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Tu X, Bai Y, Fu Q, Chang S, Zhang K, Pan Y, Xiao R, Fu Y, Zhang Q. Degradation behaviors of Nabumetone and its metabolite during UV/monochloramine process: Experimental and theoretical study. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 142:103-114. [PMID: 38527876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated degradation behaviors of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Nabumetone (NMT) and its major metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (MNA) in the coupling process of ultraviolet and monochloramine (UV/NH2Cl). The second-order rate constants of the contaminants reacting with reactive radicals (HO•, Cl•, Cl2•⁻, and CO3•⁻) were determined by laser flash photolysis experiments. HO• and Cl• contributed predominantly with 52.3% and 21.7% for NMT degradation and 60.8% and 22.3% for MNA degradation. The presence of chlorides retarded the degradation of NMT, while promoted the destruction of MNA, which was ascribed to the photosensitization effects of MNA under UV irradiation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that radical adduct formation (RAF) was dominant pathway for both HO• and Cl• reacting with the contaminants, and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) preferred to occur on side chains of NMT and MNA. NMT reacted with NO2• through single electron transfer (SET) with the second-order rate constant calculated to be 5.35 × 107 (mol/L)-1 sec-1, and the contribution of NO2• was predicted to be 13.0% of the total rate constant of NMT in pure water, which indicated that NO2• played a non-negligible role in the degradation of NMT. The acute toxicity and developmental toxicity of NMT were enhanced after UV/NH2Cl treatment, while those of MNA were alleviated. The transformation products of both NMT and MNA exhibited higher mutagenicity than their parent compounds. This study provides a deep understanding of the mechanism of radical degradation of NMT and MNA in the treatment of UV/NH2Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Research Centre of Lake Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunsong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Research Centre of Lake Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Qing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Research Centre of Lake Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Sheng Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Research Centre of Lake Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kunfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Research Centre of Lake Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yang Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Yifu Fu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Tahir A, Abbasi NA, He C, Ahmad SR, Baqar M, Qadir A. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of short and medium chain chlorinated paraffins in water and sediments of river Ravi, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2024; 926:171964. [PMID: 38537810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chain chlorinated paraffins being the emerging organic pollutants have raised serious concerns due to their widespread use and related human health risks. However, their occurrence in aquatic bodies like rivers and associated damage to ecological integrity is yet unknown in some regions of the world. The current study is the first ever assessment of SCCPs and MCCPs in sediment and water of river Ravi, Pakistan. Spatial occurrence and associated ecological risks were investigated from sediments (n = 16) and composite water samples (n = 8) collected at eight locations along the stretch of river Ravi. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs varied from below limit of detection (
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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3
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Sikder R, Zhang H, Gao P, Ye T. Machine learning framework for predicting cytotoxicity and identifying toxicity drivers of disinfection byproducts. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:133989. [PMID: 38461660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Drinking water disinfection can result in the formation disinfection byproducts (DBPs, > 700 have been identified to date), many of them are reportedly cytotoxic, genotoxic, or developmentally toxic. Analyzing the toxicity levels of these contaminants experimentally is challenging, however, a predictive model could rapidly and effectively assess their toxicity. In this study, machine learning models were developed to predict DBP cytotoxicity based on their chemical information and exposure experiments. The Random Forest model achieved the best performance (coefficient of determination of 0.62 and root mean square error of 0.63) among all the algorithms screened. Also, the results of a probabilistic model demonstrated reliable model predictions. According to the model interpretation, halogen atoms are the most prominent features for DBP cytotoxicity compared to other chemical substructures. The presence of iodine and bromine is associated with increased cytotoxicity levels, while the presence of chlorine is linked to a reduction in cytotoxicity levels. Other factors including chemical substructures (CC, N, CN, and 6-member ring), cell line, and exposure duration can significantly affect the cytotoxicity of DBPs. The similarity calculation indicated that the model has a large applicability domain and can provide reliable predictions for DBPs with unknown cytotoxicity. Finally, this study showed the effectiveness of data augmentation in the scenario of data scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabbi Sikder
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, United States.
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Botti A, Musmeci E, Matturro B, Vanzetto G, Bosticco C, Negroni A, Rossetti S, Fava F, Biagi E, Zanaroli G. Chemical-physical parameters and microbial community changes induced by electrodes polarization inhibit PCB dechlorination in a marine sediment. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:133878. [PMID: 38447365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Microbial reductive dechlorination of organohalogenated pollutants is often limited by the scarcity of electron donors, that can be overcome with microbial electrochemical technologies (METs). In this study, polarized electrodes buried in marine sediment microcosms were investigated to stimulate PCB reductive dechlorination under potentiostatic (-0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl) and galvanostatic conditions (0.025 mA·cm-2-0.05 mA·cm-2), using graphite rod as cathode and iron plate as sacrificial anode. A single circuit and a novel two antiparallel circuits configuration (2AP) were investigated. Single circuit polarization impacted the sediment pH and redox potential (ORP) proportionally to the intensity of the electrical input and inhibited PCB reductive dechlorination. The effects on the sediment's pH and ORP, along with the inhibition of PCB reductive dechlorination, were mitigated in the 2AP system. Electrodes polarization stimulated sulfate-reduction and promoted the enrichment of bacterial clades potentially involved in sulfate-reduction as well as in sulfur oxidation. This suggested the electrons provided were consumed by competitors of organohalide respiring bacteria and specifically sequestered by sulfur cycling, which may represent the main factor limiting the applicability of METs for stimulating PCB reductive dechlorination in marine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Botti
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eliana Musmeci
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruna Matturro
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giampietro Vanzetto
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Bosticco
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Negroni
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Rossetti
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Fabio Fava
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Zanaroli
- Dept. of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy.
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Chen T, Mackey E, Andrews S, Hofmann R. Kinetics of chlorine and chloramine reactions in reverse osmosis permeate and their impact on radical formation during UV/chlorine advanced oxidation for potable reuse. Water Res 2024; 254:121433. [PMID: 38461603 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of the speciation of chlorine and chloramines in reverse osmosis (RO) permeate is needed to estimate the performance (i.e., pollutant log reduction) of subsequent UV/chlorine advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). To accurately predict the speciation, a previously reported breakpoint chlorination kinetic model was experimentally validated for pH 5.5 and reaction times < 3 min and used to predict the kinetics of breakpoint chlorination in RO permeate. The predictions showed that eliminating chloramines by adding chlorine at a dose beyond the chlorine-to-nitrogen (Cl/N) breakpoint ratio is not practical due to the high breakpoint Cl/N ratio for RO permeate (∼3.0 molar ratio) and an estimated > 40 min reaction time. The conversion from monochloramine (NH2Cl) to dichloramine (NHCl2) is the major process involved, and either or both free chlorine and chloramines may be the major species present, depending on the Cl/N ratio. Model simulations showed that increasing the oxidant dose may not always enhance the performance of UV/chlor(am)ine in RO permeate, due to the need for a low free chlorine dose for optimal •OH exposure in RO permeate. Further UV/AOPs modelling showed that it is important to control the NH2Cl concentration to improve the UV/AOP performance in RO permeate, which may be achieved by extending the reaction time after chlorine is added or increasing the applied Cl/N ratio (e.g., increasing chlorine dose). However, these measures only enhance the pollutant percentage removal by about 5 % under the conditions modelled. A simulation tool was developed and is provided to predict the speciation of chlor(am)ine in RO permeate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Chen
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Erin Mackey
- Brown and Caldwell, 201N Civic Dr. #300, Walnut Creek, CA 94596, USA
| | - Susan Andrews
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Ron Hofmann
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
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Zhang H, Jiang M, Su P, Lv Q, Zeng G, An L, Cao J, Zhou Y, Snyder SA, Ma J, Yang T. Refinement of kinetic model and understanding the role of dichloride radical (Cl 2•-) in radical transformation in the UV/NH 2Cl process. Water Res 2024; 254:121440. [PMID: 38479170 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The ultraviolet/monochloramine (UV/NH2Cl) process is an emerging advanced oxidation process with promising prospects in water treatment. Previous studies developed kinetic models of UV/NH2Cl for simulating radical concentrations and pollutant degradation. However, the reaction rate constants of Cl2•- with bicarbonate and carbonate (kCl2•-, HCO3- and kCl2•-, CO32-) were overestimated in literature. Consequently, when dosing 1 mM chloride and 1 mM bicarbonate, the current models of UV/NH2Cl severely under-predicted the experimental concentrations of three important radicals (i.e., hydroxyl radical (HO•), chlorine radical (Cl•), and dichloride radical (Cl2•-)) with great deviations (> 90 %). To investigate this issue, the transformation reactions among these three radicals in UV/NH2Cl were systematically studied. For the first time, it was found that in addition to Cl•, Cl2•- was also an important parent radical of HO• in the presence of chloride, and chloride could effectively compensate the inhibitory effect of bicarbonate on HO• generation in the system. Moreover, reactions and rate constants in current models were scrutinized from corresponding literature, and the reaction rate constants of Cl2•- with bicarbonate and carbonate (kCl2•-, HCO3- and kCl2•-, CO32-) were reevaluated to be 1.47 × 105 and 3.78 × 106 M-1s-1, respectively, by laser flash photolysis. With the newly obtained rate constants, the refined model could accurately simulate concentrations of all three radicals under different chloride and bicarbonate dosages with satisfactory deviations (< 30 %). Meanwhile, the refined model performed much better in predicting pollutant degradation and radical contribution compared with the unrefined model (with the previously estimated kCl2•-, HCO3- and kCl2•-, CO32-). The results of this study enhanced the accuracy and applicability of the kinetic model of UV/NH2Cl, and deepened the understanding of radical transformation in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
| | - Maoju Jiang
- Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Cleaner Production, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, China
| | - Peng Su
- Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Cleaner Production, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, China
| | - Qixiao Lv
- Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Cleaner Production, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, China
| | - Ge Zeng
- Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Cleaner Production, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, China
| | - Linqian An
- Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Cleaner Production, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, China
| | - Jiachun Cao
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shane Allen Snyder
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Cleaner Production, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, China; Institute of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529020, China.
