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Ma Y, Guo T, Ding J, Dong Z, Ren Y, Lu C, Zhao Y, Guo X, Cao G, Li B, Gao P. RNA-seq analysis of small intestine transcriptional changes induced by starvation stress in piglets. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2295931. [PMID: 38147885 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2295931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Piglets may experience a variety of stress injuries, but the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying these injuries are not well understood. In this study, we analysed the ileum of Large White (LW) and Mashen (MS) piglets at different times of starvation using chemical staining and transcriptome analysis. The intestinal barrier of piglets was damaged after starvation stress, but the intestinal antistress ability of MS piglets was stronger than LW piglets. A total of 8021 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in two breeds. Interestingly, the immune capacity (CHUK, TLR3) of MS piglets increased significantly after short-term starvation stress, while energy metabolism (NAGS, PLA2G12B, AGCG8) was predominant in LW piglets. After long-term starvation stress, the level of energy metabolism (PLIN5, PLA2G12B) was significantly increased in MS piglets. The expression of immune (HLA-DQB1, IGHG4, COL3A1, CD28, LAT) and disease (HSPA1B, MINPPI, ADH1C, GAL3ST1) related genes were significantly increased in two breeds of piglets. These results suggest that short-term stress mainly enhances immunity and energy metabolism in piglets, while long-term starvation produces greater stress on piglets, making it difficult for them to compensate for the damage to their bodies through self-regulation. This information can help improve the stress resistance of piglets through molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Ma
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Tong Guo
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianqin Ding
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhiling Dong
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yifei Ren
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Chang Lu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Guo
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Guoqing Cao
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Bugao Li
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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Yin Y, Ahmed N, Hassan MF, Guo K, Shakir Y, Zang J, Lyu J. Effect of Nano-selenium on Biological Mechanism of Goblet Cells of the Small Intestine Within Laying Hen. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1699-1710. [PMID: 37454307 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Dietary selenium intake within the normal physiological range is critical for various supporting biological functions. However, the effect of nano-selenium on biological mechanism of goblet cells associated with autophagy is largely unknown.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nano-selenium on the mucosal immune-defense mechanism of goblet cells (GCs) in the small intestine of laying hens.The autophagy was determined by using specific markers. Nano-selenium-treated group of immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and western blotting (WB) results indicated the strong positive immune signaling of microtubule-associated light chain (LC3) within the mucosal surface of the small intestine. However, weak expression of LC3 was observed in the 3-methyladenine autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) group. IHC and IF staining results showed the opposite tendency for LC3 of sequestosome 1 (P62/SQSTM1). P62/SQSTM1 showed strong positive immune signaling within the mucosal surface of the small intestine of the 3-MAgroup, and weak immune signaling of P62/SQSTM1 in the nano-selenium-treated group. Moreover, pinpointing autophagy was involved in the mucosal production and enrichment of mucosal immunity of the GCs. The morphology and ultrastructure evidence showed that the mucus secretion of GCs was significantly increased after nano-selenium treatment confirmed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Besides that, immunostaining of IHC, IF and WB showed that autophagy enhanced the secretion of Mucin2 (Muc2) protein in nano-selenium-treated group. This work illustrates that the nano-selenium particle might enhance the mucosal immune-defense mechanism via the protective role of GCs for intestinal homeostasis through autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Womens Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214002, China
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, 90150, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Farooque Hassan
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Sindh, 67210, Pakistan
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Pathology, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, 215153, China
| | - Yasmeen Shakir
- Department of Biochemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Jia Zang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Womens Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
| | - Jue Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi No.2 Peoples Hospital, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
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Montoya CA, van Bemmel M, Kreutz K, Hodgkinson SM, Stroebinger N, Moughan PJ. The kinetics of amino acid disappearance in the small intestine is related to the extent of amino acids absorbed in growing pigs. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:762-772. [PMID: 37881009 PMCID: PMC10864992 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the importance of a correction for amino acids (AA) released into the hindgut on a measure of AA absorption kinetics and tested whether AA absorption kinetics are related to the extent of AA absorption using the growing pig as a model for humans. Thirty-six nine-week-old pigs (22·3 kg) received a diet containing whey protein as the sole protein source for 8 d. Pigs received their last meal containing the indigestible marker titanium dioxide before being euthanised at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 h post-feeding. The entire content of each gastrointestinal tract (GIT) region was collected to determine AA released into the hindgut, and the kinetics and extent of AA absorption (uncorrected and corrected for AA entering the hindgut). Amounts of AA released into the hindgut increased over time (e.g. 33 and 180 mg of Glu for 4 and 6 h post-feeding). The corrected apparent amount of each AA absorbed from the GIT lumen after 4 h post-feeding was generally lower (P ≤ 0·05) than the uncorrected counterpart. Differences in both the kinetics and extent of AA absorption were observed across AA. For example, the time to reach half of the apparent AA absorption (T50) was 1·5 and 3·4 h for Met and Arg, respectively, whereas their extent of apparent absorption was 93 and 73 %. Negative correlations between parameters related to kinetics and the extent of apparent absorption were observed (e.g. for T50 r = -0·81; P < 0·001). The kinetics of AA absorption is related to the extent of AA absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Montoya
- Smart Foods & Bioproducts, AgResearch, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Michael van Bemmel
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Kreutz
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne M. Hodgkinson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Natascha Stroebinger
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Paul J. Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
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Fitzgerald DM, Cash CM, Dudley KJ, Sibthorpe PEM, Sillence MN, de Laat MA. Expression of the GCG gene and secretion of active glucagon-like peptide-1 varies along the length of intestinal tract in horses. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:352-360. [PMID: 37853957 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active glucagon-like peptide-1 (aGLP-1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of equine insulin dysregulation (ID), but its role is unclear. Cleavage of proglucagon (coded by the GCG gene) produces aGLP-1 in enteral L cells. OBJECTIVES The aim in vivo was to examine the sequence of the exons of GCG in horses with and without ID, where aGLP-1 was higher in the group with ID. The aims in vitro were to identify and quantify the expression of GCG in the equine intestine (as a marker of L cells) and determine intestinal secretion of aGLP-1. STUDY DESIGN Genomic studies were case-control studies. Expression and secretion studies in vitro were cross-sectional. METHODS The GCG gene sequence of the exons was determined using a hybridisation capture protocol. Expression and quantification of GCG in samples of stomach duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and ascending and descending colon was achieved with droplet digital PCR. For secretory studies tissue explants were incubated with 12 mM glucose and aGLP-1 secretion was measured with an ELISA. RESULTS Although the median [IQR] post-prandial aGLP-1 concentrations were higher (p = 0.03) in animals with ID (10.2 [8.79-15.5]), compared with healthy animals (8.47 [6.12-11.7]), there was 100% pairwise identity of the exons of the GCG sequence for the cohort. The mRNA concentrations of GCG and secretion of aGLP-1 differed (p < 0.001) throughout the intestine. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only the exons of the GCG gene were sequenced and breeds were not compared. The horses used for the study in vitro were not assessed for ID and different horses were used for the small, and large, intestinal studies. CONCLUSIONS Differences in post-prandial aGLP-1 concentration were not due to a variant in the exons of the GCG gene sequence in this cohort. Both the large and small intestine are sites of GLP-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Fitzgerald
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christina M Cash
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin J Dudley
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Poppy E M Sibthorpe
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin N Sillence
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melody A de Laat
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Kasahara N, Teratani T, Yokota S, Sakuma Y, Sasanuma H, Fujimoto Y, Ijichi T, Urahashi T, Yoshitomi H, Kitayama J, Sata N. Dietary polyamines promote intestinal adaptation in an experimental model of short bowel syndrome. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4605. [PMID: 38409241 PMCID: PMC10897130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal adaptation does not necessarily recover absorptive capacity in short bowel syndrome (SBS), sometimes resulting in intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). Additionally, its therapeutic options remain limited. Polyamines (spermidine and spermine) are known as one of the autophagy inducers and play important roles in promoting the weaning process; however, their impact on intestinal adaptation is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of polyamines ingestion on adaptation and hepatic lipid metabolism in SBS. We performed resection of two-thirds of the small intestine in male Lewis rats as an SBS model. They were allocated into three groups and fed different polyamine content diets (0%, 0.01%, 0.1%) for 30 days. Polyamines were confirmed to distribute to remnant intestine, whole blood, and liver. Villous height and number of Ki-67-positive cells in the crypt area increased with the high polyamine diet. Polyamines increased secretory IgA and mucin content in feces, and enhanced tissue Claudin-3 expression. In contrast, polyamines augmented albumin synthesis, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and ATP storage in the liver. Moreover, polyamines promoted autophagy flux and activated AMP-activated protein kinase with suppression of lipogenic gene expression. Polyamines ingestion may provide a new therapeutic option for SBS with IFALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kasahara
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Takumi Teratani
- Division of Translational Research, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.
