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Cordero DA. Another measles outbreak in the Philippines? The essentiality of a successful vaccination program and public cooperation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2312605. [PMID: 38347437 PMCID: PMC10865919 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2312605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dalmacito A. Cordero
- Department of Theology and Religious Education, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
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2
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George MS, Dey RC, Kumar H, Khadka S, Singh P, Sánchez-Velazco DF, Khadka S, Manandhar S. Resurging measles in Armenia: unravelling challenges, implementing solutions. Public Health 2024; 230:e1-e2. [PMID: 38485532 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- M S George
- Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - R C Dey
- Altai State Medical University, Barnaul, Russia.
| | - H Kumar
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - S Khadka
- College of Medical Sciences, Nepal.
| | - P Singh
- Faisalabad Medical University, University of Health Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | | | - S Khadka
- College of Medical Sciences, Nepal.
| | - S Manandhar
- Nepal Medical College, Kathmandu University, Nepal.
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3
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Cherry JD. Ongoing Measles in the Developed and Developing World. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2024; 13:233-236. [PMID: 38422396 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Measles is a vaccine-preventable illness. Nevertheless, in recent years, measles is still endemic and epidemic in both the developed world and the developing world. The public perception of measles in the past was that it was not a big deal. However, measles is associated with a number of complications which can be places in three categories which are: acute(diarrhea, otitis media, pneumonia, encephalitis, seizures, and death) and delayed-subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and post-measles immune amnesia. Contrary to the beliefs of the anti-vaccine lobby, measles is bad. In acute measles, the death rate is 1-3 per 1000 and the risk of encephalitis is 1 per 1000. Relatively recent investigations indicate that SSPE is considerably more common than previously believed. The worldwide contribution of post-measles immune amnesia to morbidity and mortality is likely to be huge. In exposure situations, two doses of measles vaccine will prevent 99% of cases. Presently in the United States, the first dose is given at 12 through 15 months of age. The second dose is most often administered at 4 through 6 years of age. In my opinion, the second dose of measles vaccine should be given 4-6 weeks after the first dose rather than at 4-6 years of age. Children who don't have antibody to measles should not travel to risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Cherry
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Abu Bashar MD, Ahmed Khan I, Sridevi G. Recent Surge in Mumps Cases in India: Need for Urgent Remedial Measures. Indian Pediatr 2024; 61:370-374. [PMID: 38597102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Mumps is a global public health problem caused by mumps virus, a member of paramyxoviridae family. MMR (Mumps, Measles, Rubella), an effective vaccine, has been incorporated into routine immunization schedules in over 100 countries. On the contrary, in India, vaccine against mumps has not been included in the routine immunization schedule as mumps is still not viewed as a significant public health problem by the government to warrant such an intervention. An increasing number of mumps outbreaks being reported from many parts of the country in the recent past, is matter of concern. The current paper reviews the situation of mumps in India including the recent surge, and discusses the remedial measures to contain these outbreaks. We conclude that inclusion of Mumps component as MMR vaccine in the Universal Immunization Programme of India along with strengthening surveillance is required to tackle the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Abu Bashar
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Correspondence to: Dr. MD Abu Bashar, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Imran Ahmed Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, BRD Medical College and Hospital, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G Sridevi
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Medeni V, Altıner ÖT, Medeni İ. Measles vaccination coverage and immunization status of nurses: An interventional study in Türkiye. Vaccine 2024; 42:2716-2721. [PMID: 38503662 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare workers are more likely to contract measles than the general population. Our study aimed to assess measles vaccination and immunization levels among nurses, examine the influencing factors and implement an intervention program to increase immunization coverage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study was conducted in a university hospital in Türkiye. The study included 1012 nurses. It was an intervention study, continued between 01/11/2021 and 30/10/2023. Measles IgG and vaccination status of the participants were evaluated. Participants with negative measles IgG results who had not been vaccinated against measles or received a single dose of the vaccine were invited to the outpatient clinic to receive two doses. Participants who had received two doses of the measles vaccine and had negative measles IgG results were invited to the outpatient clinic for one dose of the measles vaccine. Nine hundred seventy-eight people participated in our study. The access frequency was 96.6%. RESULTS Among the participants aged 21-30, 68.4 % were Measles IgG (+). Measles IgG (+) prevalence was higher in women than men (85.3 % vs. 61.0 %). The department with the lowest measles IgG positivity was intensive care (75.8 %). Measles IgG (+) prevalence became higher as the duration of employment increased. The measles seropositivity in total population rose from 83.1 % before the intervention to 94.3 % after, to 91.8 % in the 21-30 age group, and to 90.2 % in male. Sixteen people had never received measles vaccination. Of the 37 participants who had previously received two doses of measles vaccine, 22 received a single dose and after the intervention 16 (72.7 %) were positive. Only 1 person was found to have vaccine refusal during the intervention. CONCLUSION Expanding the immunization scope in hospitals by screening for measles antibodies among healthcare personnel and vaccinating those who are seronegative can be considered an effective public health strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Medeni
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | | | - İrem Medeni
- Employee Health Department, General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Türkiye
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6
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Mathis AD, Raines K, Masters NB, Filardo TD, Kim G, Crooke SN, Bankamp B, Rota PA, Sugerman DE. Measles - United States, January 1, 2020-March 28, 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024; 73:295-300. [PMID: 38602886 PMCID: PMC11008791 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7314a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Measles is a highly infectious febrile rash illness and was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. However, measles importations continue to occur, and U.S. measles elimination status was threatened in 2019 as the result of two prolonged outbreaks among undervaccinated communities in New York and New York City. To assess U.S. measles elimination status after the 2019 outbreaks and to provide context to understand more recent increases in measles cases, CDC analyzed epidemiologic and laboratory surveillance data and the performance of the U.S. measles surveillance system after these outbreaks. During January 1, 2020-March 28, 2024, CDC was notified of 338 confirmed measles cases; 97 (29%) of these cases occurred during the first quarter of 2024, representing a more than seventeenfold increase over the mean number of cases reported during the first quarter of 2020-2023. Among the 338 reported cases, the median patient age was 3 years (range = 0-64 years); 309 (91%) patients were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccination status, and 336 case investigations included information on ≥80% of critical surveillance indicators. During 2020-2023, the longest transmission chain lasted 63 days. As of the end of 2023, because of the absence of sustained measles virus transmission for 12 consecutive months in the presence of a well-performing surveillance system, U.S. measles elimination status was maintained. Risk for widespread U.S. measles transmission remains low because of high population immunity. However, because of the increase in cases during the first quarter of 2024, additional activities are needed to increase U.S. routine measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination coverage, especially among close-knit and undervaccinated communities. These activities include encouraging vaccination before international travel and rapidly investigating suspected measles cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria D. Mathis
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Kelley Raines
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Nina B. Masters
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Thomas D. Filardo
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Gimin Kim
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Stephen N. Crooke
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Bettina Bankamp
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David E. Sugerman
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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Liu J, Qi Q, Liu Y, Ni P, Zhan X, Bao Y, Li Y, Liu L, Yang Q, Liu Y, Zhang K. A paired measles-rubella catch-up campaign in Sichuan China to stop an outbreak and strengthen local immunization programs. Vaccine 2024; 42:2155-2160. [PMID: 38485639 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND China has been working towards measles elimination, but in 2017, measles outbreaks occurred in Ganzi and Aba prefectures of Sichuan province, representing 95% of all provincial cases and jeopardizing measles elimination. METHODS During March and April 2017, high-performing prefectures were paired with outbreak and other interested counties to jointly conduct a measles-rubella (MR) catch-up campaign, build population immunity, and strengthen the counties' programs. RESULTS House-to-house search identified 88,383 children in Ganzi that lacked MCV vaccination; 85,144 (96.34%) were vaccinated. Search identified 33,683 children in Aba who were not vaccinated against measles; 33,074 (98.19%) were vaccinated. The supporting prefectures helped install Immunization Information Systems and enroll unvaccinated children into the immunization program.The outbreak ended within a month and incidence has remained low for the subsequent six years. CONCLUSION A paired catch-up campaign represents an effective model of using measles elimination strategies to strengthen local immunization programs for long-term program effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Liu
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qi Qi
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ni
- Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganzi, China
| | - Xuhua Zhan
- Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Aba, China
| | - Ying Bao
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinqiao Li
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijin Liu
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
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8