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Liu C, How ZT, Ju Y, Feng L, Ren X, Gamal El-Din M. Experimental and theoretical insight into carbamazepine degradation by chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes: Efficiency, energy consumption, mechanism and DBPs formation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:72-83. [PMID: 38105079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine has been widely used in different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for micropollutants removal. In this study, different chlorine-based AOPs, namely medium pressure (MP) UV/chlorine, low pressure (LP) UV/chlorine, and in-situ chlorination, were compared for carbamazepine (CBZ) removal efficiency, energy consumption, and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation. All three processes could achieve nearly 100% CBZ removal, while the reaction time needed by in-situ chlorination was double the time required by UV/chlorine processes. The energy consumed per magnitude of CBZ removed (EE/O) of MP UV/chlorine was 13 times higher than that of LP UV/chlorine, and relative to that of in-situ chlorination process. Accordingly, MP and LP UV/chlorine processes generated one to two orders of magnitude more hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) than in-situ chlorination. Besides, RCS were the dominant reactive species, contributing to 78.3%, 75.6%, and 71.6% of CBZ removal in MP, LP UV/chlorine, and in-situ chlorination, respectively. According to the Gibbs free energy barriers between CBZ and RCS/•OH calculated based on density functional theory (DFT), RCS had more reaction routes with CBZ and showed lower energy barrier in the main CBZ degradation pathways like epoxidation and formation of iminostilbene. When applied to secondary wastewater effluent, UV/chlorine and in-situ chlorination produced overall DBPs ranging from 104.77 to 135.41 µg/L. However, the production of chlorate during UV/chlorine processes was 15 times higher than that during in-situ chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yue Ju
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada; School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
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Randazzo S, Geagea A, Proietto F, Galia A, Scialdone O. Oxidation of organics in water by active chlorine performed in microfluidic electrochemical reactors: a new way to improve the performances of the process. Chemosphere 2024; 355:141855. [PMID: 38570051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater polluted by organics can be treated by using electro-generated active chlorine, even if this promising route presents some important drawbacks such as the production of chlorinated by-products. Here, for the first time, this process was studied in a microfluidic electrochemical reactor with a very small inter-electrode distance (145 μm) using a water solution of NaCl and phenol and a BDD anode. The potential production of chloroacetic acids, chlorophenols, carboxylic acids, chlorate and perchlorate was carefully evaluated. It was shown, for the first time, up to our knowledge, that the use of the microfluidic device allows to perform the treatment under a continuous mode and to achieve higher current efficiencies and a lower generation of some important by-products such as chlorate and perchlorate. As an example, the use of the microfluidic apparatus equipped with an Ag cathode allowed to achieve a high removal of total organic carbon (about 76%) coupled with a current efficiency of 17% and the production of a small amount of chlorate (about 30 ppm) and no perchlorate. The effect of many parameters (namely, flow rate, current density and nature of cathode) was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Randazzo
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ange Geagea
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Proietto
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Galia
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- Università Degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Viale Delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy.
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Deng R, He Q, Yang D, Chen M, Chen Y. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma promotes disinfection-residual-bacteria inactivation via electric field and reactive species. Water Res 2024; 254:121386. [PMID: 38457942 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Traditional disinfection processes face significant challenges such as health and ecological risks associated with disinfection-residual-bacteria due to their single mechanism of action. Development of new disinfection processes with composite mechanisms is therefore urgently needed. In this study, we employed liquid ground-electrode dielectric barrier discharge (lgDBD) to achieve synergistic sterilization through electric field electroporation and reactive species oxidation. At a voltage of 12 kV, Pseudomonas fluorescens (ultraviolet and ozone-resistant) and Bacillus subtilis (chlorine-resistant) were completely inactivated within 8 and 6 min, respectively, surpassing a 7.0-log reduction. The lgDBD process showed good disinfection performance across a wide range of pH values and different practical water samples. Staining experiments suggest that cellular membrane damage contributes to this inactivation. In addition, we used a two-dimensional parallel streamer solver with kinetics code to fashion a representative model of the basic discharge unit, and discovered the presence of a persistent electric field during the discharge process with a peak value of 2.86 × 106 V/m. Plasma discharge generates excited state species such as O(1D) and N2(C3Πu), and further forms reactive oxygen and nitrogen species at the gas-liquid interface. The physical process, which is driven by electric field-induced cell membrane electroporation, synergizes with the bactericidal effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to provide effective disinfection. Adopting the lgDBD process enhances sterilization efficiency and adaptability, underscoring its potential to revolutionize physicochemical synergistic disinfection practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Deng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Mengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Feng W, Ma W, Zhong D. Locally enhanced mixed-order model for chloramine decay in drinking water disinfection. Water Res 2024; 254:121409. [PMID: 38461602 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Chloramine is the second most popular disinfectant and is widely used in the disinfection of drinking water. For chloramine disinfection, some standards require the total chlorine concentration to be maintained in an appropriate range in the water distribution system. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of chloramine decay and deriving an accurate chloramine decay model helps to optimize the disinfection process and ensure water quality safety. This paper proposed a locally enhanced mixed-order(LEM) model consisting of the first order model and the mixed order model to describe chloramine auto-decomposition and decays caused by other reactions respectively. Via proving the parameter a and k2 related to temperatures instead of initial chloramine concentration, the model had been further simplified. Nine chloramine decay experiments with different initial chloramine concentrations and temperatures were designed and carried out to evaluate the new model performance for chloramine decay simulation. The research results showed that the simplified LEM model could simulate the whole process of chloramine decay well. Its accuracy evaluation indexes (R2 and SSE) were better than that obtained from the first order model and the mixed order model. This paper proposed a simple and accurate method to simulate the process of chloramine decay and had a guiding significance for water quality safety assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Wencheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Dan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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11
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Zhong Y, Chen Y, Ong SL, Hu J, Balakrishnan V, Ang WS. Disinfection by-products control in wastewater effluents treated with ozone and biological activated carbon followed by UV/Chlor(am)ine processes. Sci Total Environ 2024; 922:171317. [PMID: 38428610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Sequential utilization of ozone (O3) and biological activated carbon (BAC) followed by UV/chlor(am)ine advanced oxidation process (AOP) has drawn attention in water reuse. However, the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in this process is less evaluated. This study investigated the DBP formation and the relevant toxicity during the O3-BAC-UV/chlor(am)ine treatment of sand-filtered municipal secondary effluent. DBP formation in UV/chlorine and UV/dichloramine (NHCl2) processes were compared, where the impact of key operational parameters (e.g., UV wavelength, pH) on DBP formation were comprehensively evaluated. O3-BAC significantly reduced DBP formation potential (DBPFP) (58.2 %). Compared to UV/chlorine AOP, UV/NHCl2 AOP reduced DBP formation by 29.7 % in short-time treatment, while insignificantly impacting on DBPFP (p > 0.05). UV/NHCl2 AOP also led to lower calculated cytotoxicity (67.7 %) and genotoxicity (55.9 %) of DBPs compared to UV/chlorine AOP. Compared to 254 nm UV light, the utilization of 285 nm UV light decreased the formation of DBPs in wastewater treated with the UV/chlorine AOP and UV/NHCl2 AOP by 31.3 % and 19.2 %, respectively. However, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in UV/NHCl2 AOP using 285 nm UV light increased by 83.4 % and 58.5 %, respectively, compared to 254 nm. The concentration of DBPs formed in the UV/NHCl2 AOP at pH 8 was 54.3 % lower than that at pH 7, suggesting a better control of DBPs at alkaline condition. In the presence of bromide, UV/NHCl2 AOP tended to generate more brominated DBPs than UV/chlorine AOP. Overall, UV/NHCl2 AOP resulted in lower concentration and toxicity of DBPs compared to UV/chlorine AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Yiwei Chen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Say Leong Ong
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Viswanath Balakrishnan
- Water Reclamation (Plants) Department, PUB Singapore, 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, Singapore 228231, Singapore
| | - Wui Seng Ang
- Water Reclamation (Plants) Department, PUB Singapore, 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, Singapore 228231, Singapore
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12
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Lompo P, Heroes AS, Ouédraogo K, Okitale P, Wakpo A, Kalema J, Lunguya O, Tinto H, Affolabi D, Sangaré L, Jacobs J. Knowledge, awareness, and risk practices related to bacterial contamination of antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products among healthcare workers in sub-saharan Africa: a cross-sectional survey in three tertiary care hospitals (Benin, Burkina Faso, and DR Congo). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2024; 13:44. [PMID: 38627805 PMCID: PMC11020199 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-024-01396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products can be contaminated with bacteria and cause healthcare-associated infections, which are underreported from low- and middle-income countries. To better understand the user-related risk factors, we conducted a knowledge, awareness, and practice survey among hospital staff in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Self-administered questionnaire distributed among healthcare workers in three tertiary care hospitals (Burkina Faso, Benin, Democratic Republic of the Congo). RESULTS 617 healthcare workers (85.3% (para)medical and 14.7% auxiliary staff) participated. Less than half (45.5%) had been trained in Infection Prevention & Control (IPC), and only 15.7% were trained < 1 year ago. Near two-thirds (64.2%) preferred liquid soap for hand hygiene, versus 33.1% for alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR). Most (58.3%) expressed confidence in the locally available products. Knowledge of product categories, storage conditions and shelf-life was inadequate: eosin was considered as an antiseptic (47.5% of (para)medical staff), the shelf life and storage conditions (non-transparent container) of freshly prepared chlorine 0.5% were known by only 42.6% and 34.8% of participants, respectively. Approximately one-third of participants approved using tap water for preparation of chlorine 0.5% and liquid soap. Most participants (> 80%) disapproved recycling soft-drink bottles as liquid soap containers. Nearly two-thirds (65.0%) declared that bacteria may be resistant to and survive in ABHR, versus 51.0% and 37.4% for povidone iodine and chlorine 0.5%, respectively. Depicted risk practices (n = 4) were ignored by 30 to 40% of participants: they included touching the rim or content of stock containers with compresses or small containers, storing of cotton balls soaked in an antiseptic, and hand-touching the spout of pump dispenser. Filling containers by topping-up was considered good practice by 18.3% of participants. Half (52.1%) of participants acknowledged indefinite reuse of containers. Besides small differences, the findings were similar across the study sites and professional groups. Among IPC-trained staff, proportions recognizing all 4 risk practices were higher compared to non-trained staff (35.9% versus 23.8%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The present findings can guide tailored training and IPC implementation at the healthcare facility and national levels, and sensitize stakeholders' and funders' interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palpouguini Lompo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Ouagadougou, 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22, Box 5401, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Anne-Sophie Heroes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22, Box 5401, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Kadija Ouédraogo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Ouagadougou, 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso
| | - Patient Okitale
- Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, BP 127, Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Abel Wakpo
- Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, 01 BP 386, Benin
