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Gričar J, Jevšenak J, Giagli K, Eler K, Tsalagkas D, Gryc V, Vavrčík H, Čufar K, Prislan P. Temporal and spatial variability of phloem structure in Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica and its link to climate. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:1285-1299. [PMID: 38213092 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Using a unique 8-year data set (2010-2017) of phloem data, we studied the effect of temperature and precipitation on the phloem anatomy (conduit area, widths of ring, early and late phloem) and xylem-ring width in two coexisting temperate tree species, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, from three contrasting European temperate forest sites. Histometric analyses were performed on microcores taken from tree stems in autumn. We found high interannual variability and sensitivity of phloem anatomy and xylem-ring widths to precipitation and temperature; however, the responses were species- and site-specific. The contrasting response of xylem and phloem-ring widths of the same tree species to weather conditions was found at the two Slovenian sites generally well supplied with precipitation, while at the driest Czech site, the influence of weather factors on xylem and phloem ring widths was synchronised. Since widths of mean annual xylem and phloem increments were narrowest at the Czech site, this site is suggested to be most restrictive for the radial growth of both species. By influencing the seasonal patterns of xylem and phloem development, water availability appears to be the most important determinant of tissue- and species-specific responses to local weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jernej Jevšenak
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kyriaki Giagli
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klemen Eler
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimitrios Tsalagkas
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Gryc
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hanuš Vavrčík
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Shovon TA, Auge H, Haase J, Nock CA. Positive effects of tree species diversity on productivity switch to negative after severe drought mortality in a temperate forest experiment. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17252. [PMID: 38501719 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a large body of evidence from field experiments suggests more diverse plant communities are more productive as well as more resistant to the effects of climatic extremes like drought. However, this view is strongly based on data from grasslands due to the limited empirical evidence from tree diversity experiments. Here we report on the relationship between tree diversity and productivity over 10 years in a field experiment established in 2005 that was then affected by the 2018 mega-drought in central Europe. Across a number of years, tree species diversity and productivity were significantly positively related; however, the slope switched to negative in the year of the drought. Net diversity effects increased through time, with complementarity effects making greater contributions to the net diversity effect than selection effects. Complementarity effects were clearly positive in three- and five-species mixtures before the drought (2012-2016) but were found to decrease in the year of the drought. Selection effects were clearly positive in 2016 and remained positive in the drought year 2018 in two-, three-, and five-species mixtures. The survival of Norway spruce (Picea abies) plummeted in response to the drought, and a negative relationship between species diversity and spruce survival was found. Taken together, our findings suggest that tree diversity per se may not buffer communities against the impacts of extreme drought and that tree species composition and the drought tolerance of tree species (i.e., species identity) will be important determinants of community productivity as the prevalence of drought increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Ahmed Shovon
- Department of Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harald Auge
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josephine Haase
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag-Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Charles A Nock
- Department of Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Tikkasalo OP, Leppä K, Launiainen S, Peltoniemi M, Mäkipää R, Rinne-Garmston KT, Sahlstedt E, Young GHF, Bokareva A, Lohila A, Korkiakoski M, Schiestl-Aalto P, Lehtonen A. Modeling the response of Norway spruce tree-ring carbon and oxygen isotopes to selection harvest on a drained peatland forest. Tree Physiol 2024; 44:tpad119. [PMID: 37756632 PMCID: PMC10993295 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Continuous cover forestry (CCF) has gained interest as an alternative to even-aged management particularly on drained peatland forests. However, relatively little is known about the physiological response of suppressed trees when larger trees are removed as a part of CCF practices. Consequently, studies concentrating on process-level modeling of the response of trees to selection harvesting are also rare. Here, we compared, modeled and measured harvest response of previously suppressed Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees to a selection harvest. We quantified the harvest response by collecting Norway spruce tree-ring samples in a drained peatland forest site and measuring the change in stable carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios of wood formed during 2010-20, including five post-harvest years. The measured isotopic ratios were compared with ecosystem-level process model predictions for ${\kern0em }^{13}$C discrimination and ${\kern0em }^{18}$O leaf water enrichment. We found that the model predicted similar but lower harvest response than the measurements. Furthermore, accounting for mesophyll conductance was important for capturing the variation in ${\kern0em }^{13}$C discrimination. In addition, we performed sensitivity analysis on the model, which suggests that the modeled ${\kern0em }^{13}$C discrimination is sensitive to parameters related to CO2 transport through stomata to the mesophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli-Pekka Tikkasalo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kersti Leppä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Launiainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raisa Mäkipää
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja T Rinne-Garmston
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Sahlstedt
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giles H F Young
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksandra Bokareva
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Korkiakoski
