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Andrés-Sanz D, Diamanti E, Di Silvo D, Gurauskis J, López-Gallego F. Selective Coimmobilization of His-Tagged Enzymes on Yttrium-Stabilized Zirconia-Based Membranes for Continuous Asymmetric Bioreductions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:4285-4296. [PMID: 35020352 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scalability, process control, and modularity are some of the advantages that make flow biocatalysis a key-enabling technology for green and sustainable chemistry. In this context, rigid porous solid membranes hold the promise to expand the toolbox of flow biocatalysis due to their chemical stability and inertness. Yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fulfills these properties; however, it has been scarcely exploited as a carrier for enzymes. Here, we discovered an unprecedented interaction between YSZ materials and His-tagged enzymes that enables the fabrication of multifunctional biocatalytic membranes for bioredox cascades. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests that enzyme immobilization is driven by coordination interactions between the imidazole groups of His-tags and both Zr and Y atoms. As model enzymes, we coimmobilized in-flow a thermophilic hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (TtHBDH-His) and a formate dehydrogenase (His-CbFDH) for the continuous asymmetric reduction of ethyl acetoacetate with in situ redox cofactor recycling. Fluorescence confocal microscopy deciphered the spatial organization of the two coimmobilized enzymes, pointing out the importance of the coimmobilization sequence. Finally, the coimmobilized system succeeded in situ, recycling the redox cofactor, maintaining the specific productivity using only 0.05 mM NADH, and accumulating a total enzyme turnover number of 4000 in 24 h. This work presents YSZ materials as ready-to-use carriers for the site-directed enzyme in-flow immobilization and the application of the resulting heterogeneous biocatalysts for continuous biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andrés-Sanz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Eleftheria Diamanti
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Desirè Di Silvo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jonas Gurauskis
- INMA, Aragón Nanoscience and Materials Institute (CSIC-Unizar), Calle Mariano Esquillor 15, Edificio CIRCE, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- ARAID, Aragonese Agency for Research and Development, Av. de Ranillas 1-D, planta 2a̲, Oficina B, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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Abstract
Human mitochondrial transcripts contain messenger and ribosomal RNAs flanked by transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which are excised by mitochondrial RNase (mtRNase) P and Z to liberate all RNA species. In contrast to nuclear or bacterial RNase P, mtRNase P is not a ribozyme but comprises three protein subunits that carry out RNA cleavage and methylation by unknown mechanisms. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of human mtRNase P bound to precursor tRNA, which reveals a unique mechanism of substrate recognition and processing. Subunits TRMT10C and SDR5C1 form a subcomplex that binds conserved mitochondrial tRNA elements, including the anticodon loop, and positions the tRNA for methylation. The endonuclease PRORP is recruited and activated through interactions with its PPR and nuclease domains to ensure precise pre-tRNA cleavage. The structure provides the molecular basis for the first step of RNA processing in human mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Bhatta
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Research Group Structure and Function of Molecular Machines, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Dienemann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Cramer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke S Hillen
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Research Group Structure and Function of Molecular Machines, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Karasawa T, Kondo S, Fukazawa A, Koike A, Tsutsui M, Terada S. Effects of Dietary Fat Restriction on Endurance Training-induced Metabolic Adaptations in Rat Skeletal Muscle. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:253-262. [PMID: 33456007 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise training enhances muscle fat oxidation while concomitantly reducing carbohydrate (glycogen) utilization during exercise, thereby delaying the onset of fatigue. This study examined the effects of dietary fat restriction on endurance training-induced metabolic adaptations in rat skeletal muscle. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on either a control diet (CON: 19.2% protein, 21.6% fat, and 59.2% carbohydrate as a percentage of total energy) or a fat-restricted diet (FR: 21.5% protein, 2.4% fat, and 76.1% carbohydrate as a percentage of total energy) for 4 wks. Half the rats in each dietary group performed daily 6-h swimming exercise (two 3-h sessions separated by 45 min of rest) on 5 days each wk. Endurance training significantly increased the expression of β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (βHAD), a key enzyme of fat oxidation, and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), an inhibitory regulator of glycolytic flux, in the skeletal muscle of rats fed the CON diet. However, such endurance training-induced increases in muscle βHAD and PDK4 were partially suppressed by the FR diet, suggesting that a FR diet may diminish the endurance training-induced enhancement of fat oxidation and reduction in glycogen utilization during exercise. We then assessed the muscle glycogen utilization rate during an acute bout of swimming exercise in the trained rats fed either the CON or the FR diet and consequently found that rats fed the FR diet had a significantly higher muscle glycogen utilization rate during exercise compared with rats fed the CON diet. In conclusion, dietary fat restriction may attenuate the endurance training-induced metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Karasawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Saki Kondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Ayumi Fukazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Atsuko Koike
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Momoko Tsutsui
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shin Terada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Condon KJ, Orozco JM, Adelmann CH, Spinelli JB, van der Helm PW, Roberts JM, Kunchok T, Sabatini DM. Genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal multitiered mechanisms through which mTORC1 senses mitochondrial dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022120118. [PMID: 33483422 PMCID: PMC7848693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, nutrients and growth factors signal through an array of upstream proteins to regulate the mTORC1 growth control pathway. Because the full complement of these proteins has not been systematically identified, we developed a FACS-based CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screening strategy to pinpoint genes that regulate mTORC1 activity. Along with almost all known positive components of the mTORC1 pathway, we identified many genes that impact mTORC1 activity, including DCAF7, CSNK2B, SRSF2, IRS4, CCDC43, and HSD17B10 Using the genome-wide screening data, we generated a focused sublibrary containing single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting hundreds of genes and carried out epistasis screens in cells lacking nutrient- and stress-responsive mTORC1 modulators, including GATOR1, AMPK, GCN2, and ATF4. From these data, we pinpointed mitochondrial function as a particularly important input into mTORC1 signaling. While it is well appreciated that mitochondria signal to mTORC1, the mechanisms are not completely clear. We find that the kinases AMPK and HRI signal, with varying kinetics, mitochondrial distress to mTORC1, and that HRI acts through the ATF4-dependent up-regulation of both Sestrin2 and Redd1. Loss of both AMPK and HRI is sufficient to render mTORC1 signaling largely resistant to mitochondrial dysfunction induced by the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin as well as the electron transport chain inhibitors piericidin and antimycin. Taken together, our data reveal a catalog of genes that impact the mTORC1 pathway and clarify the multifaceted ways in which mTORC1 senses mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Condon
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Jose M Orozco
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Charles H Adelmann
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Jessica B Spinelli
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Pim W van der Helm
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Justin M Roberts
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Tenzin Kunchok
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
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Nepovimova E, Svobodova L, Dolezal R, Hepnarova V, Junova L, Jun D, Korabecny J, Kucera T, Gazova Z, Motykova K, Kubackova J, Bednarikova Z, Janockova J, Jesus C, Cortes L, Pina J, Rostohar D, Serpa C, Soukup O, Aitken L, Hughes RE, Musilek K, Muckova L, Jost P, Chvojkova M, Vales K, Valis M, Chrienova Z, Chalupova K, Kuca K. Tacrine - Benzothiazoles: Novel class of potential multitarget anti-Alzheimeŕs drugs dealing with cholinergic, amyloid and mitochondrial systems. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104596. [PMID: 33421953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of tacrine - benzothiazole hybrids incorporate inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and mitochondrial enzyme ABAD, whose interaction with Aβ leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, into a single molecule. In vitro, several of 25 final compounds exerted excellent anti-AChE properties and interesting capabilities to block Aβ aggregation. The best derivative of the series could be considered 10w that was found to be highly potent and selective towards AChE with the IC50 value in nanomolar range. Moreover, the same drug candidate exerted absolutely the best results of the series against ABAD, decreasing its activity by 23% at 100 µM concentration. Regarding the cytotoxicity profile of highlighted compound, it roughly matched that of its parent compound - 6-chlorotacrine. Finally, 10w was forwarded for in vivo scopolamine-induced amnesia experiment consisting of Morris Water Maze test, where it demonstrated mild procognitive effect. Taking into account all in vitro and in vivo data, highlighted derivative 10w could be considered as the lead structure worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Svobodova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Junova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Gazova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Motykova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Kubackova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Bednarikova
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Catarina Jesus
- Centro de Quimica de Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3044-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luisa Cortes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joao Pina
- Centro de Quimica de Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3044-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Danijela Rostohar
- HiLASE Centre, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Radnici 828, 252 41 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Serpa
- Centro de Quimica de Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3044-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Laura Aitken
- School of Biology, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E Hughes
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jost
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Chvojkova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Valis
- Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870/13, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zofia Chrienova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Chalupova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Elizondo G, Matern D, Vockley J, Harding CO, Gillingham MB. Effects of fasting, feeding and exercise on plasma acylcarnitines among subjects with CPT2D, VLCADD and LCHADD/TFPD. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 131:90-97. [PMID: 32928639 PMCID: PMC8048763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasma acylcarnitine profile is frequently used as a biochemical assessment for follow-up in diagnosed patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs). Disease specific acylcarnitine species are elevated during metabolic decompensation but there is clinical and biochemical heterogeneity among patients and limited data on the utility of an acylcarnitine profile for routine clinical monitoring. METHODS We evaluated plasma acylcarnitine profiles from 30 diagnosed patients with long-chain FAODs (carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 (CPT2), very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD), and long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase or mitochondrial trifunctional protein (LCHAD/TFP) deficiencies) collected after an overnight fast, after feeding a controlled low-fat diet, and before and after moderate exercise. Our purpose was to describe the variability in this biomarker and how various physiologic states effect the acylcarnitine concentrations in circulation. RESULTS Disease specific acylcarnitine species were higher after an overnight fast and decreased by approximately 60% two hours after a controlled breakfast meal. Moderate-intensity exercise increased the acylcarnitine species but it varied by diagnosis. When analyzed for a genotype/phenotype correlation, the presence of the common LCHADD mutation (c.1528G > C) was associated with higher levels of 3-hydroxyacylcarnitines than in patients with other mutations. CONCLUSIONS We found that feeding consistently suppressed and that moderate intensity exercise increased disease specific acylcarnitine species, but the response to exercise was highly variable across subjects and diagnoses. The clinical utility of routine plasma acylcarnitine analysis for outpatient treatment monitoring remains questionable; however, if acylcarnitine profiles are measured in the clinical setting, standardized procedures are required for sample collection to be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Elizondo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Dietrich Matern