| | - Jocelyne Kalema
- Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, BP 127, Kinshasa, Congo
- Département de Microbiologie, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Av. De la Démocratie N°5345, Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, BP 127, Kinshasa, Congo
- Département de Microbiologie, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Av. De la Démocratie N°5345, Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé, Ouagadougou, 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso
| | - Dissou Affolabi
- Centre National Hospitalier Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, 01 BP 386, Benin
| | - Lassana Sangaré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7022, Burkina Faso
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 22, Box 5401, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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13
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Li Z, Huang Y, Zhu Z, Yu M, Cheng H, Shi H, Xiao Y, Song H, Zuo W, Zhou H, Wang S. Attempts to obtain clean biochar from hyperaccumulator through pyrolysis: Removal of heavy metals and transformation of phosphorus. J Hazard Mater 2024; 468:133837. [PMID: 38401216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The sound disposal of the ensuing heavy metal-rich plants can address the aftermath of phytoremediation. In this study, the first attempt was made to obtain heavy metals-free and phosphorus-rich biochar from phytoremediation residue (PR) by pyrolysis, and the effects of chlorinating agent type, chlorine dosage, and pyrolysis residence time on heavy metal removal, phosphorus (P) transformation, and biochar properties were investigated. The results showed that as chlorine dosage and pyrolysis residence time increased, added polyvinyl chloride (PVC) reduced the concentration of Zn in biochar to one-tenth of that in PR by intensified chlorination, where both Zn concentration (2727.50 mg/kg) and its leaching concentration (29.13 mg/L) met the utilization requirements, in which the acid-base property of biochar plays a key role in heavy metal leaching. Meanwhile, more than 90% of P in PR remained in biochar and the bioavailability of P in biochar enhanced with the decomposition of organic P to inorganic P, where the concentration of plant-availability P (Pnac) expanded from 1878.40 mg/kg in PR to 8454.00 mg/kg in biochar. This study demonstrated that heavy metal hyperaccumulator can be converted into heavy metal-free and phosphorus-rich biochar with promising applications, which provides new perspectives for the treatment of such hazardous wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yaji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Zhicheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Mengzhu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Haoqiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yixuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Huikang Song
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wu Zuo
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Haiyun Zhou
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- China Energy Investment Corporation Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210031, China
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14
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Yang Y, Wang G, Lei S, Xiao H, Yang H, Chen H. Coupling dechlorination and catalytic pyrolysis to produce carbon nanotubes from mixed polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene. Waste Manag 2024; 178:97-104. [PMID: 38382351 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The presence of chlorine in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) presents a major challenge for realizing the high-value utilization of real waste plastics. The objective of this research was to develop a chlorine-resistant process for the preparation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from mixed plastics containing PVC. This study investigates the influence of PVC content and various dechlorinating agents (CaO, Na2CO3, red mud (RM), ZSM-5, Fe-Al2O3, Fe(OH)3) on CNTs formation. The results showed that PVC content exceeding 5 % significantly inhibits CNTs formation. Employing dechlorinating agents in the pyrolysis process results in a substantial yield of CNTs from mixed plastics containing 10 % PVC. Among the dechlorinating agents, RM proves to be the most effective, leading to the highest carbon yield (at 30 wt%) and superior CNTs quality. Other dechlorinating agents, except for ZSM-5, yield comparable results, although there were some obvious variations of volatiles. Further investigation of the role of dechlorinating agents from the perspective of volatiles evolution was conducted via Py-GC/MS, and found that the dechlorination agent efficiently absorbs the HCl from mixed plastics pyrolysis, while also exhibiting catalytic and regulatory influence on volatile components. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of a chlorine-resistant process in the preparation of CNTs from mixed plastics that contain PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuaishuai Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haoyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Haiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Hanping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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15
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Oliveira IM, Gomes IB, Simões LC, Simões M. A review of research advances on disinfection strategies for biofilm control in drinking water distribution systems. Water Res 2024; 253:121273. [PMID: 38359597 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The presence of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) is responsible for water quality deterioration and a possible source of public health risks. Different factors impact the biological stability of drinking water (DW) in the distribution networks, such as the presence and concentration of nutrients, water temperature, pipe material composition, hydrodynamic conditions, and levels of disinfectant residual. This review aimed to evaluate the current state of knowledge on strategies for DW biofilm disinfection through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the literature published over the last decade. A systematic review method was performed on the 562 journal articles identified through database searching on Web of Science and Scopus, with 85 studies selected for detailed analysis. A variety of disinfectants were identified for DW biofilm control such as chlorine, chloramine, UV irradiation, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and others at a lower frequency, namely, electrolyzed water, bacteriophages, silver ions, and nanoparticles. The disinfectants can impact the microbial communities within biofilms, reduce the number of culturable cells and biofilm biomass, as well as interfere with the biofilm matrix components. The maintenance of an effective residual concentration in the water guarantees long-term prevention of biofilm formation and improves the inactivation of detached biofilm-associated opportunistic pathogens. Additionally, strategies based on multi-barrier processes by optimization of primary and secondary disinfection combined with other water treatment methods improve the control of opportunistic pathogens, reduce the chlorine-tolerance of biofilm-embedded cells, as well as decrease the corrosion rate in metal-based pipelines. Most of the studies used benchtop laboratory devices for biofilm research. Even though these devices mimic the conditions found in real DWDS, future investigations on strategies for DW biofilm control should include the validity of the promising strategies against biofilms formed in real DW networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Maria Oliveira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Bezerra Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Chaves Simões
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Sun X, Wei D, Wang F, Yang F, Du Y, Xiao H, Wei X, Xiao A. Formation of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products during the chloramination treatment of an emerging pollutant. Chemosphere 2024; 353:141536. [PMID: 38423150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Chloramination was commonly used as disinfectant for killing pathogens in water. However, in this process, nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) would accidently form and subsequently rise toxicity. Here, we investigated acute toxicity variation and by-products formation during chloramination treatment on UV filter 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-sulfonic acid benzophenone (BP-4). Under alkaline conditions, the acute toxicity of this system had significant increase. A total of 17 transformation products were tentatively identified, and for them, plausible transformation pathways were proposed. Noticeably, numerous aniline and nitrosobenzene analogs were detected, and the dramatic increase of acute toxicity in this system might be primarily attributed to the formation of benzoquinone and aniline analogs. Besides, bromophenol, iodophenol and iodobenzoquinone analogs exhibiting high toxicity were generated in the presence of bromine and iodide ions. This study indicates that chloramination treatment may significantly increase potential health risk, further management on disinfection system is reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
| | - Dongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xinming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Anshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
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17
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Chandra Sarker D, Bal Krishna KC, Ginige MP, Sathasivan A. Effective chloramine management without "burn" in biofilm affected nitrifying tanks using a low dose of copper. Chemosphere 2024; 354:141709. [PMID: 38484992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This paper highlights the potential to effectively inhibit nitrification and restore chloramine levels using a low copper concentration in a biofilm-affected (surface-to-volume ratio 16 m-1) continuous-flow laboratory-scale chloraminated system. High nitrite and low chloramine containing tanks are always recovered with chlorine "burn" by water utilities. The "burn" is not only costly and operationally complex, but also compromises the water quality, public health, and customer relations. A laboratory system comprising five reactors connected in series was operated. Each reactor simulated conditions typically encountered in full-scale systems. Low amount of copper (0.1-0.2 mg-Cu L-1) was dosed once per day into nitrified reactors. At any given time, only one reactor was dosed with copper. Not only inhibition of nitrification, chloramine decay associated with bulk water, biofilm and sediments also improved. However, the improvement was quicker and more significant when the influent to the reactor contained a high chloramine and a low nitrite concentration. Ammonia oxidising microbes exhibited resilience when exposed to low copper and chloramine concentrations for an extended period. Chloramine decay due to planktonic microbes and chemical reactions in bulk water decreased more rapidly than decay attributed to biofilm and sediments. The concept "biostable residual chlorine" explained how copper and chloramine can inhibit nitrification. Once nitrification was inhibited, the chloramine supplied from upstream effectively continued to suppress downstream nitrification, and this effect lasted more than 50 days even at 22 °C. The findings could be used to develop short-term copper dosing strategies and prevent negative impacts of nitrification and breakpoint chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipok Chandra Sarker
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - K C Bal Krishna
- School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Maneesha P Ginige
- CSIRO Environment, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Arumugam Sathasivan
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia; School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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18
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Yu W, Li J, Cai Y, Li D, Li Y, Zhao Z, Song S, Liu Y, Qin L, Zhang B. Enhanced metal-free photocatalyst performance by synergistic Coupling of internal magnetic field and piezoelectric field. J Environ Manage 2024; 357:120597. [PMID: 38552510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a promising metal-free photocatalyst; however, its high carrier recombination rate and insufficient redox capacity limit its degradation effect on antibiotics. In order to overcome these shortcomings, the photocatalytic activity is improved by regulating the spin polarization state, constructing the internal electric field, and applying the external piezoelectric field. In this paper, the chlorine-doped and nitrogen-deficient porous carbon nitride composite carbon quantum dots (Nv-Cl/UPCN@CQD) has been synthesized successfully. The doping position of chlorine and spin polarization properties are verified by DFT calculation. The key intermediates *O2- and *OOH for the synthesis of reactive oxygen species were detected by in-situ infrared testing, which promotes the production of •O2- and H2O2. The degradation rate constant of Nv-Cl/UPCN@CQD for removal of tetracycline is 8.45 times higher than that of g-C3N4. The active oxygen production and degradation efficiency of piezoelectric photocatalysis under the synergistic effect of intense stirring and vis-light irradiation are much higher than those of photocatalysis and piezoelectric catalysis, and the conversion of H2O2 to •OH is promoted by piezoelectric field. This paper provides a reliable way to improve the performance of piezoelectric photocatalysts by adjusting their energy band, electronic structure and piezoelectric force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Jianfei Li
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yao Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Degang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Yueyun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Zengdian Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Shasha Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Luchang Qin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3255, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, 255000, China.