| | | | - Yasunaru Sakuma
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hideki Sasanuma
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujimoto
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ijichi
- Division of Translational Research, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Taizen Urahashi
- Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Joji Kitayama
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Rani P, George B, V S, Biswas S, V M, Pal A, Rajmani RS, Das S. MicroRNA-22-3p displaces critical host factors from the 5' UTR and inhibits the translation of Coxsackievirus B3 RNA. J Virol 2024; 98:e0150423. [PMID: 38289119 PMCID: PMC10883805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01504-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is known to cause acute myocarditis and pancreatitis in humans. We investigated the microRNAs (miRNAs) that can potentially govern the viral life cycle by binding to the untranslated regions (UTRs) of CVB3 RNA. MicroRNA-22-3p was short-listed, as its potential binding site overlapped with the region crucial for recruiting internal ribosome entry site trans-acting factors (ITAFs) and ribosomes. We demonstrate that miR-22-3p binds CVB3 5' UTR, hinders recruitment of key ITAFs on viral mRNA, disrupts the spatial structure required for ribosome recruitment, and ultimately blocks translation. Likewise, cells lacking miR-22-3p exhibited heightened CVB3 infection compared to wild type, confirming its role in controlling infection. Interestingly, miR-22-3p level was found to be increased at 4 hours post-infection, potentially due to the accumulation of viral 2A protease in the early phase of infection. 2Apro enhances the miR-22-3p level to dislodge the ITAFs from the SD-like sequence, rendering the viral RNA accessible for binding of replication factors to switch to replication. Furthermore, one of the cellular targets of miR-22-3p, protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), was significantly downregulated during CVB3 infection. Partial silencing of PCDH1 reduced viral replication, demonstrating its proviral role. Interestingly, upon CVB3 infection in mice, miR-22-3p level was found to be downregulated only in the small intestine, the primary target organ, indicating its possible role in influencing tissue tropism. It appears miR-22-3p plays a dual role during infection by binding viral RNA to aid its life cycle as a viral strategy and by targeting a proviral protein to restrict viral replication as a host response.IMPORTANCECVB3 infection is associated with the development of end-stage heart diseases. Lack of effective anti-viral treatments and vaccines for CVB3 necessitates comprehensive understanding of the molecular players during CVB3 infection. miRNAs have emerged as promising targets for anti-viral strategies. Here, we demonstrate that miR-22-3p binds to 5' UTR and inhibits viral RNA translation at the later stage of infection to promote viral RNA replication. Conversely, as host response, it targets PCDH1, a proviral factor, to discourage viral propagation. miR-22-3p also influences CVB3 tissue tropism. Deciphering the multifaced role of miR-22-3p during CVB3 infection unravels the necessary molecular insights, which can be exploited for novel intervening strategies to curb infection and restrict viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sabarishree V
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Somarghya Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Madhurya V
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Apala Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Raju S. Rajmani
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
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Tannous S, Naim HY. Impaired digestive function of sucrase-isomaltase in a complex with the Greenlandic sucrase-isomaltase variant. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166947. [PMID: 37951511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Sucrase isomaltase (SI) is the most prominent disaccharidase in the small intestine. Congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (CSID) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by variants in the SI gene. A homozygous frameshift mutation, c.273_274delAG (p.Gly92Leufs*8), has been identified in CSID in the Greenlandic population. This variant eliminates the luminal domain of SI and results in loss of its digestive function. Surprisingly, the truncated mutant is transport-competent and localized at the cell surface; it interacts avidly with wild type SI and negatively impacts its enzymatic function. The data propose that heterozygote carriers of p.Gly92Leufs*8 may also present with CSID symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Tannous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Okada K, Yokota J, Yamashita T, Inui T, Kishimoto W, Nakase H, Mizuguchi H. Establishment of human intestinal organoids derived from commercially available cryopreserved intestinal epithelium and evaluation for pharmacokinetic study. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 54:100532. [PMID: 38064926 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) have been reported to exert their functions in a way that mimics living organs, and HIOs-derived monolayers are expected to be applied to in vitro intestinal pharmacokinetic studies. However, HIOs are established from human tissue, which raises issues of availability and ethics. In the present study, to solve these problems, we have established intestinal organoids using commercially available cryopreserved human intestinal epithelial cells (C-IOs), and compared their functions with biopsy-derived human intestinal organoids (B-IOs) from a pharmacokinetic point of view. Both C-IOs and B-IOs reproduced the morphological features of the intestinal tract and were shown to be composed of epithelial cells. Monolayers generated from C-IOs and B-IOs (C-IO-2D, B-IO-2D, respectively) structurally mimic the small intestine. The C-IOs showed gene expression levels comparable to those of the B-IOs, which were close to those of adult human small intestine. Importantly, the C-IOs-2D showed levels of pharmacokinetics-related protein expression and activity-including cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) enzymatic activities and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter activities -similar to those of B-IOs-2D. This study addresses the difficulties associated with B-IOs and provides fundamental characteristics for the application of C-IOs in pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Okada
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Yokota
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inui
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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9
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Zwick RK, Kasparek P, Palikuqi B, Viragova S, Weichselbaum L, McGinnis CS, McKinley KL, Rathnayake A, Vaka D, Nguyen V, Trentesaux C, Reyes E, Gupta AR, Gartner ZJ, Locksley RM, Gardner JM, Itzkovitz S, Boffelli D, Klein OD. Epithelial zonation along the mouse and human small intestine defines five discrete metabolic domains. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:250-262. [PMID: 38321203 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
A key aspect of nutrient absorption is the exquisite division of labour across the length of the small intestine, with individual nutrients taken up at different proximal:distal positions. For millennia, the small intestine was thought to comprise three segments with indefinite borders: the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. By examining the fine-scale longitudinal transcriptional patterns that span the mouse and human small intestine, we instead identified five domains of nutrient absorption that mount distinct responses to dietary changes, and three regional stem cell populations. Molecular domain identity can be detected with machine learning, which provides a systematic method to computationally identify intestinal domains in mice. We generated a predictive model of transcriptional control of domain identity and validated the roles of Ppar-δ and Cdx1 in patterning lipid metabolism-associated genes. These findings represent a foundational framework for the zonation of absorption across the mammalian small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Zwick
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brisa Palikuqi
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Viragova
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Weichselbaum
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S McGinnis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kara L McKinley
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Asoka Rathnayake
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dedeepya Vaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Coralie Trentesaux
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Efren Reyes
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander R Gupta
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg BioHub and Center for Cellular Construction 94158, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James M Gardner
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dario Boffelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Guerin Children's, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Wu Y, Liu X, Zou Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Hu J, Han D, Zhao J, Dai Z, Wang J. Lactobacillus amylovorus Promotes Lactose Utilization in Small Intestine and Enhances Intestinal Barrier Function in Intrauterine Growth Restricted Piglets. J Nutr 2024; 154:535-542. [PMID: 38072153 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) resulted in high mortality and many physiological defects of piglets, causing huge economic loss in the swine industry. Lactobacillus amylovorus (L. amylovorus) was identified as one of the main differential bacteria between IUGR and normal piglets. However, the effects of L. amylovorus on the growth performance and intestinal health in IUGR piglets remained unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the promoting effects of L. amylovorus Mafic1501, a new strain isolated from normal piglets, on the growth performance and intestinal barrier functions in IUGR piglets. METHODS Newborn mice or piglets were assigned into 3 groups: CON (normal birth weight, control), IUGR (low birth weight), and IUGR+L. amy (low birth weight), administered with sterile saline or L. amylovorus Mafic1501, respectively. Growth performance, lactose content in the digesta, intestinal lactose transporter, and barrier function parameters were profiled. IPEC-J2 cells were cultured to verify the effects of L. amylovorus Mafic1501 on lactose utilization and intestinal barrier functions. RESULTS L. amylovorus Mafic1501 elevated body weight and average daily gain of IUGR mice and piglets (P < 0.05). The lactose content in the ileum was decreased, whereas gene expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) was increased by L. amylovorus Mafic1501 in IUGR piglets during suckling period (P < 0.05). Besides, L. amylovorus Mafic1501 promoted intestinal barrier functions by increasing the villus height and relative gene expressions of tight junctions (P < 0.05). L. amylovorus Mafic1501 and its culture supernatant decreased the lactose level in the medium and upregulated gene expressions of transporter GLUT2 and tight junction protein Claudin-1 of IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION L. amylovorus Mafic1501 improved the growth performance of IUGR piglets by promoting the lactose utilization in small intestine and enhancing intestinal barrier functions. Our results provided the new evidence of L. amylovorus Mafic1501 for its application in the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Youwei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Cornelius V, Droessler L, Amasheh S. Quercetin Improves Barrier Properties in Porcine Small Intestine but Not in Peyer's Patches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1530. [PMID: 38338808 PMCID: PMC10855467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Peyer's patches (PPs) are part of the gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) and represent the first line of the intestinal immunological defense. They consist of follicles with lymphocytes and an overlying subepithelial dome with dendritic cells and macrophages, and they are covered by the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). A sealed paracellular pathway in the FAE is crucial for the controlled uptake of luminal antigens. Quercetin is the most abundant plant flavonoid and has a barrier-strengthening effect on tight junctions (TJs), a protein complex that regulates the paracellular pathway. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of quercetin on porcine PPs and the surrounding villus epithelium (VE). We incubated both tissue types for 4 h in Ussing chambers, recorded the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and measured the unidirectional tracer flux of [3H]-mannitol. Subsequently, we analyzed the expression, protein amount, and localization of three TJ proteins, claudin 1, claudin 2, and claudin 4. In the PPs, we could not detect an effect of quercetin after 4 h, neither on TEER nor on the [3H]-mannitol flux. In the VE, quercetin led to a higher TEER value, while the [3H]-mannitol flux was unchanged. The pore-forming claudin 2 was decreased while the barrier-forming claudin 4 was increased and the expression was upregulated. Claudin 1 was unchanged and all claudins could be located in the paracellular membrane by immunofluorescence microscopy. Our study shows the barrier-strengthening effect of quercetin in porcine VE by claudin 4 upregulation and a claudin 2 decrease. Moreover, it underlines the different barrier properties of PPs compared to the VE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salah Amasheh
