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Yeh YH, Kelly VW, Pour RR, Sirk SJ. A molecular toolkit for heterologous protein secretion across Bacteroides species. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.14.571725. [PMID: 38168418 PMCID: PMC10760143 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Bacteroides species are abundant and prevalent stably colonizing members of the human gut microbiota, making them a promising chassis for developing long-term interventions for chronic diseases. Engineering these bacteria as on-site production and delivery vehicles for biologic drugs or diagnostics, however, requires efficient heterologous protein secretion tools, which are currently lacking. To address this limitation, we systematically investigated methods to enable heterologous protein secretion in Bacteroides using both endogenous and exogenous secretion systems. Here, we report a collection of secretion carriers that can export functional proteins across multiple Bacteroides species at high titers. To understand the mechanistic drivers of Bacteroides secretion, we characterized signal peptide sequence features as well as post-secretion extracellular fate and cargo size limit of protein cargo. To increase titers and enable flexible control of protein secretion, we developed a strong, self-contained, inducible expression circuit. Finally, we validated the functionality of our secretion carriers in vivo in a mouse model. This toolkit should enable expanded development of long-term living therapeutic interventions for chronic gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Yeh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Vince W. Kelly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rahman Rahman Pour
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Present address: Perlumi, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Shannon J. Sirk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Lead Contact
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2
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Maharjan A, Park JH. Cell-free protein synthesis system: A new frontier for sustainable biotechnology-based products. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:2136-2149. [PMID: 37735977 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system is an innovative technology with a wide range of potential applications that could challenge current thinking and provide solutions to environmental and health issues. CFPS system has been demonstrated to be a successful way of producing biomolecules in a variety of applications, including the biomedical industry. Although there are still obstacles to overcome, its ease of use, versatility, and capacity for integration with other technologies open the door for it to continue serving as a vital instrument in synthetic biology research and industry. In this review, we mainly focus on the cell-free based platform for various product productions. Moreover, the challenges in the bio-therapeutic aspect using cell-free systems and their future prospective for the improvement and sustainability of the cell free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoth Maharjan
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Park
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Larsen HA, Atkins WM, Nath A. The origins of nonideality exhibited by monoclonal antibodies and Fab fragments in human serum. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4812. [PMID: 37861473 PMCID: PMC10659951 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic antibodies remains challenging, time-consuming, and expensive. A key contributing factor is a lack of understanding of how proteins are affected by complex biological environments such as serum and plasma. Nonideality due to attractive or repulsive interactions with cosolutes can alter the stability, aggregation propensity, and binding interactions of proteins in solution. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) can be used to measure apparent second virial coefficient (B2,app ) values for therapeutic and model monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that capture the nature and strength of interactions with cosolutes directly in undiluted serum and similar complex biological media. Here, we use FCS-derived B2,app measurements to identify the components of human serum responsible for nonideal interactions with mAbs and Fab fragments. Most mAbs exhibit neutral or slightly attractive interactions with intact serum. Generally, mAbs display repulsive interactions with albumin and mildly attractive interactions with IgGs in the context of whole serum. Crucially, however, these attractive interactions are much stronger with pooled IgGs isolated from other serum components, indicating that the effects of serum nonideality can only be understood by studying the intact medium (rather than isolated components). Moreover, Fab fragments universally exhibited more attractive interactions than their parental mAbs, potentially rendering them more susceptible to nonideality-driven perturbations. FCS-based B2,app measurements have the potential to advance our understanding of how physiological environments impact protein-based therapeutics in general. Furthermore, incorporating such assays into preclinical biologics development may help de-risk molecules and make for a faster and more efficient development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayli A. Larsen
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - William M. Atkins
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Abhinav Nath
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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4
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Marsh MC, Owen SC. Therapeutic Fusion Proteins. AAPS J 2023; 26:3. [PMID: 38036919 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic fusion proteins are a class of hybrid constructs that combine distinct biomolecules into a single platform with the additive effects of the components. The ability to fuse two unrelated proteins provides a means to localize mechanisms to better treat a range of diseases. Fusion proteins can be designed to impart diverse functions, including increasing half-life, providing targeting, and enabling sustained signaling. Of these, half-life extenders, which are fused to a therapeutic protein to increase exposure, are the most established group of fusion proteins, with many clinical successes. Rapid advances in antibody and antibody-derivative technology have enabled the fusion of targeting domains with therapeutic proteins. An emerging group of therapeutic fusion proteins has two separate active functions. Although most research for therapeutic fusion proteins focuses on cancer, prior successes provide a foundation for studies into other diseases as well. The exponential emergence of biopharmaceuticals gives precedence for increased research into therapeutic fusion proteins for a multitude of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C Marsh
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Shawn C Owen
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
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5
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Aramwit P, Jiang Q, Muppuri S, Reddy N. Transgenic modifications of silkworms as a means to obtain therapeutic biomolecules and protein fibers with exceptional properties. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2827-2839. [PMID: 37243890 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic modification of Bombyx mori silkworms is a benign approach for the production of silk fibers with extraordinary properties and also to generate therapeutic proteins and other biomolecules for various applications. Silk fibers with fluorescence lasting more than a year, natural protein fibers with strength and toughness exceeding that of spider silk, proteins and therapeutic biomolecules with exceptional properties have been developed using transgenic technology. The transgenic modifications have been done primarily by modifying the silk sericin and fibroin genes and also the silk producing glands. Although the genetic modifications were typically performed using the sericin 1 and other genes, newer techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 have enabled successful modifications of both the fibroin H-chain and L-chain. Such modifications have led to the production of therapeutic proteins and other biomolecules in reasonable quantities at affordable costs for tissue engineering and other medical applications. Transgenically modified silkworms also have distinct and long-lasting fluorescence useful for bioimaging applications. This review presents an overview of the transgenic techniques for modifications of B. mori silkworms and the properties obtained due to such modifications with particular focus on production of growth factors, fluorescent proteins, and high performance protein fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornanong Aramwit
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence in Bioactive Resources for Innovative Clinical Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qiuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science &Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Supritha Muppuri
- Center for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni Post, Bengaluru, India
| | - Narendra Reddy
- Center for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni Post, Bengaluru, India
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Porello I, Cellesi F. Intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins. New advancements and future directions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1211798. [PMID: 37304137 PMCID: PMC10247999 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1211798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving the full potential of therapeutic proteins to access and target intracellular receptors will have enormous benefits in advancing human health and fighting disease. Existing strategies for intracellular protein delivery, such as chemical modification and nanocarrier-based protein delivery approaches, have shown promise but with limited efficiency and safety concerns. The development of more effective and versatile delivery tools is crucial for the safe and effective use of protein drugs. Nanosystems that can trigger endocytosis and endosomal disruption, or directly deliver proteins into the cytosol, are essential for successful therapeutic effects. This article aims to provide a brief overview of the current methods for intracellular protein delivery to mammalian cells, highlighting current challenges, new developments, and future research opportunities.