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19
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Hu H, Xu F, Wang R, Zhou C, Li N, Shao S. Achieving zero fouling in the ultrafiltration for secondary water supply systems in the absence of residual chlorine. Water Res 2024; 253:121281. [PMID: 38364461 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration (UF) technology is widely used in secondary water supply systems (SWSS) to provide high-quality drinking water. However, the challenge of severe membrane fouling, which leads to frequent cleaning requirements, makes UF maintenance intensive. In this study, we tried to validate the feasibility of achieving zero fouling without the need for cleaning in the UF for SWSS, i.e., the fouling resistance can be maintained for a very long time without any increase. We operated dead-end UF systems at different fluxes, both with and without residual chlorine, and monitored the formation of fouling layers during filtration. The results demonstrated the successful achievement of zero fouling under a flux of 10 L/(m2 h) in the absence of chlorine, evidenced by no increase in transmembrane pressure for three months. This zero-fouling phenomenon was attributed to the formation of a self-regulating biofouling layer. This biofouling layer could degrade the deposited foulants and featured a loose morphology, facilitated by microbial activities in the cake layer. Although residual chlorine reduced the fouling rate by half at a flux of 30 L/(m2 h), it hindered the achievement of zero fouling at the lower flux of 10 L/(m2 h), due to its inhibitory effect on microbial activity. Intermittent operation of UF was effective in achieving zero fouling at higher fluxes (e.g., 30 L/(m2 h)). This benefit was primarily ascribed to the biodegradation of accumulated foulants and the expansion of biofouling layer during the pause of the intermittent filtration, which prompted the formation of biofouling layers with loose structure and balanced composition. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to achieve zero fouling in UF for SWSS, and the findings may offer valuable insights for the development of cleaning-free and low-maintenance membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Hu
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Fang Xu
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Chu Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Na Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Senlin Shao
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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20
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Pinto da Silva C, Xavier de Campos S. Combined process of chemically enhanced sedimentation and rapid filtration for urban wastewater treatment for potable reuse. Environ Technol 2024; 45:1696-1707. [PMID: 36476154 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2150568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to propose a new post-treatment of effluents from Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) using rapid filtration, aiming at the production of water for potable reuse. The final quality of the effluent produced by the treatment using gravel, sand, clinoptilolite and activated carbon associated with disinfection was evaluated by physical chemical analysis, heavy metals and persistent organic contaminants. Experiments were carried out in jar test, filter operation time, evaluation of the efficiency using peracetic acid and free chlorine as disinfectant and all results were statistically analysed. The best conditions were those using 20 mg/L of ferric chloride and natural pH of the effluent (≈ 7.0), which resulted in less reagent consumption. The use of intermediate fund discharges made it possible to obtain approximately 91% of recovered water efficiency. The effluent treated under these conditions showed DOC <2.0 mg/L, COD <1.0 mg/L, BOD <1.0 mg/L, turbidity <1.0 NTU, TSS <1.0 mg/L, ammonia <0.1 mg/L, total phosphorus <0.1 mg/L and surfactants <0.1 mg/L. The disinfection process with free chlorine and PAA allowed the total inactivation of faecal coliforms and total coliforms. The treatment using rapid filtration with disinfection by chlorine reached the appropriate level for urban, environmental, industrial and indirect potable water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber Pinto da Silva
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Environmental and Sanitary, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Sandro Xavier de Campos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Environmental and Sanitary, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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21
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Liggett JE, Gonzalez BC, Lytle DA, Pressman JG, Dionysiou DD, Lee WH, Harmon SM, Wahman DG. Applying microelectrodes to investigate aged ductile iron and copper coupon reactivity during free chlorine application. Water Res 2024; 253:121324. [PMID: 38382294 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In drinking water distribution systems, including premise plumbing, dissolved oxygen (DO) and free chlorine (FC) are common oxidants and ductile iron (DI) and copper (Cu) are commonly used pipe materials. Microelectrodes as a tool have been applied in previous corrosion research and were used in this study to collect quantifiable data and understand DO and FC reactivity and pH changes at the water-metal interface. Using microelectrodes, pH, DO, and FC profiles from the bulk water to near and at the surface of aged DI (154-190 d) and Cu (2 d and 86-156 d) coupons were investigated during periods of flow and stagnation (30 min). Using the measured microelectrode profiles, oxidant fluxes and apparent surface reaction rate constants were calculated to elucidate differences between DO and FC reactivity with the coupons. Microelectrodes were successfully applied to measure pH, DO, and FC profiles from the bulk water to near aged DI and Cu coupon surfaces; Cu coupons aged quickly and exhibited less reactivity at 2 d with DO and FC than aged DI coupons did after 154-190 d; and for the aged DI coupon experiments, orthophosphate presence stabilized pH profiles where without orthophosphate pH fluctuations of greater than 2 pH units occurred from the bulk water to the DI coupon surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Liggett
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, Department 2600 Clifton Ave, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Beatriz C Gonzalez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Post-Doctoral Fellow at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Darren A Lytle
- Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Jonathan G Pressman
- Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211, USA
| | - Woo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2450, USA
| | - Stephen M Harmon
- Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - David G Wahman
- Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
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22
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Liu R, Xie R, Zhu X, Huang C. Preparation and application of chlorine dioxide gas slow-release fresh-keeping card based on polylactic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130273. [PMID: 38368990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Blueberries are highly perishable after harvest, so a simple preservation method is needed to extend the shelf life of blueberries. In this study, sodium chlorite-loaded sepiolite was added to polylactide solution with tartaric acid to create a ClO2 gas slow-release fresh-keeping card. The fresh-keeping card absorbs moisture in the air, which causes tartaric acid to enter the sepiolite and react with sodium chlorite to release ClO2 gas slowly. The study investigated the impact of fresh-keeping cards on the quality attributes of blueberries, including appearance, decay rate, ethylene release rate, respiration rate, hardness, ascorbic acid content, and anthocyanin concentration. Low-field nuclear magnetic technology was used to analyze the water state and distribution of blueberries during storage. The results showed that the ClO2 gas released by the fresh-keeping card can destroy ethylene in the air and kill microorganisms in blueberries, thereby delaying fruit decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Liu
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ruibang Xie
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuhao Zhu
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chongxing Huang
- School of Light Industry & Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, China.
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23
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Liu R, Liu S, Sun S, Cao X, Lin J, Peng J, Ji F, Ma R. Medical waste incineration fly ash-based magnesium potassium phosphate cement: Calcium-reinforced chlorine solidification/stabilization mechanism and optimized carbon reduction process strategy. J Environ Manage 2024; 357:120749. [PMID: 38552517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The traditional solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), has been widely criticized due to its poor resistance to chloride and significant carbon emissions. Herein, a S/S strategy based on magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) was developed for the medical waste incineration fly ash (MFA) disposal, which harmonized the chlorine stabilization rate and potential carbon emissions. The in-situ XRD results indicated that the Cl- was efficiently immobilized in the MKPC system with coexisting Ca2+ by the formation of stable Ca5(PO4)3Cl through direct precipitation or intermediate transformation (the Cl- immobilization rate was up to 77.29%). Additionally, the MFA-based MKPC also demonstrated a compressive strength of up to 39.6 MPa, along with an immobilization rate exceeding 90% for heavy metals. Notably, despite the deterioration of the aforementioned S/S performances with increasing MFA incorporation, the potential carbon emissions associated with the entire S/S process were significantly reduced. According to the Life Cycle Assessment, the potential carbon emissions decreased to 8.35 × 102 kg CO2-eq when the MFA reached the blending equilibrium point (17.68 wt.%), while the Cl- immobilization rate still remained above 65%, achieving an acceptable equilibrium. This work proposes a low-carbon preparation strategy for MKPC that realizes chlorine stabilization, which is instructive for the design of S/S materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runjie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shichang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xing Cao
- Shenzhen Engineering Lab of Flexible Transparent Conductive Films, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junhao Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Peng
- Shenzhen Environmental Technology Group Co. LTD, Shenzhen, 518010, China
| | - Fei Ji
- Shenzhen Environmental Technology Group Co. LTD, Shenzhen, 518010, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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24
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Peng F, Wang Y, Lu Y, Yang Z, Li H. Formation and control of disinfection by-products during the trichloroisocyanuric acid disinfection in swimming pool water. Environ Pollut 2024; 346:123536. [PMID: 38365079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) in swimming pool disinfection highlights the need to evaluate its applicability in terms of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of DBP formation and control during TCCA disinfection, particularly concerning the effects of various management parameters. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by comprehensively investigating DBP formation during TCCA chlorination, with a particular focus on assessing the contribution and interaction of influencing factors using Box-Behnken Design and response surface methodology. Results indicated that the concentrations of trichloroacetaldehyde, chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetonitrile produced by TCCA disinfectant were 42.5%, 74.0%, 48.1%, 94.7% and 42.6% of those by the conventional sodium hypochlorite disinfectant, respectively. Temperature exhibited the most significant impact on chloroform formation (49%), while pH played a major role in trichloroacetaldehyde formation (44%). pH2 emerged as the primary contributor to dichloroacetic acid (90%) and trichloroacetic acid (93%) formation. The optimum water quality conditions were determined based on the minimum total DBPs (pH = 7.32, Temperature = 23.7 °C, [Cl-] = 437 mg/L). Chlorine dosage and contact time exhibited greater influence than precursor concentration on chloroform, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetaldehyde, trichloroacetic acid, and total DBPs. Although the interaction between water quality parameters was weak, the interaction between disinfection operating parameters demonstrated substantial effects on DBP formation (8.56-19.06%). Furthermore, the DBP predictive models during TCCA disinfection were provided for the first time, which provides valuable insights for DBP control and early warning programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Yingyang Wang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
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25
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Zhang Y, Lin X, Xia T, Chen H, Huang F, Wei C, Qiu G. Effects of intensive chlorine disinfection on nitrogen and phosphorus removal in WWTPs. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170273. [PMID: 38280590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The increased use of disinfection since the pandemic has led to increased effective chlorine concentration in municipal wastewater. Whereas, the specific impacts of active chlorine on nitrogen and phosphorus removal, the mediating communities, and the related metabolic activities in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) lack systematic investigation. We systematically analyzed the influences of chlorine disinfection on nitrogen and phosphorus removal activities using activated sludge from five full-scale WWTPs. Results showed that at an active chlorine concentration of 1.0 mg/g-SS, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems were not significantly affected. Major effects were observed at 5.0 mg/g-SS, where the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency decreased by 38.9 % and 44.1 %, respectively. At an active chlorine concentration of 10.0 mg/g-SS, the nitrification, denitrification, phosphorus release and uptake activities decreased by 15.1 %, 69.5-95.9 %, 49.6 % and 100 %, respectively. The proportion of dead cells increased by 6.1 folds. Reverse transcriptional quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed remarkable inhibitions on transcriptions of the nitrite oxidoreductase gene (nxrB), the nitrite reductase genes (nirS and nirK), and the nitrite reductase genes (narG). The nitrogen and phosphorus removal activities completely disappeared with an active chlorine concentration of 25.0 mg/g-SS. Results also showed distinct sensitivities of different functional bacteria in the activated sludge. Even different species within the same functional group differ in their susceptibility. This study provides a reference for the understanding of the threshold active chlorine concentration values which may potentially affect biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal in full-scale WWTPs, which are expected to be beneficial for decision-making in WWTPs to counteract the potential impacts of increased active chlorine concentrations in the influent wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xueran Lin
- Guangzhou Sewage Purification Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tang Xia
- Guangzhou Sewage Purification Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hang Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fu Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chaohai Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guanglei Qiu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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26
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Chen C, Li L, Endo S, Jiang S, Wania F. Are We Justified in Modeling Human Exposure to Chlorinated Paraffin Mixtures Using the Average Properties of Congeners and Homologues? Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:4535-4544. [PMID: 38408178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Concern over human exposure to chlorinated paraffin (CP) mixtures keeps increasing. The absence of a comprehensive understanding of how human exposure varies with the physicochemical properties of CP constituents has hindered the ability to determine at what level of aggregation exposure to CPs should be assessed. We answer this question by comparing exposure predicted with either a "complex" method that utilizes isomer-specific properties or "simplified" methods that rely on median properties of congener, homologue, or short-/medium-/long-chain CP groups. Our results demonstrate the wide range of physicochemical properties across CP mixtures and their dependence on molecular structures. Assuming unit emissions in the environment, these variances translate into an extensive disparity in whole-body concentrations predicted for different isomers, spanning ∼11 orders of magnitude. CPs with 13-19 carbons and 6-10 chlorines exhibit the highest human exposure potential, primarily owing to moderate to high hydrophobicity and slow environmental degradation and biotransformation. Far-field exposure is dominant for most CP constituents. Our study underscores that using average properties of congener, homologue, or S/M/LCCP groups yields results that are consistent with those derived from isomer-based modeling, thus offering an efficient and practical framework for future risk assessments and human exposure studies of CPs and other complex chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Chen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shaoxiang Jiang