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksi Lehtonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Verhoeven A, Kornkven J. Differences in photoprotective strategy during winter in Eastern white pine and white spruce. Tree Physiol 2024; 44:tpad131. [PMID: 37861656 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Conifers growing in temperate forests utilize sustained forms of thermal dissipation during winter to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from damage, which can be monitored via pronounced reductions in photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) during winter. Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) are known to recover from winter stress at different rates, with pine recovering more slowly than spruce, suggesting different mechanisms for sustained dissipation in these species. Our objectives were to monitor pine and spruce throughout spring recovery in order to provide insights into key mechanisms for sustained dissipation in both species. We measured chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments, and abundance and phosphorylation status of key photosynthetic proteins. We found that both species rely on two forms of sustained dissipation involving retention of high amounts of antheraxanthin (A) + zeaxanthin (Z), one that is very slowly reversible and temperature independent and one that is more dynamic and occurs only on subzero days. Differences in protein abundance suggest that spruce, but not pine, likely upregulates cyclic or alternative pathways of electron transport involving the cytochrome b6f complex and photosystem I (PSI). Both species show an increased sustained phosphorylation of the D1 protein on subzero days, and spruce additionally shows dramatic increases in the sustained phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) and other PSII core proteins on subzero days only, suggesting that a mechanism of sustained dissipation that is temperature dependent requires sustained phosphorylation of photosynthetic proteins in spruce, possibly allowing for direct energy transfer from PSII to PSI as a mechanism of photoprotection. The data suggest differences in strategy among conifers in mechanisms of sustained thermal dissipation in response to winter stress. Additionally, the flexible induction of sustained A + Z and phosphorylation of photosynthetic proteins in response to subzero temperatures during spring recovery seem to be important in providing photoprotection during transitional periods with high temperature fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Verhoeven
- Biology Department (OWS352), University of St Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave, St Paul, MN 55105 USA
| | - Joan Kornkven
- Biology Department (OWS352), University of St Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave, St Paul, MN 55105 USA
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Kinzinger L, Mach J, Haberstroh S, Schindler Z, Frey J, Dubbert M, Seeger S, Seifert T, Weiler M, Orlowski N, Werner C. Interaction between beech and spruce trees in temperate forests affects water use, root water uptake pattern and canopy structure. Tree Physiol 2024; 44:tpad144. [PMID: 38070177 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Beneficial and negative effects of species interactions can strongly influence water fluxes in forest ecosystems. However, little is known about how trees dynamically adjust their water use when growing with interspecific neighbours. Therefore, we investigated the interaction effects between Fagus sylvatica (European beech) and Picea abies (Norway spruce) on water-use strategies and aboveground structural characteristics. We used continuous in situ isotope spectroscopy of xylem and soil water to investigate source water dynamics and root water uptake depths. Picea abies exhibited a reduced sun-exposed crown area in equally mixed compared with spruce-dominated sites, which was further correlated to a reduction in sap flow of -14.5 ± 8.2%. Contrarily, F. sylvatica trees showed +13.3 ± 33.3% higher water fluxes in equally mixed compared with beech-dominated forest sites. Although a significantly higher crown interference by neighbouring trees was observed, no correlation of water fluxes and crown structure was found. High time-resolved xylem δ2H values showed a large plasticity of tree water use (-74.1 to -28.5‰), reflecting the δ2H dynamics of soil and especially precipitation water sources. Fagus sylvatica in equally mixed sites shifted water uptake to deeper soil layers, while uptake of fresh precipitation was faster in beech-dominated sites. Our continuous in situ water stable isotope measurements traced root water uptake dynamics at unprecedented temporal resolution, indicating highly dynamic use of water sources in response to precipitation and to neighbouring species competition. Understanding this plasticity may be highly relevant in the context of increasing water scarcity and precipitation variability under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kinzinger
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Judith Mach
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79089 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Haberstroh
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zoe Schindler
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Frey
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maren Dubbert
- IBG, PB 1 'Landschaftsprozesse', Leibniz Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) e. V, Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Seeger
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79089 Freiburg, Germany
- Soil Physics, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Seifert
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Bosman Street, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Markus Weiler
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79089 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Orlowski
- Chair of Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstraße 39, 79089 Freiburg, Germany
- Chair of Site Ecology and Plant Nutrition, Institute of Soil Science and Site Ecology, TU Dresden, Pienner Strasse 19, Tharandt 01737, Germany
| | - Christiane Werner
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Arthur G, Jonathan L, Juliette C, Nicolas L, Christian P, Hugues C. Spatial and remote sensing monitoring shows the end of the bark beetle outbreak on Belgian and north-eastern France Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:226. [PMID: 38302669 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