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Center for Rare Disease Therapy, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Melanie B Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America; Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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7
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Lim JW, Lee J, Pae AN. Mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease: prospects for therapeutic intervention. BMB Rep 2020; 53:47-55. [PMID: 31818365 PMCID: PMC6999825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease and has become a major socioeconomic issue in many developed countries. Currently available therapeutic agents for AD provide only symptomatic treatments, mainly because the complete mechanism of the AD pathogenesis is still unclear. Although several different hypotheses have been proposed, mitochondrial dysfunction has gathered interest because of its profound effect on brain bioenergetics and neuronal survival in the pathophysiology of AD. Various therapeutic agents targeting the mitochondrial pathways associated with AD have been developed over the past decade. Although most of these agents are still early in the clinical development process, they are used to restore mitochondrial function, which provides an alternative therapeutic strategy that is likely to slow the progression of the disease. In this mini review, we will survey the AD-related mitochondrial pathways and their small-molecule modulators that have therapeutic potential. We will focus on recently reported examples, and also overview the current challenges and future perspectives of ongoing research. [BMB Reports 2020; 53(1): 47-55].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woong Lim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792,
Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul 01133,
Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792,
Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792,
Korea
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8
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Leung HH, Ng AL, Durand T, Kawasaki R, Oger C, Balas L, Galano JM, Wong IY, Chung-Yung Lee J. Increase in omega-6 and decrease in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation elevates the risk of exudative AMD development in adults with Chinese diet. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:349-356. [PMID: 31605749 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate diet is essential for the regulation of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In particular the type of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and poor antioxidant status including carotenoid levels concomitantly contribute to AMD risk. Build-up of oxidative stress in AMD induces PUFA oxidation, and a mix of lipid oxidation products (LOPs) are generated. However, LOPs are not comprehensively evaluated in AMD. LOPs are considered biomarkers of oxidative stress but also contributes to inflammatory response. In this cross-sectional case-control study, plasma omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratios and antioxidant status (glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase), and plasma and urinary LOPs (41 types) were determined to evaluate its odds-ratio in the risk of developing exudative AMD (n = 99) compared to age-gender-matched healthy controls (n = 198) in adults with Chinese diet. The odds ratio of developing exudative AMD increased with LOPs from omega-6 PUFA and decreased from those of omega-3 PUFA. These observations were associated with a high plasma omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio and low carotenoid levels. In short, poor PUFA and antioxidant status increased the production of omega-6 PUFA LOPs such as dihomo-isoprostane and dihomo-isofuran, and lowered omega-3 PUFA LOPs such as neuroprostanes due to the high omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratios; they were also correlated to the risk of AMD development. These findings indicate the generation of specific LOPs is associated with the development of exudative AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Hang Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alex Lk Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Ophthalmic Associates, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Vision Informatics, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Ian Yh Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Sun LN, Zhi Z, Chen LY, Zhou Q, Li XM, Gan WJ, Chen S, Yang M, Liu Y, Shen T, Xu Y, Li JM. SIRT1 suppresses colorectal cancer metastasis by transcriptional repression of miR-15b-5p. Cancer Lett 2017; 409:104-115. [PMID: 28923398 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The class III deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a member of the sirtuin family proteins, plays a key role in many types of cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we report that SIRT1 suppressed CRC metastasis in vitro and in vivo as a negative regulator for miR-15b-5p transcription. Mechanistically, SIRT1 impaired regulatory effects of activator protein (AP-1) on miR-15b-5p trans-activation through deacetylation of AP-1. Importantly, acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), a key enzyme of the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathway, was found as a direct target for miR-15b-5p. SIRT1 expression was positively correlated with ACOX1 expression in CRC cells and in xenografts. Moreover, ACOX1 overexpression attenuated the augmentation of migration and invasion of CRC cells by miR-15b-5p overexpression. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a functional role of the SIRT1/miR-15b-5p/ACOX1 axis in CRC metastasis and suggested a potential target for metastatic CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Sun
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Yan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Ming Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Juan Gan
- First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Irshad Z, Dimitri F, Christian M, Zammit VA. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 links glucose utilization to fatty acid oxidation in the brown adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:15-30. [PMID: 27836993 PMCID: PMC5234708 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue uptake of glucose and fatty acids is very high during nonshivering thermogenesis. Adrenergic stimulation markedly increases glucose uptake, de novo lipogenesis, and FA oxidation simultaneously. The mechanism that enables this concerted response has hitherto been unknown. Here, we find that in primary brown adipocytes and brown adipocyte-derived cell line (IMBAT-1), acute inhibition and longer-term knockdown of DGAT2 links the increased de novo synthesis of fatty acids from glucose to a pool of TAG that is simultaneously hydrolyzed, providing FA for mitochondrial oxidation. DGAT1 does not contribute to this pathway, but uses exogenous FA and glycerol to synthesize a functionally distinct pool of TAG to which DGAT2 also contributes. The DGAT2-dependent channelling of 14C from glucose into TAG and CO2 was reproduced in β3-agonist-stimulated primary brown adipocytes. Knockdown of DGAT2 in IMBAT-1 affected the mRNA levels of UCP1 and genes important in FA activation and esterification. Therefore, in β3-agonist activated brown adipocytes, DGAT2 specifically enables channelling of de novo synthesized FA into a rapidly mobilized pool of TAG, which is simultaneously hydrolyzed to provide substrates for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Irshad
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Dimitri
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Christian
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Victor A Zammit
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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11
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Li C, White SH, Warren LK, Wohlgemuth SE. Effects of aging on mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of American American Quarter Horses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:299-311. [PMID: 27283918 PMCID: PMC5040552 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle function, aerobic capacity, and mitochondrial (Mt) function have been found to decline with age in humans and rodents. However, not much is known about age-related changes in Mt function in equine skeletal muscle. Here, we compared fiber-type composition and Mt function in gluteus medius and triceps brachii muscle between young (age 1.8 ± 0.1 yr, n = 24) and aged (age 17-25 yr, n = 10) American Quarter Horses. The percentage of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIX was lower in aged compared with young muscles (gluteus, P = 0.092; triceps, P = 0.012), while the percentages of MHC I (gluteus; P < 0.001) and MHC IIA (triceps; P = 0.023) were increased. Mass-specific Mt density, indicated by citrate synthase activity, was unaffected by age in gluteus, but decreased in aged triceps (P = 0.023). Cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) activity per milligram tissue and per Mt unit decreased with age in gluteus (P < 0.001 for both) and triceps (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase per milligram tissue was unaffected by age, but increased per Mt unit in aged gluteus and triceps (P = 0.023 and P < 0.001, respectively). Mt respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers per milligram tissue was unaffected by age in both muscles. Main effects of age appeared when respiration was normalized to Mt content, with increases in LEAK, oxidative phosphorylation capacity, and electron transport system capacity (P = 0.038, P = 0.045, and P = 0.007, respectively), independent of muscle. In conclusion, equine skeletal muscle aging was accompanied by a shift in fiber-type composition, decrease in Mt density and COX activity, but preserved Mt respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sarah H White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lori K Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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12
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Le Guen M, Chaté V, Hininger-Favier I, Laillet B, Morio B, Pieroni G, Schlattner U, Pison C, Dubouchaud H. A 9-wk docosahexaenoic acid-enriched supplementation improves endurance exercise capacity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in adult rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E213-24. [PMID: 26646102 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00468.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Decline in skeletal muscle mass and function starts during adulthood. Among the causes, modifications of the mitochondrial function could be of major importance. Polyunsaturated fatty (ω-3) acids have been shown to play a role in intracellular functions. We hypothesize that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation could improve muscle mitochondrial function that could contribute to limit the early consequences of aging on adult muscle. Twelve-month-old male Wistar rats were fed a low-polyunsaturated fat diet and were given DHA (DHA group) or placebo (control group) for 9 wk. Rats from the DHA group showed a higher endurance capacity (+56%, P < 0.05) compared with control animals. Permeabilized myofibers from soleus muscle showed higher O2 consumptions (P < 0.05) in the DHA group compared with the control group, with glutamate-malate as substrates, both in basal conditions (i.e., state 2) and under maximal conditions (i.e., state 3, using ADP), along with a higher apparent Km for ADP (P < 0.05). Calcium retention capacity of isolated mitochondria was lower in DHA group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Phospho-AMPK/AMPK ratio and PPARδ mRNA content were higher in the DHA group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Results showed that DHA enhanced endurance capacity in adult animals, a beneficial effect potentially resulting from improvement in mitochondrial function, as suggested by our results on permeabilized fibers. DHA supplementation could be of potential interest for the muscle function in adults and for fighting the decline in exercise tolerance with age that could imply energy-sensing pathway, as suggested by changes in phospho-AMPK/AMPK ratio.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases/drug effects
- 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calorimetry, Indirect
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Citrate (si)-Synthase/drug effects
- Citrate (si)-Synthase/metabolism
- Dietary Supplements
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology
- Electron Transport/drug effects
- Exercise Tolerance/drug effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Male
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Phospholipids/metabolism
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Physical Endurance/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Le Guen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Chaté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Hininger-Favier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Brigitte Laillet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Béatrice Morio
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, UMR1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Uwe Schlattner
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Pison
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Dubouchaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, U1055, Grenoble, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1055, Grenoble, France;
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13
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Ito T. [Mass Screening for Inborn Errors of Metabolism]. Rinsho Byori 2015; 63:441-449. [PMID: 26536777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal mass screening is a project aiming at the prevention of disorders by discovering and treating diseases which damage health left untreated in all newborns. The bacterial inhibition assay (BIA) was developed in about .1961 and used as the Guthrie method for a long time, but it was replaced by tandem mass spectrometry due to the recent development of mass spectrometers, and its nationwide introduction in Japan was completed. With this introduction, 13 diseases were newly included in screening. Fatty acid and organic acid metabolic disorders and urea cycle disorders were included, and favorable results have been obtained.