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Zhang H, Patenaude B, Zhang H, Jit M, Fang H. Global vaccine coverage and childhood survival estimates: 1990-2019. Bull World Health Organ 2024; 102:276-287. [PMID: 38562199 PMCID: PMC10976869 DOI: 10.2471/blt.23.290129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantify the association between reduction in child mortality and routine immunization across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods We used child mortality and vaccine coverage data from the Global Burden of Disease Study. We used a modified child survival framework and applied a mixed-effects regression model to estimate the reduction in deaths in children younger than 5 years associated with eight vaccines. Findings Between 1990 and 2019, the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP), measles, rotavirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines were significantly associated with an estimated 86.9 (95% confidence interval, CI: 57.2 to 132.4) million fewer deaths in children younger than 5 years worldwide. This decrease represented a 24.2% (95% CI: 19.8 to 28.9) reduction in deaths relative to a scenario without vaccines. The DTP and measles vaccines averted 46.7 (95% CI: 30.0 to 72.7) million and 37.9 (95% CI: 25.4 to 56.8) million deaths, respectively. Of the total reduction in child mortality associated with vaccines, 84.2% (95% CI: 83.0 to 85.1) occurred in 73 countries supported by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, with an estimated 45.4 (95% CI: 29.8 to 69.2) million fewer deaths from 2000 to 2019. The largest reductions in deaths associated with these four vaccines were in India, China, Ethiopia, Pakistan and Bangladesh (in order of the size of reduction). Conclusion Vaccines continue to reduce childhood mortality significantly, especially in Gavi-supported countries, emphasizing the need for increased investment in routine immunization programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bryan Patenaude
- International Vaccine Access Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mark Jit
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | - Hai Fang
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
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Okabe H, Hashimoto K, Norito S, Kume Y, Chishiki M, Hasegawa S, Sakai Y, Nomura K, Shibata T, Suzuki Y, Sunagawa T, Takao M, Hosoya M. Patients With Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis in Japan: A 2022 Nationwide Survey. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:313-319. [PMID: 38134374 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Japan, the incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) has reduced; however, the medical conditions and factors associated with disease progression remain unclear. METHODS A nationwide survey of SSPE was conducted using a questionnaire in 2022. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the patients with SSPE in 2022 and Cox proportional hazards analyses for disease progression. We compared the patients with SSPE with those in a 2007 survey. RESULTS A total of 37 surviving patients with SSPE were enrolled [median age: 32 years (range: 16-52 years)]. No new cases have been identified since 2017 in the survey. Jabbour stage IV was the most common stage (66.7%). The hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of male sex and age at the time of measles infection (years) were 2.56 (1.13-5.76) and 0.57 (0.34-0.93), respectively. Compared with those in 2007, the proportion of patients in hospitals decreased from 13.7% to 2.7%, whereas that of patients in nursing facilities increased from 17.6% to 29.7%. The proportions of patients prescribed inosine pranobex, interferon and ribavirin at the time of the survey decreased from 96.1% to 79.4%, 74.8% to 14.3% and 25.3% to 0%, respectively. The proportions of patients with gastrostomy, tracheostomy and ventilator use increased from 5.9% to 69.7%, 23.3% to 60.0% and 10.8% to 32.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Decreased measles cases in Japan reduced new SSPE cases. However, surviving patients in 2022 had advanced disease stages and needed medical care. Male sex and early measles infection were significantly associated with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Okabe
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sakurako Norito
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yohei Kume
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mina Chishiki
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shunji Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Nomura
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Department of Child Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomimasa Sunagawa
- Center for Field Epidemic Intelligence, Research and Professional Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- From the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Bucris E, Indenbaum V, Levin T, Kanaaneh Y, Friedman K, Kushnir T, Sheffer R, Savion M, Salama M, Di-Castro N, Labay K, Butera M, Shihada B, Mor Z, Lustig Y, Zuckerman NS. Rapid molecular epidemiology investigations into two recent measles outbreaks in Israel detected from October 2023 to January 2024. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400202. [PMID: 38639095 PMCID: PMC11027474 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.16.2400202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Between late 2023 and early 2024, two measles outbreaks occurred in Israel, each caused by importation of measles virus strains of respective B3 and D8 genotypes. In this study, we validate transmission pathways uncovered by epidemiological investigations using a rapid molecular approach, based on complete measles virus genomes. The presented findings support this rapid molecular approach in complementing conventional contact tracing and highlight its potential for informing public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Bucris
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Victoria Indenbaum
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tal Levin
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yara Kanaaneh
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Keren Friedman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tatyana Kushnir
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Rivka Sheffer
- Tel Aviv District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Savion
- Tel Aviv District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matanelle Salama
- Tel Aviv District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noa Di-Castro
- District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Tiberias, Israel
| | - Kozita Labay
- District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Tiberias, Israel
| | - Maya Butera
- District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Tiberias, Israel
| | - Baraah Shihada
- District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Tiberias, Israel
| | - Zohar Mor
- School of Health Sciences, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
- Division of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Neta S Zuckerman
- These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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11
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Gori M, Fappani C, Bianchi S, Senatore S, Colzani D, Pasutto P, Baggieri M, Gioacchini S, Marchi A, Bucci P, D'Ugo E, Faccini M, Cereda D, Vezzosi L, Tanzi E, Magurano F, Amendola A. Increased reports of measles in the Metropolitan City of Milan, northern Italy, September 2023 to March 2024. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400201. [PMID: 38639092 PMCID: PMC11027472 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.16.2400201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Since late 2023, the Metropolitan City of Milan and surrounding areas (northern Italy) have been experiencing a resurgence of measles, with most cases detected starting from January 2024. During this brief period, we observed measles in travellers from endemic areas, participants in international events, vaccinees and healthcare workers. Indigenous cases have also been identified. Even though we have not yet identified large and disruptive outbreaks, strengthening surveillance and vaccination activities is pivotal to help limit the impact of measles spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gori
- These authors contributed equally to the work and share first authorship
- Coordinated Research Centre "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Fappani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Centre "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to the work and share first authorship
| | - Silvia Bianchi
- Coordinated Research Centre "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Senatore
- Health Protection Agency of the Metropolitan Area of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Colzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Priscilla Pasutto
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Baggieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Gioacchini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Marchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio D'Ugo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marino Faccini
- Health Protection Agency of the Metropolitan Area of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo Cereda
- General Directorate of Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Vezzosi
- General Directorate of Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Coordinated Research Centre "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Magurano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Amendola
- Coordinated Research Centre "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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12
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Gungor K, Bukavaz S, Ekuklu G. Measles outbreak in the adult age group: Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological features of the 11 patients admitted to the hospital. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29583. [PMID: 38576266 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The measles virus, also known as the morbillivirus, or MV, is a virus that infects humans. The goal of this research is to assess to adult cases of measles. Eleven patients thought to be confirmed cases of measles were enrolled in the investigation. Following the identification of symptoms of tiredness, fever, and rash in one soldier, the results of 10 more troops from the pertinent military group were assessed. The diagnosis was made based on the presence of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results. When the control IgM, immunoglobulin G, and PCR findings were evaluated a fortnight after hospitalization, a cluster of 11 incidents was found. It is now necessary to address the issue of the cautious stance towards vaccination or the anti-vaccination sentiment that has grown increasingly popular, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, for both our nation and the entire world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kultural Gungor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Edirne Sultan 1. Murat State Hospital, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Sebnem Bukavaz
- Health and Vocational School, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Galip Ekuklu
- Department of Public Health, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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13
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Ly H. Measles disease outbreaks and vaccination impacting global public health. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29593. [PMID: 38572935 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
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14