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7
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Farid N, Seitak A, Chan V, Lee S. Alginate-Based Oral Delivery Systems to Enhance Protection, Release, and Absorption of Catalase. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37229605 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays an important role in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases. Catalase has great therapeutic potential by scavenging hydrogen peroxide, one of the ROSs produced in cellular metabolisms. However, in vivo application to scavenge ROS is currently limited especially in oral administrations. Here, we introduced an alginate-based oral drug delivery system that effectively protected catalase from the simulated harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, released it in the small intestine mimicked condition, and enhanced its absorption via M cells, highly specialized epithelium cells in the small intestine. First of all, catalase was encapsulated in alginate-based microparticles with different amounts of polygalacturonic acid or pectin, which achieved an encapsulation efficiency of more than 90%. It was further shown that catalase was released from alginate-based microparticles in a pH-dependent manner. Results indicated that alginate-polygalacturonic acid microparticles (60 wt % Alg:40 wt % Gal) released 79.5 ± 2.4% of encapsulated catalase at pH 9.1 in 3 h, while they only released 9.2 ± 1.5% of encapsulated catalase at pH 2.0. Even when catalase was encapsulated in microparticles (60 wt % Alg:40 wt % Gal) and exposed to pH 2.0 followed by pH 9.1, it still retained 81.0 ± 11.3% enzyme activity compared to that in microparticles prior to the pH treatment. We then investigated the efficiency of RGD conjugation to catalase on the catalase uptake by M-like cells, the coculturing of human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma; Caco-2 cells and B lymphocyte; Raji cells. RGD-catalase protected M-cells more efficiently from the cytotoxicity of H2O2, a typical ROS. RGD conjugation to catalase enhanced the uptake by M-cells with 87.6 ± 0.8% RGD-catalase, whereas 11.5 ± 9.2% of RGD-free catalase passed across M-cells. From the results of protection, release, and absorption of model therapeutic proteins from the harsh pH conditions, alginate-based oral drug delivery systems will have numerous applications for the controlled release of drugs that are easily degradable in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouran Farid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aibobek Seitak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vincent Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sungmun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Khalifa University's Center for Biotechnology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Kulakova A, Augustijn D, El Bialy I, Gentiluomo L, Greco ML, Hervø-Hansen S, Indrakumar S, Mahapatra S, Martinez Morales M, Pohl C, Polimeni M, Roche A, Svilenov HL, Tosstorff A, Zalar M, Curtis R, Derrick JP, Frieß W, Golovanov AP, Lund M, Nørgaard A, Khan TA, Peters GHJ, Pluen A, Roessner D, Streicher WW, van der Walle CF, Warwicker J, Uddin S, Winter G, Bukrinski JT, Rinnan Å, Harris P. Chemometrics in Protein Formulation: Stability Governed by Repulsion and Protein Unfolding. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37146162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins can be challenging to develop due to their complexity and the requirement of an acceptable formulation to ensure patient safety and efficacy. To date, there is no universal formulation development strategy that can identify optimal formulation conditions for all types of proteins in a fast and reliable manner. In this work, high-throughput characterization, employing a toolbox of five techniques, was performed on 14 structurally different proteins formulated in 6 different buffer conditions and in the presence of 4 different excipients. Multivariate data analysis and chemometrics were used to analyze the data in an unbiased way. First, observed changes in stability were primarily determined by the individual protein. Second, pH and ionic strength are the two most important factors determining the physical stability of proteins, where there exists a significant statistical interaction between protein and pH/ionic strength. Additionally, we developed prediction methods by partial least-squares regression. Colloidal stability indicators are important for prediction of real-time stability, while conformational stability indicators are important for prediction of stability under accelerated stress conditions at 40 °C. In order to predict real-time storage stability, protein-protein repulsion and the initial monomer fraction are the most important properties to monitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kulakova
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, Kongens, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Dillen Augustijn
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Inas El Bialy
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Gentiluomo
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, Munich 81377, Germany
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Hochstrasse 18, Dernbach 56307, Germany
| | - Maria Laura Greco
- Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca, Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Stefan Hervø-Hansen
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Sowmya Indrakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, Kongens, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Marcello Martinez Morales
- Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca, Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Christin Pohl
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, Bagsvaerd 2880, Denmark
| | - Marco Polimeni
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Aisling Roche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Hristo L Svilenov
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Andreas Tosstorff
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Matja Zalar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Robin Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Jeremy P Derrick
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Alexander P Golovanov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Mikael Lund
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | | | - Tarik A Khan
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Günther H J Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, Kongens, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Alain Pluen
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Dierk Roessner
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH, Hochstrasse 18, Dernbach 56307, Germany
| | | | - Christopher F van der Walle
- Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca, Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Jim Warwicker
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Shahid Uddin
- Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca, Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Butenandtstrasse 5, Munich 81377, Germany
| | | | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, Kongens, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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9
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Niazi SK. RNA Therapeutics: A Healthcare Paradigm Shift. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051275. [PMID: 37238946 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 brought about the mRNA vaccine and a paradigm shift to a new mode of treating and preventing diseases. Synthetic RNA products are a low-cost solution based on a novel method of using nucleosides to act as an innate medicine factory with unlimited therapeutic possibilities. In addition to the common perception of vaccines preventing infections, the newer applications of RNA therapies include preventing autoimmune disorders, such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Down syndrome; now, we can deliver monoclonal antibodies, hormones, cytokines, and other complex proteins, reducing the manufacturing hurdles associated with these products. Newer PCR technology removes the need for the bacterial expression of DNA, making mRNA a truly synthetic product. AI-driven product design expands the applications of mRNA technology to repurpose therapeutic proteins and test their safety and efficacy quickly. As the industry focuses on mRNA, many novel opportunities will arise, as hundreds of products under development will bring new perspectives based on this significant paradigm shift-finding newer solutions to existing challenges in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz K Niazi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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10
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Seitak A, Shanti A, Al Adem K, Farid N, Luo S, Iskandarov J, Karanikolos GN, Liao K, Chan V, Lee S. 2D MXenes for controlled releases of therapeutic proteins. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:514-526. [PMID: 36371793 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
MXenes belong to a new class of two dimensional (2D) functional nanomaterials, mainly encompassing transition-metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, with unique physical, chemical, electronic and mechanical properties for various emerging applications across different fields. To date, the potentials of MXenes for biomedical application such as drug delivery have not been thoroughly explored due to the lack of information on their biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and biomolecule-surface interaction. In this study, we developed novel drug delivery system from MXene for the controlled release of a model therapeutic protein. First, the structural, chemical and morphological properties of as synthesized MXenes were probed with electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Second, the potential cytotoxicity of MXene toward the proliferation and cell morphology of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were evaluated with MTT assays and electron microscopy, respectively. Moreover, the drug loading capacities and sustained release capabilities of MXene were assessed in conjunction with machine learning approaches. Our results demonstrated that MXene did not significantly induce cellular toxicity at any concentration below 1 mg/ml which is within the range for effective dose of drug delivery vehicle. Most importantly, MXene was efficiently loaded with FITC-catalase for subsequently achieving controlled release under different pHs. The release profiles of catalase from MXene showed higher initial rate under basic buffer (pH 9) compared to that in physiological (pH 7.4) and acidic buffers (pH 2). Taken together, the results of this study lead to a fundamental advancement toward the use of MXene as a nanocarrier for therapeutic proteins in drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aibobek Seitak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Aya Shanti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Kenana Al Adem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Nouran Farid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Shaohong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Javad Iskandarov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Georgios N Karanikolos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Kin Liao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Vincent Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sungmun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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11
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Zhu W, Chao Y, Jin Q, Chen L, Shen JJ, Zhu J, Chai Y, Lu P, Yang N, Chen M, Yang Y, Chen Q, Liu Z. Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Antibodies with a Transmucosal Polymeric Carrier. ACS Nano 2023; 17:4373-4386. [PMID: 36802527 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are playing increasingly important roles in treating numerous types of diseases. However, oral administration of proteins, especially large ones (e.g., antibodies), remains a great challenge due to their difficulties in penetrating intestinal barriers. Herein, fluorocarbon-modified chitosan (FCS) is developed for efficient oral delivery of different therapeutic proteins, in particular large ones such as immune checkpoint blockade antibodies. In our design, therapeutic proteins are mixed with FCS to form nanoparticles, lyophilized with appropriate excipients, and then filled into enteric capsules for oral administration. It has been found that FCS could promote transmucosal delivery of its cargo protein via inducing transitory rearrangement of tight junction associated proteins between intestinal epithelial cells and subsequently release free proteins into blood circulation. It is shown that at a 5-fold dose oral delivery of anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (αPD1) or its combination with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (αCTLA4) using this method could achieve comparable antitumor therapeutic responses to that achieved by intravenous injection of corresponding free antibodies in various types of tumor models and, more excitingly, result in significantly reduced immune-related adverse events. Our work successfully demonstrates the enhanced oral delivery of antibody drugs to achieve systemic therapeutic responses and may revolutionize the future clinical usage of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Chao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiutong Jin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- InnoBM Pharmaceuticals Co. Itd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Linfu Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing-Jing Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiafei Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Chai