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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27
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Jiang YW, Wang GJ, Zang S, Qiao Y, Tao HF, Li Q, Zhang H, Wang XS, Ma J. Halogenated aliphatic and phenolic disinfection byproducts in chlorinated and chloraminated dairy wastewater: Occurrence and ecological risk evaluation. J Hazard Mater 2024; 465:132985. [PMID: 38000285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for dairy products has led to the production of a large amount of wastewater in dairy plants, and disinfection is an essential treatment process before wastewater discharge. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in disinfected dairy wastewater may negatively influence the aquatic organisms in receiving water. During chlorine and chloramine disinfection of dairy wastewater, the concentrations of aliphatic DBPs increased from below the detection limits to 485.1 μg/L and 26.6 μg/L, respectively. Brominated and iodinated phenolic DBPs produced during chlor(am)ination could further react with chlorine/chloramine to be transformed. High level of bromide in dairy wastewater (12.9 mg/L) could be oxidized to active bromine species by chlorine/chloramine, promoting the formation of highly toxic brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs), and they accounted for 80.3% and 71.1% of the total content of DBPs in chlorinated and chloraminated dairy wastewater, respectively. Moreover, Br-DBPs contributed 49.9-75.9% and 34.2-96.4% to the cumulative risk quotient of DBPs in chlorinated and chloraminated wastewater, respectively. The cumulative risk quotient of DBPs on green algae, daphnid, and fish in chlorinated wastewater was 2.8-11.4 times higher than that in chloraminated wastewater. Shortening disinfection time or adopting chloramine disinfection can reduce the ecological risks of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Wei Jiang
- College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gui-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shuang Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong-Fei Tao
- College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qiao Li
- College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xian-Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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28
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Boles SL, Pantazides BG, Perez JW, Sternberg MR, Crow BS, Blake TA. Establishing Population Values for Chlorine Exposure in the United States (2015-2016) Using 2 Chlorine Biomarkers, 3-Chlorotyrosine and 3,5-Dichlorotyrosine. J Appl Lab Med 2024; 9:342-349. [PMID: 38169366 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, 12 million short tons of chlorine are manufactured and transported each year. Due to the volume of this volatile chemical, large- and small-scale chemical exposures occur frequently. To diagnose and treat potentially exposed individuals, reference range values for confirmatory biomarkers are required to differentiate between normal and abnormal exposure levels. METHODS Serum surplus samples (n = 1780) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016 were measured for 2 chlorine biomarkers, 3-chlorotyrosine (Cl-Tyr) and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine (Cl2-Tyr), by liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. We evaluated demographic factors associated with elevated biomarker levels. RESULTS Participant samples were analyzed for the chlorine biomarkers Cl-Tyr and Cl2-Tyr. In the unweighted analysis of these samples, 1349 (75.8%) were under the limit of detection (< LOD) of 2.50 ng/mL for Cl-Tyr and 1773 (99.6%) were < LOD for Cl2-Tyr. Samples within the method reportable range were 2.50 to 35.6 ng/mL for Cl-Tyr and 2.69 to 11.2 ng/mL for Cl2-Tyr. Since only 7 of the 1780 participants had detectable Cl2-Tyr, statistical analysis was limited to Cl-Tyr. Of the demographic characteristics examined, age, body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and sex exhibited statistically significant differences in the weighted prevalence of detectable Cl-Tyr. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported set of Cl-Tyr and Cl2-Tyr population values for the United States. This population range coupled with NHANES demographic information could help healthcare professionals distinguish between normal and abnormal chlorine biomarker levels in an emergency. With this information, an inference could be made when determining acute chlorine exposure in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Boles
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brooke G Pantazides
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jonas W Perez
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maya R Sternberg
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brian S Crow
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas A Blake
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Yin R, Heuzard A, Li T, Ruan X, Lu S, Shang C. Advanced oxidation of recalcitrant chromophores in full-scale MBR effluent for non-potable reuse of leachate co-treated municipal wastewater. Chemosphere 2024; 351:141228. [PMID: 38237782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater non-potable reuse involves further processing of secondary effluent to a quality level acceptable for reuse and is a promising solution to combating water scarcity. Recalcitrant chromophores in landfill leachate challenge the water quality for non-potable reuse when leachate is co-treated with municipal wastewater. In this study, we first use multivariate statistical analysis to reveal that leachate is an important source (with a Pearson's coefficient of 0.82) of recalcitrant chromophores in the full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent. We then evaluate the removal efficacies of chromophores by chlorination, breakpoint chlorination, and the chlorination-UV/chlorine advanced oxidation treatment. Conventional chlorination and breakpoint chlorination only partially remove chromophores, leaving a colour level exceeding the standards for non-potable reuse (>20 Hazen units). We demonstrate that pre-chlorination (with an initial chlorine dosing of 20 mg/L as Cl2) followed by UV radiation (with a UV fluence of 500 mJ/cm2) effectively degraded recalcitrant chromophores (>90%). By quantifying the electron donating capacity (EDC) and radical scavenging capacity (RSC) of the reclaimed water, we demonstrate that pre-chlorination reduces EDC and RSC by up to 64%, increases UV transmittance by 32%, and increases radical yields from UV photolysis of chlorine by 1.7-2.2 times. The findings advance fundamental understanding of the alteration of dissolved coloured substances by (photo)chlorination treatment and provide implications for applying advanced oxidation processes in treating wastewater effluents towards sustainable non-potable reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Arnaud Heuzard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; China State Construction Engineering (Hong Kong) Limited, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Xinyi Ruan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Senhao Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Pelyuntha W, Ngasaman R, Yingkajorn M, Chukiatsiri K, Guyonnet V, Vongkamjan K. Phage cocktail administration to reduce Salmonella load in broilers. Res Vet Sci 2024; 169:105163. [PMID: 38295630 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is a serious foodborne pathogen that can cause gastrointestinal disease through the consumption of contaminated foods; including poultry meat. Salmonella is commonly present in the intestinal tract of poultry and farm environments, posing a potential risk of contamination during the processing of poultry meat. This study was a continuation in evaluating the effects of our previously developed phage cocktail targeting Salmonella at large-scale trials in commercial broiler farms, in which this cocktail considerably lowered Salmonella colonization in the gut of broilers. The phage cocktail given to broilers showed resistance to temperatures of up to 65 °C (> 60% survivability), pH ranging from 2 to 12 (> 96% survivability), 0.5 to 15% (w/v) NaCl (> 98% survivability), chlorine up to 0.5% (v/v) (53% survivability), and chlorine neutralizer (100% survivability). In the animal challenge study, phage treatments, designed as "prevention" and "exclusion" programs, could control Salmonella on day 20 and 32 of the experiment, respectively; as indicated by the absence of Salmonella detection in cloacal swabs from broilers (0% prevalence). In the commercial-scale trial I, Salmonella was not detected in the phage-treated group from cloacal swabs, boot cover swabs, and bedding material samples after 16 days (0% prevalence) of phage administration. In the commercial-scale trial II, phage treatment extended the Salmonella control period in broilers during a 40-day growout period. In summary, a phage cocktail demonstrated high efficiency in controlling various serovars of Salmonella historically linked to contamination on these broiler farms. Phage cocktail application offers an effective, alternative to enhance food safety within the poultry value chain, protecting consumers and as well as the economic sustainability of the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattana Pelyuntha
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ruttayaporn Ngasaman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Mingkwan Yingkajorn
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kridda Chukiatsiri
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Maejo University, Nongharn, Sansai, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | | | - Kitiya Vongkamjan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Absalan F, Hatam F, Prévost M, Barbeau B, Bichai F. Climate change and future water demand: Implications for chlorine and trihalomethanes management in water distribution systems. J Environ Manage 2024; 355:120470. [PMID: 38422852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The global change in surface water quality calls for increased preparedness of drinking water utilities. The increasing frequency of extreme climatic events combined with global warming can impact source and treated water characteristics such as temperature and natural organic matter. On the other hand, water saving policies in response to water and energy crisis in some countries can aggravate the situation by increasing the water residence time in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS). This study investigates the individual and combined effect of increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC), increased temperature, and reduced water demand on fate and transport of chlorine and trihalomethanes (THMs) within a full-scale DWDS in Canada. Chlorine and THM prediction models were calibrated with laboratory experiments and implemented in EPANET-MATLAB toolkit for prediction in the DWDS under different combinations of DOC, temperature, and demand. The duration of low chlorine residuals (<0.2 mg/L) and high THM (>80 μg/L) periods within a day in each scenario was reported using a reliability index. Low-reliability zones prone to microbial regrowth or high THM exposure were then delineated geographically on the city DWDS. Results revealed that water demand reduction primarily affects chlorine availability, with less concern for THM formation. The reduction in nodal chlorine reliability was gradual with rising temperature and DOC of the treated water and reducing water demand. Nodal THM reliability remained unchanged until certain thresholds were reached, i.e., temperature >25 °C for waters with DOC <1.52 mg/L, and DOC >2.2 mg/L for waters with temperature = 17 °C. At these critical thresholds, an abrupt network-wide THM exceedance of 80 μg/L occurred. Under higher DOC and temperature levels in future, employing the proposed approach revealed that increasing the applied chlorine dosage (which is a conventional method used to ensure sufficient chlorine coverage) results in elevated exposure toTHMs and is not recommended. This approach aids water utilities in assessing the effectiveness of different intervention measures to solve water quality problems, identify site-specific thresholds leading to major decreases in system reliability, and integrate climate adaptation into water safety management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Absalan
- Drinking Water Chair, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Fatemeh Hatam
- Drinking Water Chair, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Drinking Water Chair, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Drinking Water Chair, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Françoise Bichai
- Drinking Water Chair, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Martinez Paz EF, Raskin L, Wigginton KR, Kerkez B. Toward the autonomous flushing of building plumbing: Characterizing oxidation-reduction potential and temperature sensor dynamics. Water Res 2024; 251:121098. [PMID: 38219686 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Manual flushing of building plumbing is commonly used to address water quality issues that arise from water stagnation. Autonomous flushing informed by sensors has the potential to aid in the management of building plumbing, but a number of knowledge gaps hinder its application. This study evaluates autonomous flushing of building plumbing with online sensor and actuator nodes deployed under kitchen sinks in five residential houses. Online oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and temperature data were collected for nine weeks during the winter and summer in houses with both free chlorine and chloramine. ORP levels in houses with free chlorine residuals decreased after overnight stagnation. The overnight decrease in ORP was not observed when tap water was automatically flushed for five minutes at 6:00 h every morning. ORP levels in houses with chloramine residuals did not decrease consistently after overnight stagnation, and daily automated flushes did not have an observable effect on the ORP signals. Additional laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate ORP signals during chlorine decay and after incremental changes in chlorine, as would be expected in building plumbing conditions. Results from the lab and field deployments suggest on-line ORP sensors may be used to detect free chlorine decay due to stagnating water, but are not as effective in detecting chloramine decay. However, field results also suggest ORP may not respond as expected on a timely manner after free chlorine or chloramine have been restored, hindering their applicability in developing control algorithms. In this paper we tested twice-daily five-minute automatic flushing and found that it counteracts water quality degradation associated with overnight stagnation in free chlorine systems. An automatic sensor-based flushing is proposed using online temperature sensor data to determine when flushing has reached water from the main. The results suggest that flushing informed by temperature sensors can reduce the flushing time by 46 % compared to the preset five-minute static flush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto F Martinez Paz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Ave., 2044 GG Brown, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lutgarde Raskin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Ave., 2044 GG Brown, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Krista R Wigginton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Ave., 2044 GG Brown, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Branko Kerkez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward Ave., 2044 GG Brown, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Xu S, Liu T, Yang Y, Yang Z, Huang Q. Influence of chlorine on co-processing of hazardous wastes in brick kilns. J Environ Manage 2024; 354:120464. [PMID: 38401504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Brick kiln co-treatment is a novel industrial hazardous wastes (IHWs) utilization process. However, the effects of chlorine (Cl) in wastes on heavy metals (HMs) during this process are overlooked. This study investigated the stabilization/solidification (S/S) and volatilization, as well as long and short-term leaching, of HMs in Cl-containing bricks. The results indicated enhanced formations of stable mineral phases (NiFe2O4, Ni2SiO4, Cd3Al2Si3O12, CdSiO3, FeCr2O4, Cr2O3, CuFe2O4, and CuAl2O4) in bricks at a low sintering temperature (800 °C) due to the affinity between Cl and HMs. By comparing HM concentrations before and after sintering in bricks, the study observed that Cl's presence significantly elevated the volatilization rates for Cd and Cu by 30.8% and 14.2%, respectively. In contrast, the effect on volatilization for Ni and Cr was not significant. Additionally, utilizing the NEN 7375 method, the cumulative leaching rates of Ni, Cd, Cr, and Cu over a 64-day experiment under extremely acidic conditions were 0.22%, 7.18%, 0.01%, and 1.46%, respectively. Similarly, higher short-term leaching rates of Cd (4.03%) and Cu (5.73%) than those of Ni (0.94%) and Cr (0.08%) were observed. This finding might be attributed to the lower stability of the Cd and Cu solid phases under acidic environments compared to those of Ni and Cr. Surface wash-off, dissolution, and diffusion were the processes governing HM leaching from bricks. The 10-year projections revealed a minimal release of HMs during future extended leaching, implying the successful S/S of HMs. This study provides a reference for assessing the environmental impacts of brick kiln co-processing of Cl-containing IHWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Ziliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100085, China.