In 2022, Europe emerged from eight of the hottest years on record, leading to significant spruce mortality across Europe. The particularly dry weather conditions of 2018 triggered an outbreak of bark beetles (Ips typographus), causing the loss of thousands of hectares of Norway spruce stands, including in Wallonia and North-eastern France. A methodology for detecting the health status of spruce was developed based on a dense time series of satellite imagery (Sentinel-2). The time series of satellite images allowed the modelling of the spectral response of healthy spruce forests over the seasons: a decrease in photosynthetic activity of the forest canopy causes deviations from this normal seasonal vegetation index trajectory. These anomalies are caused by a bark beetle attack and are detected automatically. The method leads in the production of an annual spruce health map of Wallonia and Grand-Est. The goal of this paper is to assess the damage caused by bark beetle using the resulting spruce health maps. A second objective was to compare the influence of basic variables on the mortality of spruce trees in these two regions. Lasted 6 years (2017-2022), bark beetle has destroyed 12.2% (23,674 ha) of the spruce area in Wallonia and Grand-Est of France. This study area is composed of three bioclimatic areas: Plains, Ardennes and Vosges, which have not been equally affected by bark beetle attacks. The plains were the most affected, with 50% of spruce forests destroyed, followed by the Ardennes, which lost 11.3% of its spruce stands. The Vosges was the least affected bioclimatic area, with 5.6% of spruce stands lost. For the most problematic sites, Norway spruce forestry should no longer be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Arthur
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (Uliege), Terra-Forest is life, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Lisein Jonathan
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (Uliege), Terra-Forest is life, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Cansell Juliette
- Centre National de la propriété forestière, 54 000, Nancy, France
| | - Latte Nicolas
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (Uliege), Terra-Forest is life, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Claessens Hugues
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (Uliege), Terra-Forest is life, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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Kašpar J, Tumajer J, Altman J, Altmanová N, Čada V, Čihák T, Doležal J, Fibich P, Janda P, Kaczka R, Kolář T, Lehejček J, Mašek J, Hellebrandová KN, Rybníček M, Rydval M, Shetti R, Svoboda M, Šenfeldr M, Šamonil P, Vašíčková I, Vejpustková M, Treml V. Major tree species of Central European forests differ in their proportion of positive, negative, and nonstationary growth trends. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17146. [PMID: 38273515 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Temperate forests are undergoing significant transformations due to the influence of climate change, including varying responses of different tree species to increasing temperature and drought severity. To comprehensively understand the full range of growth responses, representative datasets spanning extensive site and climatic gradients are essential. This study utilizes tree-ring data from 550 sites from the temperate forests of Czechia to assess growth trends of six dominant Central European tree species (European beech, Norway spruce, Scots pine, silver fir, sessile and pedunculate oak) over 1990-2014. By modeling mean growth series for each species and site, and employing principal component analysis, we identified the predominant growth trends. Over the study period, linear growth trends were evident across most sites (56% increasing, 32% decreasing, and 10% neutral). The proportion of sites with stationary positive trends increased from low toward high elevations, whereas the opposite was true for the stationary negative trends. Notably, within the middle range of their distribution (between 500 and 700 m a.s.l.), Norway spruce and European beech exhibited a mix of positive and negative growth trends. While Scots pine growth trends showed no clear elevation-based pattern, silver fir and oaks displayed consistent positive growth trends regardless of site elevation, indicating resilience to the ongoing warming. We demonstrate divergent growth trajectories across space and among species. These findings are particularly important as recent warming has triggered a gradual shift in the elevation range of optimal growth conditions for most tree species and has also led to a decoupling of growth trends between lowlands and mountain areas. As a result, further future shifts in the elevation range and changes in species diversity of European temperate forests can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kašpar
- Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tumajer
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nela Altmanová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Čihák
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doležal
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Fibich
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ryszard Kaczka
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Lehejček
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Mašek
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Michal Rybníček
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Rydval
- Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rohan Shetti
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šenfeldr
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šamonil
- Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Vašíčková
- Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Václav Treml
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Silvestro R, Mura C, Alano Bonacini D, de Lafontaine G, Faubert P, Mencuccini M, Rossi S. Local adaptation shapes functional traits and resource allocation in black spruce. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21257. [PMID: 38040772 PMCID: PMC10692160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is rapidly altering weather patterns, resulting in shifts in climatic zones. The survival of trees in specific locations depends on their functional traits. Local populations exhibit trait adaptations that ensure their survival and accomplishment of growth and reproduction processes during the growing season. Studying these traits offers valuable insights into species responses to present and future environmental conditions, aiding the implementation of measures to ensure forest resilience and productivity. This study investigates the variability in functional traits among five black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) provenances originating from a latitudinal gradient along the boreal forest, and planted in a common garden in Quebec, Canada. We examined differences in bud phenology, growth performance, lifetime first reproduction, and the impact of a late-frost event on tree growth and phenological adjustments. The findings revealed that trees from northern sites exhibit earlier budbreak, lower growth increments, and reach reproductive maturity earlier than those from southern sites. Late-frost damage affected growth performance, but no phenological adjustment was observed in the successive year. Local adaptation in the functional traits may lead to maladaptation of black spruce under future climate conditions or serve as a potent evolutionary force promoting rapid adaptation under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Silvestro
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada.