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Martins FDM, Vidal AP, Giddaluru J, da Silva BM, Lee EK, Zhang P, Cardozo LE, Prete Junior CA, Domingues HH, Sabino EC, Sampaio VDS, Monteiro WM, Nakaya HI. Temporal and spatial analysis of over 7,000 measles cases outbreak from 2018 to 2019 in the Brazilian Amazon. Einstein (Sao Paulo) 2024; 22:eAO0931. [PMID: 38567917 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2024ao0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to present a temporal and spatial analysis of the 2018 measles outbreak in Brazil, particularly in the metropolitan city of Manaus in the Amazon region, and further introduce a new tool for spatial analysis. METHODS We analyzed the geographical data of the residences of over 7,000 individuals with measles in Manaus during 2018 and 2019. Spatial and temporal analyses were conducted to characterize various aspects of the outbreak, including the onset and prevalence of symptoms, demographics, and vaccination status. A visualization tool was also constructed to display the geographical and temporal distribution of the reported measles cases. RESULTS Approximately 95% of the included participants had not received vaccination within the past decade. Heterogeneity was observed across all facets of the outbreak, including variations in the incubation period and symptom presentation. Age distribution exhibited two peaks, occurring at one year and 18 years of age, and the potential implications of this distribution on predictive analysis were discussed. Additionally, spatial analysis revealed that areas with the highest case densities tended to have the lowest standard of living. CONCLUSION Understanding the spatial and temporal spread of measles outbreaks provides insights for decision-making regarding measures to mitigate future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Mello Martins
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pinheiro Vidal
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jeevan Giddaluru
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Maia da Silva
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Eva K Lee
- Center for Operations Research in Medicine and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Peijue Zhang
- Center for Operations Research in Medicine and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Lucas Esteves Cardozo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Prete Junior
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helves Humberto Domingues
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderson de Souza Sampaio
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas Dra. Rosemary Costa Pinto, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto Todos pela Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Mahase E. Measles: South Sudan reports 12 000 cases in three months. BMJ 2024; 384:q777. [PMID: 38548295 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
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16
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Thomas CM, Hartley A, Schmitz A, Reid HD, Sullivan S, Huebner E, Robinson M, Mathis A, Fill MMA, Levinson KJ, Jones TF, Schaffner W, Newhouse CN, Dunn JR. Implications of Measles Inclusion by Commercial Syndromic Polymerase Chain Reaction Panels - United States, May 2022-April 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024; 73:260-264. [PMID: 38547036 PMCID: PMC10986817 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7312a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Syndromic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panels are used to test for pathogens that can cause rash illnesses, including measles. Rash illnesses have infectious and noninfectious causes, and approximately 5% of persons experience a rash 7-10 days after receipt of a measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. MMR vaccine includes live attenuated measles virus, which is detectable by PCR tests. No evidence exists of person-to-person transmission of measles vaccine virus, and illness does not typically result among immunocompetent persons. During September 2022-January 2023, the Tennessee Department of Health received two reports of measles detected by syndromic PCR panels. Both reports involved children (aged 1 and 6 years) without known risk factors for measles, who were evaluated for rash that occurred 11-13 days after routine MMR vaccination. After public health responses in Tennessee determined that both PCR panels had detected measles vaccine virus, six state health departments collaborated to assess the frequency and characteristics of persons receiving a positive measles PCR panel test result in the United States. Information was retrospectively collected from a commercial laboratory testing for measles in syndromic multiplex PCR panels. During May 2022-April 2023, among 1,548 syndromic PCR panels, 17 (1.1%) returned positive test results for measles virus. Among 14 persons who received a positive test result and for whom vaccination and case investigation information were available, all had received MMR vaccine a median of 12 days before specimen collection, and none had known risk factors for acquiring measles. All positive PCR results were attributed to detection of measles vaccine virus. Increased awareness among health care providers about potential measles detection by PCR after vaccination is needed. Any detection of measles virus by syndromic PCR testing should be immediately reported to public health agencies, which can use measles vaccination history and assessment of risk factors to determine the appropriate public health response. If a person recently received MMR vaccine and has no risk factors for acquiring measles, additional public health response is likely unnecessary.
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Samel-Kowalik P, Jankowski M, Tomaszewska A, Sobeczek K, Rakocy K, Samoliński BK, Gujski M, Pinkas J, Vatsenko A, Raciborski F. A national registry-based study on uptake of the first dose of MMR vaccine in 380 administrative regions in Poland, 2013-2016-2020. Ann Agric Environ Med 2024; 31:65-71. [PMID: 38549478 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/172887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Regular monitoring of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine uptake quickly exposes immunity gaps in the population. In Poland, the first dose of the MMR vaccine is mandatory for children between 13 and 15 months of life. This study aimed to assess the uptake of the first dose of MMR vaccine in 380 administrative counties in Poland in 2020, as well as to analyze the MMR vaccine uptake trends in 2013-2016-2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study is an epidemiological retrospective national registry-based analysis. Data on mandatory childhood vaccinations in all 380 counties in Poland were collected from the epidemiological reports of the State Sanitary Inspectorate territorial representatives. MMR vaccine uptake was calculated as the percentage of children who received the first dose of MRR vaccine to all children subject to mandatory vaccination in the county. RESULTS The uptake of the first dose of MMR vaccine decreased from 99.4% in 2013, to 95.5% in 2016 and 91.9% in 2020. In 2013, 93.2% of countys MMR vaccine uptake level reached the herd immunity level, followed by 77.1% of counties in 2016 and only 38.3% of countys in 2020. In 2020, two counties reached complete (100%) MMR vaccine uptake, and the lowest MMR vaccine uptake was 63.88%. Of the 380 counties in Poland, in 226 (61.1%) the MMR vaccine uptake level was lower than the herd immunity level, and a downward trend was observed. MMR vaccine uptake decreased with an increased number of residents in a county (r= -0.35; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that in 61% of administrative regions in Poland, the MMR vaccine uptake was below the herd immunity level. Regional differences in the MMR vaccine uptake were observed. A significant decrease in MMR vaccine uptake between 2013 - 2020 poses a risk of measles outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Samel-Kowalik
- Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jankowski
- School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Tomaszewska
- Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Sobeczek
- Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Mariusz Gujski
- Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Pinkas
- School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Filip Raciborski
- Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
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Helou M, Mouawad Y, El Ters F, Husni R. Measles Outbreak in Lebanon: July 2023. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2024; 18:e49. [PMID: 38525826 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2024.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
After the beginning of the Syrian crisis, increased rates of infectious diseases were reported. Lebanon, a neighboring country with a major socioeconomic crisis, witnessed a measles outbreak since July 2023, with 519 reported suspected cases. Half of the cases were under 5 y of age, most of them were unvaccinated. The mass displacement of refugees from conflict areas in Syria to Lebanon and the low vaccination coverage have made the situation more challenging. Further efforts are required in Lebanon to address identified gaps to prevent or at least better control future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Helou
- Division of Emergency, Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yara Mouawad
- Division of Emergency, Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi El Ters
- Division of Emergency, Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rola Husni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Lebanese American University, School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
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Rockson Adjei M, Longsignikuu A, Saeed Iddris I, Nang Suuri T, Asamoah B, Okoye M, Vanessa Baafi J, Kubio C, Ohene SA, Peter Grobusch M. Trend of measles-rubella vaccination coverage and impact on measles epidemiology in the Savannah Region, Ghana; 2018-2022: A secondary data analysis. Vaccine 2024; 42:1910-1917. [PMID: 38365480 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ghana witnessed an outbreak of measles in 2022 following the COVID-19 pandemic, and Savannah Region was among the regions severely impacted. The objective of this study was to conduct trend analysis of measles case incidence and measles-rubella (MR) vaccination coverage in the Savannah Region to identify gaps and propose remedial actions to mitigate future outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs). METHODS Analysis of measles surveillance and measles-rubella vaccination data for 2018-2022 was conducted to assess relationship between immunization coverage and measles case incidence. Data were extracted from the District Health Information Management System (DHIMS) platform and loaded into Microsoft Excel 16.0 spreadsheet for analysis. Coverages for first (MR1) and second (MR2) doses of measles-rubella vaccination, dropout rates, and measles incidence (per 100,000) were calculated. RESULTS The coverage trend for both vaccine doses followed similar trajectories, increasing from 2018 to a peak in 2019, and declining sequentially thereafter to the lowest (for the study period) in 2022. Generally, MR1/MR2 dropout rate was high across all districts during the entire study period. The regional incidence of confirmed measles rose sharply from less than 1/1,000,000 in 2018-2021 to 94 in 2022. Wide variations in vaccination coverage and dropout rates were observed among the districts. There was moderate to fairly strong negative correlation between MR vaccination coverage and measles case incidence. CONCLUSIONS The MR vaccination coverage in the Savannah Region declined probably due to pre-existing weaknesses in the immunization programme accentuated by impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The lowered population immunity likely contributed to occurrence of the measles outbreak in 2022. Pragmatic actions are needed to catch-up on missed children, restore coverage to pre-pandemic levels, and strengthen the immunization programme as part of global efforts towards achieving the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030) trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rockson Adjei