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Liu H, Lv H, Xu H, Rao D, Zhang J, Sun B. Is monochloramine pre-oxidation a viable strategy for enhancing the treatment efficiency of algae-laden water with conventional drinking water treatment process? Chemosphere 2024; 352:141312. [PMID: 38311043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Algal blooms worldwide pose many challenges to drinking water production. Pre-oxidation with NaClO, KMnO4, or ozone is commonly used to enhance algal removal in conventional drinking water treatment processes. However, these currently utilized oxidation methods often result in significant algal cell lysis or impede the operation of the subsequent units. Higher algal removal with pre-chlorination in algal solutions prepared with natural water, compared to those prepared with ultrapure water, has been observed. In the present studies, preliminary findings indicate that ammonium in natural water alters chlorine species to NH2Cl, leading to improved treatment efficiency. NH2Cl with 1.5-3.0 mg∙L-1 as Cl2 with an oxidation time of 3-7 h significantly enhancing algal removal by coagulation. The selective oxidation of surface-absorbed organic matter (S-AOM) by NH2Cl, followed by the subsequent peeling off of this material from the algal surface, leading to an increase in zeta potential from -20.2 mV to -3.8 mV, constitutes the primary mechanism of enhanced algal removal through coagulation. These peeled S-AOM retained their large molecular weight and acted as polymer aids. Compared with NaClO and KMnO4, NH2Cl displays the best performance in improving algal removal, avoiding cell lysis, and decreasing the potential for nitrogenous disinfection byproducts formation under the reaction conditions used in this study. Notably, in major Chinese cities, water purification plants commonly rely on suburban lakes or reservoirs as water sources, necessitating the transportation of raw water over long distances for times up to several hours. These conditions favor the implementation of NH2Cl pre-oxidation. The collective results indicate the potential of NH2Cl oxidation as a viable pretreatment strategy for algal contamination during water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Huanyu Lv
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Hangzhou Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Dandan Rao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, A235 Bourns Hall, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China; College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, PR China.
| | - Bo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China.
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Duan L, Yun Q, Jiang G, Teng D, Zhou G, Cao Y. A review of chloride ions removal from high chloride industrial wastewater: Sources, hazards, and mechanisms. J Environ Manage 2024; 353:120184. [PMID: 38310791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
To reduce metal pipe corrosion, improve product quality, and meet zero liquid discharge (ZLD) criteria, managing chloride ion concentrations in industrial wastewaters from metallurgical and chemical sectors has become increasingly important. This review provides detailed information on the sources, concentration levels, and deleterious effects of chloride ions in representative industrial wastewaters, and also summarizes and discusses various chloride ion removal techniques, including precipitation, ion exchange, physical separation, and advanced oxidation (AOPs). Among these, AOPs are particularly promising due to their ability to couple with other technologies and the diversity of their auxiliary technologies. The development of dechlorination electrode materials by electro-adsorption (CDI) can be inspired by the electrode materials used in chloride ion battery (CIB). This review also provides insights into exploring the effective combination of multiple chloride removal mechanisms, as well as the development of environmentally friendly composite materials. This review provides a theoretical basis and development direction for the effective treatment and secondary utilization of chlorine-containing industrial wastewater in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhe Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qinghang Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Gaoliang Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Daoguang Teng
- The Key Lab of Critical Metals Minerals Supernormal Enrichment and Extraction, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Guoli Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; The Key Lab of Critical Metals Minerals Supernormal Enrichment and Extraction, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yijun Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China; The Key Lab of Critical Metals Minerals Supernormal Enrichment and Extraction, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Öğüten PN, Engür Öztürk S, Dikmen M. The investigation of cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of Cl-amidine on the human U-87 MG glioma cell line. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37015. [PMID: 38394536 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidyl (protein) arginine deiminases (PADs) provide the transformation of peptidyl arginine to peptidyl citrulline in the presence of calcium with posttranslational modification. The dysregulated PAD activity plays an important role on too many diseases including also the cancer. In this study, it has been aimed to determine the potential cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of chlorine-amidine (Cl-amidine) which is a PAD inhibitor and whose effectiveness has been shown in vitro and in vivo studies recently on human glioblastoma cell line Uppsala 87 malignant glioma (U-87 MG) forming an in vitro model for the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) which is the most aggressive and has the highest mortality among the brain tumors. METHODS In the study, the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of Cl-amidine on GBM cancer model were investigated. The antiproliferative effects of Cl-amidine on U-87 MG cells were determined by 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate method at the 24th and 48th hours. The apoptotic effects were analyzed by Annexin V and Propidium iodide staining, caspase-3 activation, and mitochondrial membrane polarization (5,5', 6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1', 3,3' tetraethyl benzimidazolyl carbocyanine iodide) methods in the flow cytometry. RESULTS It has been determined that Cl-amidine exhibits notable antiproliferative properties on U-87 MG cell line in a time and concentration-dependent manner, as determined through the 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate assay. Assessment of apoptotic effects via Annexin V and Propidium iodide staining and 5,5', 6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1', 3,3' tetraethyl benzimidazolyl carbocyanine iodide methods has revealed significant efficacy, particularly following a 24-hour exposure period. It has been observed that Cl-amidine induces apoptosis in cells by enhancing mitochondrial depolarization, independently of caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, regarding its impact on healthy cells, it has been demonstrated that Cl-amidine shows lower cytotoxic effects when compared to carmustine, an important therapeutic agent for glioblastoma. CONCLUSION The findings of this study have shown that Cl-amidine exhibits significant potential as an anticancer agent in the treatment of GBM. This conclusion is based on its noteworthy antiproliferative and apoptotic effects observed in U-87 MG cells, as well as its reduced cytotoxicity toward healthy cells in comparison to existing treatments. We propose that the antineoplastic properties of Cl-amidine should be further investigated through a broader spectrum of cancer cell types. Moreover, we believe that investigating the synergistic interactions of Cl-amidine with single or combination therapies holds promise for the discovery of novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Naile Öğüten
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Selin Engür Öztürk
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Tavas Vocational School of Health Services, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Miriş Dikmen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Qin M, Wang YY, Xu M, Tang J, Tang X, Mahmood Q, Tang CJ. Characterization of the microplastic photoaging under the action of typical salt ions of biological nitrogen removal processes. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169596. [PMID: 38147940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are one of the most prevalent and diverse contaminants, and wastewater treatment plants are significant MP aggregators. Controlling the pollution caused by microplastics requires an understanding of how they age. The properties of the MPs photoaging process under the influence of salt ions typical of biological nitrogen elimination processes were disclosed in this work. The aging process of polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs) was greatly slowed down by greater HCO3- and NO2- concentrations, according to a comparison of the carbonyl index changes that occurred during photoaging. The carbonyl index had a negative correlation with the thermal stability of the photo-aged PVC-MPs, and aging accelerated the elimination of chlorine from the water. The samples were aged by UV radiation after 36 h at 40 °C, and the amount of chlorine eliminated was 10.13 times greater than that of the original MPs samples. It was discovered that the leachate concentration of aged MPs dramatically increased with decreasing particle size and was positively connected with the level of aging by comparing the concentration of leachate for two particle sizes (1 mm and 100 m). Photoaging caused MPs to become rougher, which in turn improved the NO3--N, NH4+-N, and NO2--N adsorption by PVC-MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchuan Qin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Yun-Yan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Mingfei Xu
- Dagang Oilfield Production Technology Research Institute, Binhai New Area, Tianjin 300280, China.
| | - Jia Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Qaisar Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan.
| | - Chong-Jian Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Research Centre for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China.
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Ren Y, Hu H, Cao C, Guo G, Zeng X, Zou C, Li X, Yao H. Evolution and speciation transformation of chlorine during automobile shredder residue pyrolysis. Waste Manag 2024; 174:320-327. [PMID: 38091656 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Disposal of automobile shredder residue (ASR) via pyrolysis enables the recovery of valuable products; however, the production of hazardous pollutants and low-value products is inevitable due to its high chlorine content. In this work, chlorine evolution behavior and the conversion mechanism during ASR pyrolysis between 480 and 600 °C were systematically studied. The experimental results for organic chlorine (Org-Cl) showed that released chlorinated gases were complex, and HCl only accounted for 35% of the gas phase products, while short-chain hydrocarbons with carbon atoms between two and four accounted for 52%. Chlorine was predominantly retained in the char, and Org-Cl was the primary contributor to the residual chlorine, accounting for over 50% of the char. The content of inorganic chlorine (InO-Cl) was low in the raw sample but significantly increased in the char. Through the distinction between organic and inorganic chlorine content in char, it was confirmed that Org-Cl could be converted to InO-Cl due to complex secondary reactions with metallic compounds. The conversion was favored by increasing the Org-Cl content and the temperature. Our findings clarified the evolution mechanism of chlorine and the transformation from Org-Cl to InO-Cl, thus providing guidance for chlorine regulation and the efficient recycling of metal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Chengyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Guangzhao Guo
- Grandblue (Foshan) Green Electricity Solid Waste Management Co., Ltd., Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Xiaodong Zeng
- Grandblue (Foshan) Green Electricity Solid Waste Management Co., Ltd., Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Chan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Salimbeni A, Di Bianca M, Maria Rizzo A, Chiaramonti D. Application of an integrated pyrolysis and chemical leaching process for pulper waste conversion into coal, hydrogen and chemical flocculating agent. Waste Manag 2024; 174:549-557. [PMID: 38134542 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to investigate the potentials of integrating slow pyrolysis and chemical leaching to recycle pulper waste (PW), the waste generated by paper mills, and consists of plastics, metallic films, and biobased polymers. The concentration of chlorine and metals is a barrier against PW valorisation by combustion or high temperature thermochemical processes. In this study, PW was tested by slow pyrolysis at 400 °C and 500 °C. Chemical leaching tests were performed by processing both chars in a 1.4 M HCl solution, at 80 °C for 2 h, to remove inorganic compounds and upgrade the char to a coal-like material. Then, precipitation by NaOH was conducted on the leachate. Slow pyrolysis led to a char mass yield around 30 %. Due to the high inorganic matter concentration (almost 36 %, mainly including chlorine, calcium, and aluminium), the char retained only 25 % of the feedstock's chemical energy, while the remaining 75 % was recovered in the pyrogas. Leaching of the 500 °C pyrolysis char led to extract 93 % of aluminium, and almost 100 % of calcium and chlorine, resulting in an upgraded char containing 15.5 % ash, comparable to a fossil coal. By char leaching, the oxidation reaction of aluminium could produce 8 kg hydrogen per dry ton PW. The effectiveness of the precipitated compounds as flocculating agents was demonstrated, enabling a closed-loop recycling in the same paper mill. In conclusion, the proposed process demonstrated to be an effective solution to convert PW into high quality products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Salimbeni
- RE-CORD, Viale Kennedy, 182, 50038 Scarperia e San Piero, FI, Italy; University of Florence, Department of Industrial Engineering, Via di S. Marta, 3, 50139 Firenze, FI, Italy.