| | - C Mura
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - D Alano Bonacini
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - G de Lafontaine
- Canada Research Chair in Integrative Biology of the Northern Flora, Département de biologie, chimie et Géographie, Centre for Northern Studies, Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - P Faubert
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
- Carbone boréal, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - M Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Rossi
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
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Fang S, He Z, Zhao M. Fifty years of change in the lower tree line in an arid coniferous forest in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292682. [PMID: 37824484 PMCID: PMC10569624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tree line areas exhibited significant changes in response to climate change, including upward migration. Lower tree line dynamics are rarely studied, but as unique features in arid and semi-arid areas, they may influence forest distribution. Here, eight lower tree line plots in a Picea crassifolia Kom. (Qinghai spruce) forest in the arid and semi-arid Qilian Mountains of northwestern China were used to determine changes in tree line location and relationships with meteorological factors during 1968-2018. The results showed that the lower tree line descended by an average of 9.82 m during 1968 to 2018, and exhibited almost no change after 2008. The change in the lower tree line was significantly correlated with the annual average temperature (°C) and annual precipitation (mm) and may be affected by human activities. In the past 50 years, the lower tree line in arid areas exhibited a downward trend. Our findings indicate that the movement of the lower tree line is also an important aspect of climatic changes in coniferous forest distribution in arid and semi-arid mountains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fang
- College of Urban, Rural Planning and Architectural Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhibin He
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Minmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hydrogeology, Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Baoding, Hebei, China
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10
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Ganthaler A, Guggenberger A, Stöggl W, Kranner I, Mayr S. Elevated nutrient supply can exert worse effects on Norway spruce than drought, viewed through chemical defence against needle rust. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:1745-1757. [PMID: 37405989 PMCID: PMC10565715 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic factors such as water and nutrient availability can exert a dominant influence on the susceptibility of plants to various pathogens. Effects of abiotic environmental factors on phenolic compound concentrations in the plant tissue may represent one of the major underlying mechanisms, as these compounds are known to play a substantial role in plant resistance to pests. In particular, this applies to conifer trees, in which a large range of phenolic compounds are produced constitutively and/or induced by pathogen attack. We subjected Norway spruce saplings to water limitation and elevated nutrient supply over 2 years and subsequently controlled infection with the needle rust Chrysomyxa rhododendri (DC.) de Bary and analysed both constitutive and inducible phenolic compound concentrations in the needles as well as the degree of infection. Compared with the control group, both drought and fertilization profoundly modified the constitutive and pathogen-induced profiles of phenolic compounds, but had little impact on the total phenolic content. Fertilization predominantly affected the inducible phenolic response and led to higher infection rates by C. rhododendri. Drought stress, in contrast, mainly shaped the phenolic profiles in healthy plant parts and had no consequences on the plant susceptibility. The results show that specific abiotic effects on individual compounds seem to be decisive for the infection success of C. rhododendri, whereby the impaired induced response in saplings subjected to nutrient supplementation was most critical. Although drought effects were minor, they varied depending on the time and length of water limitation. The results indicate that prolonged drought periods in the future may not significantly alter the foliar defence of Norway spruce against C. rhododendri, but fertilization, often propagated to increase tree growth and forest productivity, can be counterproductive in areas with high pathogen pressure. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Guggenberger
- Department of Botany, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Stöggl
- Department of Botany, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of Botany, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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11
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Grubinger S, Coops NC, O'Neill GA. Picturing local adaptation: Spectral and structural traits from drone remote sensing reveal clinal responses to climate transfer in common-garden trials of interior spruce (Picea engelmannii × glauca). Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:4842-4860. [PMID: 37424219 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Common-garden trials of forest trees provide phenotype data used to assess growth and local adaptation; this information is foundational to tree breeding programs, genecology, and gene conservation. As jurisdictions consider assisted migration strategies to match populations to suitable climates, in situ progeny and provenance trials provide experimental evidence of adaptive responses to climate change. We used drone technology, multispectral imaging, and digital aerial photogrammetry to quantify spectral traits related to stress, photosynthesis, and carotenoids, and structural traits describing crown height, size, and complexity at six climatically disparate common-garden trials of interior spruce (Picea engelmannii × glauca) in western Canada. Through principal component analysis, we identified key components of climate related to temperature, moisture, and elevational gradients. Phenotypic clines in remotely sensed traits were analyzed as trait correlations with provenance climate transfer distances along principal components (PCs). We used traits showing clinal variation to model best linear unbiased predictions for tree height (R2 = .98-.99, root mean square error [RMSE] = 0.06-0.10 m) and diameter at breast height (DBH, R2 = .71-.97, RMSE = 2.57-3.80 mm) and generated multivariate climate transfer functions with the model predictions. Significant (p < .05) clines were present for spectral traits at all sites along all PCs. Spectral traits showed stronger clinal variation than structural traits along temperature and elevational gradients and along moisture gradients at wet, coastal sites, but not at dry, interior sites. Spectral traits may capture patterns of local adaptation to temperature and montane growing seasons which are distinct from moisture-limited patterns in stem growth. This work demonstrates that multispectral indices improve the assessment of local adaptation and that spectral and structural traits from drone remote sensing produce reliable proxies for ground-measured height and DBH. This phenotyping framework contributes to the analysis of common-garden trials towards a mechanistic understanding of local adaptation to climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Grubinger
- Faculty of Forestry, Integrated Remote Sensing Studio, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Coops
- Faculty of Forestry, Integrated Remote Sensing Studio, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregory A O'Neill
- BC Ministry of Forests, Kalamalka Forestry Centre, Vernon, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Stelling JM, Slesak RA, Windmuller-Campione MA, Grinde A. Effects of stand age, tree species, and climate on water table fluctuations and estimated evapotranspiration in managed peatland forests. J Environ Manage 2023; 339:117783. [PMID: 37058930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lowland conifer forests dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack (Larix laricina) typically occur in peatlands in the boreal North American forest with near-surface water tables throughout the year. These forests are ecologically and economically important resources that may be impacted by climate change. However, information characterizing effects of forest disturbance, such as even-aged harvest on water table dynamics is needed to evaluate which forest tree species cover types are most hydrologically susceptible to even-aged harvest and changes in precipitation. We used a chronosequence approach to evaluate water table fluctuations and evapotranspiration across four stand age classes (<10, 15-30, 40-80, and >100-years old) and three distinct forest cover types (productive black spruce, stagnant black spruce, and tamarack) for a period of three years in Minnesota, USA. In general, there is limited evidence for elevated water tables in the younger age classes; the <10-year age class had no significant difference in mean weekly water table depth compared to the older age classes across all cover types. Estimated actual daily evapotranspiration (ET) generally agreed with the water table observations, with the exception of the tamarack cover type where ET was significantly lower in the <10-year age class. Productive black spruce sites that are 40-80-years old had higher evapotranspiration, and lower water table, possibly reflecting increased transpiration associated with the stem exclusion stage of stand development. Tamarack in the 40-80-year age class had higher water tables but no difference in ET compared to all other age classes, indicating that other external factors are driving higher water tables in that age class. To evaluate susceptibility to changing climate, we also assessed the sensitivity and response of water table dynamics to pronounced differences in growing season precipitation that occurred across study years. In general, tamarack forests are more sensitive to changes in precipitation compared to the two black spruce forest cover types. These findings can inform expected responses of site hydrology for a range of precipitation scenarios that may occur under future climate and be used by forest managers to evaluate hydrologic impacts of forest management activities across lowland conifer forest cover types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Stelling
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil Water and Climate, Twin Cities, USA.