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Imakura Y, Mima S, Yamazaki N, Inomata A, Mochizuki S, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Utility of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells for pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and immunological studies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 692:149356. [PMID: 38071890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The small intestine, which plays a crucial role in the absorption and metabolism of drugs and foods, serves as a target organ for drug-induced toxicity and immune interactions with functional foods and intestinal bacteria. Current alternative models of the human small intestine, such as Caco-2 cells and experimental animals, have limitations due to variations in the expression levels of metabolic enzymes, transporters, and receptors. This study presents investigations into the utility of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells (hiSIECs) for pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and immunological studies, respectively. While hiSIECs displayed small intestinal epithelial cell characteristics and barrier function, they demonstrated pharmacokinetic properties such as cytochrome P450 3A4/5 activity equivalent to human primary enterocytes and stable P-glycoprotein activity. These cells also demonstrated potential for assessing two forms of intestinal toxicity caused by anticancer drugs and gamma-secretase inhibitors, displaying immune responses mediated by toll-like and fatty acid receptors while serving as an inflammatory gut model through the addition of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma. Overall, hiSIECs hold promise as an in vitro model for assessing pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and effects on the intestinal immunity of pharmaceuticals, functional foods, supplements, and intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Imakura
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Shinji Mima
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Nao Yamazaki
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Inomata
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mochizuki
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
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13
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Gerrick ER, Zlitni S, West PT, Carter MM, Mechler CM, Olm MR, Caffrey EB, Li JA, Higginbottom SK, Severyn CJ, Kracke F, Spormann AM, Sonnenburg JL, Bhatt AS, Howitt MR. Metabolic diversity in commensal protists regulates intestinal immunity and trans-kingdom competition. Cell 2024; 187:62-78.e20. [PMID: 38096822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The microbiota influences intestinal health and physiology, yet the contributions of commensal protists to the gut environment have been largely overlooked. Here, we discover human- and rodent-associated parabasalid protists, revealing substantial diversity and prevalence in nonindustrialized human populations. Genomic and metabolomic analyses of murine parabasalids from the genus Tritrichomonas revealed species-level differences in excretion of the metabolite succinate, which results in distinct small intestinal immune responses. Metabolic differences between Tritrichomonas species also determine their ecological niche within the microbiota. By manipulating dietary fibers and developing in vitro protist culture, we show that different Tritrichomonas species prefer dietary polysaccharides or mucus glycans. These polysaccharide preferences drive trans-kingdom competition with specific commensal bacteria, which affects intestinal immunity in a diet-dependent manner. Our findings reveal unappreciated diversity in commensal parabasalids, elucidate differences in commensal protist metabolism, and suggest how dietary interventions could regulate their impact on gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias R Gerrick
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Soumaya Zlitni
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick T West
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew M Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Claire M Mechler
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew R Olm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elisa B Caffrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica A Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven K Higginbottom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher J Severyn
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Frauke Kracke
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alfred M Spormann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ami S Bhatt
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael R Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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Peng Z, Bao L, Shi B, Shi YB. Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 is required for the maintenance of adult small intestinal and colonic epithelial cell homeostasis. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:554-568. [PMID: 38169732 PMCID: PMC10758107 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.89958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate adult intestinal epithelium has a high self-renewal rate driven by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in the crypts, which play central roles in maintaining intestinal integrity and homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we showed that protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), a major arginine methyltransferase that can also function as a transcription co-activator, was highly expressed in the proliferating cells of adult mouse intestinal crypts. Intestinal epithelium-specific knockout of PRMT1, which ablates PRMT1 gene starting during embryogenesis, caused distinct, region-specific effects on small intestine and colon: increasing and decreasing the goblet cell number in the small intestinal and colonic crypts, respectively, leading to elongation of the crypts in small intestine but not colon, while increasing crypt cell proliferation in both regions. We further generated a tamoxifen-inducible intestinal epithelium-specific PRMT1 knockout mouse model and found that tamoxifen-induced knockout of PRMT1 in the adult mice resulted in the same region-specific intestinal phenotypes. Thus, our studies have for the first time revealed that the epigenetic enzyme PRMT1 has distinct, region-specific roles in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial architecture and homeostasis, although PRMT1 may influence intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD, USA
| | - Lingyu Bao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD, USA
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD, USA
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15
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Li RJW, Barros DR, Kuah R, Lim YM, Gao A, Beaudry JL, Zhang SY, Lam TKT. Small intestinal CaSR-dependent and CaSR-independent protein sensing regulates feeding and glucose tolerance in rats. Nat Metab 2024; 6:39-49. [PMID: 38167726 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Proteins activate small intestinal calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) and/or peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) to increase hormone secretion1-8, but the effect of small intestinal protein sensing and the mechanistic potential of CaSR and/or PepT1 in feeding and glucose regulation remain inconclusive. Here we show that, in male rats, CaSR in the upper small intestine is required for casein infusion to increase glucose tolerance and GLP1 and GIP secretion, which was also dependent on PepT1 (ref. 9). PepT1, but not CaSR, is required for casein infusion to lower feeding. Upper small intestine casein sensing fails to regulate feeding, but not glucose tolerance, in high-fat-fed rats with decreased PepT1 but increased CaSR expression. In the ileum, a CaSR-dependent but PepT1-independent pathway is required for casein infusion to lower feeding and increase glucose tolerance in chow-fed rats, in parallel with increased PYY and GLP1 release, respectively. High fat decreases ileal CaSR expression and disrupts casein sensing on feeding but not on glucose control, suggesting an ileal CaSR-independent, glucose-regulatory pathway. In summary, we discover small intestinal CaSR- and PepT1-dependent and -independent protein sensing mechanisms that regulate gut hormone release, feeding and glucose tolerance. Our findings highlight the potential of targeting small intestinal CaSR and/or PepT1 to regulate feeding and glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J W Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barros
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Kuah
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu-Mi Lim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Gao
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Singh H, Hassan S, Nabi SU, Mishra NC, Dhanka M, Purohit SD, Ganai NA, Bhaskar R, Han SS, Qurashi AUH, Bashir SM. Multicomponent decellularized extracellular matrix of caprine small intestine submucosa based bioactive hydrogel promoting full-thickness burn wound healing in rabbits. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:127810. [PMID: 37952796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment for full-thickness burn wounds has remained challenging for clinicians. Among various strategies, extracellular gel-based dressing materials have gained attention to promote effective and rapid wound healing. These gel-based materials are porous and have antioxidant, antibacterial, hydrophilic, biodegradation, and biocompatible properties and hence can be used to alleviate burn wound healing. In concurrence with these findings, the present study evaluates thermo-responsive and self-assembled decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) of caprine small intestine submucosa (DG-SIS) gel-based dressing material for burn wound healing. To expedite healing and efficiently tackle excessive free radicals and bioburden at the burn wound site, DG-SIS gel is fortified with antibacterial components (zinc oxide nanoparticles; ZnO) and a potent antioxidant agent (Vitamin-C;Vt-C). ZnO- and Vt-C-enriched DG-SIS (DG-SIS/ZnO/Vt-C) gels significantly increased the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the therapeutic hydrogel. Additionally, the fabricated DG-SIS/ZnO/Vt-C bioactive gel resulted in significant full-thickness burn wound contraction (97.75 % in 14 days), a lower inflammatory effect, and enhanced angiogenesis with the highest collagen synthesis (1.22 μg/mg in 14 days) at the wound site. The outcomes from this study demonstrate a synergistic effect of ZnO/Vt-C in the bioactive gel as an effective and inexpensive therapeutic approach for full-thickness burn wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Singh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India; Department of Biology, Khalifa University, Main Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Advanced Materials Chemistry Center, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shabir Hassan
- Department of Biology, Khalifa University, Main Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Advanced Materials Chemistry Center, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Showket Ul Nabi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandary Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Mishra
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Mukesh Dhanka
- Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shiv Dutt Purohit
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Nazir Ahmad Ganai
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ahsan Ul Haq Qurashi
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Center, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Showkeen Muzamil Bashir
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry Shuhama, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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17
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Small intestinal protein sensing pathways regulate food intake and glucose homeostasis. Nat Metab 2024; 6:14-5. [PMID: 38167728 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
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18
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Steinbach E, Masi D, Ribeiro A, Serradas P, Le Roy T, Clément K. Upper small intestine microbiome in obesity and related metabolic disorders: A new field of investigation. Metabolism 2024; 150:155712. [PMID: 37884078 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The study of the gut microbiome holds great promise for understanding and treating metabolic diseases, as its functions and derived metabolites can influence the metabolic status of the host. While research on the fecal microbiome has provided valuable insights, it tells us only part of the story. This limitation arises from the substantial variations in microorganism distribution throughout the gastrointestinal tract due to changes in physicochemical conditions. Thus, relying solely on the fecal microbiome may not be sufficient to draw comprehensive conclusions about metabolic diseases. The proximal part of the small intestine, particularly the jejunum, indeed, serves as the crucial site for digestion and absorption of nutrients, suggesting a potential role of its microbiome in metabolic regulation. Unfortunately, it remains relatively underexplored due to limited accessibility. This review presents current evidence regarding the relationships between the microbiome in the upper small intestine and various phenotypes, focusing on obesity and type 2 diabetes, in both humans and rodents. Research on humans is still limited with variability in the population and methods used. Accordingly, to better understand the role of the whole gut microbiome in metabolic diseases, studies exploring the human microbiome in different niches are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Steinbach
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Davide Masi
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France; Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Agnès Ribeiro
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Serradas
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Tiphaine Le Roy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France.