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Philp LK, Heilbronn LK, Janovska A, Wittert GA. Dietary enrichment with fish oil prevents high fat-induced metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117494. [PMID: 25658742 PMCID: PMC4320112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High saturated fat (HF-S) diets increase intramyocellular lipid, an effect ameliorated by omega-3 fatty acids in vitro and in vivo, though little is known about sex- and muscle fiber type-specific effects. We compared effects of standard chow, HF-S, and 7.5% HF-S replaced with fish oil (HF-FO) diets on the metabolic profile and lipid metabolism gene and protein content in red (soleus) and white (extensor digitorum longus) muscles of male and female C57BL/6 mice (n = 9-12/group). Weight gain was similar in HF-S- and HF-FO-fed groups. HF-S feeding increased mesenteric fat mass and lipid marker, Oil Red O, in red and mixed muscle; HF-FO increased interscapular brown fat mass. Compared to chow, HF-S and HF-FO increased expression of genes regulating triacylglycerol synthesis and fatty acid transport, HF-S suppressed genes and proteins regulating fatty acid oxidation, whereas HF-FO increased oxidative genes, proteins and enzymes and lipolytic gene content, whilst suppressing lipogenic genes. In comparison to HF-S, HF-FO further increased fat transporters, markers of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial content, and reduced lipogenic genes. No diet-by-sex interactions were observed. Neither diet influenced fiber type composition. However, some interactions between muscle type and diet were observed. HF-S induced changes in triacylglycerol synthesis and lipogenic genes in red, but not white, muscle, and mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative genes were suppressed by HF-S and increased by HF-FO in red muscle only. In conclusion, HF-S feeding promotes lipid storage in red muscle, an effect abrogated by the fish oil, which increases mediators of lipolysis, oxidation and thermogenesis while inhibiting lipogenic genes. Greater storage and synthesis, and lower oxidative genes in red, but not white, muscle likely contribute to lipid accretion encountered in red muscle. Despite several gender-dimorphic genes, both sexes exhibited a similar HF-S-induced metabolic and gene expression profile; likewise fish oil was similarly protective in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Philp
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Leonie K. Heilbronn
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alena Janovska
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A. Wittert
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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15
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Toni C, Martos-Sitcha JA, Ruiz-Jarabo I, Mancera JM, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Pinheiro CG, Heinzmann BM, Baldisserotto B. Stress response in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to the essential oil of Hesperozygis ringens. Fish Physiol Biochem 2015; 41:129-138. [PMID: 25403153 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of prolonged exposure of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) to the essential oil (EO) of Hesperozygis ringens. Ventilatory rate (VR), stress and metabolic indicators, energy enzyme activities, and mRNA expression of adenohypophyseal hormones were examined in specimens that were exposed for 6 h to 0 (control), 30 or 50 µL L(-1) EO of H. ringens in water. Reduction in VR was observed in response to each treatment, but no differences were found between treatments. Plasma glucose, protein, and osmolality increased in fish exposed to 50 µL L(-1). Moreover, lactate levels increased after exposure to both EO concentrations. Plasma cortisol levels were not changed by EO exposure. Fish exposed to 30 µL L(-1) EO exhibited higher glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) activity, while exposure to 50 µL L(-1) EO elicited an increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), fructose-biphosphatase (FBP), and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities compared with the control group. Expression of growth hormone (GH) only decreased in fish exposed to 50 µL L(-1) EO, while somatolactin (SL) expression decreased in fish exposed to both concentrations of EO. Exposure to EO did not change prolactin expression. The results indicate that GH and SL are associated with energy reorganization in silver catfish. Fish were only slightly affected by 30 µL L(-1) EO of H. ringens, suggesting that it could be used in practices where a reduction in the movement of fish for prolonged periods is beneficial, i.e., such as during fish transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida Toni
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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16
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Abstract
While certain archaea appear to synthesize and/or metabolize fatty acids, the respective pathways still remain obscure. By analysing the genomic distribution of the key lipid-related enzymes, we were able to identify the likely components of the archaeal pathway of fatty acid metabolism, namely, a combination of the enzymes of bacterial-type β-oxidation of fatty acids [acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase] with paralogs of the archaeal acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, an enzyme of the mevalonate biosynthesis pathway. These three β-oxidation enzymes working in the reverse direction could potentially catalyse biosynthesis of fatty acids, with paralogs of acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase performing addition of C2 fragments. The presence in archaea of the genes for energy-transducing membrane enzyme complexes, such as cytochrome bc complex, cytochrome c oxidase and diverse rhodopsins, was found to correlate with the presence of the proposed system of fatty acid biosynthesis. We speculate that because these membrane complexes functionally depend on fatty acid chains, their genes could have been acquired via lateral gene transfer from bacteria only by those archaea that already possessed a system of fatty acid biosynthesis. The proposed pathway of archaeal fatty acid metabolism operates in extreme conditions and therefore might be of interest in the context of biofuel production and other industrial applications.