| | - R A Slesak
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia WA, 98512, USA.
| | | | - Alexis Grinde
- Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55811, USA.
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13
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Ofori-Amanfo KK, Klem K, Veselá B, Holub P, Agyei T, Juráň S, Grace J, Marek MV, Urban O. The effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis is modulated by nitrogen supply and reduced water availability in Picea abies. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:925-937. [PMID: 36864576 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is assumed that the stimulatory effects of elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on photosynthesis and growth may be substantially reduced by co-occurring environmental factors and the length of CO2 treatment. Here, we present the study exploring the interactive effects of three manipulated factors ([CO2], nitrogen supply and water availability) on physiological (gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence), morphological and stoichiometric traits of Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings after 2 and 3 years of the treatment under natural field conditions. Such multifactorial studies, going beyond two-way interactions, have received only limited attention until now. Our findings imply a significant reduction of [CO2]-enhanced rate of CO2 assimilation under reduced water availability which deepens with the severity of water depletion. Similarly, insufficient nitrogen availability leads to a down-regulation of photosynthesis under elevated [CO2] being particularly associated with reduced carboxylation efficiency of the Rubisco enzyme. Such adjustments in the photosynthesis machinery result in the stimulation of water-use efficiency under elevated [CO2] only when it is combined with a high nitrogen supply and reduced water availability. These findings indicate limited effects of elevated [CO2] on carbon uptake in temperate coniferous forests when combined with naturally low nitrogen availability and intensifying droughts during the summer periods. Such interactions have to be incorporated into the mechanistic models predicting changes in terrestrial carbon sequestration and forest growth in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojo Kwakye Ofori-Amanfo
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Veselá
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Agyei
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological Science, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Post Office Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Stanislav Juráň
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John Grace
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Bldg, Kings Bldgs, Alexander Crum Brown Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Michal V Marek
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Management, Slovak Technical University Bratislava, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Wilhelm RC, Muñoz-Ucros J, Weikl F, Pritsch K, Goebel M, Buckley DH, Bauerle TL. The effects of mixed-species root zones on the resistance of soil bacteria and fungi to long-term experimental and natural reductions in soil moisture. Sci Total Environ 2023; 873:162266. [PMID: 36822431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mixed forest stands tend to be more resistant to drought than species-specific stands partially due to complementarity in root ecology and physiology. We asked whether complementary differences in the drought resistance of soil microbiomes might contribute to this phenomenon. We experimented on the effects of reduced soil moisture on bacterial and fungal community composition in species-specific (single species) and mixed-species root zones of Norway spruce and European beech forests in a 5-year-old throughfall-exclusion experiment and across seasonal (spring-summer-fall) and latitudinal moisture gradients. Bacteria were most responsive to changes in soil moisture, especially members of Rhizobiales, while fungi were largely unaffected, including ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). Community resistance was higher in spruce relative to beech root zones, corresponding with the proportions of drought-favored (more in spruce) and drought-sensitive bacterial taxa (more in beech). The spruce soil microbiome also exhibited greater resistance to seasonal changes between spring (wettest) and fall (driest). Mixed-species root zones contained a hybrid of beech- and spruce-associated microbiomes. Several bacterial populations exhibited either enhanced resistance or greater susceptibility to drought in mixed root zones. Overall, patterns in the relative abundances of soil bacteria closely tracked moisture in seasonal and latitudinal precipitation gradients and were more predictive of soil water content than other environmental variables. We conclude that complementary differences in the drought resistance of soil microbiomes can occur and the likeliest form of complementarity in mixed-root zones coincides with the enrichment of drought-tolerant bacteria associated with spruce and the sustenance of EMF by beech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland C Wilhelm
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Agronomy Department, Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47904, USA
| | - Juana Muñoz-Ucros
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Fabian Weikl
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Professorship of Land Surface Atmosphere Interactions, Freising, Germany
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marc Goebel
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel H Buckley
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Taryn L Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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15