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Iocation AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; World Health Organization, Country Office, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Amos Longsignikuu
- Ghana Health Service, Regional Health Directorate, Savannah Region, Damongo, Ghana
| | - Ibrahim Saeed Iddris
- Ghana Health Service, Regional Health Directorate, Savannah Region, Damongo, Ghana
| | - Thomas Nang Suuri
- Ghana Health Service, Regional Health Directorate, Savannah Region, Damongo, Ghana
| | | | | | - Janet Vanessa Baafi
- Ghana Health Service, District Health Directorate, Sunyani West, Odumase, Ghana
| | - Chrysantus Kubio
- Ghana Health Service, Regional Health Directorate, Savannah Region, Damongo, Ghana
| | | | - Martin Peter Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Iocation AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Tropical Medicine, and German Center of Infectious Diseases (DZIF), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre de Recherches Médicales En Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon; Masanga Medical Research Unit, Masanga, Sierra Leone
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Yadav RM, Gomare M, Gaikwad A, Waghmare U, Betodkar U, Vashi MD, Kamal VK, Thangaraj JWV, Bangar S, Bhatnagar T, Murhekar M. Interplay of missed opportunity for vaccination and poor response to the vaccine led to measles outbreak in a slum area of Eastern Mumbai, India. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e56. [PMID: 38497493 PMCID: PMC11022250 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In the third week of September 2022, an outbreak of measles was reported from a slum in Eastern Mumbai, India. We sought to investigate whether failure to vaccinate or vaccine failure was the cause. We constructed an epidemic curve, drew a spot map, and calculated the attack rate and case-fatality ratio. We calculated vaccine effectiveness (VE) for one and two doses of measles vaccine in an unmatched case-control study and did stratified analysis by sex, availability of vaccination card, and migrant status. We identified 358 cases and four deaths with a 11.3% attack rate and 1.1% case fatality, both being highest among 0-24-month-old boys. The epidemic curve suggested a propagated mode of spread. The VE for two doses was 64% (95% confidence interval (CI): 23-73%) among under-5-year-old children and 70% (95% CI: 28-88%) among 5-15-year-old children. Failure to vaccinate, consequent to the COVID-19 pandemic, and vaccine hesitancy might have led to the accumulation of susceptible children in the community. Additionally, the occurrence of case-patients among vaccinated suggests reduced VE, which needs further investigation into humoral and cell-mediated immunity as well as contributory factors including nutritional status. Outbreak response immunization to complete immunization of missed and dropout children was carried out to control the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Malik Yadav
- ICMR School of Public Health, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Mangala Gomare
- Public Health Department, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Arun Gaikwad
- Public Health Department, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Upalimitra Waghmare
- Public Health Department, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Utkarsh Betodkar
- ICMR School of Public Health, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | | | - Vineet Kumar Kamal
- ICMR School of Public Health, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | | | - Sampada Bangar
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistics, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Tarun Bhatnagar
- ICMR School of Public Health, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Manoj Murhekar
- ICMR School of Public Health, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
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Senin A, Noordin NM, Sani JAM, Mahat D, Donadel M, Scobie HM, Omar A, Chem YK, Zahari MI, Ismail F, Rahman RA, Hussin HM, Selvanesan S, Aziz ZA, Arifin WNAWM, Bakar RSA, Rusli N, Zailani MH, Soo P, Lo YR, Grabovac V, Rota PA, Mulders MN, Featherstone D, Warrener L, Brown DW. A measles IgM rapid diagnostic test to address challenges with national measles surveillance and response in Malaysia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298730. [PMID: 38483868 PMCID: PMC10939268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A lateral flow rapid diagnostic test (RDT) enables detection of measles specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody in serum, capillary blood, and oral fluid with accuracy consistent with enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The objectives of the study were: 1) to assess measles RDT inter-reader agreement between two clinic staff; 2) to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the measles RDT relative to standard surveillance testing in a low transmission setting; 3) to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of staff in clinics using the RDT; and 4) to assess the impact of RDT testing on the measles public health response in Malaysia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinic-based prospective evaluation included all suspected measles cases captured by routine measles surveillance at 34 purposely selected clinics in 15 health districts in Malaysia between September 2019 and June 2020, following day-long regional trainings on RDT use. Following informed consent, four specimens were collected from each suspected case, including those routinely collected for standard surveillance [serum for EIA and throat swabs for quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)] together with capillary blood and oral fluid tested with RDTs during the study. RDT impact was evaluated by comparing the rapidity of measles public health response between the pre-RDT implementation (December 2018 to August 2019) and RDT implementation periods (September 2019 to June 2020). To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices of RDT use, staff involved in the public health management of measles at the selected sites were surveyed. RESULTS Among the 436 suspect cases, agreement of direct visual readings of measles RDT devices between two health clinic staff was 99% for capillary blood (k = 0.94) and 97% for oral fluid (k = 0.90) specimens. Of the total, 45 (10%) were positive by measles IgM EIA (n = 44, including five also positive by RT-qPCR) or RT-qPCR only (n = 1), and 38 were positive by RDT (using either capillary blood or oral fluid). Using measles IgM EIA or RT-qPCR as reference, RDT sensitivity using capillary blood was 43% (95% CI: 30%-58%) and specificity was 98% (95% CI: 96%-99%); using oral fluid, sensitivity (26%, 95% CI: 15%-40%) and specificity (97%, 95% CI: 94%-98%) were lower. Nine months after training, RDT knowledge was high among staff involved with the public health management of measles (average quiz score of 80%) and was highest among those who received formal training (88%), followed by those trained during supervisory visits (83%). During the RDT implementation period, the number of days from case confirmation until initiation of public response decreased by about 5 days. CONCLUSION The measles IgM RDT shows >95% inter-reader agreement, high retention of RDT knowledge, and a more rapid public health response. However, despite ≥95% RDT specificity using capillary blood or oral fluid, RDT sensitivity was <45%. Higher-powered studies using highly specific IgM assays and systematic RT-qPCR for case confirmation are needed to establish the role of RDT in measles elimination settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A’aisah Senin
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noorliza M. Noordin
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamiatul A. M. Sani
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Diana Mahat
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Morgane Donadel
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Scobie
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aziyati Omar
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yu K. Chem
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad I. Zahari
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatanah Ismail
- Family Health Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozita A. Rahman
- Family Health Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hani M. Hussin
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sengol Selvanesan
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zirwatul A. Aziz
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Rehan S. A. Bakar
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Rusli
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M. Hanif Zailani
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Paul Soo
- Office of the World Health Organization Representative to Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Singapore, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Ying-Ru Lo
- Office of the World Health Organization Representative to Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Singapore, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Varja Grabovac
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mick N. Mulders
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Lenesha Warrener
- Public Health Microbiology Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Brown
- Public Health Microbiology Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, United Kingdom
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bemis K, Frias M, Giovanni S, Shackour T, Reid HD, Morgan J, TeKippe M, Christiansen D. Notes from the Field: Measles Outbreak - Cook County, Illinois, October-November 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024; 73:229-230. [PMID: 38483848 PMCID: PMC10948190 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7310a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
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23
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Parums DV. A Review of the Resurgence of Measles, a Vaccine-Preventable Disease, as Current Concerns Contrast with Past Hopes for Measles Elimination. Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e944436. [PMID: 38525549 PMCID: PMC10946219 DOI: 10.12659/msm.944436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
On 22 February 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that, following the recent resurgence of measles cases in Europe, more than half the world's countries could expect significant measles outbreaks this year. Measles is a highly infectious virus with a primary case reproduction number (R0) of 12-18. Measles infection can be severe, resulting in pneumonia, and also more rarely in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), which occurs in 1 child out of every 1,000 and can be fatal. Until the 1990s, the hope of eliminating measles seemed possible following the successful development of effective vaccines, given individually or in the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Vaccine hesitancy due to misinformation about possible vaccine side effects, reduced vaccine uptake during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and lack of awareness of the severe consequences of measles infection have contributed to low vaccine uptake, resulting in vulnerable communities. This article aims to review the recent resurgence of measles cases in the US, Europe, and the UK, to provide a reminder of the potential severity of measles, and to consider the causes of the failure to eliminate this vaccine-preventable viral infection.