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Kim J, Chang JH, Kim KJ. Crystal structure and biochemical properties of the (S)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase PaaH1 from Ralstonia eutropha. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:163-8. [PMID: 24792376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the biofuel n-butanol by converting acetoacetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. To investigate the molecular mechanism of n-butanol biosynthesis, we determined crystal structures of the Ralstonia eutropha-derived 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (RePaaH1) in complex with either its cofactor NAD(+) or its substrate acetoacetyl-CoA. While the biologically active structure is dimeric, the monomer of RePaaH1 comprises two separated domains with an N-terminal Rossmann fold and a C-terminal helical bundle for dimerization. In this study, we show that the cofactor-binding site is located on the Rossmann fold and is surrounded by five loops and one helix. The binding mode of the acetoacetyl-CoA substrate was found to be that the adenosine diphosphate moiety is not highly stabilized compared with the remainder of the molecule. Residues involved in catalysis and substrate binding were further confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis experiments, and kinetic properties of RePaaH1were examined as well. Our findings contribute to the understanding of 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase catalysis, and will be useful in enhancing the efficiency of n-butanol biosynthesis by structure based protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 Plus Program), Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Chang
- Department of Biology, Teachers College, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 Plus Program), Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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Kim EJ, Kim KJ. Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and X-ray crystallographic analysis of (S)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase from Clostridium butyricum. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:485-8. [PMID: 24699745 PMCID: PMC3976069 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14004348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(S)-3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase from Clostridium butyricum (CbHBD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the second step in the biosynthesis of n-butanol from acetyl-CoA by the reduction of acetoacetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. The CbHBD protein was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method in the presence of 2 M ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M CAPS pH 10.5, 0.2 M lithium sulfate at 295 K. X-ray diffraction data were collected to a maximum resolution of 2.3 Å on a synchrotron beamline. The crystal belonged to space group R3, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 148.5, c = 201.6 Å. With four molecules per asymmetric unit, the crystal volume per unit protein weight (VM) is 3.52 Å(3) Da(-1), which corresponds to a solvent content of approximately 65.04%. The structure was solved by the molecular-replacement method and refinement of the structure is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Kim
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 Plus Program), Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 Plus Program), Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Luo L, Sun GJ, Du YJ. [Effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on energy metabolism-related protein of hippocampal neuron mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease rats]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2013; 33:913-918. [PMID: 24377225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore action mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion for Alzheimer's disease (AD) to provide evidence for prevention and treatment with acupuncture and moxibustion on AD in clinic. METHODS Eighty SPF-grade male Wistar rats, (200 +/- 20) g, were randomly divided into a normal group, a sham-operation group, a model group and a treatment group, 20 cases in each one. The model was duplicated with injection of Abeta1-42 in rats' hippocampus. Expect the treatment group, the rest groups were treated with regular feeding after respective intervention. The treatment group was treated with acupuncture and moxibustion at "Baihui" (GV 20) and "Shenshu" (BL 23), once a day, seven days as a treatment course and totally for two courses. There was one day of interval between the courses. The immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR methods were applied to test level of Abeta-binding alcohol dehydrogense (ABAD) and cytochrome oxidase IV (COX IV) in hippocampal neurons mitochondria. RESULTS Acupuncture and moxibustion could reduce effectively level of ABAD and improve activity of COX IV in hippocampal neurons mitochondria in the treatment group, which has statistical significance compared with that in the model group (P < 0.01) and no statistical significance compared with that in the normal group and sham-operation group (P > 0.05). This indicated that acupuncture and moxibustion could effectively suppress overexpression of ABAD, improve activity of COX IV and reduce leak of reactive oxygen species, which could improve metabolic disturbance of mitochondria energy to achieve the goal of prevention and treatment of AD. CONCLUSION The prevention and treatment of AD with acupuncture and moxibustion could be related with suppressing overexpression of ABAD and improving activity of COX IV in hippocampal neurons mitochondria to improve mitochondria energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Luo
- Hubei University of TCM, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Guo-Jie Sun
- Hubei University of TCM, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yan-Jun Du
- Hubei University of TCM, Wuhan 430065, China
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De Preter V, Rutgeerts P, Schuit F, Verbeke K, Arijs I. Impaired expression of genes involved in the butyrate oxidation pathway in Crohn's disease patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:E43-4. [PMID: 22508661 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Heslegrave AJ, Hussain K. Novel insights into fatty acid oxidation, amino acid metabolism, and insulin secretion from studying patients with loss of function mutations in 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:496-501. [PMID: 23253615 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations causing genetic defects have been described in many of the enzymes involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Recently, mutations in the penultimate enzyme in the FAO chain have been described that result in quite different symptoms from those normally seen. Patients with mutations in 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) present with protein (leucine)-induced hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH), suggesting a link between FAO, amino acid metabolism, and insulin secretion. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION AND SYNTHESIS Peer-reviewed articles were searched in PubMed with relevance to HADH and disorders of FAO and protein sensitivity. Relevant articles were cited. Recent evidence suggests that mutations in HADH cause HH that is precipitated by protein in a similar manner to the hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome, which is caused by mutations in the GLUD1 gene, encoding the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). CONCLUSION Current data suggest that the HH observed in patients with mutations in HADH is precipitated by leucine as seen in the HI/HA syndrome. This is caused by a loss of protein/protein interaction between short-chain HADH (SCHAD, the enzyme coded for by HADH) and GDH, causing an overstimulation of GDH and a rise in cellular ATP and up-regulated insulin secretion. These observations provide new mechanistic insights into the regulation of insulin secretion by fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Heslegrave
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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Tanaka M, Masaki Y, Tanaka K, Miyazaki M, Kato M, Sugimoto R, Nakamura K, Aishima S, Shirabe K, Nakamuta M, Enjoji M, Kotoh K, Takayanagi R. Reduction of fatty acid oxidation and responses to hypoxia correlate with the progression of de-differentiation in HCC. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:365-70. [PMID: 23178736 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may be improved by novel treatments focusing on the characteristic metabolic changes of this disease. Therefore, we analyzed the biological interactions of metabolic features with the degree of tumor differentiation and the level of malignant potential in 41 patients with completely resectable HCC. The expression levels in resected samples of mRNAs encoded by genes related to tumor metabolism and metastasis were investigated, and the correlation between these expression levels and degrees of differentiation was analyzed. Of the 41 patients, 2 patients had grade I, 27 had grade II, and 12 had grade III tumors. Reductions in the levels of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX)-2 mRNAs, and increases in pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2) mRNA were significantly correlated with the progression of de-differentiation. Analysis of partial correlation coefficients showed that the level of PKM2 mRNA expression was significantly correlated with those of pro-angiogenic genes, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and ETS-1. Moreover, the levels of VEGF-A and ETS-1 mRNA expression were independently correlated with that of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)‑related gene SNAIL. These findings suggest that reductions in fatty acid oxidation and responses to hypoxia may affect the progression of malignant phenotypes in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Kristensen JM, Larsen S, Helge JW, Dela F, Wojtaszewski JFP. Two weeks of metformin treatment enhances mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of AMPK kinase dead but not wild type mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53533. [PMID: 23341947 PMCID: PMC3544921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is used as an anti-diabetic drug. Metformin ameliorates insulin resistance by improving insulin sensitivity in liver and skeletal muscle. Reduced mitochondrial content has been reported in type 2 diabetic muscles and it may contribute to decreased insulin sensitivity characteristic for diabetic muscles. The molecular mechanism behind the effect of metformin is not fully clarified but inhibition of complex I in the mitochondria and also activation of the 5'AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been reported in muscle. Furthermore, both AMPK activation and metformin treatment have been associated with stimulation of mitochondrial function and biogenesis. However, a causal relationship in skeletal muscle has not been investigated. We hypothesized that potential effects of in vivo metformin treatment on mitochondrial function and protein expressions in skeletal muscle are dependent upon AMPK signaling. We investigated this by two weeks of oral metformin treatment of muscle specific kinase dead α(2) (KD) AMPK mice and wild type (WT) littermates. We measured mitochondrial respiration and protein activity and expressions of key enzymes involved in mitochondrial carbohydrate and fat metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial respiration, HAD and CS activity, PDH and complex I-V and cytochrome c protein expression were all reduced in AMPK KD compared to WT tibialis anterior muscles. Surprisingly, metformin treatment only enhanced respiration in AMPK KD mice and thereby rescued the respiration defect compared to the WT mice. Metformin did not influence protein activities or expressions in either WT or AMPK KD mice.We conclude that two weeks of in vivo metformin treatment enhances mitochondrial respiration in the mitochondrial deficient AMPK KD but not WT mice. The improvement seems to be unrelated to AMPK, and does not involve changes in key mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas M Kristensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology Group, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Borger E, Aitken L, Du H, Zhang W, Gunn-Moore FJ, Du Yan SS. Is amyloid binding alcohol dehydrogenase a drug target for treating Alzheimer's disease? Curr Alzheimer Res 2013; 10:21-29. [PMID: 22742981 PMCID: PMC3674883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Current strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involve tackling the formation or clearance of the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) and/or hyper-phosphorylated tau, or the support and stabilization of the remaining neuronal networks. However, as we gain a clearer idea of the large number of molecular mechanisms at work in this disease, it is becoming clearer that the treatment of AD should take a combined approach of dealing with several aspects of the pathology. The concept that we also need to protect specific sensitive targets within the cell should also be considered. In particular the role of protecting the function of a specific mitochondrial protein, amyloid binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD), will be the focus of this review. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a well-recognized fact in the progression of AD, though until recently the mechanisms involved could only be loosely labeled as changes in 'metabolism'. The discovery that Aβ can be present within the mitochondria and specifically bind to ABAD, has opened up a new area of AD research. Here we review the evidence that the prevention of Aβ binding to ABAD is a drug target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borger
- School of Biology, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, Scotland UK KY16 9TF
| | - Laura Aitken
- School of Biology, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, Scotland UK KY16 9TF
| | - Heng Du