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Panhao Lu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Nailin Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Muchao Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- InnoBM Pharmaceuticals Co. Itd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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12
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Li G, Qian K, Zhang S, Fu W, Zhao J, Lei C, Hu S. Engineered soluble ACE2 receptor: Responding to change with change. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1084331. [PMID: 36741399 PMCID: PMC9891289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1084331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) invades the human body by binding to major receptors such as ACE2 via its S-spike protein, so the interaction of receptor-binding sites has been a hot topic in the development of coronavirus drugs. At present, the clinical progress in monoclonal antibody therapy that occurred early in the pandemic is gradually showing signs of slowing. While recombinant soluble ACE2, as an alternative therapy, has been modified by many engineering methods, both the safety and functional aspects are approaching maturity, and this therapy shows great potential for broadly neutralizing coronaviruses, but its progress in clinical development remains stalled. Therefore, there are still several key problems to be considered and solved for recombinant soluble ACE2 to be approved as a clinical treatment as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Li
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Kewen Qian
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Fu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- KOCHKOR Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Changhai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Shi Hu,
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13
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Shastri DH, Silva AC, Almeida H. Ocular Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010205. [PMID: 36678834 PMCID: PMC9864358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, single chain variable fragment (ScFv), crystallizable fragment (Fc), and fragment antigen binding (Fab), have accounted for one-third of all drugs on the world market. In particular, these medicines have been widely used in ocular therapies in the treatment of various diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, corneal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion. However, the formulation of these biomacromolecules is challenging due to their high molecular weight, complex structure, instability, short half-life, enzymatic degradation, and immunogenicity, which leads to the failure of therapies. Various efforts have been made to overcome the ocular barriers, providing effective delivery of therapeutic proteins, such as altering the protein structure or including it in new delivery systems. These strategies are not only cost-effective and beneficial to patients but have also been shown to allow for fewer drug side effects. In this review, we discuss several factors that affect the design of formulations and the delivery of therapeutic proteins to ocular tissues, such as the use of injectable micro/nanocarriers, hydrogels, implants, iontophoresis, cell-based therapy, and combination techniques. In addition, other approaches are briefly discussed, related to the structural modification of these proteins, improving their bioavailability in the posterior segments of the eye without affecting their stability. Future research should be conducted toward the development of more effective, stable, noninvasive, and cost-effective formulations for the ocular delivery of therapeutic proteins. In addition, more insights into preclinical to clinical translation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyesh H. Shastri
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Sarva Vidyalaya Kelavani Mandal, Gandhinagar 382016, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Catarina Silva
- FP-I3ID (Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento), FP-BHS (Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Almeida
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Mesosystem Investigação & Investimentos by Spinpark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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14
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Higgins MF, Abu‐Absi N, Gontarz E, Gorr IH, Kaiser K, Patel P, Ritacco F, Sheehy P, Thangaraj B, Gill T. Accelerated CMC workflows to enable speed to clinic in the COVID-19 era: A multi-company view from the biopharmaceutical industry. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 39:e3321. [PMID: 36546782 PMCID: PMC9880703 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented pressure on biopharmaceutical companies to develop efficacious preventative and therapeutic treatments, which is unlikely to abate in the coming years. The importance of fast progress to clinical evaluation for treatments, which tackle unmet medical needs puts strain on traditional product development timelines, which can take years from start to finish. Although previous work has been successful in reducing phase 1 timelines for recombinant antibodies, through utilization of the latest technological advances and acceptance of greater business risk or costs, substantially faster development is likely achievable without increased risk to patients during initial clinical evaluation. To optimize lessons learned from the pandemic and maximize multi-stakeholder (i.e., patients, clinicians, companies, regulatory agencies) benefit, we conducted an industry wide benchmarking survey in September/October 2021. The aims of this survey were to: (i) benchmark current technical practices of key process and product development activities related to manufacturing of therapeutic proteins, (ii) understand the impact of changes implemented in COVID-19 accelerated Ab programs, and whether any such changes can be retained as part of sustainable long-term business practices and (iii) understand whether any accelerative action(s) taken have (negatively) impacted the wider development process. This article provides an in-depth analysis of this data, ultimately highlighting an industry perspective of how biopharmaceutical companies can sustainably adopt new approaches to therapeutic protein development and production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ingo H. Gorr
- Therapeutic Virus DevelopmentBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGGermany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tony Gill
- BioPhorum Development GroupLondonUnited Kingdom
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15
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Kachhawaha K, Singh S, Joshi K, Nain P, Singh SK. Bioprocessing of recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies: insights from structure-function relationship for novel applications. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:728-752. [PMID: 36534636 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2155835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of inclusion bodies (IBs) during expression of recombinant therapeutic proteins using E. coli is a significant hurdle in producing high-quality, safe, and efficacious medicines. The improved understanding of the structure-function relationship of the IBs has resulted in the development of novel biotechnologies that have streamlined the isolation, solubilization, refolding, and purification of the active functional proteins from the bacterial IBs. Together, this overall effort promises to radically improve the scope of experimental biology of therapeutic protein production and expand new prospects in IBs usage. Notably, the IBs are increasingly used for applications in more pristine areas such as drug delivery and material sciences. In this review, we intend to provide a comprehensive picture of the bio-processing of bacterial IBs, including assessing critical gaps that still need to be addressed and potential solutions to overcome them. We expect this review to be a useful resource for those working in the area of protein refolding and therapeutic protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Kachhawaha
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Santanu Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Khyati Joshi
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Priyanka Nain
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Sumit K Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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16
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Woo CW, Tso P, Yiu JHC. Commensal gut microbiota-based strategies for oral delivery of therapeutic proteins. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:1004-1013. [PMID: 36057462 PMCID: PMC9669164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are rarely available in oral dosage form because the hostile environment of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their large size make this delivery method difficult. Commensal bacteria in the gut face the same situation; however, they not only survive but low levels of their structural components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, and flagellin are also consistently detectable in the circulatory systems of healthy individuals. This opinion article discusses how gut bacteria survive in the gut, how their components penetrate the body from the perspective of the bacteria's and the host's proactivity, and how orally administered therapeutic proteins may be developed that exploit similar mechanisms to enter the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie W Woo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jensen H C Yiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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de Jong LM, Klomp SD, Treijtel N, Rissmann R, Swen JJ, Manson ML. A Systematic Review on Disease-Drug-Drug Interactions with immunomodulating drugs: A Critical Appraisal of Risk Assessment and Drug Labelling. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4387-4402. [PMID: 35484780 PMCID: PMC9545038 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Use of immunomodulating therapeutics for immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases may cause disease‐drug‐drug interactions (DDDIs) by reversing inflammation‐driven alterations in the metabolic capacity of cytochrome P450 enzymes. European Medicine Agency (EMA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines from 2007 recommend that the DDDI potential of therapeutic proteins should be assessed. This systematic analysis aimed to characterize the available DDDI trials with immunomodulatory drugs, experimental evidence for a DDDI risk and reported DDDI risk information in FDA/EMA approved drug labelling. Method For this systematic review, the EMA list of European Public Assessment Reports of human medicine was used to select immunomodulating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) marketed after 2007 at risk for a DDDI. Selected drugs were included in PubMed and Embase searches to extract reported interaction studies. The Summary of Product Characteristics (SPCs) and the United States Prescribing Information (USPIs) were subsequently used for analysis of DDDI risk descriptions. Results Clinical interaction studies to evaluate DDDI risks were performed for 12 of the 24 mAbs (50%) and for none of the TKIs. Four studies identified a DDDI risk, of which three were studies with interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) neutralizing mAbs. Based on (non)clinical data, a DDDI risk was reported in 32% of the SPCs and in 60% of the USPIs. The EMA/FDA documentation aligned with the DDDI risk potential in 35% of the 20 cases. Conclusion This systematic review reinforces that the risk for DDDI by immunomodulating drugs is target‐ and disease‐specific. Drug labelling information designates the greatest DDDI risk to mAbs that neutralize the effects of IL‐6, Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1 bèta (IL‐1β) in diseases with systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M de Jong
- Division of System Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, the Netherlands.,Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia D Klomp
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Treijtel
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Interact-Clinical Pharmacology, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Rissmann
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jesse J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn L Manson
- Division of System Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, the Netherlands.,Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands
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18
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Irudayanathan FJ, Zarzar J, Lin J, Izadi S. Deciphering deamidation and isomerization in therapeutic proteins: Effect of neighboring residue. MAbs 2022; 14:2143006. [PMID: 36377085 PMCID: PMC9673968 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2143006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deamidation of asparagine (Asn) and isomerization of aspartic acid (Asp) residues are among the most commonly observed spontaneous post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteins. Understanding and predicting a protein sequence's propensity for such PTMs can help expedite protein therapeutic discovery and development. In this study, we used proton-affinity calculations with semi-empirical quantum mechanics and microsecond long equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to investigate mechanistic roles of structural conformation and chemical environment in dictating spontaneous degradation of Asn and Asp residues in 131 clinical-stage therapeutic antibodies. Backbone secondary structure, side-chain rotamer conformation and solvent accessibility were found to be key molecular indicators of Asp isomerization and Asn deamidation. Comparative analysis of backbone dihedral angles along with N-H proton affinity calculations provides a mechanistic explanation for the strong influence of the identity of the n + 1 residue on the rate of Asn/Asp degradation. With these findings, we propose a minimalistic physics-based classification model that can be leveraged to predict deamidation and isomerization propensity of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Zarzar
