pertain to protein, have remained relatively unchanged in American adults. This lack of change may, in part, result from confusion over the purported detrimental effects of higher-protein diets. This manuscript will highlight common perceptions and benefits of dietary protein on muscle mass, address misperceptions related to higher-protein diets, and comment on the translation of academic advances to real-life application and health benefit. Given the vast research evidence supporting the positive effects of dietary protein intake on optimal health, we encourage critical evaluation of current protein intake recommendations and responsible representation and application of the RDA as a minimum protein requirement rather than one determined to optimally meet the needs of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Carbone
- School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA 01760, USA.
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Rossetti ML, Fukuda DH, Gordon BS. Androgens induce growth of the limb skeletal muscles in a rapamycin-insensitive manner. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R721-R729. [PMID: 29897818 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00029.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Signaling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) has been well defined as an androgen-sensitive transducer mediating skeletal muscle growth in vitro; however, this has yet to be tested in vivo. As such, male mice were subjected to either sham or castration surgery and allowed to recover for 7 wk to induce atrophy of skeletal muscle. Then, castrated mice were implanted with either a control pellet or a pellet that administered rapamycin (~2.5 mg·kg-1·day-1). Seven days postimplant, a subset of castrated mice with control pellets and all castrated mice with rapamycin pellets were given once weekly injections of nandrolone decanoate (ND) to induce muscle growth over a six-week period. Effective blockade of mTORC1 by rapamycin was noted in the skeletal muscle by the inability of insulin to induce phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase 1 70 kDa (Thr389) and uncoordinated-like kinase 1 (Ser757). While castration reduced tibialis anterior (TA) mass, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and total protein content, ND administration restored these measures to sham levels in a rapamycin-insensitive manner. Similar findings were also observed in the plantaris and soleus, suggesting this rapamycin-insensitive effect was not specific to the TA or fiber type. Androgen-mediated growth was not due to changes in translational capacity. Despite these findings in the limb skeletal muscle, rapamycin completely prevented the ND-mediated growth of the heart. In all, these data indicate that mTORC1 has a limited role in the androgen-mediated growth of the limb skeletal muscle; however, mTORC1 was necessary for androgen-mediated growth of heart muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Rossetti
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida
| | - Bradley S Gordon
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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Alagna F, Bellucci M, Leister D, Pompa A. Editorial: Plastid Proteostasis: Relevance of Transcription, Translation, and Post-translational Modifications. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1759. [PMID: 29089953 PMCID: PMC5651006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Alagna
- Viticoltura ed Enologia, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA), Turi, Italy
| | - Michele Bellucci
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Perugia, Italy
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Dirks ML, Wall BT, van Loon LJC. Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 125:850-861. [PMID: 28970205 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous situations, such as the recovery from illness or rehabilitation after injury, necessitate a period of muscle disuse in otherwise healthy individuals. Even a few days of immobilization or bed rest can lead to substantial loss of skeletal muscle tissue and compromise metabolic health. The decline in muscle mass is attributed largely to a decline in postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Reintroduction of some level of muscle contraction by the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can augment both postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates and, as such, prevent or attenuate muscle loss during short-term disuse in various clinical populations. Whereas maintenance of habitual dietary protein consumption is a prerequisite for muscle mass maintenance, supplementing dietary protein above habitual intake levels does not prevent muscle loss during disuse in otherwise healthy humans. Combining the anabolic properties of physical activity (or surrogates) with appropriate nutritional support likely further increases the capacity to preserve skeletal muscle mass during a period of disuse. Therefore, effective interventional strategies to prevent or alleviate muscle disuse atrophy should include both exercise (mimetics) and appropriate nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L Dirks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht , The Netherlands