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Zibolenová J, Malobická E, Ulbrichtová R, Novák M, Chladná Z, Waczulíková I, Litvová S, Mikas J, Mečochová A, Hudečková H. Probability of exposure to the wild measles virus in adult population - Estimation from seroepidemiology and historical data. Vaccine 2024; 42:1648-1655. [PMID: 38342718 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination against measles is one of the most effective public health interventions which has saved millions of lives and interrupted circulation of the natural virus in the population. However, it is widely accepted that the immunity after vaccination can wane, especially in those who have had no contact with the virus. This study aimed to classify the particular birth cohorts of adults with regard to their exposure to the wild measles virus in the population with a long history of mandatory vaccination. We introduced two methods. In the first, we estimated the probability of exposure to the wild virus through an analysis of antibody levels from the Immunologic Survey performed in the Slovak Republic in 2018, while the second was based on historical epidemiological data. Both methods resulted in similar estimations. Cohorts born in Slovakia before 1964 can be considered to be cohorts in which most people were exposed to the wild measles virus. Cohorts born after 1977 can be designated as cohorts that most likely did not come into the contact with the wild virus. Cohorts born between 1965 and 1976 are composed of a mixture, with a decreasing proportion of people exposed to the wild virus with increasing year of birth. The proposed methods can help identify potential immunity gaps in the adult population. They can be applied in other countries with high measles vaccination coverage to estimate the probability of exposure to the wild measles virus in particular birth cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zibolenová
- Department of Public Health, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 11149/4B, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eva Malobická
- Department of Public Health, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 11149/4B, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Romana Ulbrichtová
- Department of Public Health, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 11149/4B, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martin Novák
- Department of Public Health, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 11149/4B, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Chladná
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Waczulíková
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Slávka Litvová
- Faculty of Healthcare, Alexander Dubcek University of Trencin, Trencin, Slovakia
| | - Ján Mikas
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Trnavská cesta 52, 826 45 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adriana Mečochová
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Trnavská cesta 52, 826 45 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Henrieta Hudečková
- Department of Public Health, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 11149/4B, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
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Caraffa E, Mascia C, Ciardi MR, Lichtner M, Ajassa C, Del Borgo C, Tieghi T, Vita S, Savinelli S, Iannetta M, Russo G, Mastroianni CM, Vullo V. Steroid use in measles: A retrospective cohort study during the 2017 outbreak in tertiary referral center, Rome and Latina, Italy. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:201-207. [PMID: 37820949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since early January 2017, a new measles outbreak in Italy has been observed. The aim of the study was to compare features between adults and children measles cases and evaluate the effect of steroid treatment on the above parameters. METHODS A retrospective multicenter, descriptive study was performed. We analyzed all patients admitted to the Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome and Latina, from January 2017 to December 2017 and discharged with diagnosis of measles. RESULTS We identified 113 patients discharged with the diagnosis of measles infection cases of which 59 adults and 54 children (≤16 years). In adult population 32 patients (54 %) were males, with a median age of 30.5 years old and all unvaccinated (100 %). Keratoconjunctivitis 30 (50 %) was the most frequent complication. In pediatric population 27 (50 %) patients were males, with a median age of 3 years old. Information on measles vaccination status was available for only 21 (38.8 %) of cases. Keratoconjunctivitis 40 (74 %) was the most frequent complication. Analyzing the differences between adult and pediatric patients we found that children were significantly more likely to have keratoconjunctivitis and diarrhea as complications than adults in which the rate of thrombocytopenia and hepatitis was highest. Thirty-nine adult subjects (66 %) have been treated with systemic corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric patients differ from adults in complications and liver involvement. Regarding steroids use, although there is no clear indication of steroid use during measles, there is no evidence of a worse outcome in our cases series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Caraffa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Mascia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ciardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Sapienza University, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy
| | - Camilla Ajassa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cosmo Del Borgo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sapienza University, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tieghi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Sapienza University, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy
| | - Serena Vita
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sapienza University, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Savinelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine and Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Russo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Hueppe K, Ortman J, Gauselmann H, Santibanez S, Mankertz A. Measles vaccination - An underestimated prevention measure: Analyzing a fatal case in Hildesheim, Germany. Int J Med Microbiol 2024; 314:151608. [PMID: 38335886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2024.151608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Measles and rubella are targeted for elimination in the WHO region Europe. To reach the elimination goal, vaccination coverage of 95% must be achieved and sustained, the genotype information has to be provided for 80% of all outbreaks and transmission chains of a certain variant must not be detected for >12 months. The latter information is collected at Germany's National Reference Center Measles, Mumps, Rubella (NRC MMR). We describe here an outbreak of measles occurring in Hildesheim. The outbreak comprised 43 cases and lasted 14 weeks. Surprisingly, a high number of vaccination failures was observed since 11 cases had received two doses of the MMR vaccine and 4 additional cases were vaccinated once. A 33-year-old woman passed away during the outbreak. She was the mother of 5 children between 4 and 16 years of age. Two schoolchildren contracted measles and passed it on to the rest of the family. Due to delivery bottlenecks, the vaccination of the mother was delayed. She developed measles-like symptoms 3 days after vaccination and was found dead on the morning of day 8 after vaccination. A post-mortem examination was done to identify the cause of death. Moreover, molecular characterization of the virus was performed to analyze whether she was infected by the wildtype virus circulating at that time in Hildesheim or whether the vaccine may have been a concomitant and aggravating feature of her death. The result showed that the samples taken from her at the time of death and during necropsy contained the wildtype measles virus variant corresponding to MVs/Gir Somnath.IND/42.16 (WHO Seq-ID D8-4683) that fueled the Hildesheim outbreak and circulated in Germany from March 2018 to March 2020. The vaccine virus was not detected. Moreover, two aspects uncovered by the post-mortem examination were remarkable; the woman died from giant cell pneumonia, which is a complication seen in immune-suppressed individuals and she was actively using cannabis. THC is known to influence the immune system, but literature reports describing the effects are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hueppe
- Local Health Authority, Hildesheim, Ludolfingerstr. 2, 31137 Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Jan Ortman
- Institute for Forensic Medicine, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hannah Gauselmann
- Brandenburgisches Landesinstitut für Rechtsmedizin, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sabine Santibanez
- National Reference Center Measles, Mumps, Rubella; Robert Koch-Institute; Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Mankertz
- National Reference Center Measles, Mumps, Rubella; Robert Koch-Institute; Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Musa N, Ghoniem A, Hsu CH, Mubarak S, Sume G, Sharifuzzaman M, Jeongeun B, Hutin Y, Teleb N, Crowcroft N, O’Connor P, Mahoney F, Hassan Q. Progress Toward Measles Elimination - World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2019-2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024; 73:139-144. [PMID: 38386606 PMCID: PMC10899078 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7307a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In 2015, all 22 World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries and areas (countries) pledged to achieve measles elimination by 2020. Despite success in several countries, most countries in the region still have not eliminated measles. This report updates a previous report and describes progress toward measles elimination in EMR during 2019-2022. During that period, estimated regional coverage with the first and second doses of a measles-containing vaccine (MCV) was 82%-83% and 76%-78%, respectively. During 2019-2022, approximately 160 million children were vaccinated during national or subnational supplementary immunization activities. Reported confirmed regional measles incidence decreased from 29.8 cases per 1 million population in 2019 to 7.4 in 2020, but then increased 68%, to 50.0 in 2022 because of challenges providing immunization services and conducting surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Surveillance indicators deteriorated in 11 (50%) of the 22 EMR countries. During 2019-2022, four countries in the region were verified as having achieved measles elimination, but other countries reported immunity gaps and increased measles incidence in 2022. To achieve measles elimination in EMR, national immunization programs, especially in those countries with high measles incidence, will need to continue to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, increase overall vaccination coverage to close immunity gaps, and maintain high-quality disease surveillance.