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Hesse BD, Gebhardt T, Hafner BD, Hikino K, Reitsam A, Gigl M, Dawid C, Häberle KH, Grams TEE. Physiological recovery of tree water relations upon drought release-response of mature beech and spruce after five years of recurrent summer drought. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:522-538. [PMID: 36413114 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As climate change progresses, the frequency and duration of drought stress events are increasing. While the mechanisms of drought acclimation of trees has received considerable attention in recent years, the recovery processes remain critically understudied. We used a unique throughfall exclusion experiment in a mature temperate mixed forest consisting of the more isohydric Norway spruce and more anisohydric European beech, to study the recovery and resilience after drought release. We hypothesized that pre-dawn water potential (ΨPD) of both species will increase within 1 day after watering, while the recovery of stomatal conductance (gs) and the reversal of osmoregulation will be significantly delayed in the more isohydric spruce. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the xylem sap flow density (udaily) will not fully recover within the growing season due to the strong drought impact. After 5 years of summer drought, trees showed significantly reduced ΨPD, udaily and increased osmoregulation in leaves, but only isohydric spruce displayed increased leaf abscisic acid concentrations. In line with our hypothesis, ΨPD and gs recovered within 1 day in beech. Conversely, isohydric spruce showed delayed increases in ΨPD and gs. The delay in recovery of spruce was partially related to the replenishment of the stem water reservoir, as indicated by the missing response of udaily at the crown base compared with DBH level upon watering. However, udaily fully recovered only in the next growing season for beech and was still reduced in spruce. Nevertheless, in both species, osmotic acclimations of leaves were reversed within several weeks. While both species displayed full resilience to drought stress in water-related physiology, the recovery time was in several cases, e.g., udaily, ΨPD and gs, shorter for beech than for spruce. With future increases in the frequency of drought events under ongoing climate change, tree species that recover more quickly will be favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hesse
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Timo Gebhardt
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Forest and Agroforest Systems, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Hafner
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kyohsuke Hikino
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Anna Reitsam
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Michael Gigl
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Chair of Restoration Ecology, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, Freising 85354, Germany
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16
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Schmied G, Hilmers T, Mellert KH, Uhl E, Buness V, Ambs D, Steckel M, Biber P, Šeho M, Hoffmann YD, Pretzsch H. Nutrient regime modulates drought response patterns of three temperate tree species. Sci Total Environ 2023; 868:161601. [PMID: 36646222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Against the backdrop of global change, the intensity, duration, and frequency of droughts are projected to increase and threaten forest ecosystems worldwide. Tree responses to drought are complex and likely to vary among species, drought characteristics, and site conditions. Here, we examined the drought response patterns of three major temperate tree species, s. fir (Abies alba), E. beech (Fagus sylvatica), and N. spruce (Picea abies), along an ecological gradient in the South - Central - East part of Germany that included a total of 37 sites with varying climatic and soil conditions. We relied on annual tree-ring data to assess the influence of different drought characteristics and (micro-) site conditions on components of tree resilience and to detect associated temporal changes. Our study revealed that nutrient regime, drought frequency, and hydraulic conditions in the previous and subsequent years were the main determinants of drought responses, with pronounced differences among species. Specifically, we found that (a) higher drought frequency was associated with higher resistance and resilience for N. spruce and E. beech; (b) more favorable climatic conditions in the two preceding and following years increased drought resilience and determined recovery potential of E. beech after extreme drought; (c) a site's nutrient regime, rather than micro-site differences in water availability, determined drought responses, with trees growing on sites with a balanced nutrient regime having a higher capacity to withstand extreme drought stress; (d) E. beech and N. spruce experienced a long-term decline in resilience. Our results indicate that trees under extreme drought stress benefit from a balanced nutrient supply and highlight the relevance of water availability immediately after droughts. Observed long-term trends confirm that N. spruce is suffering from persistent climatic changes, while s. fir is coping better. These findings might be especially relevant for monitoring, scenario analyses, and forest ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schmied
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Torben Hilmers
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Mellert
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Enno Uhl
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Vincent Buness
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Ambs
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mathias Steckel
- Forst Baden-Württemberg (AöR), State Forest Enterprise Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Peter Biber
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Muhidin Šeho
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Yves-Daniel Hoffmann
- Bavarian Office for Forest Genetics, Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (StMELF), Forstamtsplatz 1, 83317 Teisendorf, Germany
| | - Hans Pretzsch
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
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17
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Matevski D, Foltran E, Lamersdorf N, Schuldt A. Introduction of non-native Douglas fir reduces leaf damage on beech saplings and mature trees in European beech forests. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2786. [PMID: 36477972 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent ecological research suggests that, in general, mixtures are more resistant to insect herbivores and pathogens than monocultures. However, we know little about mixtures with non-native trees, where enemy release could lead to patterns that differ from commonly observed relationships among native species. This becomes particularly relevant when considering that adaptation strategies to climate change increasingly promote a larger share of non-native tree species, such as North American Douglas fir in Central Europe. We studied leaf damage on European beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings and mature trees across a wide range of site conditions in monocultures and mixtures with phylogenetically distant conifers native Norway spruce (Picea abies) and non-native Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). We analyzed leaf herbivory and pathogen damage in relation to tree diversity and composition effects, as well as effects of environmental factors and plant characteristics. We observed lower sapling herbivory and tree sucking damage on beech in non-native Douglas fir mixtures than in beech monocultures, probably due to a lower herbivore diversity on Douglas fir