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19
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Mizuno S, Jinnoh Y, Arita A, Qiu S, Hashita T, Hori E, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. New Maintenance Culture Method for Intestinal Stem Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:120-129. [PMID: 38171772 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Most orally administered drugs exert their effects after being absorbed in the small intestine. Therefore, new drugs must undergo nonclinical pharmacokinetic evaluations in the small intestine. Enterocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are expected to be used in the evaluation system, as they reflect human intestinal characteristics more accurately; moreover, several differentiation protocols are available for these cells. However, enterocytes derived from hiPSCs have drawbacks such as time, cost, and lot-to-lot differences. Hence, to address these issues, we attempted to maintain hiPSC-derived intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that can differentiate into various intestinal cells by regulating various pathways. Although our previous attempt was partly successful, the drawbacks of elevated cost and complicated handling remained, because more than 10 factors (A 83-01, CHIR99021, epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, SB202190, nicotinamide, N-acetylcysteine, valproic acid, Wnt3a, R-spondin 1, and noggin) are needed to maintain ISCs. Therefore, in this study, we successfully maintained ISCs using only five factors, including growth factors. Moreover, we generated not only enterocytes but also intestinal organoids from the maintained ISCs. Thus, our novel findings provided a time-saving and cost-effective culture method for enterocytes derived from hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Mizuno
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- Early Clinical Development Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Yumi Jinnoh
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University
| | - Ayaka Arita
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University
| | - Shimeng Qiu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University
| | - Eisei Hori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya City University
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20
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Hopton RE, Jahahn NJ, Zemper AE. Lrig1 drives cryptogenesis and restrains proliferation during colon development. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G570-G581. [PMID: 37873577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00094.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Growth and specification of the mouse intestine occurs in utero and concludes after birth. Although numerous studies have examined this developmental process in the small intestine, far less is known about the cellular and molecular cues required for colon development. In this study, we examine the morphological events leading to crypt formation, epithelial cell differentiation, proliferation, and the emergence and expression of a stem and progenitor cell marker Lrig1. Through multicolor lineage tracing, we show Lrig1-expressing cells are present at birth and behave as stem cells to establish clonal crypts within 3 wk of life. In addition, we use an inducible knockout mouse to eliminate Lrig1 and show Lrig1 restrains proliferation within a critical developmental time window, without impacting colonic epithelial cell differentiation. Our study illustrates morphological changes during crypt development and the importance of Lrig1 in the developing colon.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies define the importance of studying Lrig1 in colon development. We address a critical gap in the intestinal development literature and provide new information about the molecular cues that guide colon development. Using a novel, inducible knockout of Lrig1, we show Lrig1 is required for appropriate colon epithelial growth and illustrate the importance of Lrig1-expressing cells in the establishment of colonic crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hopton
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Nicholas J Jahahn
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Anne E Zemper
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
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21
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Bekebrede AF, de Boer VCJ, Gerrits WJJ, Keijer J. Functional and molecular profiling of fasted piglets reveals decreased energy metabolic function and cell proliferation in the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G539-G555. [PMID: 37847725 PMCID: PMC10894671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00240.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine requires energy to exert its important role in nutrient uptake and barrier function. Pigs are an important source of food and a model for humans. Young piglets and infants can suffer from periods of insufficient food intake. Whether this functionally affects the small intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) metabolic capacity and how this may be associated with an increased vulnerability to intestinal disease is unknown. We therefore performed a 48-h fasting intervention in young piglets. After feeding a standard weaning diet for 2 wk, 6-wk-old piglets (n = 16/group) were fasted for 48 h, and midjejunal IECs were collected upon euthanasia. Functional metabolism of isolated IECs was analyzed with the Seahorse XF analyzer and gene expression was assessed using RNA-sequencing. Fasting decreased the mitochondrial and glycolytic function of the IECs by 50% and 45%, respectively (P < 0.0001), signifying that overall metabolic function was decreased. The RNA-sequencing results corroborated our functional metabolic measurements, showing that particularly pathways related to mitochondrial energy production were decreased. Besides oxidative metabolic pathways, decreased cell-cycle progression pathways were most regulated in the fasted piglets, which were confirmed by 43% reduction of Ki67-stained cells (P < 0.05). Finally, the expression of barrier function genes was reduced upon fasting. In conclusion, we found that the decreased IEC energy metabolic function in response to fasting is supported by a decreased gene expression of mitochondrial pathways and is likely linked to the observed decreased intestinal cell proliferation and barrier function, providing insight into the vulnerability of piglets, and infants, to decreased food intake.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fasting is identified as one of the underlying causes potentiating diarrhea development, both in piglets and humans. With this study, we demonstrate that fasting decreases the metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells, on a functional and transcriptional level. Transcriptional and histological data also show decreased intestinal cell proliferation. As such, fasting-induced intestinal energy shortage could contribute to intestinal dysfunction upon fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Bekebrede
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C J de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Ferreira FP, Pereira SS, Costa MM, Guimarães M, Albrechtsen NJW, Holst JJ, Nora M, Monteiro MP. Individuals with type 2 diabetes have higher density of small intestinal neurotensin-expressing cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2779-2787. [PMID: 36920577 PMCID: PMC10627918 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a gastro-intestinal hormone involved in several pathways that regulate energy and glucose homeostasis. NT was hypothesized to act in synergy with incretin hormones to potentiate its anti-diabetic effects. Additionally, circulating NT levels were shown to rise after bariatric surgery-induced weight loss. Knowledge of NT-secreting cells distribution along the small intestine and its variation according to diabetes status could provide insights on NT role in mediating type 2 diabetes (T2D) improvement after bariatric surgery. So, our aims were to characterize NT-expressing cell distribution along the human small intestine and to compare the relative density of NT-expressing cells in the small intestine of individuals with and without T2D undergoing bariatric surgery for obesity treatment. Autopsy-derived small intestine fragments (n = 30) were obtained at every 20 cm along the entire intestinal length. Additionally, jejunum biopsies (n = 29) were obtained during elective gastric bypass interventions from patients with (n = 10) or without T2D (n = 18). NT-expressing cells were identified by immunohistochemistry and quantified via computerized morphometric analysis. NT-expressing cell density increased along the human small intestine. NT-expressing cell density was significantly higher from 200 cm distal to the duodenojejunal flexure onward, as well as in subjects with T2D when compared to those without T2D. NT-expressing cell density increases along the human small gut, and a higher density is found in individuals with T2D. This finding suggests a potential role for NT in the mechanisms of disease and T2D improvement observed after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa P Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy, UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Building 1.3, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Pereira
- Department of Anatomy, UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Building 1.3, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M Costa
- Department of Anatomy, UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Building 1.3, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Guimarães
- Department of Anatomy, UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Building 1.3, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro E Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mário Nora
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre Douro E Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Department of Anatomy, UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Building 1.3, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
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23
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Guzmán-Mejía F, Godínez-Victoria M, García-Hernández AL, Gutierrez-Galicia JK, Molotla Torres DE, Drago-Serrano ME. Regionalized analysis of gut barrier components in the small intestine of BALB/c mice following chronic immobilization stress. ADV CLIN EXP MED 2023; 32:1393-1400. [PMID: 37093093 DOI: 10.17219/acem/162694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiota and tight junction proteins (TJPs) are components of the gut barrier, and are considered stress targets that have deleterious effects on intestinal homeostasis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic immobilization stress on selected small intestine homeostasis parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS Female BALB/c mice were divided into a stress group that underwent short-term immobilization for 2 h per day for 4 consecutive days, and a non-stressed control group (n = 6 per group). Proximal and distal small intestine samples were excised to assess colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of total bifidobacteria in selective agar plates, luminal albumin was assessed using immune-enzymatic assay, pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and TJPs (pore-forming, claudin (Cld)-2; pore-sealing, Cld-4; ambiguous, Cld-7, -12 and -15) were assessed with RT-qPCR and western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the stress group had lower body weight and energy intake. In the distal region, the stressed mice had lower bifidobacteria count and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of Cld-2, Cld-4 and Cld-12, though they had more albumin and higher interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression. Within the proximal region, the stressed mice had higher mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-6, Cld-7, Cld-12, and Cld-15, along with lower levels of IL-10 and Cld-4. However, mRNA and protein expression of TJPs were discordant. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate divergent stress-induced outcomes in the small intestine, evidenced by the elicitation of a pro-inflammatory response and decreased anti-inflammatory response in the duodenum, and by increased albumin transudation and decreased bifidobacterial growth in the distal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Guzmán-Mejía
- Department of Biological Systems, Metropolitan Autonomous University Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Section of Postgraduate and Research Studies, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Lilia García-Hernández
- Laboratory of Dental Research, Section of Osteoimmunology and Oral Immunology, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Department of Biological Systems, Metropolitan Autonomous University Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
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24
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Tian S, Wang J, Gao R, Zhao F, Wang J, Zhu W. Galacto-Oligosaccharides Alleviate LPS-Induced Immune Imbalance in Small Intestine through Regulating Gut Microbe Composition and Bile Acid Pool. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:17615-17626. [PMID: 37947505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the protective effect of gut microbiota on intestinal inflammation can be achieved through a microbe-bile acids (BAs) mechanism. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are a kind of prebiotic that alter gut microbiota composition. To verify whether GOS has a protective effect on intestinal inflammation through a microbe-BAs mechanism, this research was performed in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) porcine model with the presence or absence of GOS. GOS prevented LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the decrease of bacterial bile salt hydrolase-containing bacteria abundance, and the decrease of chendoxycholic acid (CDCA) level in piglets. Additionally, CDCA decreased LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, induced the expression of the takeda G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5), and its downstream cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in lamina propria-derived CD11b+ cells. The cAMP inhibitor eliminated the protective effect of CDCA on lamina propria-derived CD11b+ cells. These results suggested that GOS reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited NF-κB activation via microbe-BA-dependent TGR5-cAMP signaling in LPS-challenged piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Tian
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jue Wang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Ren Gao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Fangzhou Zhao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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25
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Matsuoka Y, Tsujimoto Y. Housing conditions affect enterocyte death mode and turnover rate in mouse small intestine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20423. [PMID: 37993588 PMCID: PMC10665386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal enterocytes are continuously renewed. Shedding/death of enterocytes involves receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-dependent (but RIPK3-independent) necrotic death, but the regulatory mechanism of the processes is not fully understood. Here, we show that mouse housing conditions, such as the type of bedding material and the presence or absence of a Shepherd Shack, affect enterocyte turnover rate and determine whether enterocyte shedding/death is RIPK1-independent or -dependent. Mice housed with ALPHA-dri (αDri, hard paper chip) bedding material without a Shepherd Shack had a higher, largely RIPK1-dependent enterocyte turnover rate and higher blood corticosterone levels, suggesting the involvement of minor stress, whereas mice housed with αDri plus a Shepherd Shack or with Soft Chip had a lower, RIPK1-independent turnover rate and lower blood corticosterone levels. Corticosterone administration to a small intestine culture derived from mice housed with αDri plus a Shepherd Shack or with Soft Chip increased enterocyte shedding/death and turnover. By using kinase inhibitors and knockout mice, we showed that the switch from RIPK1-independent to RIPK1-dependent enterocyte shedding/death and turnover involves suppression of TANK-binding kinase 1. Our results demonstrate that housing conditions may cause minor stress, which alters the mode of enterocyte shedding/death and enterocyte turnover rate in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Matsuoka
- Department of Oncogenesis and Growth Regulation, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan.
| | - Yoshihide Tsujimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 3-1-69 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan.