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Berryman CE, Sepowitz JJ, McClung HL, Lieberman HR, Farina EK, McClung JP, Ferrando AA, Pasiakos SM. Supplementing an energy adequate, higher protein diet with protein does not enhance fat-free mass restoration after short-term severe negative energy balance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1485-1493. [PMID: 28385919 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01039.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative energy balance during military operations can be severe and result in significant reductions in fat-free mass (FFM). Consuming supplemental high-quality protein following such military operations may accelerate restoration of FFM. Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and whole body protein turnover (single-pool [15N]alanine method) were determined before (PRE) and after 7 days (POST) of severe negative energy balance during military training in 63 male US Marines (means ± SD, 25 ± 3 yr, 84 ± 9 kg). After POST measures were collected, volunteers were randomized to receive higher protein (HIGH: 1,103 kcal/day, 133 g protein/day), moderate protein (MOD: 974 kcal/day, 84 g protein/day), or carbohydrate-based low protein control (CON: 1,042 kcal/day, 7 g protein/day) supplements, in addition to a self-selected, ad libitum diet, for the 27-day intervention (REFED). Measurements were repeated POST-REFED. POST total body mass (TBM; -5.8 ± 1.0 kg, -7.0%), FFM (-3.1 ± 1.6 kg, -4.7%), and net protein balance (-1.7 ± 1.1 g protein·kg-1·day-1) were lower and proteolysis (1.1 ± 1.9 g protein·kg-1·day-1) was higher compared with PRE (P < 0.05). Self-selected, ad libitum dietary intake during REFED was similar between groups (3,507 ± 730 kcal/day, 2.0 ± 0.5 g protein·kg-1·day-1). However, diets differed by protein intake due to supplementation (CON: 2.0 ± 0.4, MOD: 3.2 ± 0.7, and HIGH: 3.5 ± 0.7 g·kg-1·day-1; P < 0.05) but not total energy (4,498 ± 725 kcal/day). All volunteers, independent of group assignment, achieved positive net protein balance (0.4 ± 1.0 g protein·kg-1·day-1) and gained TBM (5.9 ± 1.7 kg, 7.8%) and FFM (3.6 ± 1.8 kg, 5.7%) POST-REFED compared with POST (P < 0.05). Supplementing ad libitum, energy-adequate, higher protein diets with additional protein may not be necessary to restore FFM after short-term severe negative energy balance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article demonstrates 1) the majority of physiological decrements incurred during military training (e.g., total and fat-free mass loss), with the exception of net protein balance, resolve and return to pretraining values after 27 days and 2) protein supplementation, in addition to an ad libitum, higher protein (~2.0 g·kg-1·day-1), energy adequate diet, is not necessary to restore fat-free mass following short-term severe negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Berryman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, Maryland; and
| | - J J Sepowitz
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - H L McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - H R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - E K Farina
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, Maryland; and
| | - J P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - A A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - S M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts;
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11
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Abstract
This article includes a review of protein needs in children during health and illness, as well as a detailed discussion of protein metabolism, including nitrogen balance during critical illness, and assessment and prescription/delivery of protein to critically ill children. The determination of protein requirements in children has been difficult and challenging. The protein needs in healthy children should be based on the amount needed to ensure adequate growth during infancy and childhood. Compared with adults, children require a continuous supply of nutrients to maintain growth. The protein requirement is expressed in average requirements and dietary reference intake, which represents values that cover the needs of 97.5% of the population. Critically ill children have an increased protein turnover due to an increase in whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown with protein degradation leading to loss of lean body mass (LBM) and development of growth failure, malnutrition, and worse clinical outcomes. The results of protein balance studies in critically ill children indicate higher protein needs, with infants and younger children requiring higher intakes per body weight compared with older children. Monitoring the side effects of increased protein intake should be performed. Recent studies found a survival benefit in critically ill children who received a higher percentage of prescribed energy and protein goal by the enteral route. Future randomized studies should evaluate the effect of protein dosing in different age groups on patient outcomes, including LBM, muscle structure and function, duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Coss-Bu
- 1 Section of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,2 Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jill Hamilton-Reeves
- 3 Department of Dietetics & Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jayshil J Patel
- 4 Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Claudia R Morris
- 5 Department of Pediatrics, Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ryan T Hurt
- 6 Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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12
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Morton RW, McGlory C, Phillips SM. Nutritional interventions to augment resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Front Physiol 2015; 6:245. [PMID: 26388782 PMCID: PMC4558471 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is regulated by a balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB). In healthy humans, MPS is more sensitive (varying 4–5 times more than MPB) to changes in protein feeding and loading rendering it the primary locus determining gains in muscle mass. Performing resistance exercise (RE) followed by the consumption of protein results in an augmentation of MPS and, over time, can lead to muscle hypertrophy. The magnitude of the RE-induced increase in MPS is dictated by a variety of factors including: the dose of protein, source of protein, and possibly the distribution and timing of post-exercise protein ingestion. In addition, RE variables such as frequency of sessions, time under tension, volume, and training status play roles in regulating MPS. This review provides a brief overview of our current understanding of how RE and protein ingestion can influence gains in skeletal muscle mass in young, healthy individuals. It is the goal of this review to provide nutritional recommendations for optimal skeletal muscle adaptation. Specifically, we will focus on how the manipulation of protein intake during the recovery period following RE augments the adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Morton