trees, and higher pathogen damage on beech saplings in Norway spruce than Douglas fir mixtures, possibly because of higher canopy openness. Our findings suggest that for low diversity gradients, tree diversity effects on leaf damage can strongly depend on tree species composition, in addition to modifications caused by feeding guild and tree ontogeny. Moreover, we found that nutrient capacity modulated the effects of tree diversity, composition, and environmental factors, with different responses in sites with low or high nutrient capacity. The existence of contrasting diversity effects based on tree species composition provides important information on our understanding of the relationships between tree diversity and plant-herbivore interactions in light of non-native tree species introductions. Especially with recent Norway spruce die-off, the planting of Douglas fir as replacement is likely to strongly increase in Central Europe. Our findings suggest that mixtures with Douglas fir could benefit the survival or growth rates of beech saplings and mature trees due to lower leaf damage, emphasizing the need to clearly identify and compare the potential benefits and ecological trade-offs of non-native tree species in forest management under ongoing environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Matevski
- Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Estela Foltran
- Bordeaux-Sciences-Agro, INRAE, UMR ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Büsgen-Institute, Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Norbert Lamersdorf
- Büsgen-Institute, Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Begović K, Schurman JS, Svitok M, Pavlin J, Langbehn T, Svobodová K, Mikoláš M, Janda P, Synek M, Marchand W, Vitková L, Kozák D, Vostarek O, Čada V, Bače R, Svoboda M. Large old trees increase growth under shifting climatic constraints: Aligning tree longevity and individual growth dynamics in primary mountain spruce forests. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:143-164. [PMID: 36178428 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In a world of accelerating changes in environmental conditions driving tree growth, tradeoffs between tree growth rate and longevity could curtail the abundance of large old trees (LOTs), with potentially dire consequences for biodiversity and carbon storage. However, the influence of tree-level tradeoffs on forest structure at landscape scales will also depend on disturbances, which shape tree size and age distribution, and on whether LOTs can benefit from improved growing conditions due to climate warming. We analyzed temporal and spatial variation in radial growth patterns from ~5000 Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] H. Karst) live and dead trees from the Western Carpathian primary spruce forest stands. We applied mixed-linear modeling to quantify the importance of LOT growth histories and stand dynamics (i.e., competition and disturbance factors) on lifespan. Finally, we assessed regional synchronization in radial growth variability over the 20th century, and modeled the effects of stand dynamics and climate on LOTs recent growth trends. Tree age varied considerably among forest stands, implying an important role of disturbance as an age constraint. Slow juvenile growth and longer period of suppressed growth prolonged tree lifespan, while increasing disturbance severity and shorter time since last disturbance decreased it. The highest age was not achieved only by trees with continuous slow growth, but those with slow juvenile growth followed by subsequent growth releases. Growth trend analysis demonstrated an increase in absolute growth rates in response to climate warming, with late summer temperatures driving the recent growth trend. Contrary to our expectation that LOTs would eventually exhibit declining growth rates, the oldest LOTs (>400 years) continuously increase growth throughout their lives, indicating a high phenotypic plasticity of LOTs for increasing biomass, and a strong carbon sink role of primary spruce forests under rising temperatures, intensifying droughts, and increasing bark beetle outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krešimir Begović
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan S Schurman
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Svitok
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Jakob Pavlin
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Langbehn
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Svobodová
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mikoláš
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Synek
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - William Marchand
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Vitková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kozák
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Vostarek
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Čada
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Bače
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Yu H, Blande JD. A potential ozone defense in intercellular air space: Clues from intercellular BVOC concentrations and stomatal conductance. Sci Total Environ 2022; 852:158456. [PMID: 36058323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) enters plants through the stomata, passes into the intercellular air space and is decomposed in cell walls. Two factors that affect the O3 level in the intercellular air space are the stomatal conductance and the concentration of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Stomatal conductance controls the O3 flux into the air space and the intercellular BVOCs react with the O3. Therefore, the intercellular air space serves as a place where O3 defense can occur, but it has received relatively little attention. This study aimed to explore potential plant-defense against O3 in the intercellular air space by measuring the stomatal conductance and intercellular BVOC concentrations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). Seedlings of both species were exposed to two levels of O3, ambient (15 nmol mol-1) and 80 nmol mol-1 (dropping to an ambient level at night), in plant growth chambers for five days in both spring and summer. We found that O3 decreased stomatal conductance in both species and in both seasons, which can lower the O3 flux into the intercellular air space. Intercellular BVOC concentrations were decreased in spring while increased in summer for both species in response to O3. This suggests that the BVOC protection in the intercellular air space is only of consequence in summer. These results demonstrate the potential for BVOCs to provide intercellular O3 defense in both species, but with seasonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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20