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26
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Eng SJ, Nonnecke EB, de Lorimier AJ, Ali MR, Tsolis RM, Bevins CL, Ashwood P. FOXO inhibition rescues α-defensin expression in human intestinal organoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312453120. [PMID: 37956278 PMCID: PMC10666032 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312453120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To mediate critical host-microbe interactions in the human small intestine, Paneth cells constitutively produce abundant levels of α-defensins and other antimicrobials. We report that the expression profile of these antimicrobials is dramatically askew in human small intestinal organoids (enteroids) as compared to that in paired tissue from which they are derived, with a reduction of α-defensins to nearly undetectable levels. Murine enteroids, however, recapitulate the expression profile of Paneth cell α-defensins seen in tissue. WNT/TCF signaling has been found to be instrumental in the regulation of α-defensins, yet in human enteroids exogenous stimulation of WNT signaling appears insufficient to rescue α-defensin expression. By stark contrast, forkhead box O (FOXO) inhibitor AS1842856 induced the expression of α-defensin mRNA in enteroids by >100,000-fold, restoring DEFA5 and DEFA6 to levels comparable to those found in primary human tissue. These results newly identify FOXO signaling as a pathway of biological and potentially therapeutic relevance for the regulation of human Paneth cell α-defensins in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena J. Eng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA95616
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Eric B. Nonnecke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA95616
| | - Arthur J. de Lorimier
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Mohamed R. Ali
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Renée M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA95616
| | - Charles L. Bevins
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA95616
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA95616
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
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27
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Zang Y, Liu S, Rao Z, Wang Y, Zhang B, Li H, Cao Y, Zhou J, Shen Z, Duan S, He D, Xu H. Retinoid X receptor gamma dictates the activation threshold of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and limits type 2 inflammation in the small intestine. Immunity 2023; 56:2542-2554.e7. [PMID: 37714152 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are crucial in promoting type 2 inflammation that contributes to both anti-parasite immunity and allergic diseases. However, the molecular checkpoints in ILC2s that determine whether to immediately launch a proinflammatory response are unknown. Here, we found that retinoid X receptor gamma (Rxrg) was highly expressed in small intestinal ILC2s and rapidly suppressed by alarmin cytokines. Genetic deletion of Rxrg did not impact ILC2 development but facilitated ILC2 responses and the tissue inflammation induced by alarmins. Mechanistically, RXRγ maintained the expression of its target genes that support intracellular cholesterol efflux, which in turn reduce ILC2 proliferation. Furthermore, RXRγ expression prevented ILC2 response to mild stimulations, including low doses of alarmin cytokine and mechanical skin injury. Together, we propose that RXRγ expression and its mediated lipid metabolic states function as a cell-intrinsic checkpoint that confers the threshold of ILC2 activation in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaorui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zebing Rao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjiao Cao
- Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Ministry of Education, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhuxia Shen
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Shengzhong Duan
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Danyang He
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.
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28
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Sun A, Hu A, Lin J, Wang L, Xie C, Shi Y, Hong Q, Zhao G. Involvement of iNOS-induced reactive enteric glia cells in gastrointestinal motility disorders of postoperative Ileus mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102312. [PMID: 37459999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative ileus (POI) is the cessation or reduction of gastrointestinal (GI) motility after surgery. Reactive enteric glial cells (EGCs) are critical for maintaining bowel function. However, the triggering mechanisms and downstream effects of reactive EGCs in POI were poorly understood. The goal of this current study was to investigate whether the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-driven reactive EGCs participated in GI motility disorders and mechanisms underlying altered GI motility in POI. Intestinal manipulation (IM)-induced POI mice and iNOS-/- mice were used in the study. Longitudinal muscle and myenteric plexuses (LMMPs) from the distal small intestine were stained by immunofluorescence. Our results found that the GI motility disorders occurred in the IM-induced POI mice, and reactive EGCs were observed in LMMPs. Glial metabolic inhibitor gliotoxin fluorocitrate (FC) treatment or iNOS gene knockout attenuated GI motility dysfunction. In addition, we also found that FC treatment or iNOS gene knockout significantly inhibited the fluorescence intensity macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which reduced M2 phenotype macrophages activation in LMMPs of IM-induced POI mice. Our findings demonstrated that iNOS-driven reactive EGCs played a key role and were tightly linked to the MMs homeostasis in the POI mice. EGCs are emerging as a new frontier in neurogastroenterology and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China
| | - An Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China
| | - Jialing Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China
| | - Linan Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China
| | - Chuangbo Xie
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China.
| | - Qingxiong Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China.
| | - Gaofeng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China.
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Müller-Hauser AA, Huda TMN, Sobhan S, Lambrecht NJ, Waid JL, Wendt AS, Ali S, Rahman M, Gabrysch S. Effect of a Homestead Food Production and Food Hygiene Intervention on Biomarkers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction in Children Younger Than 24 Months in Rural Bangladesh: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:1166-1176. [PMID: 37783459 PMCID: PMC10622486 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor sanitation and hygiene practices and inadequate diets can contribute to environmental enteric dysfunction (EED). We evaluated the impact of a combined homestead food production and food hygiene intervention on EED biomarkers in young children in rural Bangladesh. The analysis was conducted within the Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM) cluster-randomized trial in Sylhet, Bangladesh. The FAARM trial enrolled 2,705 married women and their children younger than 3 years of age in 96 settlements (geographic clusters): 48 intervention and 48 control. The 3-year intervention (2015-2018) included training on gardening, poultry rearing, and improved nutrition practices and was supplemented by an 8-month food hygiene behavior change component, implemented from mid-2017. We analyzed data on 574 children age 0 to 24 months with multilevel linear regression. We assessed fecal myeloperoxidase (MPO), neopterin (NEO), and alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) as biomarkers of EED, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) as biomarkers of systemic inflammation, using ELISA. There was no intervention effect on NEO, AAT, CRP, and AGP concentrations, but, surprisingly, MPO levels were increased in children of the intervention group (0.11 log ng/mL; 95% CI, 0.001-0.22). This increase was greater with increasing child age and among intervention households with poultry that were not kept in a shed. A combined homestead food production and food hygiene intervention did not decrease EED in children in our study setting. Small-scale poultry rearing promoted by the intervention might be a risk factor for EED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Müller-Hauser
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tarique Md. Nurul Huda
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shafinaz Sobhan
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nathalie J. Lambrecht
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jillian L. Waid
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amanda S. Wendt
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shahjahan Ali
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabine Gabrysch
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Liu X, Zhang J, Chen Z, Xiao J, Zhou A, Fu Y, Cao Y. Cluster-determinant 36 (CD36) mediates intestinal absorption of dietary astaxanthin and affects its secretion. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113328. [PMID: 37803639 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The functional activity of dietary astaxanthin is closely related to its absorption, and the absorption of dietary carotenoids mainly mediated by transmembrane transport protein (TTP) has become the mainstream research direction in recent years. However, the main TTP mediating astaxanthin absorption and its potential mechanisms are still unclear. Hence, based on the preliminary screening results, this study aims to elucidate the role of cluster-determinant 36 (CD36) mediating astaxanthin absorption from the perspective of expression levels through in vitro cell model, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model and in vivo mice model. The results showed that astaxanthin uptake was significantly increased by 45.13% in CD36 overexpressing cells and decreased by 20.92% in the case of sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO) inhibition. A similar trend also appeared in the duodenum and jejunum by in situ model. Moreover, astaxanthin uptake in the small intestine of CD36 knockout mice was significantly reduced by 88.22%. Furthermore, the inhibition or knockout of CD36 suppressed the expression of other transporters (SR-BI and NPC1L1). Interestingly, CD36 was also involved in the downstream secretion pathway, which is manifested by interfering with the expression of related proteins (ERK1/2, MTP, ApoB48, and ApoAI). Therefore, these results indicate the important role of CD36 in astaxanthin transmembrane transport for the first time, providing vital exploration way for the absorption of dietary fat-soluble substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Junlin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiqing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Aimei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongshui Fu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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31
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Hung YH, Capeling M, Villanueva JW, Kanke M, Shanahan MT, Huang S, Cubitt R, Rinaldi VD, Schimenti JC, Spence JR, Sethupathy P. Integrative genome-scale analyses reveal post-transcriptional signatures of early human small intestinal development in a directed differentiation organoid model. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:641. [PMID: 37884859 PMCID: PMC10601309 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional gene regulators controlling cellular lineage specification and differentiation during embryonic development, including the gastrointestinal system. However, miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms involved in early embryonic development of human small intestine (SI) remains underexplored. To explore candidate roles for miRNAs in prenatal SI lineage specification in humans, we used a multi-omic analysis strategy in a directed differentiation model that programs human pluripotent stem cells toward the SI lineage. RESULTS We leveraged small RNA-seq to define the changing miRNA landscape, and integrated chromatin run-on sequencing (ChRO-seq) and RNA-seq to define genes subject to significant post-transcriptional regulation across the different stages of differentiation. Small RNA-seq profiling revealed temporal dynamics of miRNA signatures across different developmental events of the model, including definitive endoderm formation, SI lineage specification and SI regional patterning. Our multi-omic, integrative analyses showed further that the elevation of miR-182 and reduction of miR-375 are key events during SI lineage specification. We demonstrated that loss of miR-182 leads to an increase in the foregut master marker SOX2. We also used single-cell analyses in murine adult intestinal crypts to support a life-long role for miR-375 in the regulation of Zfp36l2. Finally, we uncovered opposing roles of SMAD4 and WNT signaling in regulating miR-375 expression during SI lineage specification. Beyond the mechanisms highlighted in this study, we also present a web-based application for exploration of post-transcriptional regulation and miRNA-mediated control in the context of early human SI development. CONCLUSION The present study uncovers a novel facet of miRNAs in regulating prenatal SI development. We leveraged multi-omic, systems biology approaches to discover candidate miRNA regulators associated with early SI developmental events in a human organoid model. In this study, we highlighted miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation relevant to the event of SI lineage specification. The candidate miRNA regulators that we identified for the other stages of SI development also warrant detailed characterization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Meghan Capeling