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Jasper Lin
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, United States,CONTACT Saeed Izadi Pharmaceutical Development Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, United States
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19
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Li Y, Sun J, Li J, Liu K, Zhang H. Engineered protein nanodrug as an emerging therapeutic tool. Nano Res 2022; 15:5161-5172. [PMID: 35281219 PMCID: PMC8900963 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional proteins are the most versatile macromolecules. They can be obtained by extraction from natural sources or by genetic engineering technologies. The outstanding selectivity, specificity, binding activity, and biocompatibility endow engineered proteins with outstanding performance for disease therapy. Nevertheless, their stability is dramatically impaired in blood circulation, hindering clinical translations. Thus, many strategies have been developed to improve the stability, efficacy, bioavailability, and productivity of therapeutic proteins for clinical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the fabrication and application of therapeutic proteins. We first introduce various strategies for improving therapeutic efficacy via bioengineering and nanoassembly. Furthermore, we highlight their diverse applications as growth factors, nanovaccines, antibody-based drugs, bioimaging molecules, and cytokine receptor antagonists. Finally, a summary and perspective for the future development of therapeutic proteins are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081 Germany
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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20
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Berman E, Noyman I, Medvedovsky M, Ekstein D, Eyal S. Not your usual drug-drug interactions: Monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics may interact with antiseizure medications. Epilepsia 2021; 63:271-289. [PMID: 34967010 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as the fastest growing drug class. As such, mAbs are increasingly being co-prescribed with other drugs, including antiseizure medications (ASMs). Although mAbs do not share direct targets or mechanisms of disposition with small-molecule drugs (SMDs), combining therapeutics of both types can increase the risk of adverse effects and treatment failure. The primary goal of this literature review was identifying mAb-ASM combinations requiring the attention of professionals who are treating patients with epilepsy. Systematic PubMed and Embase searches (1980-2021) were performed for terms relating to mAbs, ASMs, drug interactions, and their combinations. Additional information was obtained from documents from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Evidence was critically appraised - key issues calling for clinicians' consideration and important knowledge gaps were identified, and practice recommendations were developed by a group of pharmacists and epileptologists. The majority of interactions were attributed to the indirect effects of cytokine-modulating antibodies on drug metabolism. Conversely, strong inhibitors or inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes or drug transporters could potentially interact with the cytotoxic payload of antibody-drug conjugates, and ASMs could alter mAb biodistribution. In addition, mAbs could potentiate adverse ASM effects. Unfortunately, few studies involved ASMs, requiring the formulation of class-based recommendations. Based on the current literature, most mAb-ASM interactions do not warrant special precautions. However, specific combinations should preferably be avoided, whereas others require monitoring and potentially adjustment of the ASM doses. Reduced drug efficacy or adverse effects could manifest days to weeks after mAb treatment onset or discontinuation, complicating the implication of drug interactions in potentially deleterious outcomes. Prescribers who treat patients with epilepsy should be familiar with mAb pharmacology to better anticipate potential mAb-ASM interactions and avoid toxicity, loss of seizure control, or impaired efficacy of mAb treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Berman
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iris Noyman
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mordekhay Medvedovsky
- Department of Neurology, Agnes Ginges Center of Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Ekstein
- Department of Neurology, Agnes Ginges Center of Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sara Eyal
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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21
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Hombu R, Neelamegham S, Park S. Cellular and Molecular Engineering of Glycan Sialylation in Heterologous Systems. Molecules 2021; 26:5950. [PMID: 34641494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans have been shown to play a key role in many biological processes, such as signal transduction, immunogenicity, and disease progression. Among the various glycosylation modifications found on cell surfaces and in biomolecules, sialylation is especially important, because sialic acids are typically found at the terminus of glycans and have unique negatively charged moieties associated with cellular and molecular interactions. Sialic acids are also crucial for glycosylated biopharmaceutics, where they promote stability and activity. In this regard, heterogenous sialylation may produce variability in efficacy and limit therapeutic applications. Homogenous sialylation may be achieved through cellular and molecular engineering, both of which have gained traction in recent years. In this paper, we describe the engineering of intracellular glycosylation pathways through targeted disruption and the introduction of carbohydrate active enzyme genes. The focus of this review is on sialic acid-related genes and efforts to achieve homogenous, humanlike sialylation in model hosts. We also discuss the molecular engineering of sialyltransferases and their application in chemoenzymatic sialylation and sialic acid visualization on cell surfaces. The integration of these complementary engineering strategies will be useful for glycoscience to explore the biological significance of sialic acids on cell surfaces as well as the future development of advanced biopharmaceuticals.
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22
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Lagassé HAD, McCormick Q, Sauna ZE. Secondary failure: immune responses to approved protein therapeutics. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:1074-1083. [PMID: 34493437 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant therapeutic proteins are a broad class of biological products used to replace dysfunctional human proteins in individuals with genetic defects (e.g., factor VIII for hemophilia) or, in the case of monoclonal antibodies, bind to disease targets involved in cancers, autoimmune disorders, or other conditions. Unfortunately, immunogenicity (immune response to the drug) remains a key impediment, potentially affecting the safety and efficacy of these therapeutics. Immunogenicity risk is routinely evaluated during the licensure of therapeutic proteins. However, despite eliciting anti-drug immune responses in at least some patients, most protein drugs are nevertheless licensed as they address unmet medical needs. The pre-licensure immunogenicity assessments of therapeutic proteins are the subject of numerous reviews and white papers. However, observation and clinical management of the immunogenicity of approved therapeutic proteins face additional challenges. We survey the immunogenicity of approved therapeutic proteins, discuss the clinical management of immunogenicity, and identify the challenges to establishing clinically relevant immunogenicity assays for use in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Daniel Lagassé
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Quinn McCormick
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zuben E Sauna
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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23
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Carneiro DC, Fernandez LG, Monteiro-Cunha JP, Benevides RG, Cunha Lima ST. A patent review of the antimicrobial applications of lectins: Perspectives on therapy of infectious diseases. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:841-854. [PMID: 34416098 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patents of lectins with antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal applications were searched and reviewed. Lectins are proteins that reversibly bind to specific carbohydrates and have the potential for therapy of infectious diseases as biopharmaceuticals, biomedical tools or in drug design. Given the rising concerns over drug resistance and epidemics, our patent review aims to add information, open horizons and indicate our view of the future perspectives about the antimicrobial applications of lectins. Patents with publications until December 2020 were retrieved from Espacenet using defined search terms and Boolean operators. The documents were used to identify the geographical and temporal distribution of the patents, characterize their lectins, and classify and summarize their antiviral, antibiotic and antifungal applications. Lectins are promising antiviral agents against viruses with epidemics and drug resistance concerns. Mannose-binding lectins were the most suggested antiviral agents since glycans with mannose residues are commonly involved in viral entry mechanisms. They were also immobilized onto surfaces to trap viral particles and inhibit their spread and replication. Many patents described the extraction, isolation, amino acid and nucleotide sequences, and expression vectors of lectins with antibiotic and/or antifungal activities in terms of MIC and IC50 for in vitro assays. The inventions also included lectins as biological tools in nanosensors for antibiotics susceptibility tests, drug-delivery systems for the treatment of resistant bacteria, diagnostics of viral diseases and as a vaccine adjuvant. Although research and development of new medicines is highly expensive, antimicrobial lectins may be worth investments given the emergence of epidemics and drug resistance. For this purpose, less invasive routes should be developed as alternatives to the parenteral administration of biologics. While anti-glycan neutralizing antibodies are difficult to develop due to the low immunogenicity of carbohydrates, lectins can be produced more easily and have a broad-spectrum activity. Protein engineering technologies may make the antimicrobial applications of lectins more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego C Carneiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luzimar G Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Joana P Monteiro-Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Raquel G Benevides
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
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Shin S, Kim SH, Lee JS, Lee GM. Streamlined Human Cell-Based Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange Platform Enables Multigene Expression for the Production of Therapeutic Proteins. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1715-1727. [PMID: 34133132 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A platform, based on targeted integration of transgenes using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) coupled with CRISPR/Cas9, is increasingly being used for the development of mammalian cell lines that produce therapeutic proteins, because of reduced clonal variation and predictable transgene expression. However, low efficiency of the RMCE process has hampered its application in multicopy or multisite integration of transgenes. To improve RMCE efficiency, nuclear transport of RMCE components such as site-specific recombinase and donor plasmid was accelerated by incorporation of nuclear localization signal and DNA nuclear-targeting sequence, respectively. Consequently, the efficiency of RMCE in dual-landing pad human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell lines harboring identical or orthogonal pairs of recombination sites at two well-known human safe harbors (AAVS1 and ROSA26 loci), increased 6.7- and 8.1-fold, respectively. This platform with enhanced RMCE efficiency enabled simultaneous integration of transgenes at the two sites using a single transfection without performing selection and enrichment processes. The use of a homotypic dual-landing pad HEK293 cell line capable of incorporating the same transgenes at two sites resulted in a 2-fold increase in the transgene expression level compared to a single-landing pad HEK293 cell line. In addition, the use of a heterotypic dual-landing pad HEK293 cell line, which can incorporate transgenes for a recombinant protein at one site and an effector transgene for cell engineering at another site, increased recombinant protein production. Overall, a streamlined RMCE platform can be a versatile tool for mammalian cell line development by facilitating multigene expression at genomic safe harbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Mahmood I, Tegenge MA. Spreadsheet-Based Minimal Physiological Models for the Prediction of Clearance of Therapeutic Proteins in Pediatric Patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 61 Suppl 1:S108-S116. [PMID: 34185903 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models as clinical pharmacology drug development tools. In PBPK modeling, not every organ or physiological parameter is required, leading to the development of a minimal PBPK (mPBPK) model, which is simple and efficient. The objective of this study was to streamline mPBPK modeling approaches and enable straightforward prediction of clearance of protein-based products in children. Four mPBPK models for scaling clearance from adult to children were developed and evaluated on Excel spreadsheets using (1) liver and kidneys; (2) liver, kidneys, and skin; (3) liver, kidneys, skin, and lymph; and (4) interstitial, lymph, and plasma volume. There were 35 therapeutic proteins with a total of 113 observations across different age groups (premature neonates to adolescents). For monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, more than 90% of observations were within a 0.5- to 2-fold prediction error for all 4 methods. For nonantibodies, 79% to 100% of observations were within the 0.5- to 2-fold prediction error for the 4 different methods. Methods 1 and 4 provided the best results, >90% of the total observations were within the 0.5- to 2-fold prediction error for all 3 classes of protein-based products across a wide age range. The precision of clearance prediction was comparatively lower in children ≤2 years of age vs older children (>2 years of age) with methods 1 and 4 predicting 80% to 100% and 75% to 90% of observations within the 0.5- to 2-fold prediction error, respectively. The results of the study indicated that mPBPK models can be developed on spreadsheets, with acceptable performance for prediction of clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Mahmood