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28
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Healy A. Measles: increasing vaccine uptake is vital in preventing outbreaks. BMJ 2024; 384:q402. [PMID: 38359945 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Healy
- Association of Directors of Public Health, London, UK
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29
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Mahase E. Measles: 500 cases are confirmed in England as clusters appear around the country. BMJ 2024; 384:q417. [PMID: 38359915 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
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30
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Davila-Payan CS, Hill A, Kayembe L, Alexander JP, Lynch M, Pallas SW. Analysis of the yearly transition function in measles disease modeling. Stat Med 2024; 43:435-451. [PMID: 38100282 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Globally, there were an estimated 9.8 million measles cases and 207 500 measles deaths in 2019. As the effort to eliminate measles around the world continues, modeling remains a valuable tool for public health decision-makers and program implementers. This study presents a novel approach to the use of a yearly transition function that formulates mathematically the vaccine schedules for different age groups while accounting for the effects of the age of vaccination, the timing of vaccination, and disease seasonality on the yearly number of measles cases in a country. The methodology presented adds to an existing modeling framework and expands its analysis, making its utilization more adjustable for the user and contributing to its conceptual clarity. This article also adjusts for the temporal interaction between vaccination and exposure to disease, applying adjustments to estimated yearly counts of cases and the number of vaccines administered that increase population immunity. These new model features provide the ability to forecast and compare the effects of different vaccination timing scenarios and seasonality of transmission on the expected disease incidence. Although the work presented is applied to the example of measles, it has potential relevance to modeling other vaccine-preventable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Davila-Payan
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - A Hill
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - L Kayembe
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J P Alexander
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M Lynch
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S W Pallas
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Wise J. Measles: Man dies in Ireland, while cases in West Midlands remain "disproportionately high". BMJ 2024; 384:q359. [PMID: 38336377 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
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32
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Santoro PE, Paladini A, Borrelli I, Amantea C, Rossi MF, Fortunato C, Gualano MR, Marchetti A, Cadeddu C, Moscato U. Vaccine-preventable diseases: Immune response in a large population of healthcare students. Vaccine 2024; 42:930-936. [PMID: 38246845 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Students in medicine and other health professions are exposed to numerous occupational hazards, primarily biological hazards, during their academic careers at university. The aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence characteristics of anti-HBsAg, anti-Measles, anti-Mumps, anti-Rubella and anti-Varicella IgG antibodies in healthcare students of a large teaching hospital in Rome. METHODS To accomplish the study's aims, antibody serology data were gathered from students of Medicine and Surgery, Dentistry, and Health Professions at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart (Rome Campus) during their first Health Surveillance visit, that took place from 2013 to 2023. RESULTS Our study sample included 2523 students, 44.4 % were protected against Hepatitis B, 87.3 % against measles, 85.5 % against mumps, 94.6 % rubella and 95.2 % against varicella. Differences in antibody coverage between age groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001), except for mumps. It found a lower probability of having seronegative anti-HBVs with an older date since the presumed primary vaccination. CONCLUSION In our sample, seropositivity rate against vaccine-preventable diseases, especially for Hepatitis B, was often inadequate to prevent possible biological risks connected with the activities carried out on the ward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Emilio Santoro
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Paladini
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Ivan Borrelli
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Carlotta Amantea
- Section of Occupational Health, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Maria Francesca Rossi
- Section of Occupational Health, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Corinna Fortunato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Gualano
- Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, UniCamillus, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Marchetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cadeddu
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Umberto Moscato
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; Section of Occupational Health, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bedford
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Haidar S, Richard E, Vaux S, Allaire C, Castor C, Levy Bruhl D, Mondeilh A, Vandentorren S. Factors associated with vaccine adherence among an underserved population: the adult Travellers in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. Eur J Public Health 2024; 34:163-169. [PMID: 38031445 PMCID: PMC10843962 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A measles epidemic affected the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region from November 2017 to May 2018 with clusters among Travellers. This indicates that measles vaccination rates among Travellers remain lower than in the general population. The objective of this study was to estimate the 'declarative vaccination' against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) and to propose a conceptual framework to help identify determinants of MMR vaccination uptake among adult Travellers in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in 2019-20. METHODS A cross-sectional study using random sampling was performed and included 612 adult Travellers from 1 November 2019 to 31 March 2020. A conceptual framework to model vaccination adherence was tested among this underserved population by using structural equation modelling. This model included five latent variables: health literacy, attitudes toward preventive measures, stigma, accessibility to care and perceived needs and five measured variables: information received on vaccination, perception of barriers, support for administrative documents, social support and housing conditions. RESULTS Individuals who did not answer all the questions linked to the variables included in the model were excluded, thus 347 adults were included in the final sample. The declared vaccination rate against MMR was 74.0%, and 72.4% of the participants were favorable to vaccination. Vaccination adherence was significantly correlated with favorable attitudes toward preventive measures such as having a history of MMR vaccination and not having already refused a recommended vaccine and finally satisfactory information received on vaccination. DISCUSSION To improve vaccination adherence, health authorities should lean on personal history with vaccination and on transmitting information on vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Haidar
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Elodie Richard
- Bordeaux Population Health Laboratory, Inserm U1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Vaux
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Cecile Allaire
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Christine Castor
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Daniel Levy Bruhl
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Aude Mondeilh
- Fédération Nationale des Associations Solidaires d’Action avec les Tsiganes et les Gens du Voyage (FNASAT—Gens du Voyage), Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Vandentorren
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint-Maurice, France
- Bordeaux Population Health Laboratory, Inserm U1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Fappani C, Gori M, Bianchi S, Canuti M, Colzani D, Baggieri M, Gioacchini S, D'Ugo E, Tanzi E, Magurano F, Amendola A. Letter to the editor: Further identification of a measles variant displaying mutations impacting molecular diagnostics, Northern Italy, 2024. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400079. [PMID: 38362623 PMCID: PMC10986655 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.29.7.2400079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Fappani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
| | - Maria Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
| | - Silvia Bianchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Daniela Colzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Baggieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Gioacchini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio D'Ugo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Magurano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Amendola
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Michael F, Mirambo MM, Misinzo G, Minzi O, Beyanga M, Mujuni D, Kalabamu FS, Nyanda EN, Mwanyika-Sando M, Ndiyo D, Kasonogo R, Ismail A, Bahati A, Hassan F, Kaale E, Chai JJ, Kinyunyi P, Kyesi F, Tinuga F, Mongi D, Salehe A, Muhindi B, Mdachi J, Magodi R, Mwenesi M, Nyaki H, Katembo B, Tenga K, Kasya M, Mwengee W, Mshana SE. Trends of measles in Tanzania: A 5-year review of case-based surveillance data, 2018-2022. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 139:176-182. [PMID: 38122965 PMCID: PMC10784152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tanzania observed a gradual increase in the number of measles cases since 2019 with a large outbreak recorded during 2022. This study describes the trend of measles in Tanzania over a 5-year period from 2018-2022. METHODS This was a descriptive study conducted using routine measles case-based surveillance system including 195 councils of the United Republic of Tanzania. RESULTS Between 2018 and 2022 there were 12,253 measles cases reported. Out of 10,691 (87.25%) samples tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 903 (8.4%) were measles immunoglobulin M positive. The highest number of laboratory-confirmed measles cases was in 2022 (64.8%), followed by 2020 (13.8%), and 2019 (13.5%). Out of 1279 unvaccinated cases, 213 (16.7%) were laboratory-confirmed measles cases compared to 77/723 (10.6%) who were partially vaccinated and 71/1121 (6.3%) who were fully vaccinated (P < 0.001). Children aged between 1-4 years constituted the most confirmed measles cases after laboratory testing, followed by those aged 5-9 years. There was a notable increase in the number of laboratory-confirmed measles cases in children <1 year and 10-14 years during 2022 compared to previous years. The vaccination coverage of the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) was maintained >90% since 2013 while MCV2 increased gradually reaching 88% in 2022. CONCLUSIONS Accumulation of susceptible children to measles due to suboptimal measles vaccination coverage over the years has resulted in an increase in the number of laboratory-confirmed measles cases in Tanzania with more cases recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strengthening surveillance, routine immunization, and targeted strategies are key to achieving the immunity levels required to interrupt measles outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausta Michael