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan W Villanueva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael T Shanahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca Cubitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vera D Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - John C Schimenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Kawashima R, Tamaki S, Hara Y, Maekawa T, Kawakami F, Ichikawa T. Interleukin-13 Mediates Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory-Drug-Induced Small Intestinal Mucosal Injury with Ulceration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14971. [PMID: 37834420 PMCID: PMC10573871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are antipyretics and analgesics, cause gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammation and ulcers. To prescribe NSAIDs more safely, it is important to clarify the mechanism of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury. However, there is a paucity of studies on small intestinal mucosal damage by NSAIDs, and it is currently unknown whether inflammation and ulceration also occur in the small intestine, and whether mediators are involved in the mechanism of injury. Therefore, in this study, we created an animal model in which small intestinal mucosal injury was induced using NSAIDs (indomethacin; IDM). Focusing on the dynamics of immune regulatory factors related to the injury, we aimed to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism involved. We analyzed the pathological changes in the small intestine, the expression of immunoregulatory factors (cytokines), and identified cytokine secretion and expression cells from isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs). Ulcers were formed in the small intestine by administering IDM. Although the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα were decreased on day 7 after IDM administration, IL-13 mRNA levels increased from day 3 after IDM administration and remained high even on day 7. The IL-13 mRNA expression and the secretion of IL-13 were increased in small intestinal LPMCs isolated from the IDM-treated group. In addition, we confirmed that IL-13 was expressed in CD4-positive T cells. These results provided new evidence that IL-13 production from CD4-positive T cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine contributes to NSAID-induced mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Kawashima
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (F.K.); (T.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shun Tamaki
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (F.K.); (T.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (F.K.); (T.I.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Maekawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (F.K.); (T.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kawakami
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (F.K.); (T.I.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
- Department of Health Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.H.); (T.M.); (F.K.); (T.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
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Burman A, Kaji I. Breast Milk Epidermal Growth Factor Confers Paracellular Calcium Absorption in the Infant Small Intestine. Function (Oxf) 2023; 4:zqad057. [PMID: 37860264 PMCID: PMC10583193 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreanna Burman
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Section of Surgical Sciences, VUMC, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Liu J, Wang S, Yi R, Long X, Luo G, Zhao X, He Y. LimosiLactobacillus pentosus Isolated from Mustard Relieves Drug-induced Constipation in Mice Fed a High-fat Diet by Modulating Enteric Neurotransmitter Function. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1371-1381. [PMID: 36083465 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functional constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. Oxidative stress can aggravate organ dysfunction. Enteric neurotransmitters have significant effects on the regulation of the enteric nervous system and intestinal muscle contraction. Oxidative stress and reduced gastrointestinal motility are considered to be one of the main causes of constipation. This study aimed to investigate whether LimosiLactobacillus pentosus CQZC02 alleviated loperamide hydrochloride (Lop)-induced constipation in mice under high-fat diet (HFD) conditions and to elucidate the underlying mechanism, focusing on enteric neurotransmitters. Four-week-old female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal group (Nor), constipation model group (H-Lop), L. pentosus CQZC02 low-dose group (H-Lop + ZC02L), L. pentosus CQZC02 high-dose group (H-Lop + ZC02H), and LimosiLactobacillus bulgaricus control group (H-Lop + LB). The fecal weight, water content, and total gastrointestinal transit time were measured to determine whether the mice were constipated. Small bowel and colon tissue damage was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, while the degree of damage was determined by double-blind scoring. The levels of serum oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and neurotransmitters motilin, gastrin, substance P, endothelin, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were measured. The gene expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor kappa-B, and cyclooxygenase-2 in small intestine tissue were calculated. The constipation symptoms of mice in H-Lop group were manifested by a variety of physiological indicators. In addition, compared with the H-Lop group, H-Lop + ZC02H could effectively relieve the symptoms of constipation in mice. In symptom characterization, the mice in the H-Lop + ZC02H group lost weight and increased feces and water content. In functional experiments, gastrointestinal motility was enhanced; the inflammation score of intestinal tissue was decreased, and gene expression levels were modulated; serum oxidative factor levels were modulated, and oxidative stress levels were decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Child Nutrition and Health Development, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Shuaiqi Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ruokun Yi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Child Nutrition and Health Development, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Xingyao Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Child Nutrition and Health Development, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Guangli Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Child Nutrition and Health Development, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China.
| | - Yongpeng He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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35
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Przybylla R, Krohn M, Sellin ML, Frank M, Oswald S, Linnebacher M. Novel In Vitro Models for Cell Differentiation and Drug Transport Studies of the Human Intestine. Cells 2023; 12:2371. [PMID: 37830585 PMCID: PMC10572004 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common in vitro model for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) purposes is currently the Caco-2 cell line. However, clear differences in gene and protein expression towards the small intestine and an, at best, fair prediction accuracy of intestinal drug absorption restrict the usefulness of a model for intestinal epithelial cells. To overcome these limitations, we evaluated a panel of low-passaged patient-derived colorectal cancer cell lines of the HROC collection concerning similarities to small intestinal epithelial cells and their potential to predict intestinal drug absorption. After initial screening of a larger panel, ten cell lines with confluent outgrowth and long-lasting barrier-forming potential were further characterized in close detail. Tight junctional complexes and microvilli structures were detected in all lines, anda higher degree of differentiation was observed in 5/10 cell lines. All lines expressed multiple transporter molecules, with the expression levels in three lines being close to those of small intestinal epithelial cells. Compared with the Caco-2 model, three HROC lines demonstrated both higher similarity to jejunal epithelial tissue cells and higher regulatory potential of relevant drug transporters. In summary, these lines would be better-suited human small intestinal epithelium models for basic and translational research, especially for ADME studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Przybylla
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Clinic of General Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (R.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Mathias Krohn
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Clinic of General Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (R.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Marie-Luise Sellin
- Research Laboratory for Biomechanics and Implant Technology, Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Marcus Frank
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Clinic of General Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (R.P.); (M.K.)
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Jia M, Reynolds KL, Wong EA. Effects of high incubation temperature on tight junction proteins in the yolk sac and small intestine of embryonic broilers. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102875. [PMID: 37406432 PMCID: PMC10339051 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the transition from incubation to hatch, the chicks shift from obtaining nutrients from the yolk sac to the intestine. The yolk sac tissue (YST) and small intestine serve as biological barriers between the yolk or gut contents and the blood circulation. These barriers must maintain structural integrity for optimal nutrient uptake as well as protection from pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high incubation temperature on mRNA abundance of the tight junction (TJ) proteins zona occludens 1 (ZO1), occludin (OCLN), claudin 1 (CLDN1), and junctional adhesion molecules A and 2 (JAMA, JAM2) and the heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) in the YST and small intestine of embryonic broilers. Broiler eggs were incubated at 37.5°C. On embryonic day 12 (E12), half of the eggs were switched to 39.5°C. YST samples were collected from E7 to day of hatch (DOH), while small intestinal samples were collected from E17 to DOH. The temporal expression of TJ protein mRNA from E7 to DOH at 37.5°C and the effect of incubation temperature from E13 to DOH were analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVA, respectively and Tukey's test. Significance was set at P < 0.05. The temporal expression pattern of ZO1, OCLN, and CLDN1 mRNA showed a pattern of decreased expression from E7 to E13 followed by an increase to DOH. High incubation temperature caused an upregulation of ZO1 and JAM2 mRNA in the YST and small intestine. Using in situ hybridization, OCLN and JAMA mRNA were detected in the epithelial cells of the YST. In addition, JAMA mRNA was detected in epithelial cells of the small intestine, whereas JAM2 mRNA was detected in the vascular system of the villi and lamina propria. In conclusion, the YST expressed mRNA for TJ proteins and high incubation temperature increased ZO1 and JAM2 mRNA. This suggests that the TJ in the vasculature of the YST and intestine is affected by high incubation temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jia
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - K L Reynolds
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - E A Wong
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Itagaki M, Kamei N, Takeda-Morishita M. Evaluation of Function and Features of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells for Analyzing Peptide Drug Intestinal Absorption Profiles. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2591-2595. [PMID: 37230251 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Caco-2 cell monolayers are widely employed as an in vitro model of the intestinal barrier, capable of accurately predicting the absorption of conventional small-molecule drugs. However, this model may not be applicable to all drugs, and the accuracy of absorption prediction is typically poor for high molecular weight drugs. Recently, human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells (hiPSC-SIECs), exhibiting properties similar to those of the small intestine when compared with Caco-2 cells, have been developed and are considered a novel candidate model for in vitro evaluation of intestinal drug permeability. Therefore, we evaluated the utility of human hiPSC-SIECs as a new in vitro model to predict the intestinal absorption of middle-molecular weight drugs and peptide drugs. Firstly, we showed that the hiPSC-SIEC monolayer allowed faster transport of peptide drugs (insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1) than the Caco- 2 cell monolayer. Second, we revealed that hiPSC-SIECs require divalent cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) to maintain barrier integrity. Third, we demonstrated that experimental conditions established for Caco-2 cells are not persistently applicable to hiPSC-SICEs when analyzing absorption enhancers. Comprehensively clarifying the features of hiPSC-SICEs is essential to establish a new in vitro evaluation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Itagaki
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Systems, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8586, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Kamei
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Systems, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8586, Japan
| | - Mariko Takeda-Morishita
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Systems, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8586, Japan; Laboratory of Drug Delivery Systems, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8586, Japan.