- Mahmood Clinical Pharmacology Consultancy, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Million A Tegenge
- Division of Clinical Evaluation and Pharmacology/Toxicology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies (OTAT), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Jakubiak P, Alvarez-Sánchez R, Fueth M, Broders O, Kettenberger H, Stubenrauch K, Caruso A. Ocular Pharmacokinetics of Intravitreally Injected Protein Therapeutics: Comparison among Standard-of-Care Formats. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2208-2217. [PMID: 34014104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current standard of care for antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment requires frequent intravitreal (IVT) injections of protein therapeutics, as a result of limited retention within the eye. A thorough understanding of the determinants of ocular pharmacokinetics (PK) and its translation across species is an essential prerequisite for developing more durable treatments. In this work, we studied the ocular PK in macaques of the protein formats that comprise today's anti-VEGF standard of care. Cynomolgus monkeys received a single IVT injection of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv, brolucizumab), antigen-binding fragment (Fab, ranibizumab), fragment crystallizable-fusion protein (Fc-fusion, aflibercept), or immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody (IgG, VA2 CrossMAb). Drug concentrations were determined in aqueous humor samples collected up to 42 days postinjection using immunoassay methods. The ocular half-life (t1/2) was 2.28, 2.62, 3.13, and 3.26 days for scFv, Fab, Fc-fusion, and IgG, respectively. A correlation with human t1/2 values from the literature confirmed the translational significance of the cynomolgus monkey as an animal model for ocular research. The relation between ocular t1/2 and molecular size was also investigated. Size was inferred from the molecular weight (MW) or determined experimentally by dynamic light scattering. The MW and hydrodynamic radius were found to be good predictors for the ocular t1/2 of globular proteins. The analysis showed that molecular size is a determinant of ocular disposition and may be used in lieu of dedicated PK studies in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jakubiak
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Fueth
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Broders
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Kettenberger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Kay Stubenrauch
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Antonello Caruso
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Malla A, Rosales-Mendoza S, Phoolcharoen W, Vimolmangkang S. Efficient Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins Using DNA Viral Vectors in Freshwater Microalgal Species. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:650820. [PMID: 33897742 PMCID: PMC8058379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.650820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the world population, the advent of new infections and health issues, and the scarcity of natural biological products have spotlighted the importance of recombinant protein technology and its large-scale production in a cost-effective manner. Microalgae have become a significant promising platform with the potential to meet the increasing demand for recombinant proteins and other biologicals. Microalgae are safe organisms that can grow rapidly and are easily cultivated with basic nutrient requirements. Although continuous efforts have led to considerable progress in the algae genetic engineering field, there are still many hurdles to overcome before these microorganisms emerge as a mature expression system. Hence, there is a need to develop efficient expression approaches to exploit microalgae for the production of recombinant proteins at convenient yields. This study aimed to test the ability of the DNA geminiviral vector with Rep-mediated replication to transiently express recombinant proteins in the freshwater microalgal species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are representative antigen proteins and growth factor proteins, respectively, that were subcloned in a geminiviral vector and were used for nuclear transformation to transiently express these proteins in C. reinhardtii and C. vulgaris. The results showed that the geminiviral vector allowed the expression of both recombinant proteins in both algal species, with yields at 48 h posttransformation of up to 1.14 μg/g RBD and 1.61 ng/g FGF in C. vulgaris and 1.61 μg/g RBD and 1.025 ng/g FGF in C. reinhardtii. Thus, this study provides a proof of concept for the use of DNA viral vectors for the simple, rapid, and efficient production of recombinant proteins that repress the difficulties faced in the genetic transformation of these unicellular green microalgae. This concept opens an avenue to explore and optimize green microalgae as an ideal economically valuable platform for the production of therapeutic and industrially relevant recombinant proteins in shorter time periods with significant yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Malla
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Sornkanok Vimolmangkang,
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28
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Samoudi M, Kuo CC, Robinson CM, Shams-Ud-Doha K, Schinn SM, Kol S, Weiss L, Petersen Bjorn S, Voldborg BG, Rosa Campos A, Lewis NE. In situ detection of protein interactions for recombinant therapeutic enzymes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:890-904. [PMID: 33169829 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite their therapeutic potential, many protein drugs remain inaccessible to patients since they are difficult to secrete. Each recombinant protein has unique physicochemical properties and requires different machinery for proper folding, assembly, and posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Here we aimed to identify the machinery supporting recombinant protein secretion by measuring the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of four different recombinant proteins (SERPINA1, SERPINC1, SERPING1, and SeAP) with various PTMs and structural motifs using the proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) method. We identified PPIs associated with specific features of the secreted proteins using a Bayesian statistical model and found proteins involved in protein folding, disulfide bond formation, and N-glycosylation were positively correlated with the corresponding features of the four model proteins. Among others, oxidative folding enzymes showed the strongest association with disulfide bond formation, supporting their critical roles in proper folding and maintaining the ER stability. Knockdown of disulfide-isomerase PDIA4, a measured interactor with significance for SERPINC1 but not SERPINA1, led to the decreased secretion of SERPINC1, which relies on its extensive disulfide bonds, compared to SERPINA1, which has no disulfide bonds. Proximity-dependent labeling successfully identified the transient interactions supporting synthesis of secreted recombinant proteins and refined our understanding of key molecular mechanisms of the secretory pathway during recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Samoudi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chih-Chung Kuo
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Caressa M Robinson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Km Shams-Ud-Doha
- Proteomics Core, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Song-Min Schinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stefan Kol
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Linus Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Petersen Bjorn
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjorn G Voldborg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Rosa Campos
- Proteomics Core, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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29
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Fekete S, Murisier A, Nguyen JM, Lauber MA, Guillarme D. Negative gradient slope methods to improve the separation of closely eluting proteins. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461743. [PMID: 33260022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we describe the fundamental and practical advantages of a new strategy to improve the resolution of very closely eluting peaks within therapeutic protein samples. This approach involves the use of multiple isocratic steps, together with the addition of a steep negative gradient segment (with a decrease in mobile phase strength) to "park" a slightly more retained peak somewhere along the column (at a given migration distance), while a slightly less retained compound can be eluted. First, some model calculations were performed to highlight the potential of this innovative approach. For this purpose, the retention parameters (logk0 and S) for two case studies were considered, namely the analysis of a mixture of two therapeutic mAbs (simple to resolve sample) and separation of a therapeutic mAb from its main variant (challenging to resolve sample). The results confirm that the insertion of a negative segment into a multi-isocratic elution program can be a good tool to improve selectivity between critical peak pairs. However, it is also important to keep in mind that this approach only works with large solutes, which more or less follow an "on-off" type elution behavior. Two real applications were successfully developed to illustrate the practical advantage of this new approach, including the separation of a therapeutic mAb from its main variant possessing very close elution behavior, and the separation of a carrier protein from an intact mAb as might be encountered in a quantitative bioanalysis assay. These two examples demonstrate that improved selectivity can be achieved for protein RPLC through the inclusion of a negative gradient slope that selectively bifurcates the elution of two or more peaks of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer M Nguyen
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States
| | - Matthew A Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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30
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Sauna ZE, Richards SM, Maillere B, Jury EC, Rosenberg AS. Editorial: Immunogenicity of Proteins Used as Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:614856. [PMID: 33193460 PMCID: PMC7658604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zuben E Sauna
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Susan M Richards
- Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi Research and Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Bernard Maillere
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elizabeth C Jury
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy S Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Biotechnology Product Review and Research 3, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Abstract
In the last decade, biological drugs have rapidly proliferated and have now become an important therapeutic modality. This is because of their high potency, high specificity and desirable safety profile. The majority of biological drugs are peptide- and protein-based therapeutics with poor oral bioavailability. They are normally administered by parenteral injection (with a very few exceptions). Pulmonary delivery is an attractive non-invasive alternative route of administration for local and systemic delivery of biologics with immense potential to treat various diseases, including diabetes, cystic fibrosis, respiratory viral infection and asthma, etc. The massive surface area and extensive vascularisation in the lungs enable rapid absorption and fast onset of action. Despite the benefits of pulmonary delivery, development of inhalable biological drug is a challenging task. There are various anatomical, physiological and immunological barriers that affect the therapeutic efficacy of inhaled formulations. This review assesses the characteristics of biological drugs and the barriers to pulmonary drug delivery. The main challenges in the formulation and inhalation devices are discussed, together with the possible strategies that can be applied to address these challenges. Current clinical developments in inhaled biological drugs for both local and systemic applications are also discussed to provide an insight for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (H.W.P.); (J.K.W.L.)
| | - Harry W. Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (H.W.P.); (J.K.W.L.)
| | - Driton Vllasaliu
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK;
| | - Jenny K. W. Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (H.W.P.); (J.K.W.L.)