- Higuchi Bioscience Center and Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS66047, USA
| | - Wenshen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Process and Resource Ecology, Center for Natural Medicine Engineering, The Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Frank J Gunn-Moore
- School of Biology, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, Scotland UK KY16 9TF
| | - Shirley Shi Du Yan
- Higuchi Bioscience Center and Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS66047, USA
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Hagopian K, Tomilov AA, Tomilova N, Kim K, Taylor SL, Lam AK, Cortopassi GA, McDonald RB, Ramsey JJ. Shc proteins influence the activities of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. Metabolism 2012; 61:1703-13. [PMID: 22683097 PMCID: PMC3442136 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ShcKO mice have low body fat and resist weight gain on a high fat diet, indicating that Shc proteins may influence enzymes involved in β-oxidation. To investigate this idea, the activities of β-oxidation and ketone body metabolism enzymes were measured. METHODS The activities of β-oxidation enzymes (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and ketoacyl-CoA thiolase) in liver and hindlimb skeletal muscle, ketolytic enzymes (acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and 3-oxoacid-CoA transferase) in skeletal muscle, and ketogenic enzymes (acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase) in liver were measured from wild-type and ShcKO mice. RESULTS The activities of β-oxidation enzymes were increased (P<.05) in the ShcKO compared to wild-type mice in the fasted but not the fed state. In contrast, no uniform increases in the ketolytic enzyme activities were observed between ShcKO and wild-type mice. In liver, the activities of ketogenic enzymes were increased (P<.05) in ShcKO compared to wild-type mice in both the fed and fasted states. Levels of phosphorylated hormone sensitive lipase from adipocytes were also increased (P<.05) in fasted ShcKO mice. CONCLUSION These studies indicate that the low Shc levels in ShcKO mice result in increased liver and muscle β-oxidation enzyme activities in response to fasting and induce chronic increases in the activity of liver ketogenic enzymes. Decreases in the level of Shc proteins should be considered as possible contributors to the increase in activity of fatty acid oxidation enzymes in response to physiological conditions which increase reliance on fatty acids as a source of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevork Hagopian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Alexey A. Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Natalia Tomilova
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Sandra L. Taylor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Adam K. Lam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Gino A. Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Roger B. McDonald
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jon J. Ramsey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Corresponding author s. Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Tel: +1 530 754 8122; FAX: +1 530 752 4698;
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Lammers G, Poelkens F, van Duijnhoven NTL, Pardoel EM, Hoenderop JG, Thijssen DHJ, Hopman MTE. Expression of genes involved in fatty acid transport and insulin signaling is altered by physical inactivity and exercise training in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1245-51. [PMID: 23011062 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00356.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Physical deconditioning is associated with the development of chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exercise training effectively counteracts these developments, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. To gain more insight into these mechanisms, muscular gene expression levels were assessed after physical deconditioning and after exercise training of the lower limbs in humans by use of gene expression microarrays. To exclude systemic effects, we used human models for local physical inactivity (3 wk of unilateral limb suspension) and for local exercise training (6 wk of functional electrical stimulation exercise of the extremely deconditioned legs of individuals with a spinal cord injury). The most interesting subset of genes, those downregulated after deconditioning as well as upregulated after exercise training, contained 18 genes related to both the "insulin action" and "adipocytokine signaling" pathway. Of these genes, the three with strongest up/downregulation were the muscular fatty acid-binding protein-3 (FABP3), the fatty acid oxidizing enzyme hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH), and the mitochondrial fatty acid transporter solute carrier 25 family member A20 (SLC25A20). The expression levels of these genes were confirmed using RT-qPCR. The results of the present study indicate an important role for a decreased transport and metabolism of fatty acids, which provides a link between physical activity levels and insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwen Lammers
- Dept. of Physiology, Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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McAinch AJ, Lee JS, Bruce CR, Tunstall RJ, Hawley JA, Cameron-Smith D. Dietary Regulation of Fat Oxidative Gene Expression in Different Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 11:1471-9. [PMID: 14694211 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a high-fat diet on the expression of genes important for fat oxidation, the protein abundance of the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms alpha and gamma, and selected enzyme activities in type I and II skeletal muscle. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Sprague-Dawley rats consumed either a high-fat (HF: 78% energy, n = 8) or high-carbohydrate (64% energy, n = 8) diet for 8 weeks while remaining sedentary. RESULTS The expression of genes important for fat oxidation tended to increase in both type I (soleus) and type II (extensor digitorum longus) fiber types after an HF dietary intervention. However, the expression of muscle type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I was not increased in extensor digitorum longus. Analysis of the gene expression of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator and fork-head transcription factor O1 demonstrated no alteration in response to the HF diet. Similarly, PPARalpha and PPARgamma protein levels were also not altered by the HF diet. DISCUSSION An HF diet increased the expression of an array of genes involved in lipid metabolism, with only subtle differences evident in the response within differing skeletal muscle fiber types. Despite changes in gene expression, there were no effects of diet on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator and fork-head transcription factor O1 mRNA and the protein abundance of PPARalpha and PPARgamma.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases/genetics
- 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase/genetics
- Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Dietary Fats/metabolism
- Dietary Fats/pharmacology
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McAinch
- School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Sun XL, Yang Z, Wang XY, Wang JL, Wu SY. [Effects of expression of mitochondria long-chain fatty acid oxidative enzyme with different chain lengths of free fatty acids in trophoblast cells]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012; 92:2034-2037. [PMID: 23253803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the interacting mechanisms and influences of different chain lengths of fatty acids and the expression of mitochondria long-chain 3 hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) in trophoblast cells. METHODS The serum-free trophoblast cells cultured in vitro were divided into 5 groups to receive the stimulations of DMEM/F12 medium without FFA (F-FFA), short-chain fatty acids (SC-FFA), medium-chain fatty acids (MC-FFA), long-chain fatty acids (LC-FFA), very long-chain fatty acids (VLC-FFA). The expressions of mRNA and protein of LCHAD in trophoblast cells were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. RESULTS Compared with the F-FFA, SC-FFA and MC-FFA groups, the expressions of gene and protein of LCHAD significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the LC-FFA group. The expression of gene of LCHAD increased significantly in the VLC-FFA group (P < 0.05). But no difference existed in protein expression between the VLC-FFA group and other three groups (P > 0.05). Gene expression of LCHAD had no difference among the F-FFA, SC-FFA, MC-FFA groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the LC-FFA group, the expression of gene of LCHAD increased significantly in the VLC-FFA group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Free fatty acids may affect the expression of mitochondrial β-oxidation enzyme of LCHAD in trophoblast cells. Long-chain fatty acid alters the LCHAD gene protein expression. The correlation between very long chain fatty acids and the gene expression of LCHAD has been detected and their interactions needs further explorations. Short or medium chain fatty acids have no significant effect on the mitochondrial metabolism of fatty acid β-oxidation in trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-le Sun
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Yao J, Irwin R, Chen S, Hamilton R, Cadenas E, Brinton RD. Ovarian hormone loss induces bioenergetic deficits and mitochondrial β-amyloid. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1507-21. [PMID: 21514693 PMCID: PMC3181273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that reproductive senescence was associated with mitochondrial deficits comparable to those of female triple-transgenic Alzheimer's mice (3xTgAD). Herein, we investigated the impact of chronic ovarian hormone deprivation and 17β-estradiol (E2) replacement on mitochondrial function in nontransgenic (nonTg) and 3xTgAD female mouse brain. Depletion of ovarian hormones by ovariectomy (OVX) in nontransgenic mice significantly decreased brain bioenergetics, and induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. In 3xTgAD mice, OVX significantly exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction and induced mitochondrial β-amyloid and β-amyloid (Aβ)-binding-alcohol-dehydrogenase (ABAD) expression. Treatment with E2 at OVX prevented OVX-induced mitochondrial deficits, sustained mitochondrial bioenergetic function, decreased oxidative stress, and prevented mitochondrial β-amyloid and ABAD accumulation. In vitro, E2 increased maximal mitochondrial respiration in neurons and basal and maximal respiration in glia. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ovarian hormone loss induced a mitochondrial phenotype comparable to a transgenic female model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which was prevented by E2. These findings provide a plausible mechanism for increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in premenopausally oophorectomized women while also suggesting a therapeutic strategy for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Ronald Irwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Ryan Hamilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Enrique Cadenas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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Benek O, Musílek K, Kuca K. [Mitochondrial enzyme ABAD and its role in the development and treatment of Alzheimer's disease]. Ceska Slov Farm 2012; 61:144-149. [PMID: 23251955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) for some time. The original amyloid cascade hypothesis declared that the insoluble extracellular plaques were responsible for main Abeta toxicity. Nowadays, this hypothesis is outdated and soluble intracellular Abeta forms and their effects within the cell have come into the centre of attention. There are many intracellular proteins interacting with Abeta including the mitochondrial enzyme amyloid-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD). The interaction between ABAD and Abeta impairs mitochondrial functions and ultimately results in cell death. In this review, current findings concerning the enzyme ABAD are summarized. Its role in AD development and its interaction with Abeta as a potential therapeutic target are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Benek
- Univerzita obrany, Fakulta vojenského zdravotnictví, Katedra toxikologie a Centrum pokrocilých studií, Hradec Králové
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Gulevich AI, Skorokhodova AI, Morzhakova AA, Antonova SV, Sukhozhenko AV, Shakulov RS, Debabov VG. [1-butanol synthesis by Escherichia coli cells through butyryl-CoA formation by heterologous enzymes of clostridia and native enzymes of fatty acid beta-oxidation]. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol 2012; 48:383-388. [PMID: 23035570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic biosynthesis of 1-butanol from glucose is investigated in recombinant Escherichia coli strains which form butyryl-CoA using the heterologous enzyme complex of clostridia or as a result of a reversal in the action of native enzymes of the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. It was revealed that when the basic pathways of acetic and lactic acid formation are inactivated due to deletions in the ackA, pta, poxB, and ldhA genes, the efficiency of butyryl-CoA biosynthesis and its reduced product, i.e., 1-butanol, by two types of recombinant stains is comparable. The limiting factor for 1-butanol production by the obtained strains is the low substrate specificity of the basic CoA-dependent alcohol/aldehyde AdhE dehydrogenase from E. coli to butyryl-CoA. It was concluded that, in order to construct an efficient 1-butanol producer based on a model strain synthesizing butyryl-CoA as a result of a reversal in fatty acid beta-oxidation enzymes, it is necessary to provide intensive formation of acetyl-CoA and enhanced activity of alternative alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases in the cells of a strain.