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Achieving an optimal nutritional status in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is important to maintain better pulmonary function, physical performance, and to prolong survival. So far, nutrition care in CF has mainly focused on fat intake and achieving energy balance, but there is increasing information on the clinical importance of muscle maintenance and protein intake in CF. RECENT FINDINGS Low muscle mass is consistently associated with pulmonary decline, bone mineral loss, and poor survival in CF. High energy and fat intake contributes to an increased prevalence of overweight and obesity in CF. Obesity per se is not related to better lung function in CF and has negative metabolic and clinical consequences, particularly when muscle wasting is present. Protein digestion capacity is severely impaired in CF, but high protein intake is needed and essential amino acid mixtures appear highly anabolic even in those with severe muscle loss. SUMMARY Body composition assessment and achieving protein balance in the routine care in CF is important to prevent muscle loss and further improve the clinical and overall outcome of these patients. New approaches are needed to optimize the interaction between high essential amino-acid-rich protein intake and pancreatic enzyme regimen in CF. The optimal level of protein intake needs to be assessed in clinically stable CF patients as well as in those recovering from an acute exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle P.K.J. Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Gulnur Com
- Dept. Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nicolaas E.P. Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Dept. Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease associated with a systemic inflammatory response. Peripheral muscle dysfunction has been well characterized in individuals with COPD and results from a complex interaction between systemic and local factors. OBJECTIVE In this narrative review, we will describe muscle wasting in people with COPD, the associated structural changes, muscle regenerative capacity and possible mechanisms for muscle wasting. We will also discuss how structural changes relate to impaired muscle function and mobility in people with COPD. Key Observations: Approximately 30-40% of individuals with COPD experience muscle mass depletion. Furthermore, muscle atrophy is a predictor of physical function and mortality in this population. Associated structural changes include a decreased proportion and size of type-I fibers, reduced oxidative capacity and mitochondrial density mainly in the quadriceps. Observations related to impaired muscle regenerative capacity in individuals with COPD include a lower proportion of central nuclei in the presence or absence of muscle atrophy and decreased maximal telomere length, which has been correlated with reduced muscle cross-sectional area. Potential mechanisms for muscle wasting in COPD may include excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), altered amino acid metabolism and lower expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma-coactivator 1-alpha mRNA. Despite a moderate relationship between muscle atrophy and function, impairments in oxidative metabolism only seems weakly related to muscle function. CONCLUSION This review article demonstrates the cellular modifications in the peripheral muscle of people with COPD and describes the evidence of its relationship to muscle function. Future research will focus on rehabilitation strategies to improve muscle wasting and maximize function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Mathur
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dina Brooks
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Celso R F Carvalho
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Gudny Geirsdottir O, Thorsdottir I. Nutritional status of cancer patients in chemotherapy; dietary intake, nitrogen balance and screening. Food Nutr Res 2008; 52:1856. [PMID: 19158940 PMCID: PMC2615643 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a short screening sheet (SSM) for malnutrition and to investigate the nutritional status of patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer of the lungs, colon or breast at an outpatient clinic. DESIGN Full nutritional assessment was conducted to define malnutrition and validate the SSM. Additionally, weight change from earlier healthy weight was evaluated, and calculations for intake of energy-giving nutrients (three-day-weighed food records) and protein balance were performed. After the evaluation study, the SSM was tested in clinical routine and data collected about patients' need for nutritional counseling. SUBJECTS Patients at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Oncology at Landspitali-University Hospital (n=30 with lung-, colon- or breast cancer in the study population, n=93 with all cancer type in clinical routine screening). RESULTS Malnutrition was defined by full nutritional assessment in 20% of the participating patients and SSM had high sensitivity and specificity. Declining nutritional status of the patients was seen as a negative nitrogen balance and unintentional weight loss from healthy weight, but not as total energy intake, recent weight loss or underweight. The test of SSM in clinical routine showed that 40% were malnourished. According to the patients, 80% needed nutritional counseling but only 17% had such counseling. CONCLUSION Screening (SSM) for malnutrition in cancer patients is a valid simple approach to define cancer patients for nutritional care. More patients regard themselves in need for nutritional counseling than the number of patients really achieving any.
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