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Budnik AF, Masliukov PM. Postnatal development of the enteric neurons expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2276-2291. [PMID: 35500072 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurons, expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the enteric ganglia are inhibitory motor neurons or interneurons. The aim of the study was to identify the percentage, cross-sectional area of nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurons and their colocalization with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and neuropeptide Y in the intramural ganglia of the myenteric (MP) and submucous plexus (SP) of the small intestine (SI) and large intestine (LI) of rats of different age groups using immunohistochemical methods. In the intramural ganglia of the MP, the largest percentage of nNOS-IR neurons was detected in newborn rats in the LI (81 ± 0.9%) and SI (48 ± 4.1%). Subsequently, it decreased in ontogenesis up to 60 days of life (26 ± 0.9% LI, 29 ± 3.2% SI), and did not change until senescence. In the SP, abundant nNOS-IR neurons were also detected in newborns (82 ± 7.0% SI, 85 ± 3.2% LI), while their percentage decreased significantly in the next 20 days. Furthermore, a very small number of nNOS-IR neurons was detected in 30-day- and 2-month-old animals, but they again appeared in large numbers in aged rats. In the MP, the highest percentage of nNOS+/ChAT+ neurons was in 1-day-old, 10-day-old, and 2-year-old rats. In the SP, the largest number of nNOS-IR neurons colocalized ChAT regardless of age. In the MP of all rats, many nNOS-IR neurons colocalized VIP, and the maximal percentage of nNOS+/VIP+ neurons was found in 2-year-old rats, minimal-in newborns. In conclusion, nNOS expression in neurons of the gut is decreased in early postnatal ontogenesis and subsequently increased in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina F Budnik
- Department of Normal and Pathological Anatomy, Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik, Russia
| | - Petr M Masliukov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
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Zhang Q, Ding H, Yu X, Wang Q, Li X, Zhang R, Feng J. Plasma non-transferrin-bound iron uptake by the small intestine leads to intestinal injury and intestinal flora dysbiosis in an iron overload mouse model and Caco-2 cells. Sci China Life Sci 2023; 66:2041-2055. [PMID: 37452897 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron overload often occurs during blood transfusion and iron supplementation, resulting in the presence of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) in host plasma and damage to multiple organs, but effects on the intestine have rarely been reported. In this study, an iron overload mouse model with plasma NTBI was established by intraperitoneal injection of iron dextran. We found that plasma NTBI damaged intestinal morphology, caused intestinal oxidative stress injury and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and induced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. In addition, plasma NTBI increased the relative abundance of Ileibacterium and Desulfovibrio in the cecum, while the relative abundance of Faecalibaculum and Romboutsia was reduced. Ileibacterium may be a potential microbial biomarker of plasma NTBI. Based on the function prediction analysis, plasma NTBI led to the weakening of intestinal microbiota function, significantly reducing the function of the extracellular structure. Further investigation into the mechanism of injury showed that iron absorption in the small intestine significantly increased in the iron group. Caco-2 cell monolayers were used as a model of the intestinal epithelium to study the mechanism of iron transport. By adding ferric ammonium citrate (FAC, plasma NTBI in physiological form) to the basolateral side, the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) values from the basolateral to the apical side were greater than 3×10-6 cm s-1. Intracellular ferritin level and apical iron concentration significantly increased, and SLC39A8 (ZIP8) and SLC39A14 (ZIP14) were highly expressed in the FAC group. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to knock down ZIP8 and ZIP14 in Caco-2 cells. Transfection with ZIP14-specific shRNA decreased intracellular ferritin level and inhibited iron uptake. These results revealed that plasma NTBI may cause intestinal injury and intestinal flora dysbiosis due to the uptake of plasma NTBI from the basolateral side into the small intestine, which is probably mediated by ZIP14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haoxuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Reina-Campos M, Heeg M, Kennewick K, Mathews IT, Galletti G, Luna V, Nguyen Q, Huang H, Milner JJ, Hu KH, Vichaidit A, Santillano N, Boland BS, Chang JT, Jain M, Sharma S, Krummel MF, Chi H, Bensinger SJ, Goldrath AW. Metabolic programs of T cell tissue residency empower tumour immunity. Nature 2023; 621:179-187. [PMID: 37648857 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue resident memory CD8+ T (TRM) cells offer rapid and long-term protection at sites of reinfection1. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes with characteristics of TRM cells maintain enhanced effector functions, predict responses to immunotherapy and accompany better prognoses2,3. Thus, an improved understanding of the metabolic strategies that enable tissue residency by T cells could inform new approaches to empower immune responses in tissues and solid tumours. Here, to systematically define the basis for the metabolic reprogramming supporting TRM cell differentiation, survival and function, we leveraged in vivo functional genomics, untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cell populations. We found that memory CD8+ T cells deployed a range of adaptations to tissue residency, including reliance on non-steroidal products of the mevalonate-cholesterol pathway, such as coenzyme Q, driven by increased activity of the transcription factor SREBP2. This metabolic adaptation was most pronounced in the small intestine, where TRM cells interface with dietary cholesterol and maintain a heightened state of activation4, and was shared by functional tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in diverse tumour types in mice and humans. Enforcing synthesis of coenzyme Q through deletion of Fdft1 or overexpression of PDSS2 promoted mitochondrial respiration, memory T cell formation following viral infection and enhanced antitumour immunity. In sum, through a systematic exploration of TRM cell metabolism, we reveal how these programs can be leveraged to fuel memory CD8+ T cell formation in the context of acute infections and enhance antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina-Campos
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maximilian Heeg
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Kennewick
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ian T Mathews
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Galletti
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vida Luna
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Quynhanh Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hongling Huang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J Justin Milner
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Vichaidit
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Santillano
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brigid S Boland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Sharma
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Chyzhma R, Piddubnyi A, Romaniuk A, Moskalenko R. Case report: Metastasis of Merkel cell carcinoma in the small intestine. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154594. [PMID: 37301085 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare primary neuroendocrine malignant neoplasm of the skin, which recurs in about 40 % of cases. The main factors are Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and mutations caused by ultraviolet radiation [Paulson, 2018]. In this study, we report a case of Merkel cell carcinoma with metastasis to the small intestine. In a 52-year-old woman, a subcutaneous formation of a nodule up to 2.0 cm in diameter was detected during the examination. This neoplasm was removed and sent for histological analysis. Dot-like expression of CK pan, CK 20, chromogranin A, and Synaptophysin was observed in tumor cells, and Ki-67 in 40 % of tumor cells. There is no reaction in tumor cells to CD 45, CK 7, TTF 1, and S100. The morphological picture corresponded to Merkel cell carcinoma. A year later, the patient underwent surgery for intestinal obstruction. The pathohistological changes and immunophenotype of the small bowel tumor were consistent with Merkel cell carcinoma metastasis.
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He K, Wan T, Wang D, Hu J, Zhou T, Tao W, Wei Z, Lu Q, Zhou R, Tian Z, Flavell RA, Zhu S. Gasdermin D licenses MHCII induction to maintain food tolerance in small intestine. Cell 2023; 186:3033-3048.e20. [PMID: 37327784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitute the primary barrier between host cells and numerous foreign antigens; it is unclear how IECs induce the protective immunity against pathogens while maintaining the immune tolerance to food. Here, we found IECs accumulate a less recognized 13-kD N-terminal fragment of GSDMD that is cleaved by caspase-3/7 in response to dietary antigens. Unlike the 30-kD GSDMD cleavage fragment that executes pyroptosis, the IEC-accumulated GSDMD cleavage fragment translocates to the nucleus and induces the transcription of CIITA and MHCII molecules, which in turn induces the Tr1 cells in upper small intestine. Mice treated with a caspase-3/7 inhibitor, mice with GSDMD mutation resistant to caspase-3/7 cleavage, mice with MHCII deficiency in IECs, and mice with Tr1 deficiency all displayed a disrupted food tolerance phenotype. Our study supports that differential cleavage of GSDMD can be understood as a regulatory hub controlling immunity versus tolerance in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin He
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Tingting Wan
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Tingyue Zhou
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wanyin Tao
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Qiao Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China; School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Ansari I, Solé-Boldo L, Ridnik M, Gutekunst J, Gilliam O, Korshko M, Liwinski T, Jickeli B, Weinberg-Corem N, Shoshkes-Carmel M, Pikarsky E, Elinav E, Lyko F, Bergman Y. TET2 and TET3 loss disrupts small intestine differentiation and homeostasis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4005. [PMID: 37414790 PMCID: PMC10326054 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TET2/3 play a well-known role in epigenetic regulation and mouse development. However, their function in cellular differentiation and tissue homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here we show that ablation of TET2/3 in intestinal epithelial cells results in a murine phenotype characterized by a severe homeostasis imbalance in the small intestine. Tet2/3-deleted mice show a pronounced loss of mature Paneth cells as well as fewer Tuft and more Enteroendocrine cells. Further results show major changes in DNA methylation at putative enhancers, which are associated with cell fate-determining transcription factors and functional effector genes. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of DNA methylation partially rescues the methylation and cellular defects. TET2/3 loss also alters the microbiome, predisposing the intestine to inflammation under homeostatic conditions and acute inflammation-induced death. Together, our results uncover previously unrecognized critical roles for DNA demethylation, possibly occurring subsequently to chromatin opening during intestinal development, culminating in the establishment of normal intestinal crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Ansari
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Llorenç Solé-Boldo
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meshi Ridnik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Julian Gutekunst
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Gilliam
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Korshko
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Timur Liwinski
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Clinic for Adults, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Jickeli
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Weinberg-Corem
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Shoshkes-Carmel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Division of Microbiome and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Lyko
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yehudit Bergman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Salvi PS, Shaughnessy MP, Sumigray KD, Cowles RA. Antibiotic-induced microbial depletion enhances murine small intestinal epithelial growth in a serotonin-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G80-G91. [PMID: 37158470 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00113.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of small intestinal epithelial growth by endogenous and environmental factors is critical for intestinal homeostasis and recovery from insults. Depletion of the intestinal microbiome increases epithelial proliferation in small intestinal crypts, similar to the effects observed in animal models of serotonin potentiation. Based on prior evidence that the microbiome modulates serotonin activity, we hypothesized that microbial depletion-induced epithelial proliferation is dependent on host serotonin activity. A mouse model of antibiotic-induced microbial depletion (AIMD) was employed. Serotonin potentiation was achieved through either genetic knockout of the serotonin transporter (SERT) or pharmacological SERT inhibition, and inhibition of serotonin synthesis was achieved with para-chlorophenylalanine. AIMD and serotonin potentiation increased intestinal villus height and crypt proliferation in an additive manner, but the epithelial proliferation observed after AIMD was blocked in the absence of endogenous serotonin. Using Lgr5-EGFP-reporter mice, we evaluated intestinal stem cell (ISC) quantity and proliferation. AIMD increased the number of ISCs per crypt and ISC proliferation compared with controls, and changes in ISC number and proliferation were dependent on the presence of host serotonin. Furthermore, Western blotting demonstrated that AIMD reduced epithelial SERT protein expression compared with controls. In conclusion, host serotonin activity is necessary for microbial depletion-associated changes in villus height and ISC proliferation in crypts, and microbial depletion produces a functional serotonin-potentiated state through reduced SERT protein expression. These findings provide an understanding of how changes to the microbiome contribute to intestinal pathology and can be applied therapeutically.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Antibiotic-induced microbial depletion of the murine small intestine results in a state of potentiated serotonin activity through reduced epithelial expression of the serotonin transporter. Specifically, serotonin-dependent mechanisms lead to increased intestinal surface area and intestinal stem cell proliferation. Furthermore, the absence of endogenous serotonin leads to blunting of small intestinal villi, suggesting that serotonin signaling is required for epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja S Salvi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Matthew P Shaughnessy
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Kaelyn D Sumigray
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Robert A Cowles
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
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Hare KS, Wood KM, Mustapha Y, Swanson KC, Steele MA. Colostrum insulin supplementation to neonatal Holstein bulls affects small intestinal histomorphology, mRNA expression, and enzymatic activity with minor influences on peripheral metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5054-5073. [PMID: 37268570 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate how varying colostral insulin concentrations influenced small intestinal development and peripheral metabolism in neonatal Holstein bulls. Insulin was supplemented to approximately 5× (70.0 μg/L; n = 16) or 10× (149.7 μg/L; n = 16) the basal colostrum insulin (12.9 μg/L; BI, n = 16) concentration to maintain equivalent macronutrient intake (crude fat: 4.1 ± 0.06%; crude protein: 11.7 ± 0.05%; and lactose: 1.9 ± 0.01%) among treatments. Colostrum was fed at 2, 14, and 26 h postnatal and blood metabolites and insulin concentration were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480, and 600 min postprandial respective to the first and second colostrum meal. At 30 h postnatal, a subset of calves (n = 8/treatment) were killed to excise the gastrointestinal and visceral tissues. Gastrointestinal and visceral gross morphology and dry matter and small intestinal histomorphology, gene expression, and carbohydrase activity were assessed. Insulin supplementation tended to linearly reduce the glucose clearance rate following the first meal, whereas after the second meal, supplementation linearly increased the rate of glucose absorption and nonesterified fatty acid clearance rate, decreased the time to maximum glucose concentrations, and decreased the time to reach minimum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Additionally, insulin clearance rate was linearly increased by insulin supplementation following the second colostrum feeding. However, there were no overall differences between treatments in the concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, or insulin in plasma or serum. With respect to macroscopic intestinal development, dry rumen tissue mass linearly decreased when insulin was supplemented in colostrum, and supplementation linearly increased duodenal dry tissue density (g dry matter/cm) while tending to increase duodenal dry tissue weight. Increasing the colostrum insulin concentration improved small intestinal histomorphological development in the distal small intestine, as ileal villi height and mucosal-serosal surface area index were increased by supplementing insulin. Lactase enzymatic activity linearly increased in the proximal jejunum while ileal isomaltase activity linearly decreased with insulin supplementation. These data indicate that changes in colostrum insulin concentrations rapidly affect gastrointestinal growth prioritization and carbohydrase activity. The changes in gastrointestinal ontology result in minor changes in postprandial metabolite availability and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - K M Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - Y Mustapha
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - K C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2.