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Vilarinho L, Marques JS, Rocha H, Ramos A, Lopes L, Narayan SB, Bennett MJ. Diagnosis of a patient with a kinetic variant of medium and short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency by newborn screening. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 106:277-80. [PMID: 22579592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medium and short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare cause of impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. We present a case report of a patient with hyperinsulinism and homozygosity for a novel mutation causing a kinetic variant of the enzyme. The diagnosis was initially inferred by abnormal newborn screening acylcarnitine analysis with elevated C4-hydroxyacylcarnitine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vilarinho
- Newborn Screening Unit, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal.
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De Preter V, Arijs I, Windey K, Vanhove W, Vermeire S, Schuit F, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K. Impaired butyrate oxidation in ulcerative colitis is due to decreased butyrate uptake and a defect in the oxidation pathway. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1127-36. [PMID: 21987487 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ulcerative colitis (UC) butyrate metabolism is impaired due to a defect in the butyrate oxidation pathway and/or transport. In the present study we correlated butyrate uptake and oxidation to the gene expression of the butyrate transporter SLC16A1 and the enzymes involved in butyrate oxidation (ACSM3, ACADS, ECHS1, HSD17B10, and ACAT2) in UC and controls. METHODS Colonic mucosal biopsies were collected during endoscopy of 88 UC patients and 20 controls with normal colonoscopy. Butyrate uptake and oxidation was measured by incubating biopsies with (14) C-labeled Na-butyrate. To assess gene expression, total RNA from biopsies was used for quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In 20 UC patients, gene expression was reassessed after treatment with infliximab. RESULTS Butyrate uptake and oxidation were significantly decreased in UC versus controls (P < 0.001 for both). Butyrate oxidation remained significantly reduced in UC after correction for butyrate uptake (P < 0.001), suggesting that the butyrate oxidation pathway itself is also affected. Also, the mucosal gene expression of SLC16A1, ACSM3, ACADS, ECHS1, HSD17B10, and ACAT2 was significantly decreased in UC as compared with controls (P < 0.001 for all). In a subgroup of patients (n = 20), the gene expression was reassessed after infliximab therapy. In responders to therapy, a significant increase in gene expression was observed. Nevertheless, only ACSM3 mRNA levels returned to control values after therapy in the responders groups. CONCLUSIONS The deficiency in the colonic butyrate metabolism in UC is initiated at the gene expression level and is the result of a decreased expression of SLC16A1 and enzymes in the β-oxidation pathway of butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky De Preter
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ngo KTA, Denis C, Saafi MA, Feasson L, Verney J. Endurance but not resistance training increases intra-myocellular lipid content and β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase activity in active elderly men. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:133-44. [PMID: 22017921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Endurance and resistance training (ET and RT, respectively) in older subjects have been proven beneficial against metabolic or cardiovascular disorders and against sarcopaenia respectively. Like ET, RT may also increase muscle oxidative capacities. In addition, it could be questioned whether RT, similarly to ET, is able to increase muscle energetic stores such as intra-myocellular lipids (IMCL) and glycogen contents. To evaluate a possible ET- and RT-induced parallel increase in oxidative capacity and energetic stores, active elderly men (72 ± 2 years) were submitted to a 14-week training programme (three times week(-1) ) combining lower body endurance and upper body resistance. METHODS Muscle samples were collected in ET vastus lateralis (VLat) and RT deltoid (Del) muscles before and after training. IMCL and glycogen contents were assessed by histochemistry (Oil Red O and periodic acid-Schiff staining, respectively) and by biochemical assay for glycogen. Citrate synthase (CS, marker of mitochondrial citric acid cycle), β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (β-HAD, beta-oxidation) and phosphofructokinase (PFK, glycolytic pathway) activities were determined and so was the capillary interface index (LC/PF). RESULTS Both training regimens significantly increased CS and LC/PF in ET-VLat and RT-Del. IMCL content and β-HAD activity increased (P < 0.05) only in ET-VLat, whereas PFK activity increased (P < 0.05) only in RT-Del. Glycogen content was not significantly altered in response to training in both muscles. CONCLUSION Unlike RT, which induced an increase in PFK, ET is able to increase IMCL content and β-oxidation capacity in active elderly men, even though both training may improve CS activity and LC/PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T A Ngo
- Université de Lyon, Saint Etienne, France
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Abstract
AIM As a consequence of enhanced local vascular conductance, perfusion of muscles increases with exercise intensity to suffice the oxygen demand. However, when maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max) and cardiac output are approached, the increase in conductance is blunted. Endurance training increases muscle metabolic capacity, but to what extent that affects the regulation of muscle vascular conductance during exercise is unknown. METHODS Seven weeks of one-legged endurance training was carried out by twelve subjects. Pulmonary VO(2) during cycling and one-legged cycling was tested before and after training, while VO(2) of the trained leg (TL) and control leg (CL) during cycling was determined after training. RESULTS VO(2) max for cycling was unaffected by training, although one-legged VO(2) max became 6.7 (2.3)% (mean ± SE) larger with TL than with CL. Also TL citrate synthase activity was higher [30 (12)%; P < 0.05]. With the two legs working at precisely the same power during cycling at high intensity (n = 8), leg oxygen uptake was 21 (8)% larger for TL than for CL (P < 0.05) with oxygen extraction being 3.5 (1.1)% higher (P < 0.05) and leg blood flow tended to be higher by 16.0 (7.0)% (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION That enhanced VO(2) max for the trained leg had no implication for cycling VO(2) max supports that there is a central limitation to VO(2) max during whole-body exercise. However, the metabolic balance between the legs was changed during high-intensity exercise as oxygen delivery and oxygen extraction were higher in the trained leg, suggesting that endurance training ameliorates blunting of leg blood flow and oxygen uptake during whole-body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rud
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Lim YA, Grimm A, Giese M, Mensah-Nyagan AG, Villafranca JE, Ittner LM, Eckert A, Götz J. Inhibition of the mitochondrial enzyme ABAD restores the amyloid-β-mediated deregulation of estradiol. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28887. [PMID: 22174920 PMCID: PMC3236223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a conformational disease that is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain. Aβ exerts its toxicity in part by receptor-mediated interactions that cause down-stream protein misfolding and aggregation, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent reports indicate that Aβ may also interact directly with intracellular proteins such as the mitochondrial enzyme ABAD (Aβ binding alcohol dehydrogenase) in executing its toxic effects. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early in AD, and Aβ's toxicity is in part mediated by inhibition of ABAD as shown previously with an ABAD decoy peptide. Here, we employed AG18051, a novel small ABAD-specific compound inhibitor, to investigate the role of ABAD in Aβ toxicity. Using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, we found that AG18051 partially blocked the Aβ-ABAD interaction in a pull-down assay while it also prevented the Aβ42-induced down-regulation of ABAD activity, as measured by levels of estradiol, a known hormone and product of ABAD activity. Furthermore, AG18051 is protective against Aβ42 toxicity, as measured by LDH release and MTT absorbance. Specifically, AG18051 reduced Aβ42-induced impairment of mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress as shown by reduced ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels. Guided by our previous finding of shared aspects of the toxicity of Aβ and human amylin (HA), with the latter forming aggregates in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pancreas, we determined whether AG18051 would also confer protection from HA toxicity. We found that the inhibitor conferred only partial protection from HA toxicity indicating distinct pathomechanisms of the two amyloidogenic agents. Taken together, our results present the inhibition of ABAD by compounds such as AG18051 as a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of AD, and suggest levels of estradiol as a suitable read-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-An Lim
- Alzheimer's & Parkinson's Disease Laboratory, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amandine Grimm
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Giese
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ayikoe Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Equipe Steroïdes, Neuromodulateurs et Neuropathologies, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Lars M. Ittner
- Alzheimer's & Parkinson's Disease Laboratory, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne Eckert
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (JG); (AE)
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Alzheimer's & Parkinson's Disease Laboratory, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (JG); (AE)
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Goertzen MM, Driessnack MK, Janz DM, Weber LP. Swimming performance and energy homeostasis in juvenile laboratory raised fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to uranium mill effluent. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:420-6. [PMID: 21839854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Research at the Key Lake uranium mill (Saskatchewan, Canada) suggests effluent discharged from the mill affects energy stores of resident fish, but the mechanisms by which energy homeostasis is affected and the subsequent effects on swimming performance are unknown. In the present study larvae were collected from laboratory raised adult fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 5% diluted uranium mill effluent or control (dechlorinated municipal) water, and reared in the same treatments to 60 days post hatch (dph). Critical swimming speed (U(crit)) was significantly lower in effluent exposed 60 dph fish compared to control fish. Fish used in tests were considered fatigued and compared to fish without swim testing (non-fatigued). There were no differences in whole body glycogen or triglyceride concentrations between effluent exposed versus control fish. However, fatigued fish from both treatments had significantly lower triglycerides, but not glycogen, compared to non-fatigued fish from the same treatment. Whole body β-hydroxyacyl coenzymeA dehydrogenase activity was similar in fish from both treatments, but citrate synthase activity was significantly lower in effluent exposed fish. Our results suggest uranium mill effluent exposure in the laboratory affects aerobic energy metabolism and swimming performance in juvenile fathead minnow, which could affect wild fish survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Goertzen
- Toxicology Centre, 44 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3
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Abstract
Hydroxysteroid (17β) dehydrogenase 10 (HSD10), the HSD17B10 gene product, is a mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenase. There are two outstanding features of this vital enzyme: (a) the versatility of its catalytic endowment is attributed to the flexibility of its active site to accommodate diverse substrates such as steroids, fatty acids, bile acid, and xenobiotics; (b) its capacity to bind other proteins and peptides. For example, it tightly binds with three identical subunits to compose a homotetramer. The homotetramer then binds with two other proteins, namely, RNA (guanine-9-)methyl-transferase domain containing-1 and KIAA0391, to form mitochondrial RNase P. Furthermore, various HSD10 functions are inhibited when the enzyme is bound by amyloid-β peptide or estrogen receptor alpha. Missense mutations of HSD10 may cause neurodegeneration related to HSD10 deficiency, whereas a silent mutation of HSD10 results in mental retardation, choreoathetosis and abnormal behavior (MRXS10). The clinical condition of some HSD10 patients mimics mitochondrial disorders. Since normal HSD10 function is essential for brain cognitive activity, elevated levels of HSD10 found in brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and mouse AD model might counterbalance the inhibition of HSD10 by amyloid-β peptide. The investigation of HSD10 may lead to a better understanding of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yu Yang