| | - Marta Di Bianca
- RE-CORD, Viale Kennedy, 182, 50038 Scarperia e San Piero, FI, Italy; University of Florence, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Via di S. Marta, 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Andrea Maria Rizzo
- RE-CORD, Viale Kennedy, 182, 50038 Scarperia e San Piero, FI, Italy; University of Florence, Department of Industrial Engineering, Via di S. Marta, 3, 50139 Firenze, FI, Italy.
| | - David Chiaramonti
- RE-CORD, Viale Kennedy, 182, 50038 Scarperia e San Piero, FI, Italy; Polytechnic of Turin, "Galileo Ferraris" Energy Department, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, TO, Italy
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Li Q, Liu GH, Du H, Xian G, Qi L, Wang H. Synergistic mechanisms between chlorine-mediated electrochemical advanced oxidation and ultraviolet light for ammonia removal. J Environ Manage 2024; 352:120057. [PMID: 38198839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The combination of chlorine-mediated electrochemical advanced oxidation (Cl-EAO) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UV-E/Cl) can efficiently remove ammonia from wastewater. However, the synergistic mechanisms between Cl-EAO and UV need to be explored in more detail. Thus, in this study, the ammonia oxidation performance of Cl-EAO and UV-E/Cl systems were compared, while the synergistic mechanisms were identified by the performance of UV/chlorine oxidation (UV-ClO) system and the results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, free radical inhibition assays, and determination of steady-state concentration of free radicals. It was found that, compared with the Cl-EAO system, UV increased the ammonia removal rate by 42.85% and reduced the active chlorine concentration (56.64%) and nitrate yield (53.61%). In the Cl-EAO, and UV-E/Cl systems, Cl• were detected, and the free radical inhibition assays and determination of steady-state concentration of free radicals suggested that UV increased the concentration of Cl• by 51.47%, resulting in Cl• becoming the major contributor to ammonia oxidation in the UV-E/Cl system. Besides, UV also increase the concentrations of HO• and Cl2•-, which further promoted the organic matter removal in the real domestic wastewater. This study also discussed the ammonia oxidation performance of the UV-E/Cl system in real domestic wastewater, even with the presence of significant levels of organic and inorganic anions in the wastewater, UV increased the ammonia oxidation by 21.95%. The results of this study thus clarify the mechanisms and potential applications of UV-E/Cl technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangang Li
- Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Hongbiao Du
- Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Guang Xian
- Army Logistics Academy, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Hongchen Wang
- Research Center for Low Carbon Technology of Water Environment, School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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Baykov SV, Semenov AV, Presnukhina SI, Tarasenko MV, Shetnev AA, Frontera A, Boyarskiy VP, Kukushkin VY. Hybrid 2D Supramolecular Organic Frameworks (SOFs) Assembled by the Cooperative Action of Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding and π⋯π Stacking Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2062. [PMID: 38396739 PMCID: PMC10889172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The cis- and trans-isomers of 6-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid (cis-A and trans-A) were obtained by the reaction of 3,4-dichloro-N'-hydroxybenzimidamide and cis-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride. Cocrystals of cis-A with appropriate solvents (cis-A‧½(1,2-DCE), cis-A‧½(1,2-DBE), and cis-A‧½C6H14) were grown from 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE), 1,2-dibromoethane (1,2-DBE), and a n-hexane/CHCl3 mixture and then characterized by X-ray crystallography. In their structures, cis-A is self-assembled to give a hybrid 2D supramolecular organic framework (SOF) formed by the cooperative action of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding, Cl⋯O halogen bonding, and π⋯π stacking. The self-assembled cis-A divides the space between the 2D SOF layers into infinite hollow tunnels incorporating solvent molecules. The energy contribution of each noncovalent interaction to the occurrence of the 2D SOF was verified by several theoretical approaches, including MEP and combined QTAIM and NCIplot analyses. The consideration of the theoretical data proved that hydrogen bonding (approx. -15.2 kcal/mol) is the most important interaction, followed by π⋯π stacking (approx. -11.1 kcal/mol); meanwhile, the contribution of halogen bonding (approx. -3.6 kcal/mol) is the smallest among these interactions. The structure of the isomeric compound trans-A does not exhibit a 2D SOF architecture. It is assembled by the combined action of hydrogen bonding and π⋯π stacking, without the involvement of halogen bonds. A comparison of the cis-A structures with that of trans-A indicated that halogen bonding, although it has the lowest energy in cis-A-based cocrystals, plays a significant role in the crystal design of the hybrid 2D SOF. The majority of the reported porous halogen-bonded organic frameworks were assembled via iodine and bromine-based contacts, while chlorine-based systems-which, in our case, are structure-directing-were unknown before this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Baykov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (S.I.P.); (V.Y.K.)
| | - Artem V. Semenov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (S.I.P.); (V.Y.K.)
| | - Sofia I. Presnukhina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (S.I.P.); (V.Y.K.)
| | - Marina V. Tarasenko
- Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Center, Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 108 Respublikanskaya St., 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia; (M.V.T.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Anton A. Shetnev
- Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Center, Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 108 Respublikanskaya St., 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia; (M.V.T.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain;
| | - Vadim P. Boyarskiy
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (S.I.P.); (V.Y.K.)
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (S.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (S.I.P.); (V.Y.K.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
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Kang J, Kim JY, Sung S, Lee Y, Gu S, Choi JW, Yoo CJ, Suh DJ, Choi J, Ha JM. Chemical upcycling of PVC-containing plastic wastes by thermal degradation and catalysis in a chlorine-rich environment. Environ Pollut 2024; 342:123074. [PMID: 38048870 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl)-containing chemicals, including hydrogen chloride, generated during thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and corresponding mixture impede the chemical recycling of PVC-containing plastic wastes. While upgrading plastic-derived vapors, the presence of Cl-containing chemicals may deactivate the catalysts. Accordingly, herein, catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapor prepared from a mixture of PVC and polyolefins is performed using a fixed-bed reactor comprising zeolites. Among the H-forms of zeolites (namely, ZSM-5, Y, β, and chabazite) used in this study, a higher yield of gas products composed of hydrocarbons with lower carbon numbers is obtained using H-ZSM-5, thus indicating further decomposition of the pyrolysis vapor to C1-C4 hydrocarbons on it. Although the formation of aromatic compounds is better on H-ZSM-5, product distributions can be adjusted by further modifying the acidic properties via the alteration of the Si/Al molar ratio, and maximum yields of C1-C4 compounds (60.8%) and olefins (64.7%) are achieved using a Si/Al molar ratio of 50. Additionally, metal ion exchange on H-ZSM-5 is conducted, and upgrading of PVC-containing waste-derived vapor to aromatic chemicals and small hydrocarbon molecules was successfully performed using Co-substituted H-ZSM-5. It reveals that the highest yield of gas products on 1.74 wt% cobalt (Co)-substituted H-ZSM-5 is acquired via the selection of an appropriate metal and metal ion concentration adjustment. Nevertheless, introduction of excess Co into the H-ZSM-5 surface decreases the cracking activity, thereby implying that highly distributed Co is required to achieve excellent cracking activity. The addition of Co also adjusted the acid types of H-ZSM-5, and more Lewis acid sites compared to Brønsted acid sites selectively produced olefins and naphthenes over paraffins and aromatics. The proposed approach can be a feasible process to produce valuable petroleum-replacing chemicals from Cl-containing mixed plastic wastes, contributing to the closed loops for upcycling plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisong Kang
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangseo Gu
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Choi
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Suh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkyu Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Li J, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Huang Z, Xu J. Three-dimensional simulation of the influence of different flotation media in the dissolved air flotation tank through the population balance model. Water Sci Technol 2024; 89:576-587. [PMID: 38358490 PMCID: wst_2024_019 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Gas-liquid flow in the dissolved air flotation (DAF) tank was studied through computational fluid dynamics through the realizable k-ε model and the population balance model (PBM) to predict the gas content of different flotation mediums (air, carbon dioxide, and chlorine) at different heights of the separation zone in the DAF tank. Simultaneously, a particular focus was placed on studying the effects of bubble aggregation and breakage on gas content. The results indicated that there were virtually no bubbles present in the region below 0.1 m of the separation zone. The gas content in the separation zone could meet the needs for gas content in the DAF tank when all these three gases were adopted as flotation medium. The introduction of models for bubble aggregation and breakage resulted in lower gas content at the bottom of the separation zone and higher gas content at the top, aligning more closely with experimental data. Due to the structural similarity and similar physicochemical characteristics of carbon dioxide and water molecules, the impact of bubble aggregation and breakage on the gas content is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Li
- College of New Energy, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China E-mail:
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Yadi Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Zhaodong Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
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Wang HB, Wu YH, Sun YG, Xu YQ, Chen Z, Xue S, Zhang ZW, Ikuno N, Koji N, Hu HY. Flow-through electrode system (FES): An effective approach for biofouling control of reverse osmosis membranes for municipal wastewater reclamation. Water Res 2024; 249:120890. [PMID: 38016222 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Emerging electrochemical disinfection techniques provide a promising pathway to the biofouling control of reverse osmosis (RO) process. However, the comparative effectiveness and mechanism of it under flow-through conditions with low voltage remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of a flow-through electrode system (FES) with both direct current (DC) and alternating pulse current (AC) on RO biofouling control compared with chlorine disinfection. At the initial stage of biofouling development, the normalized flux of AC-FES (67% on Day 5) was saliently higher than the control group (56% on Day 5). Subsequently, the normalized fluxes of each group tended similarity in their differences until the 20th day. After mild chemical cleaning, the RO membrane in the AC-FES group reached the highest chemical cleaning efficiency of 58%, implying its foulant was more readily removable and the biofouling was more reversible. The biofouling layer in the DC-FES group was also found to be easily cleanable. Morphological analysis suggested that the thickness and compactness of the fouling layers were the major reasons for the fouling behavior difference. The abundance of 4 fouling-related abundant genera (>1%), which were Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus, Sphingopyxis, and Mycobacterium exhibited a salient correlation with the biofouling degree. The operating cost of FES was also lower than that of chlorine disinfection. In summary, AC-FES is a promising alternative to chlorine disinfection in RO biofouling control, as it caused less and easy-cleaning biofouling layer mainly due to two advantages: a) reducing the regrowth potential after disinfection of the bacteria, leading to alleviated initial fouling, (b) reshaping the microbial community to those with weaker biofilm formation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Bin Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Yi-Ge Sun
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yu-Qing Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Song Xue
- CSCEC SCIMEE Sci.& Tech. Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610045, China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Zhang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Nozomu Ikuno
- Kurita Water Industries Ltd., Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
| | - Nakata Koji
- Kurita Water Industries Ltd., Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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45