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Mariam M Mirambo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Omary Minzi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Medard Beyanga
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Delphinus Mujuni
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Florence S Kalabamu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Elias N Nyanda
- Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | | | - Daniel Ndiyo
- Directorate of Regulatory Services, Government Chemist Laboratory Authority, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Richard Kasonogo
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Abbas Ismail
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Andrew Bahati
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Farida Hassan
- Health System, Impact Evaluation and Policy, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Eliangiringa Kaale
- Pharm R&D Lab and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - John J Chai
- District Court of Kwimba, Judiciary of Tanzania, Ngudu, Tanzania
| | - Pricillah Kinyunyi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Furaha Kyesi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Florian Tinuga
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Dhamira Mongi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Abdul Salehe
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Mnazimmoja, Zanzibar
| | - Bonaventura Muhindi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Mdachi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Richard Magodi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Mwendwa Mwenesi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Honest Nyaki
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Betina Katembo
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kelvin Tenga
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Magdalena Kasya
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Stephen E Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania.
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Durrheim DN, Murray P, Turner N. Resurgent global measles: A threat to Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Island Countries. J Paediatr Child Health 2024; 60:73-75. [PMID: 38426362 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Durrheim
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Murray
- Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nikki Turner
- Deparment of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Pérez-Rodríguez FJ, Cherpillod P, Thomasson V, Vetter P, Schibler M. Identification of a measles variant displaying mutations impacting molecular diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland, 2023. Euro Surveill 2024; 29. [PMID: 38304951 PMCID: PMC10835752 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.5.2400034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR is one of the most widely used techniques to diagnose measles cases. Here we report measles virus variants with three genetic mutations in the reverse primer annealing site of a widely used PCR. The mutations result in a slight loss of the PCR sensitivity. Variants bearing the three mutations presently circulate in different countries since at least the end of 2021. Our findings highlight the usefulness of molecular surveillance in monitoring if oligonucleotides in diagnostic tests remain adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco-Javier Pérez-Rodríguez
- Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Measles and Rubella Reference Laboratory (CNRRR), Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of virology, Laboratory Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Cherpillod
- Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Measles and Rubella Reference Laboratory (CNRRR), Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of virology, Laboratory Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Thomasson
- Laboratory of virology, Laboratory Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Vetter
- Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of virology, Laboratory Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Schibler
- Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Measles and Rubella Reference Laboratory (CNRRR), Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of virology, Laboratory Medicine Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Musa S, Salimović-Bešić I, Džambić JB, Tihić N, Bajramović A, Arapčić S, Dedeić-Ljubović A, Skočibušić S. Ongoing measles outbreak, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, December 2023 to February 2024. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400107. [PMID: 38426241 PMCID: PMC10986665 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.9.2400107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We report on an ongoing measles outbreak in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina with 141 cases notified between week 52 2023 and week 6 2024. Among those with known vaccination status, 97% were unvaccinated and the most affected group is children under the age of 5 years (n = 87) who were not vaccinated during the pandemic years. Sixty-eight cases were hospitalised, the most common complications were measles-related pneumonia and diarrhoea. The sequenced measles viruses from four cases belonged to genotype D8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjin Musa
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Sarajevo School of Science and Technology Sarajevo Medical School, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Irma Salimović-Bešić
- Unit for Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Centre of the University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmina Brkić Džambić
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health of Tuzla Canton, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nijaz Tihić
- Department of Microbiology, Polyclinic for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anisa Bajramović
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health of Sarajevo Canton, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Suzana Arapčić
- Unit for Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Centre of the University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amela Dedeić-Ljubović
- Unit for Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Centre of the University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Siniša Skočibušić
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Parums DV. Editorial: Global Health Concerns as Vaccine-Preventable Infections Including SARS-CoV-2 (JN.1), Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), and Measles Continue to Rise. Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e943911. [PMID: 38298093 PMCID: PMC10845785 DOI: 10.12659/msm.943911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In December 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published the updated 2024 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Adult Immunization Schedule, which is available online for access by the public and healthcare professionals. These new guidelines come at a time when the incidence of vaccine-preventable viral infections from SARS-CoV-2 (JN.1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, and measles are increasing in adults and children due to vaccine hesitancy, or non-compliance. This editorial aims to highlight the ongoing global health concerns for the consequences of increasing reports of vaccine-preventable infections, including SARS-CoV-2 (JN.1), influenza, RSV, and measles, to understand the causes of vaccine hesitancy, and introduce some public health measures that could improve vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah V. Parums
- Science Editor, Medical Science Monitor, International Scientific Information, Inc., Melville, NY, USA, e-mail:
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Coan EW, Tuon FF. Laboratory diagnosis of measles infection using molecular and serology during 2019-2020 outbreak in Brazil. J Clin Virol 2024; 170:105623. [PMID: 38065047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Laboratory diagnosis of measles can be challenging, and the reintroduction of the measles virus in Brazil has brought about new issues. The aim of this study was to analyze the qPCR results of swab and urine samples and compare them with those of immunological methods for the diagnosis of measles. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study based on a retrospective analysis of 3,451 suspected cases using laboratory test surveillance databases for qPCR (respiratory swabs and urine) and serologic tests for IgM and paired IgG. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, and agreement through kappa and adjusted kappa coefficients (PABAK) were calculated using different diagnostic strategies. RESULTS The swab and urine samples obtained using real-time qPCR were equivalent. Samples collected simultaneously and the combined samples showed moderate agreement between IgM ELISA and real-time qPCR; however, 48.9 % of the IgM ELISA analyses did not demonstrate detectable qPCR concentrations during simultaneous collections and 43.9 % of combined collections. The paired analysis of IgG showed an accuracy of 67.5 % for IgM and 90.7 % for real-time qPCR. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis based on IgM presents detection delimitation in samples collected early (1-5 days), suggesting that these individuals satisfy at least two criteria. In addition to qPCR, paired analysis of IgG using ELISA can be used to increase the sensitivity and specificity of laboratory diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Wessler Coan
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba PR, Brazil
| | - Felipe Francisco Tuon
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba PR, Brazil.