- Department of Neurochemistry, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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Kohn TA, Burroughs R, Hartman MJ, Noakes TD. Fiber type and metabolic characteristics of lion (Panthera leo), caracal (Caracal caracal) and human skeletal muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 159:125-33. [PMID: 21320626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lion (Panthera leo) and caracal (Caracal caracal) skeletal muscle samples from Vastus lateralis, Longissimus dorsi and Gluteus medius were analyzed for fiber type and citrate synthase (CS; EC 2.3.3.1), 3-hydroxyacyl Co A dehydrogenase (3HAD; EC 1.1.1.35), phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK; EC 2.7.1.11), creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2), phosphorylase (PHOS; EC 2.4.1.1) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27) activities and compared to human runners, the latter also serving as validation of methodology. Both felids had predominantly type IIx fibers (range 50-80%), whereas human muscle had more types I and IIa. Oxidative capacity of both felids (CS: 5-9 μmol/min/g ww and 3HAD: 1.4-2.6 μmol/min/g ww) was lower than humans, whereas the glycolytic capacity was elevated. LDH activity of caracal (346 ± 81) was higher than lion (227 ± 62 μmol/min/g ww), with human being the lowest (55 ± 17). CK and PHOS activities were also higher in caracal and lion compared to human, but PFK was lower in both felid species. The current data and past research are illustrated graphically showing a strong relationship between type II fibers and sprinting ability in various species. These data on caracal and lion muscles confirm their sprinting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tertius Abraham Kohn
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, PO Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa.
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Sykut-Cegielska J, Gradowska W, Piekutowska-Abramczuk D, Andresen BS, Olsen RKJ, Ołtarzewski M, Pronicki M, Pajdowska M, Bogdańska A, Jabłońska E, Radomyska B, Kuśmierska K, Krajewska-Walasek M, Gregersen N, Pronicka E. Urgent metabolic service improves survival in long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency detected by symptomatic identification and pilot newborn screening. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:185-95. [PMID: 21103935 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD) is a fatty acid oxidation disorder with especially high mortality and uncertain long-term outcome. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of diagnostic approach on survival in 59 affected children. Referral to a metabolic center was replaced over time by urine/blood testing in centralized metabolic laboratory (selective screening) and by pilot tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening (NBS). Molecular analysis revealed the prevalent mutation in the HADHA gene in all 58 examined cases. Twenty patients died. The number of detections and number of deaths were respectively 9 and 4 (44%) in the patients recognized by differential diagnosis, 28 and 9 (32%) - by selective screening, and 11 and 1 (9%) - by NBS. In 80% of cases the death occurred before or within 3 weeks from the identification. Urgent and active metabolic service remarkably influenced the surviving. The current age of 39 survivors is 0.5 to 23 yrs (mean 7.2 yrs). The disease frequency estimated on the patients number was 1: 115 450, whereas in the pilot NBS - 1: 109 750 (658 492 neonates tested). Interestingly, the phenylalanine level in asymptomatic neonates frequently exceeded the cut-off values. CONCLUSIONS 1) Urgent metabolic intervention decreases mortality of LCHAD-deficient patients, but the prognosis is still uncertain. 2) Emergent metabolic reporting and service are crucial also for the survival of neonates detected by NBS. 3) The nationwide selective screening appeared efficient in LCHADD detection in the country. 4) Transient mild hyperphenylalaninaemia may occur in LCHAD-deficient newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Sykut-Cegielska
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Serviddio G, Giudetti AM, Bellanti F, Priore P, Rollo T, Tamborra R, Siculella L, Vendemiale G, Altomare E, Gnoni GV. Oxidation of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) impairs fatty acid beta-oxidation in rats fed a methionine-choline deficient diet. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24084. [PMID: 21909411 PMCID: PMC3164715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction, and more specifically fatty acid β-oxidation impairment, is involved in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The goal of the present study was to achieve more understanding on the modification/s of carnitinepalmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), the rate-limiting enzyme of the mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, during steatohepatitis. A high fat/methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet, administered for 4 weeks, was used to induce NASH in rats.We demonstrated that CPT-I activity decreased, to the same extent, both in isolated liver mitochondria and in digitonin-permeabilized hepatocytes from MCD-diet fed rats.At the same time, the rate of total fatty acid oxidation to CO(2) and ketone bodies, measured in isolated hepatocytes, was significantly lowered in treated animals when compared to controls. Finally, an increase in CPT-I mRNA abundance and protein content, together with a high level of CPT-I protein oxidation was observed in treated rats. A posttranslational modification of rat CPT-I during steatohepatitis has been here discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Serviddio
- Centre for the Study of Liver Diseases, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Occupational Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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43
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Carbajal-Rodríguez I, Stöveken N, Satola B, Wübbeler JH, Steinbüchel A. Aerobic degradation of mercaptosuccinate by the gram-negative bacterium Variovorax paradoxus strain B4. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:527-39. [PMID: 21075928 PMCID: PMC3019817 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00793-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Variovorax paradoxus strain B4 was isolated from soil under mesophilic and aerobic conditions to elucidate the so far unknown catabolism of mercaptosuccinate (MS). During growth with MS this strain released significant amounts of sulfate into the medium. Tn5::mob-induced mutagenesis was successfully employed and yielded nine independent mutants incapable of using MS as a carbon source. In six of these mutants, Tn5::mob insertions were mapped in a putative gene encoding a molybdenum (Mo) cofactor biosynthesis protein (moeA). In two further mutants the Tn5::mob insertion was mapped in the gene coding for a putative molybdopterin (MPT) oxidoreductase. In contrast to the wild type, these eight mutants also showed no growth on taurine. In another mutant a gene putatively encoding a 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (paaH2) was disrupted by transposon insertion. Upon subcellular fractionation of wild-type cells cultivated with MS as sole carbon and sulfur source, MPT oxidoreductase activity was detected in only the cytoplasmic fraction. Cells grown with succinate, taurine, or gluconate as a sole carbon source exhibited no activity or much lower activity. MPT oxidoreductase activity in the cytoplasmic fraction of the Tn5::mob-induced mutant Icr6 was 3-fold lower in comparison to the wild type. Therefore, a new pathway for MS catabolism in V. paradoxus strain B4 is proposed: (i) MPT oxidoreductase catalyzes the conversion of MS first into sulfinosuccinate (a putative organo-sulfur compound composed of succinate and a sulfino group) and then into sulfosuccinate by successive transfer of oxygen atoms, (ii) sulfosuccinate is cleaved into oxaloacetate and sulfite, and (iii) sulfite is oxidized to sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Carbajal-Rodríguez
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nadine Stöveken
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Satola
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Wübbeler
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Abstract
Mutations in the HADH and HNF4A genes are rare causes of diazoxide responsive congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI). This chapter details the phenotype known to be associated with mutations in these genes. Additionally, the authors give a brief overview of the role of these genes in glucose physiology and the possible mechanisms of CHI in patients with mutations in these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika R Kapoor
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, The Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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Rector RS, Uptergrove GM, Borengasser SJ, Mikus CR, Morris EM, Naples SP, Laye MJ, Laughlin MH, Booth FW, Ibdah JA, Thyfault JP. Changes in skeletal muscle mitochondria in response to the development of type 2 diabetes or prevention by daily wheel running in hyperphagic OLETF rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E1179-87. [PMID: 20233940 PMCID: PMC2886529 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00703.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The temporal changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and lipid metabolism that precede type 2 diabetes are largely unknown. Here we examined skeletal muscle mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (MitoFAOX) and markers of mitochondrial gene expression and protein content in sedentary 20- and 40-wk-old hyperphagic, obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF-SED) rats. Changes in OLETF-SED rats were compared with two groups of rats who maintained insulin sensitivity: age-matched OLETF rats given access to voluntary running wheels (OLETF-EX) and sedentary, nonobese Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO-SED) rats. As expected, glucose tolerance tests revealed insulin resistance at 20 wk that progressed to type 2 diabetes at 40 wk in the OLETF-SED, whereas both the OLETF-EX and LETO-SED maintained whole body insulin sensitivity. At 40 wk, complete MitoFAOX (to CO(2)), beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity, and citrate synthase activity did not differ between OLETF-SED and LETO-SED but were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in OLETF-EX compared with OLETF-SED rats. Genes controlling skeletal muscle MitoFAOX (PGC-1alpha, PPARdelta, mtTFA, cytochrome c) were not different between OLETF-SED and LETO-SED at any age. Compared with the OLETF-SED, the OLETF-EX rats had significantly (P < 0.05) higher skeletal muscle PGC-1alpha, cytochrome c, and mtTFA mRNA levels at 20 and 40 wk and PPARdelta at 40 wk; however, protein content for each of these markers did not differ between groups at 40 wk. Limited changes in skeletal muscle mitochondria were observed during the transition from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes in the hyperphagic OLETF rat. However, diabetes prevention through increased physical activity appears to be mediated in part through maintenance of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases/genetics
- 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Body Composition/physiology
- Citrate (si)-Synthase/genetics
- Citrate (si)-Synthase/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control
- Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
- Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- Mitochondria, Muscle/enzymology
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred OLETF
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Rector
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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46
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Abstract
The Abeta (amyloid-beta peptide) has long been associated with Alzheimer's disease, originally in the form of extracellular plaques. However, in the present paper we review the growing evidence for the role of soluble intracellular Abeta in the disease progression, with particular reference to Abeta found within the mitochondria. Once inside the cell, Abeta is able to interact with a number of targets, including the mitochondrial proteins ABAD (amyloid-binding alcohol dehydrogenase) and CypD (cyclophilin D), which is a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Interference with the normal functions of these proteins results in disruption of cell homoeostasis and ultimately cell death. The present review explores the possible mechanisms by which cell death occurs, considering the evidence presented on a molecular, cellular and in vivo level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty E A Muirhead
- School of Biology, Bute Medical Building, University of St Andrews, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK.