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Yang ZX, Xie WY, Ye FF, Li DH. Application of Pd-Sn modified Ru-Ir electrode for treating high chlorine ammonia-nitrogen wastewater. Environ Technol 2024; 45:1040-1051. [PMID: 36250397 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2137434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electro-catalytic technology is a promising approach for wastewater treatment, owing to its easy operation, minimal generation of secondary pollution, small foot-print and rapid start-up. In this work, the chlorine evolution potential of the Pd-Sn modified ruthenium(Ru)-iridium(Ir) electrode was investigated for the electro-catalytic treatment of high chlorine ammonia-nitrogen wastewater. The effect of reaction conditions on the removal of ammonia-nitrogen, kinetics and apparent activation energy of ammonia-nitrogen removal were studied. The possible denitrification process of high chlorine ammonia-nitrogen wastewater was discussed. The results indicated that the chlorine evolution potential of the Pd-Sn modified Ru-Ir electrode was 1.0956 V(vs. SCE). The electro-catalytic treatment of high chlorine ammonia-nitrogen conformed to zero-order kinetic law, and the apparent activation energy of removal process was 14.089 kJ/mol. With a current was 0.5 A, the removal efficiency of ammonia-nitrogen could achieve 100% at a reaction time of 40 min. Indirect oxidation played an essential role in the electro-catalytic ammonia-nitrogen removal using the Pd-Sn modified Ru-Ir electrode. This paper demonstrated that the electro-catalytic technology was a promising approach for efficiently treating the high chlorine ammonia-nitrogen wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xing Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yu Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Fang Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Hao Li
- Yangjiang Vocational and Technical College, Yangjiang, People's Republic of China
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Johnson K, Lu M. Experimental study of catalytic hydro-dechlorination (HDC) of Aroclor 1232. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140987. [PMID: 38122941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a group of persistent organic pollutants that still requires remediation and reduction long after the production is discontinued. Aroclor 1232 is a commercial PCB mixture that has been much less studied. To address this void, this paper presented catalytic hydro-dechlorination (HDC) of Aroclor 1232 using palladium on activated carbon (Pd/AC) at atmospheric pressure. Experimental variables studied including three mild temperatures, 22.5 °C, 50 °C, and 80 °C, and four different co-catalyst loadings. This batch of Aroclor 1232 constituted of more than 83% of mono-, di-, and tri-, chlorinated biphenyls (CB), in addition to biphenyl, tetra- and penta CBs. HDC efficiency increased with temperature, and reached 99.9% within 4 h of reaction at 80 °C. HDC efficiency also increased with co-catalyst loading. HDC efficiencies followed the trend of para > meta > ortho positions among isomers. The increase of temperature and Et3N dosage are especially effective in dechlorination at ortho and meta positions. The apparent activation energy of Aroclor 1232 HDC was estimated as 25.57 kJ/mol based on pseudo-first order assumption, indicating that the reaction may be diffusion limited. Given the modest reaction conditions used, the HDC of Aroclor 1232 can potentially be a low-cost process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Johnson
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati (UC), Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Mingming Lu
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati (UC), Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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47
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Tufail A, Al-Rifai J, Price WE, van de Merwe JP, Leusch FDL, Hai FI. Elucidating the performance of UV-based photochemical processes for the removal of trace organic contaminants: Degradation and toxicity evaluation. Chemosphere 2024; 350:140978. [PMID: 38135125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the performance of standalone ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), namely, UV/hydrogen peroxide, UV/chlorine, UV/persulphate, and UV/permonosulphate, were investigated for the degradation of 31 trace organic contaminants (TrOCs). Under the tested conditions, standalone UV photolysis did not achieve effective removal of TrOCs. To improve the degradation efficiency of UV photolysis, four different oxidants were added individually to the test solution. The effect of these oxidants in the absence of UV irradiation was also explored and only chlorine showed promising degradation of some contaminants. During the chlorination of 31 investigated TrOCs, only six demonstrated greater than 50% degradation. The combined UV-based AOPs demonstrated much improved degradation (ranging from 65 to 100%) depending on TrOC-structure and oxidant concentration. The UV/hydrogen peroxide process showed similar degradation of TrOCs, irrespective of the functional groups (i.e., electron withdrawing groups, EWGs and electron donating groups, EDGs) present in their structures. Conversely, the UV/sulphate and UV/chlorine based processes achieved better degradation of the TrOCs with EDGs in their structures. TrOCs degradation improved up to 40% when oxidants concentrations were increased from 0.1 to 1 mM, and further increasing the concentration to 2 mM did not improve degradation. Toxicity evaluation using bioluminescence test (BLT assay) demonstrated that except for UV/hydrogen peroxide, all UV-based AOPs increased the toxicity of the treated effluent, indicating generation of toxic by-products. This study elucidates the performance of four different UV-based AOPs for the removal of commonly detected diverse TrOCs for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbab Tufail
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jawad Al-Rifai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - William E Price
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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48
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Cao XL, Sparling M, Dabeka R. Chloroform in food samples from 2014 Canadian total diet study: occurrence and dietary exposure. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:143-150. [PMID: 38193981 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2302098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Chloroform or trichloromethane is one of the trihalomethanes formed during disinfection of water with chlorine, and residues of chloroform can be detected in foods and food products due to the use of chlorinated drinking water and disinfecting food processing equipment with chlorine-based disinfectants. In this study, chloroform was detected in 37 (or 23%) of the 159 composite food samples from the 2014 Canadian Total Diet Study, but was not detected in cereals, fruits, fast foods, and most of the meat samples. Chloroform was detected in almost all 14 composite samples of dairy products, with the highest level (58 ng/g) observed in butter, followed by cream (26 ng/g), and cheese (12-21 ng/g). Chloroform was detected in tap water (23 and 29 ng/g) and most of the beverage samples, but concentrations were lower than those reported in other studies possibly due to evaporation during the preparation of the composite samples. Dietary exposures to chloroform are higher for younger age groups (0.51-1.41 µg/kg body weight/day) than for adults (0.25-0.42 µg/kg body weight/day). Drinking water contributed most to daily intakes for all age groups, accounting for between 62% and 86% of the total chloroform dietary intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Melissa Sparling
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert Dabeka
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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49
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Politi L, Mellou K, Chrysostomou A, Mandilara G, Spiliopoulou I, Theofilou A, Polemis M, Tryfinopoulou K, Sideroglou T. A Community Waterborne Salmonella Bovismorbificans Outbreak in Greece. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2024; 21:167. [PMID: 38397659 PMCID: PMC10887688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In August 2022, the Hellenic National Public Health Organisation was notified about a gastroenteritis outbreak in town A in Southern Greece. Investigations aimed to identify the source and implement control measures. METHODS Case definition categories were used in a 1:3 case-control study. Cases and controls were interviewed about various exposures. Cases' stool samples were cultured on agar plates and characterised by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Environmental investigations included tap water sampling for microbiological and chemical analysis in town A and inspection of the water supply system. RESULTS We identified 33 cases (median age: 17 years). Tap water consumption was the only significant risk factor for gastroenteritis (OR = 5.46, 95% CI = 1.02-53.95). Salmonella (S.) Bovismorbificans isolated from eight stool and one tap water samples had identical PFGE profiles. No resistant isolates were identified. Residual chlorine levels were lower than the acceptable limits before and during the outbreak. We advised consumption of bottled water and adherence to strict hand hygiene rules until tap water was declared suitable for drinking. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological and molecular data revealed a waterborne S. Bovismorbificans outbreak in town A. We recommend local water safety authorities to ensure that residual chlorine levels comply with the legislation towards water safety planning, to mitigate risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Politi
- Department of Microbial Resistance and Infections in Health Care Settings, Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kassiani Mellou
- Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | - Anthi Chrysostomou
- Department of Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases, Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Georgia Mandilara
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioanna Spiliopoulou
- Central Public Health Laboratory, National Public Health Organization, 16672 Vari, Greece; (I.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Antonia Theofilou
- Water Microbiology Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, National Public Health Organization, 16672 Vari, Greece;
| | - Michalis Polemis
- National Electronic Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network, Central Public Health Laboratory, National Public Health Organization, 16672 Vari, Greece;
| | - Kyriaki Tryfinopoulou
- Central Public Health Laboratory, National Public Health Organization, 16672 Vari, Greece; (I.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Theologia Sideroglou
- Department of Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases, Directorate of Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, National Public Health Organization, 15123 Athens, Greece; (A.C.); (T.S.)
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50
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Hua Z, Zhu MJ. Unlocking the Hidden Threat: Impacts of Surface Defects on the Efficacy of Sanitizers Against Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms on Food-contact Surfaces in Tree Fruit Packing Facilities. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100213. [PMID: 38176613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Food-contact surfaces showing signs of wear pose a substantial risk of Listeria monocytogenes contamination and may serve as persistent sources of cross-contamination in fresh produce packinghouses. This study offers a comprehensive exploration into the influence of surface defects on the efficacies of commonly used sanitizers against L. monocytogenes biofilms on major food-contact surfaces. The 7-day-old L. monocytogenes biofilms were cultivated on food-contact surfaces, including stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, low-density polyethylene, and rubber, with and without defects and organic matter. Biofilms on those surfaces were subjected to treatments of 200 ppm chlorine, 400 ppm quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), or 160 ppm peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Results showed that surface defects significantly (P < 0.05) increased the population of L. monocytogenes in biofilms on non-stainless steel surfaces and compromised the efficacies of sanitizers against L. monocytogenes biofilms across various surface types. A 5-min treatment of 200 ppm chlorine caused 1.84-3.39 log10 CFU/coupon reductions of L. monocytogenes on worn surfaces, compared to 2.79-3.93 log10 CFU/coupon reduction observed on new surfaces. Similarly, a 5-min treatment with 400 ppm QAC caused 2.05-2.88 log10 CFU/coupon reductions on worn surfaces, compared to 2.51-3.66 log10 CFU/coupon reductions on new surfaces. Interestingly, PAA sanitization (160 ppm, 1 min) exhibited less susceptibility to surface defects, leading to 3.41-4.35 log10 CFU/coupon reductions on worn surfaces, in contrast to 3.68-4.64 log10 CFU/coupon reductions on new surfaces. Furthermore, apple juice soiling diminished the efficacy of sanitizers against L. monocytogenes biofilms on worn surfaces (P < 0.05). These findings underscore the critical importance of diligent equipment maintenance and thorough cleaning processes to effectively eliminate L. monocytogenes contamination on food-contact surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Hua
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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