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32
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Abstract
Enzymes are increasingly applied as biocatalysts for fulfilling industrial needs in a variety of applications and there is a bursting of interest for novel therapeutic proteins. Consequently, developing appropriate expression platforms for efficiently producing such recombinant proteins represents a crucial challenge. It is nowadays widely accepted that an ideal ‘universal microbial host’ for heterologous protein expression does not exist. Indeed, the first-choice microbes, as Escherichia coli or yeasts, possess known intrinsic limitations that inevitably restrict their applications. In this scenario, bacteria belonging to the Streptomyces genus need to be considered with more attention as promising, alternative, and versatile platforms for recombinant protein production. This is due to their peculiar features, first-of-all their natural attitude to secrete proteins in the extracellular milieu. Additionally, streptomycetes are considered robust and scalable industrial strains and a wide range of tools for their genetic manipulation is nowadays available. This mini-review includes an overview of recombinant protein production in streptomycetes, covering nearly 100 cases of heterologous proteins expressed in these Gram-positives from the 1980s to December 2019. We investigated homologous sources, heterologous hosts, and molecular tools (promoters/vectors/signal peptides) used for the expression of these recombinant proteins. We reported on their final cellular localization and yield. Thus, this analysis might represent a useful source of information, showing pros and cons of using streptomycetes as platform for recombinant protein production and paving the way for their more extensive use in future as alternative heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Berini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elisa Binda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Hauri S, Jakubiak P, Fueth M, Dengl S, Belli S, Alvarez-Sánchez R, Caruso A. Understanding the Half-Life Extension of Intravitreally Administered Antibodies Binding to Ocular Albumin. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E810. [PMID: 32858986 PMCID: PMC7559355 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden associated with frequent injections of current intravitreal (IVT) therapeutics may be reduced by long-acting delivery strategies. Binding to serum albumin has been shown to extend the ocular half-life in rabbits, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms and translational relevance remain unclear. The aim of this work was to characterize the in vitro and in vivo formation of complexes between human serum albumin (HSA) and an antigen-binding fragment of a rabbit antibody linked to an anti-HSA nanobody (FabA). The ocular and systemic pharmacokinetics of 3H-labeled FabA (0.05 mg/eye IVT) co-formulated with HSA (1 and 15 nmol/eye) were assessed in Dutch belted rabbits. Next, FabA was incubated in vitreous samples from cynomolgus monkeys and human donors (healthy and diseased) supplemented with species-specific serum albumin. Finally, the FabA-albumin complexes formed in vitro and in vivo were analyzed by radio-size exclusion chromatography. A 3-fold increase in FabA vitreal exposure and half-life was observed in rabbits co-administered with 15 nmol HSA compared to 1 nmol and a control arm. The different pharmacokinetic behavior was explained with the formation of higher molecular weight FabA-albumin complexes. The analysis of vitreous samples revealed the existence of predominantly 1:1 complexes at endogenous or low concentrations of supplemented albumin. A shift towards 1:2 complexes was observed with increasing albumin concentrations. Overall, these results suggest that endogenous vitreal albumin concentrations are insufficient for half-life extension and warrant supplementation in the dosing formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hauri
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland; (P.J.); (M.F.); (S.B.); (R.A.-S.); (A.C.)
| | - Paulina Jakubiak
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland; (P.J.); (M.F.); (S.B.); (R.A.-S.); (A.C.)
| | - Matthias Fueth
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland; (P.J.); (M.F.); (S.B.); (R.A.-S.); (A.C.)
| | - Stefan Dengl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany;
| | - Sara Belli
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland; (P.J.); (M.F.); (S.B.); (R.A.-S.); (A.C.)
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland; (P.J.); (M.F.); (S.B.); (R.A.-S.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonello Caruso
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland; (P.J.); (M.F.); (S.B.); (R.A.-S.); (A.C.)
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Mahmood I. Prediction of Clearance of Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies and Non-Antibody Proteins in Children: Application of Allometric Scaling. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E40. [PMID: 32764408 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allometric scaling can be used for the extrapolation of pharmacokinetic parameters from adults to children. The objective of this study was to predict clearance of therapeutic proteins (monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and non-antibody proteins) allometrically in preterm neonates to adolescents. There were 13 monoclonal antibodies, seven polyclonal antibodies, and nine therapeutic proteins (non-antibodies) in the study. The clearance of therapeutic proteins was predicted using the age dependent exponents (ADE) model and then compared with the observed clearance values. There were in total 29 therapeutic proteins in this study with 75 observations. The number of observations with ≤30%, ≤50%, and >50% prediction error was 60 (80%), 72 (96%), and 3 (4%), respectively. Overall, the predicted clearance values of therapeutic proteins in children was good. The allometric method proposed in this manuscript can be used to select first-in-pediatric dose of therapeutic proteins in pediatric clinical trials.
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Bano N, McKelvey T, Spear N, Yang TY, Shankar G, Schantz A. Analysis of regulatory guidance on antidrug antibody testing for therapeutic protein products. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:2283-96. [PMID: 31845602 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins have the potential to induce unwanted immune responses. The potential impact of immunogenicity on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and efficacy are well established. Here, we analyze key aspects of current US FDA and EMA guidelines on the development and validation of antidrug antibody assays. Although FDA and EMA guidance documents are in harmony on most points, EMA allows greater leeway for scientific judgement, while FDA recommends specific approaches that may not be appropriate in some situations. Many white papers suggest approaches different from the guidance documents, however, these can conflict with each other and are themselves only scientifically valid in certain situations. Here, we indicate when alternatives to guidance may be needed and what those approaches might be.
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Abdollahi S, Morowvat MH, Savardashtaki A, Irajie C, Najafipour S, Zarei M, Ghasemi Y. Amino Acids Sequence-based Analysis of Arginine Deiminase from Different Prokaryotic Organisms: An In Silico Approach. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2020; 14:235-246. [PMID: 32208128 DOI: 10.2174/1872208314666200324114441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginine deiminase is a bacterial enzyme, which degrades L-arginine. Some human cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and melanoma are auxotrophic for arginine. Therefore, PEGylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) is a good anticancer candidate with antitumor effects. It causes local depletion of L-arginine and growth inhibition in arginineauxotrophic tumor cells. The FDA and EMA have granted orphan status to this drug. Some recently published patents have dealt with this enzyme or its PEGylated form. OBJECTIVE Due to increasing attention to it, we aimed to evaluate and compare 30 arginine deiminase proteins from different bacterial species through in silico analysis. METHODS The exploited analyses included the investigation of physicochemical properties, multiple sequence alignment (MSA), motif, superfamily, phylogenetic and 3D comparative analyses of arginine deiminase proteins thorough various bioinformatics tools. RESULTS The most abundant amino acid in the arginine deiminase proteins is leucine (10.13%) while the least amino acid ratio is cysteine (0.98%). Multiple sequence alignment showed 47 conserved patterns between 30 arginine deiminase amino acid sequences. The results of sequence homology among 30 different groups of arginine deiminase enzymes revealed that all the studied sequences located in amidinotransferase superfamily. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, two major clusters were identified. Considering the results of various in silico studies; we selected the five best candidates for further investigations. The 3D structures of the best five arginine deiminase proteins were generated by the I-TASSER server and PyMOL. The RAMPAGE analysis revealed that 81.4%-91.4%, of the selected sequences, were located in the favored region of arginine deiminase proteins. CONCLUSION The results of this study shed light on the basic physicochemical properties of thirty major arginine deiminase sequences. The obtained data could be employed for further in vivo and clinical studies and also for developing the related therapeutic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Morowvat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Cambyz Irajie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sohrab Najafipour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 74616-86688, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71468-64685, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71348-14366, Shiraz, Iran
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Moncalvo F, Martinez Espinoza MI, Cellesi F. Nanosized Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Proteins: Clinically Validated Technologies and Advanced Development Strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:89. [PMID: 32117952 PMCID: PMC7033645 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of protein therapeutics in healthcare is steadily increasing, due to advancements in the field of biotechnology and a deeper understanding of several pathologies. However, their safety and efficacy are often limited by instability, short half-life and immunogenicity. Nanodelivery systems are currently being investigated for overcoming these limitations and include covalent attachment of biocompatible polymers (PEG and other synthetic or naturally derived macromolecules) as well as protein nanoencapsulation in colloidal systems (liposomes and other lipid or polymeric nanocarriers). Such strategies have the potential to develop next-generation protein therapeutics. Herein, we review recent research progresses on these nanodelivery approaches, as well as future directions and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Cellesi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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38
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Palombarini F, Di Fabio E, Boffi A, Macone A, Bonamore A. Ferritin Nanocages for Protein Delivery to Tumor Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040825. [PMID: 32070033 PMCID: PMC7070480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic proteins is one of the greatest challenges in the treatment of human diseases. In this frame, ferritins occupy a very special place. Thanks to their hollow spherical structure, they are used as modular nanocages for the delivery of anticancer drugs. More recently, the possibility of encapsulating even small proteins with enzymatic or cytotoxic activity is emerging. Among all ferritins, particular interest is paid to the Archaeoglobus fulgidus one, due to its peculiar ability to associate/dissociate in physiological conditions. This protein has also been engineered to allow recognition of human receptors and used in vitro for the delivery of cytotoxic proteins with extremely promising results.