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47
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Gu L, Zhang GF, Kombu RS, Allen F, Kutz G, Brewer WU, Roe CR, Brunengraber H. Parenteral and enteral metabolism of anaplerotic triheptanoin in normal rats. II. Effects on lipolysis, glucose production, and liver acyl-CoA profile. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E362-71. [PMID: 19903863 PMCID: PMC2822475 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00384.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anaplerotic odd-medium-chain triglyceride triheptanoin is used in clinical trials for the chronic dietary treatment of patients with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders. We previously showed (Kinman RP, Kasumov T, Jobbins KA, Thomas KR, Adams JE, Brunengraber LN, Kutz G, Brewer WU, Roe CR, Brunengraber H. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291: E860-E866, 2006) that the intravenous infusion of triheptanoin increases lipolysis traced by the turnover of glycerol. In this study, we tested whether lipolysis induced by triheptanoin infusion is accompanied by the potentially harmful release of long-chain fatty acids. Rats were infused with heptanoate +/- glycerol or triheptanoin. Intravenous infusion of triheptanoin at 40% of caloric requirement markedly increased glycerol endogenous R(a) but not oleate endogenous R(a). Thus, the activation of lipolysis was balanced by fatty acid reesterification in the same cells. The liver acyl-CoA profile showed the accumulation of intermediates of heptanoate beta-oxidation and C(5)-ketogenesis and a decrease in free CoA but no evidence of metabolic perturbation of liver metabolism such as propionyl overload. Our data suggest that triheptanoin, administered either intravenously or intraduodenally, could be used for intensive care and nutritional support of metabolically decompensated long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4954, USA
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48
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Ritov VB, Menshikova EV, Azuma K, Wood R, Toledo FGS, Goodpaster BH, Ruderman NB, Kelley DE. Deficiency of electron transport chain in human skeletal muscle mitochondria in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E49-58. [PMID: 19887598 PMCID: PMC2806111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00317.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle in obesity and T2DM is associated with reduced muscle oxidative capacity, reduced expression in nuclear genes responsible for oxidative metabolism, and reduced activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain. The presented study was undertaken to analyze mitochondrial content and mitochondrial enzyme profile in skeletal muscle of sedentary lean individuals and to compare that with our previous data on obese or obese T2DM group. Frozen skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from lean volunteers were used to estimate cardiolipin content, mtDNA (markers of mitochondrial mass), NADH oxidase activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), and activity of citrate synthase and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (beta-HAD), key enzymes of TCA cycle and beta-oxidation pathway, respectively. Frozen biopsies collected from obese or T2DM individuals in our previous studies were used to estimate activity of beta-HAD. The obtained data were complemented by data from our previous studies and statistically analyzed to compare mitochondrial content and mitochondrial enzyme profile in lean, obese, or T2DM cohort. The total activity of NADH oxidase was reduced significantly in obese or T2DM subjects. The cardiolipin content for lean or obese group was similar, and although for T2DM group cardiolipin showed a tendency to decline, it was statistically insignificant. The total activity of citrate synthase for lean and T2DM group was similar; however, it was increased significantly in the obese group. Activity of beta-HAD and mtDNA content was similar for all three groups. We conclude that the total activity of NADH oxidase in biopsy for lean group is significantly higher than corresponding activity for obese or T2DM cohort. The specific activity of NADH oxidase (per mg cardiolipin) and NADH oxidase/citrate synthase and NADH oxidase/beta-HAD ratios are reduced two- to threefold in both T2DM and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir B Ritov
- Univ. of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 810N MUH, 3459 5th Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Liu L, Shi X, Choi CS, Shulman GI, Klaus K, Nair KS, Schwartz GJ, Zhang Y, Goldberg IJ, Yu YH. Paradoxical coupling of triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle overexpressing DGAT1. Diabetes 2009; 58:2516-24. [PMID: 19675136 PMCID: PMC2768165 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transgenic expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) in skeletal muscle leads to protection against fat-induced insulin resistance despite accumulation of intramuscular triglyceride, a phenomenon similar to what is known as the "athlete paradox." The primary objective of this study is to determine how DGAT1 affects muscle fatty acid oxidation in relation to whole-body energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We first quantified insulin sensitivity and the relative tissue contributions to the improved whole-body insulin sensitivity in muscle creatine kisase (MCK)-DGAT1 transgenic mice by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Metabolic consequences of DGAT1 overexpression in skeletal muscles were determined by quantifying triglyceride synthesis/storage (anabolic) and fatty acid oxidation (catabolic), in conjunction with gene expression levels of representative marker genes in fatty acid metabolism. Whole-body energy metabolism including food consumption, body weights, oxygen consumption, locomotor activity, and respiration exchange ratios were determined at steady states. RESULTS MCK-DGAT1 mice were protected against muscle lipoptoxicity, although they remain susceptible to hepatic lipotoxicity. While augmenting triglyceride synthesis, DGAT1 overexpression also led to increased muscle mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation efficiency, as compared with wild-type muscles. On a high-fat diet, MCK-DGAT1 mice displayed higher basal metabolic rates and 5-10% lower body weights compared with wild-type littermates, whereas food consumption was not different. CONCLUSIONS DGAT1 overexpression in skeletal muscle led to parallel increases in triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. Seemingly paradoxical, this phenomenon is characteristic of insulin-sensitive myofibers and suggests that DGAT1 plays an active role in metabolic "remodeling" of skeletal muscle coupled with insulin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- Department of Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Katherine Klaus
- Endocrine Research Unit and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - K. Sreekumaran Nair
- Endocrine Research Unit and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gary J. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine & Neuroscience, Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ira J. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yi-Hao Yu
- Department of Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Corresponding author: Yi-Hao Yu,
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Nybo L, Pedersen K, Christensen B, Aagaard P, Brandt N, Kiens B. Impact of carbohydrate supplementation during endurance training on glycogen storage and performance. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009; 197:117-27. [PMID: 19432594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.01996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glucose ingestion may improve exercise endurance, but it apparently also influences the transcription rate of several metabolic genes and it alters muscle metabolism during an acute exercise bout. Therefore, we investigated how chronic training responses are affected by glucose ingestion. METHODS In previously untrained males performance and various muscular adaptations were evaluated before and after 8 weeks of supervised endurance training conducted either with (n = 8; CHO group) or without (n = 7; placebo) glucose supplementation. RESULTS The two groups achieved similar improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and peak power output during incremental cycling (both parameters elevated by 17% on average) and both groups lost approximately 3 kg of fat mass during the 8 weeks of training. An equal reduction in respiratory exchange ratio (0.02 units) during submaximal exercise was observed in both groups. Beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase activity was increased in both groups, however, to a larger extent in the placebo group (45 +/- 11%) than CHO (23 +/- 9%, P < 0.05). GLUT-4 protein expression increased by 74 +/- 14% in the placebo group and 45 +/- 14% in CHO (both P < 0.05), while resting muscle glycogen increased (P < 0.05) to a larger extent in the placebo group (96 +/- 4%) than CHO (33 +/- 2%). CONCLUSION These results show that carbohydrate supplementation consumed during exercise training influences various muscular training adaptations, but improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and reductions in fat mass are not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nybo
- Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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