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Wilkinson E. Measles outbreaks: Investing in patient relationships through GP continuity will be key to boosting MMR confidence. BMJ 2024; 384:q221. [PMID: 38286475 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
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Dyda A, Broome A, Rawlinson W, Mahimbo A, Saha A, Kefalas B, Seale H, Macintyre CR, Zwar N, Gidding HF, Heywood AE. Measles, mumps, rubella and varicella antibodies among international and domestic university students. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taae004. [PMID: 38195239 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine-preventable infections are generally well controlled in Australia. However, gaps in immunity can lead to outbreaks and are important to identify. Young adults are a highly mobile population and a potential source of imported infections. We aimed to evaluate anti- measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMR&V) IgG seroprevalence and explore factors relating to antibody seropositivity. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among students from a large Australian university to collect demographic, vaccination, infection and travel characteristics. Blood samples were collected to measure MMR&V seroprevalence. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with seropositivity. RESULTS Among 804 university students, seroprevalence (positive or equivocal) for measles was 82.3% (95% CI 79.6-84.8%), mumps 79.5% (95% CI 76.7-82.3%), rubella 91.5% (95% CI 89.6-93.5%) and varicella 86.2% (95% CI 84.1-88.8%), with 452 (56.2%, 95% CI 52.8-59.6) seropositive to all four viruses. Varicella seropositivity was highest in the older birth cohort (born 1988-1991). Measles seropositivity was higher for international students compared to domestic students. Among international students, mumps seroprevalence was significantly lower than measles and rubella seroprevalence. International travel in the previous 12 months was reported by 63.1% of students, but only 18.2% of travellers reported seeking pre-travel health advice prior to most recent international travel. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study suggests immunity to MMR&V is sub-optimal. We found the university student population to be highly mobile and unlikely to seek pre-travel advice; thus, they are a potential source of infection importation. The implementation of university immunization policies could address the gaps identified and our findings can inform the development of targeted vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Dyda
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Audrey Broome
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Abela Mahimbo
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Amit Saha
- The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Bill Kefalas
- UNSW Health Service, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Holly Seale
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - C Raina Macintyre
- The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Zwar
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Heather F Gidding
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anita E Heywood
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Wise J. Measles: Birmingham outbreak declared a national incident and likely to spread. BMJ 2024; 384:q159. [PMID: 38242580 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
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46
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Tanne JH. Measles in the US: Philadelphia reports outbreak and travellers through DC airports warned of possible exposure. BMJ 2024; 384:q111. [PMID: 38224969 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.q111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
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Kurata T, Kaida Y, Kanbayashi D, Motomura K. Achieving measles elimination and emerging modified measles: Longitudinal measles epidemiology from 1982 to 2021 in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Vaccine 2024; 42:271-286. [PMID: 38097458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles is a contagious viral disease causing infant mortality in developing countries without vaccination programs. In Japan, measles vaccination was launched in 1978, surveillance commenced in 1981, and elimination was achieved in 2015. This was due to improved, legally required surveillance methods and vaccine programs. METHODS The data sets of sentinel (1982-2007) and notifiable (2008-2021) disease surveillance, as well as the vaccination coverage, detected genotypes, and seroepidemiology during the study period in Osaka Prefecture, were analyzed. Additionally, the trend under the current notifiable surveillance was compared before (2008-2014) and after (2015-2021) measles elimination. RESULTS Under sentinel surveillance, 51,107 cases were reported, predominantly infants aged 1-4 years (63.6 %). Under notifiable disease surveillance, the 781 patients were predominantly in their 20s-30s (43.7 %). From 2000, the age of the major susceptible group increased due to the rise in vaccination coverage, which exceeded 95% for the first dose in 1998 and 90% for the second dose in 2009. Consistent with these data, seroprevalence exceeded 95% in 2011. However, the geometric mean of the antibody titer showed a decreasing trend with a falling number of patients. Compared with before and after measles elimination, the number of modified measles cases increased from 10.1% to 48.2%. During the study period, 398 strains comprising eight genotypes were identified, and the dominant type changed over time. After measles elimination, genotypes B3 and D8, derived from imported cases, became predominant. CONCLUSIONS Improved vaccination coverage and surveillance reduced measles cases and increased herd immunity. However, the lack of a booster effect due to the low incidence of measles caused waning antibody titers despite high seroprevalence, which may contribute to the rising rate of vaccine failures causing modified measles. Careful monitoring of measles incidence and herd immunity are necessary for measles eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kurata
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Division of Microbiology, Virology Section Nakamichi 1-3-3, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Yuko Kaida
- Fujiidera Public Health Center, Inspection Division, Fujiidera 1-8-36, Fujiidera-shi, Osaka 583-0024, Japan.
| | - Daiki Kanbayashi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Division of Microbiology, Virology Section Nakamichi 1-3-3, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Kazushi Motomura
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Division of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-3, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
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Mohd Hanafiah K, Hiebert J, Zubach V, Severini A, Anderson DA, Drummer HE. Dimeric immunoglobulin A as a novel diagnostic marker of measles infection. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0343723. [PMID: 38078716 PMCID: PMC10783017 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03437-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The world is facing a measles resurgence, and improved diagnostic tests for measles infection are an urgent World Health Organization research priority. Detection of measles-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) as a standard diagnostic test has low positive predictive value in elimination settings, and there is a need for new biomarkers of measles infection to enable enhanced surveillance and response to outbreaks. We demonstrate the detection of measles-specific dimeric immunoglobulin A (dIgA) in patients with confirmed measles infections using a new indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocol that selects for the dIgA fraction from total IgA in the blood. The magnitude of measles-specific dIgA responses showed a low correlation with IgM responses, and our results highlight the potential of dIgA for further development as an alternative and/or complementary biomarker to IgM for serological diagnosis of measles infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khayriyyah Mohd Hanafiah
- Life Sciences, Macfarlane Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, St. John Fisher University, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Joanne Hiebert
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vanessa Zubach
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alberto Severini
- Viral Exanthemata and STD Section, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David A. Anderson
- Life Sciences, Macfarlane Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi E. Drummer
- Life Sciences, Macfarlane Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Docklands, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Das M. Measles-rubella vaccination and disease outbreaks. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24:e16. [PMID: 38141646 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
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Simakawa RM, Araújo BC, Ono E, De Moraes-Pinto MI, Succi RCM. Measles seroprevalence in adolescents and young adults living with HIV and response to MMR booster in seronegative ones. AIDS 2024; 38:123-125. [PMID: 38061022 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study analyzed people with HIV (PWH) measles seroprevalence and response to MMR booster given to seronegative individuals. DESIGN A prospective cohort study with four groups: vertically (v-HIV), horizontally infected (h-HIV) individuals, and two control groups. An MMR booster was offered to seronegative individuals. RESULTS Measles seropositivity and IgG antibodies were significantly lower in v-HIV than in the other groups. All measles seronegative patients responded to booster. CONCLUSION An MMR booster must be sought during adolescence in vertically PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M Simakawa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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