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39
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Gentiluomo L, Svilenov HL, Augustijn D, El Bialy I, Greco ML, Kulakova A, Indrakumar S, Mahapatra S, Morales MM, Pohl C, Roche A, Tosstorff A, Curtis R, Derrick JP, Nørgaard A, Khan TA, Peters GHJ, Pluen A, Rinnan Å, Streicher WW, van der Walle CF, Uddin S, Winter G, Roessner D, Harris P, Frieß W. Advancing Therapeutic Protein Discovery and Development through Comprehensive Computational and Biophysical Characterization. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:426-440. [PMID: 31790599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic protein candidates should exhibit favorable properties that render them suitable to become drugs. Nevertheless, there are no well-established guidelines for the efficient selection of proteinaceous molecules with desired features during early stage development. Such guidelines can emerge only from a large body of published research that employs orthogonal techniques to characterize therapeutic proteins in different formulations. In this work, we share a study on a diverse group of proteins, including their primary sequences, purity data, and computational and biophysical characterization at different pH and ionic strength. We report weak linear correlations between many of the biophysical parameters. We suggest that a stability comparison of diverse therapeutic protein candidates should be based on a computational and biophysical characterization in multiple formulation conditions, as the latter can largely determine whether a protein is above or below a certain stability threshold. We use the presented data set to calculate several stability risk scores obtained with an increasing level of analytical effort and show how they correlate with protein aggregation during storage. Our work highlights the importance of developing combined risk scores that can be used for early stage developability assessment. We suggest that such scores can have high prediction accuracy only when they are based on protein stability characterization in different solution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gentiluomo
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH , Hochstrasse 18 , 56307 Dernbach , Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen , Butenandtstrasse 5 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Hristo L Svilenov
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen , Butenandtstrasse 5 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Dillen Augustijn
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science , Copenhagen University , Rolighedsvej 26 , 1958 Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Inas El Bialy
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen , Butenandtstrasse 5 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Maria Laura Greco
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GH , U.K
| | - Alina Kulakova
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Sowmya Indrakumar
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | | | - Marcello Martinez Morales
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GH , U.K
| | - Christin Pohl
- Novozymes A/S , Krogshoejvej 36 , 2880 Bagsvaerd , Denmark
| | - Aisling Roche
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
| | - Andreas Tosstorff
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen , Butenandtstrasse 5 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Robin Curtis
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
| | - Jeremy P Derrick
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , The University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , U.K
| | - Allan Nørgaard
- Novozymes A/S , Krogshoejvej 36 , 2880 Bagsvaerd , Denmark
| | - Tarik A Khan
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , 4070 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Günther H J Peters
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Alain Pluen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , U.K
| | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science , Copenhagen University , Rolighedsvej 26 , 1958 Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | | | - Christopher F van der Walle
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GH , U.K
| | - Shahid Uddin
- Dosage Form Design and Development , AstraZeneca , Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GH , U.K
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen , Butenandtstrasse 5 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Dierk Roessner
- Wyatt Technology Europe GmbH , Hochstrasse 18 , 56307 Dernbach , Germany
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Frieß
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen , Butenandtstrasse 5 , 81377 Munich , Germany
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40
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Varkhede N, Bommana R, Schöneich C, Forrest ML. Proteolysis and Oxidation of Therapeutic Proteins After Intradermal or Subcutaneous Administration. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:191-205. [PMID: 31408633 PMCID: PMC6937400 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intradermal (ID) and subcutaneous (SC) routes are commonly used for therapeutic proteins (TPs) and vaccines; however, the bioavailability of TPs is typically less than small molecule drugs given via the same routes. Proteolytic enzymes in the dermal, SC, and lymphatic tissues may be responsible for the loss of TPs. In addition, the TPs may be exposed to reactive oxygen species generated in the SC tissue and the lymphatic system in response to injection-related trauma and impurities within the formulation. The reactive oxygen species can oxidize TPs to alter their efficacy and immunogenicity potential. Mechanistic understandings of the dominant proteolysis and oxidative routes are useful in the drug discovery process, formulation development, and to assess the potential for immunogenicity and altered pharmacokinetics (PK). Furthermore, in vitro tools representing the ID or SC and lymphatic system can be used to evaluate the extent of proteolysis of the TPs after the injection and before systemic entry. The in vitro clearance data may be included in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for improved PK predictions. In this review, we have summarized various physiological factors responsible for proteolysis and oxidation of TPs after ID and SC administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Varkhede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism (PPDM), Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Rupesh Bommana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047; MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - M Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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41
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Thway TM, Wang YM, Booth BP, Maxfield K, Huang SM, Zineh I. Current Perspectives on Ligand-Binding Assay Practices in the Quantification of Circulating Therapeutic Proteins for Biosimilar Biological Product Development. AAPS J 2019; 22:15. [PMID: 31858313 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bioanalysis in biosimilar biological product development (BPD) plays a critical role in demonstrating pharmacokinetic (PK) similarity across products. The 2018 FDA Bioanalytical Method Validation guidance for industry provides general principles in the development, validation, and conduct of bioanalytical assays. Given that the PK similarity assessment in BPD programs involves two or more non-identical products, there are additional considerations for bioanalytical methods. Here in, we provide our perspectives on the definition of (1) a single bioanalytical method in the context of BPD in supporting a PK similarity study, (2) bioanalytical method comparability during accuracy and precision experiments to determine the potential bias difference prior to assessing other validation parameters, and (3) bioanalytical method validations that support PK similarity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Thway
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Y M Wang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - B P Booth
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - K Maxfield
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - S M Huang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - I Zineh
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
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Abstract
Free radical pathways play a major role in the degradation of protein pharmaceuticals. Inspired by biochemical reactions carried out by thiyl radicals in various enzymatic processes, this review focuses on the role of thiyl radicals in pharmaceutical protein degradation through hydrogen atom transfer, electron transfer, and addition reactions. These processes can lead to the epimerization of amino acids, as well as the formation of various cleavage products and cross-links. Examples are presented for human insulin, human and mouse growth hormone, and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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43
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Falk BT, Liang Y, Bailly M, Raoufi F, Kekec A, Pissarnitski D, Feng D, Yan L, Lin S, Fayadat-Dilman L, McCoy MA. NMR Assessment of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins: Correlations That Reveal Interactions and Motions. Chembiochem 2019; 21:315-319. [PMID: 31283075 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NMR measurements of rotational and translational diffusion are used to characterize the solution behavior of a wide variety of therapeutic proteins and peptides. The timescales of motions sampled in these experiments reveal complicated intrinsic solution behavior such as flexibility, that is central to function, as well as self-interactions, stress-induced conformational changes and other critical attributes that can be discovery and development liabilities. Trends from proton transverse relaxation (R2 ) and hydrodynamic radius (Rh ) are correlated and used to identify and differentiate intermolecular from intramolecular interactions. In this study, peptide behavior is consistent with complicated multimer self-assembly, while multi-domain protein behavior is dominated by intramolecular interactions. These observations are supplemented by simulations that include effects from slow transient interactions and rapid internal motions. R2 -Rh correlations provide a means to profile protein motions as well as interactions. The approach is completely general and can be applied to therapeutic and target protein characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley T Falk
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Yingkai Liang
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sunneytown Pike, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Marc Bailly
- Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Fahimeh Raoufi
- Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Ahmet Kekec
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Dmitri Pissarnitski
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Dennis Feng
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Lin Yan
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Songnian Lin
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | | | - Mark A McCoy
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
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Graham RJ, Bhatia H, Yoon S. Consequences of trace metal variability and supplementation on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance: A review of key mechanisms and considerations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3446-3456. [PMID: 31403183 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals are supplied to chemically-defined media (CDM) for optimal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance during the production of monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic proteins. However, lot-to-lot and vendor-to-vendor variability in raw materials consequently leads to an imbalance of trace metals that are supplied to CDM. This imbalance can yield detrimental effects rooted in several primary mechanisms and pathways including oxidative stress, apoptosis, lactate accumulation, and unfavorable glycan synthesis. Recent research endeavors involve supplying zinc, copper, and manganese to CDM in excess to further maximize culture productivity and product quality. These treatments significantly impact critical quality attributes and furthermore highlight the degree to which trace metal availability can affect CHO cell culture performance. This review highlights the role of trace metal variability, supplementation, and interplay on key cellular mechanisms responsible for overall culture performance and the production and quality of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Hemlata Bhatia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
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45
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Misra SK, Orlando R, Weinberger SR, Sharp JS. Compensated Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting Measures Buffer and Excipient Effects on Conformation and Aggregation in an Adalimumab Biosimilar. AAPS J 2019; 21:87. [PMID: 31297623 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unlike small molecule drugs, therapeutic proteins must maintain the proper higher-order structure (HOS) in order to maintain safety and efficacy. Due to the sensitivity of many protein systems, even small changes due to differences in protein expression or formulation can alter HOS. Previous work has demonstrated how hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) can sensitively detect changes in protein HOS by measuring the average topography of the protein monomers, as well as identify specific regions of the therapeutic protein impacted by the conformational changes. However, HRPF is very sensitive to the radical scavenging capacity of the buffer; addition of organic buffers and/or excipients can dramatically alter the HRPF footprint without affecting protein HOS. By compensating for the radical scavenging effects of different adalimumab biosimilar formulations using real-time adenine dosimetry, we identify that sodium citrate buffer causes a modest decrease in average solvent accessibility compared to sodium phosphate buffer at the same pH. We find that the addition of polysorbate 80 does not alter the conformation of the biosimilar in either buffer, but it does provide substantial protection from protein conformational perturbation during short periods of exposure to high temperature. Compensated HRPF measurements are validated and contextualized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), which suggests that changes in adalimumab biosimilar aggregation are major drivers in measured changes in protein topography. Overall, compensated HRPF accurately measured conformational changes in adalimumab biosimilar that occurred during formulation changes and identified the effect of formulation changes on protection of HOS from temperature extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Misra
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677-1848, USA
| | - Ron Orlando
- GenNext Technologies, Inc., Montara, California, 94037, USA.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.,GlycoScientific, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | | | - Joshua S Sharp
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677-1848, USA. .,GenNext Technologies, Inc., Montara, California, 94037, USA.