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Fung C, Fraser L, Barrón G, Gologorsky M, Atkinson S, Gerrick E, Hayward M, Ziegelbauer J, Li J, Nico K, Tyner M, DeSchepper L, Pan A, Salzman N, Howitt M. Tuft cells mediate commensal remodeling of the small intestinal antimicrobial landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216908120. [PMID: 37253002 PMCID: PMC10266004 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216908120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinate produced by the commensal protist Tritrichomonas musculis (T. mu) stimulates chemosensory tuft cells, resulting in intestinal type 2 immunity. Tuft cells express the succinate receptor SUCNR1, yet this receptor does not mediate antihelminth immunity nor alter protist colonization. Here, we report that microbial-derived succinate increases Paneth cell numbers and profoundly alters the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) landscape in the small intestine. Succinate was sufficient to drive this epithelial remodeling, but not in mice lacking tuft cell chemosensory components required to detect this metabolite. Tuft cells respond to succinate by stimulating type 2 immunity, leading to interleukin-13-mediated epithelial and AMP expression changes. Moreover, type 2 immunity decreases the total number of mucosa-associated bacteria and alters the small intestinal microbiota composition. Finally, tuft cells can detect short-term bacterial dysbiosis that leads to a spike in luminal succinate levels and modulate AMP production in response. These findings demonstrate that a single metabolite produced by commensals can markedly shift the intestinal AMP profile and suggest that tuft cells utilize SUCNR1 and succinate sensing to modulate bacterial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Fung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Lisa M. Fraser
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Gabriel M. Barrón
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | | | - Samantha N. Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbiome Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Elias R. Gerrick
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Michael Hayward
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI53226
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbiome Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Jennifer Ziegelbauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbiome Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Jessica A. Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Katherine F. Nico
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Miles D. W. Tyner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Leila B. DeSchepper
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Amy Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbiome Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI53226
- Division of Quantitative Health Services, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Nita H. Salzman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI53226
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbiome Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI53226
| | - Michael R. Howitt
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
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Park MR, Lee HJ, Jang HM, Kim NH, Lee JS, Jeong YT, Kim I, Choi SH, Seo KS, Kim DH. Cytarabine induces cachexia with lipid malabsorption via zippering the junctions of lacteal in murine small intestine. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100387. [PMID: 37201659 PMCID: PMC10323926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced cachexia causes severe metabolic abnormalities independently of cancer and reduces the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy. The underlying mechanism of chemotherapy-induced cachexia remains unclear. Here we investigated the cytarabine (CYT)-induced alteration in energy balance and its underlying mechanisms in mice. We compared energy balance-associated parameters among the three groups of mice: CON, CYT, and PF (pair-fed mice with the CYT group) that were intravenously administered vehicle or CYT. Weight gain, fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, grip strength, and nocturnal energy expenditure were significantly lowered in the CYT group than in the CON and PF groups. The CYT group demonstrated less energy intake than the CON group and higher respiratory quotient than the PF group, indicating that CYT induced cachexia independently from the anorexia-induced weight loss. Serum triglyceride was significantly lower in the CYT group than in the CON group, whereas the intestinal mucosal triglyceride levels and the lipid content within the small intestine enterocyte were higher after lipid loading in the CYT group than in the CON and PF groups, suggesting that CYT inhibited lipid uptake in the intestine. This was not associated with obvious intestinal damage. The CYT group showed increased zipper-like junctions of lymphatic endothelial vessel in duodenal villi compared to that in the CON and CYT groups, suggesting their imperative role in the CYT-induced inhibition of lipid uptake. CYT worsens cachexia independently of anorexia by inhibiting the intestinal lipid uptake, via the increased zipper-like junctions of lymphatic endothelial vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Rae Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taek Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Sik Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kennedy EA, Aggarwal S, Dhar A, Karst SM, Wilen CB, Baldridge MT. Age-associated features of norovirus infection analysed in mice. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1095-1107. [PMID: 37188813 PMCID: PMC10484054 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Young children bear the highest burden of disease and play a key role in viral transmission throughout the population. However, which host factors contribute to age-associated variability in NoV severity and shedding are not well-defined. The murine NoV (MNoV) strain CR6 causes persistent infection in adult mice and targets intestinal tuft cells. Here we find that natural transmission of CR6 from infected dams occurred only in juvenile mice. Direct oral CR6 inoculation of wild-type neonatal mice led to accumulation of viral RNA in the ileum and prolonged shedding in the stool that was replication-independent. This viral exposure induced both innate and adaptive immune responses including interferon-stimulated gene expression and MNoV-specific antibody responses. Interestingly, viral uptake depended on passive ileal absorption of luminal virus, a process blocked by cortisone acetate administration, which prevented ileal viral RNA accumulation. Neonates lacking interferon signalling in haematopoietic cells were susceptible to productive infection, viral dissemination and lethality, which depended on the canonical MNoV receptor CD300LF. Together, our findings reveal developmentally associated aspects of persistent MNoV infection, including distinct tissue and cellular tropism, mechanisms of interferon regulation and severity of infection in the absence of interferon signalling. These emphasize the importance of defining viral pathogenesis phenotypes across the developmental spectrum and highlight passive viral uptake as an important contributor to enteric infections in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Somya Aggarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arko Dhar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephanie M Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Luise D, Chalvon-Demersay T, Correa F, Bosi P, Trevisi P. Review: A systematic review of the effects of functional amino acids on small intestine barrier function and immunity in piglets. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 2:100771. [PMID: 37003917 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to reduce the use of antibiotics and zinc oxide at the pharmacological level, while preserving the performance of postweaning piglets, involves finding adequate nutritional strategies which, coupled with other preventive strategies, act to improve the sustainability of the piglet-rearing system. Amino acids (AAs) are the building blocks of proteins; however, they also have many other functions within the body. AA supplementation, above the suggested nutritional requirement for piglets, has been investigated in the diets of postweaning piglets to limit the detrimental consequences occurring during this stressful period. A systematic review was carried out to summarise the effects of AAs on gut barrier function and immunity, two of the parameters contributing to gut health. An initial manual literature search was completed using an organised search strategy on PubMed, utilising the search term " AND ". These searches yielded 302 articles (published before October 2021); 59 were selected. Based on the method for extracting data (synthesis of evidence), this review showed that L-Arginine, L-Glutamine and L-Glutamate are important functional AAs playing major roles in gut morphology and immune functions. Additional benefits of AA supplementation, refereed to a supplementation above the suggested nutritional requirement for piglets, could also be observed; however, data are needed to provide consistent evidence. Taken together, this review showed that supplementation with AAs during the weaning phase supported a plethora of the physiological functions of piglets. In addition, the data reported confirmed that each amino acid targets different parameters related to gut health, suggesting the existence of potential synergies among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - F Correa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - P Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - P Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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50
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Folz J, Culver RN, Morales JM, Grembi J, Triadafilopoulos G, Relman DA, Huang KC, Shalon D, Fiehn O. Human metabolome variation along the upper intestinal tract. Nat Metab 2023; 5:777-788. [PMID: 37165176 PMCID: PMC10229427 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Most processing of the human diet occurs in the small intestine. Metabolites in the small intestine originate from host secretions, plus the ingested exposome1 and microbial transformations. Here we probe the spatiotemporal variation of upper intestinal luminal contents during routine daily digestion in 15 healthy male and female participants. For this, we use a non-invasive, ingestible sampling device to collect and analyse 274 intestinal samples and 60 corresponding stool homogenates by combining five mass spectrometry assays2,3 and 16S rRNA sequencing. We identify 1,909 metabolites, including sulfonolipids and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) lipids. We observe that stool and intestinal metabolomes differ dramatically. Food metabolites display trends in dietary biomarkers, unexpected increases in dicarboxylic acids along the intestinal tract and a positive association between luminal keto acids and fruit intake. Diet-derived and microbially linked metabolites account for the largest inter-individual differences. Notably, two individuals who had taken antibiotics within 6 months before sampling show large variation in levels of bioactive FAHFAs and sulfonolipids and other microbially related metabolites. From inter-individual variation, we identify Blautia species as a candidate to be involved in FAHFA metabolism. In conclusion, non-invasive, in vivo sampling of the human small intestine and ascending colon under physiological conditions reveals links between diet, host and microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Folz
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Neal Culver
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jessica Grembi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - David A Relman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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