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Hoffmann E, Jordan G, Lauer M, Ringler P, Kusznir EA, Rufer AC, Huber S, Jochner A, Winter G, Staack RF. Generation, Characterization, and Quantitative Bioanalysis of Drug/Anti-drug Antibody Immune Complexes to Facilitate Dedicated In Vivo Studies. Pharm Res 2019; 36:129. [PMID: 31254106 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunogenicity against biotherapeutics can lead to the formation of drug/anti-drug-antibody (ADA) immune complexes (ICs) with potential impact on safety and drug pharmacokinetics (PK). This work aimed to generate defined drug/ADA ICs, characterized by quantitative (bio) analytical methods for dedicated determination of IC sizes and IC profile changes in serum to facilitate future in vivo studies. METHODS Defined ICs were generated and extensively characterized with chromatographic, biophysical and imaging methods. Quantification of drug fully complexed with ADAs (drug in ICs) was performed with an acid dissociation ELISA. Sequential coupling of SEC and ELISA enabled the reconstruction of IC patterns and thus analysis of IC species in serum. RESULTS Characterization of generated ICs identified cyclic dimers, tetramers, hexamers, and larger ICs of drug and ADA as main IC species. The developed acid dissociation ELISA enabled a total quantification of drug fully complexed with ADAs. Multiplexing of SEC and ELISA allowed unbiased reconstruction of IC oligomeric states in serum. CONCLUSIONS The developed in vitro IC model system has been properly characterized by biophysical and bioanalytical methods. The specificity of the developed methods enable discrimination between different oligomeric states of ICs and can be bench marking for future in vivo studies with ICs.
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Carvalho AL, Fonseca S, Miquel-Clopés A, Cross K, Kok KS, Wegmann U, Gil-Cordoso K, Bentley EG, Al Katy SH, Coombes JL, Kipar A, Stentz R, Stewart JP, Carding SR. Bioengineering commensal bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles for delivery of biologics to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1632100. [PMID: 31275534 PMCID: PMC6598475 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1632100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria naturally produce and secrete nanosized outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). In the human gastrointestinal tract, OMVs produced by commensal Gram-negative bacteria can mediate interactions amongst host cells (including between epithelial cells and immune cells) and maintain microbial homeostasis. This OMV-mediated pathway for host-microbe interactions could be exploited to deliver biologically active proteins to the body. To test this we engineered the Gram-negative bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt), a prominent member of the intestinal microbiota of all animals, to incorporate bacteria-, virus- and human-derived proteins into its OMVs. We then used the engineered Bt OMVs to deliver these proteins to the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI)-tract to protect against infection, tissue inflammation and injury. Our findings demonstrate the ability to express and package both Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium-derived vaccine antigens and influenza A virus (IAV)-derived vaccine antigens within or on the outer membrane of Bt OMVs. These antigens were in a form capable of eliciting antigen-specific immune and antibody responses in both mucosal tissues and systemically. Furthermore, immunisation with OMVs containing the core stalk region of the IAV H5 hemagglutinin from an H5N1 strain induced heterotypic protection in mice to a 10-fold lethal dose of an unrelated subtype (H1N1) of IAV. We also showed that OMVs could express the human therapeutic protein, keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2), in a stable form that, when delivered orally, reduced disease severity and promoted intestinal epithelial repair and recovery in animals administered colitis-inducing dextran sodium sulfate. Collectively, our data demonstrates the utility and effectiveness of using Bt OMVs as a mucosal biologics and drug delivery platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Carvalho
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Sonia Fonseca
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Ariadna Miquel-Clopés
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Kathryn Cross
- Core Science Resources, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Khoon-S. Kok
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Udo Wegmann
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Katherine Gil-Cordoso
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | | | - Janine L. Coombes
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anja Kipar
- Instiute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regis Stentz
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Abstract
Therapeutic protein drugs have significantly improved the management of many severe and chronic diseases. However, their development and optimal clinical application are complicated by the induction of unwanted immune responses. Therapeutic protein-induced antidrug antibodies can alter drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics leading to impaired efficacy and occasionally serious safety issues. There has been a growing interest over the past decade in developing methods to assess the risk of unwanted immunogenicity during preclinical drug development, with the aim to mitigate the risk during the molecular design phase, clinical development and when products reach the market. Here, we discuss approaches to therapeutic protein immunogenicity risk assessment, with attention to assays and in vivo models used to mitigate this risk.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Striking recent advance has occurred in the field of medical retina, greatly because intraocular drugs have been developed, enhancing their clinical efficacy while avoiding systemic side-effects. However, the burden of repeated intraocular administration makes limits the optimal efficacy of treatments, prompting the development of new drugs with prolonged half-life or of sustained drug delivery systems. AREAS COVERED In this review, we describe the various drugs and drug delivery systems that have reached the clinical stage and those that are in clinical development and we discuss the limitations to clinical translation. EXPERT OPINION Substantial fundamental work is still required to build guidelines on optimal animal models for ocular pharmacokinetics and safety studies depending on the target disease site and the on the type of therapeutic compounds. The effects of a drug administered as a bolus at high concentration in the vitreous might differ from those resulting from the sustained release of a lower concentration, and no delivery platform can be simply adapted to any drug. For the treatment of retinal diseases, development of therapeutic compounds should integrate from its early conception, the combination of an active drug with a specific drug delivery system, administered by a specific route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Behar-Cohen
- a Inserm UMR_S 1138, Team 17, Physiopathology of ocular diseases: Therapeutic Innovations at Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Ophthalmopole at Hôpital Cochin , Paris , France.,b Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France.,c UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Sorbonne University, University of Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France.,d Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Hôtel-Dieu de , Paris , France
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Bhawani SA, Husaini A, Ahmad FB, Asaruddin MR. Polymer Based Protein Therapeutics. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 19:972-982. [PMID: 28828988 DOI: 10.2174/1389203718666170821162823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins have played a very important role in the drug industry for developing treatments of various diseases such as auto-immune diseases, cancer, diabetes, mental disorder, metabolic disease, and others. Therapeutic proteins have high activity and specificity but they have some limitations such as short half-life, poor stability, low solubility and immunogenicity, so they cannot prolong their therapeutic activity. These shortcomings have been rectified by using polymers for the conjugation with proteins. The conjugates of protein-polymer improves the half-lives, stability and makes them non-immunogenic. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), is widely used in the delivery of proteins because it is the current gold standard for stealth polymers in the emerging field of polymer-based delivery as compared to various biodegradable polymers. PEGylation enhances the retention of therapeutic proteins, effectively alters the pharmacokinetics and enhances the pharmaceutical value. Smart polymer have been used to cope with the pathophysiological environment of target site and have imposed less toxic effects.The contents of this article are challenges in formulation of therapeutic proteins, synthetic routes of conjugates, smart polymer-protein conjugates and also some advantages/disadvantages of polymers as a carrier system of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Husaini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Razip Asaruddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS, Sarawak, Malaysia
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