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Oberleitner F, Hartmann H, Hasibeder R, Huang J, Losso A, Mayr S, Oberhuber W, Wieser G, Bahn M. Amplifying effects of recurrent drought on the dynamics of tree growth and water use in a subalpine forest. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:2617-2635. [PMID: 35610775 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in our understanding of drought impacts on tree functioning, we lack knowledge about the dynamic responses of mature trees to recurrent drought stress. At a subalpine forest site, we assessed the effects of three years of recurrent experimental summer drought on tree growth and water relations of Larix decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L. Karst.), two common European conifers representative for contrasting water-use strategies. We combined dendrometer and xylem sap flow measurements with analyses of xylem anatomy and non-structural carbohydrates and their carbon-isotope composition. Recurrent drought increased the effects of soil moisture limitation on growth and xylogenesis, and to a lesser extent on xylem sap flow. P. abies showed stronger growth responses to recurrent drought, reduced starch concentrations in branches and increased water-use efficiency when compared to L. decidua. Despite comparatively larger maximum tree water deficits than in P. abies, xylem formation of L. decidua was less affected by drought, suggesting a stronger capacity of rehydration or lower cambial turgor thresholds for growth. Our study shows that recurrent drought progressively increases impacts on mature trees of both species, which suggests that in a future climate increasing drought frequency could impose strong legacies on carbon and water dynamics of treeline species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Hasibeder
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jianbei Huang
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wieser
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Wu F, Jiang Y, Zhao S, Wen Y, Li W, Kang M. Applying space-for-time substitution to infer the growth response to climate may lead to overestimation of tree maladaptation: Evidence from the North American White Spruce Network. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:5172-5184. [PMID: 35714046 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Under climate change circumstances, increasing studies have reported the temporal instability of tree growth responses to climate, which poses a major challenge to linearly extrapolating past climate and future growth dynamics using tree-ring data. Space-for-time substitution (SFTS) is a potential solution to this problem that is widely used in the dendrochronology field to project past or future temporal growth response trajectories from contemporary spatial patterns. However, the projected accuracy of the SFTS in the climate effects on tree growth remains uncertain. Here, we empirically test the SFTS method by comparing the effect of spatial and temporal climate variations on climate responses of white spruce (Picea glauca), which has a transcontinental range in North America. We first applied a response surface regression model to capture the variations in growth responses along the spatial climate gradients. The results showed that the relationships between growth and June temperature varied along spatial climate gradients in a predictable way. And their relationships varied mainly along with local temperate condition. Then, the projected correlation coefficients between growth and climate using SFTS were compared against the observed. We found that the growth response changes caused by spatial versus temporal climate variations showed opposite trends. Moreover, the projected correlation coefficients using the SFTS were significantly lower than the observed. This finding suggests that applying the SFTS to project the growth response of white spruce might lead to an overestimation of the degree of tree maladaptation in future climate scenarios. And the overestimation is likely to get weaker from Alaska and Yukon Territory in the west to Quebec in the east. Although this is only a case study of the SFTS method for projecting tree growth response, our findings suggest that direct application of the SFTS method may not be applicable to all regions and all tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shoudong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Muyi Kang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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22
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Kivimäenpää M, Riikonen J, Valolahti H, Elina H, Holopainen JK, Holopainen T. Effects of elevated ozone and warming on terpenoid emissions and concentrations of Norway spruce depend on needle phenology and age. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:1570-1586. [PMID: 35183060 PMCID: PMC9366870 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) trees are affected by ongoing climate change, including warming and exposure to phytotoxic levels of ozone. Non-volatile terpenoids and volatile terpenoids (biogenic organic volatile compounds, BVOCs) protect spruce against biotic and abiotic stresses. BVOCs also affect the atmosphere's oxidative capacity. Four-year-old Norway spruce were exposed to elevated ozone (EO) (1.4 × ambient) and warming (1.1 °C + ambient air) alone and in combination on an open-field exposure site in Central Finland. Net photosynthesis, needle terpenoid concentrations and BVOC emissions were measured four times during the experiment's second growing season: after bud opening in May, during the mid-growing season in June, and after needle maturation in August and September. Warming increased terpene concentrations in May due to advanced phenology and decreased them at the end of the growing season in matured current-year needles. Ozone enhanced these effects of warming on several compounds. Warming decreased concentrations of oxygenated sesquiterpenes in previous-year needles. Decreased emissions of oxygenated monoterpenes by warming and ozone alone in May were less prominent when ozone and warming were combined. A similar interactive treatment response in isoprene, camphene, tricyclene and α-pinene was observed in August when the temperature and ozone concentration was high. The results suggest long-term warming may reduce the terpenoid-based defence capacity of young spruce, but the defence capacity can be increased during the most sensitive growth phase (after bud break), and when high temperatures or ozone concentrations co-occur. Reduced BVOC emissions from young spruce may decrease the atmosphere's oxidative capacity in the warmer future, but the effect of EO may be marginal because less reactive minor compounds are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanna Valolahti
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
- Ramboll, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti 15140, Finland
| | - Häikiö Elina
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
- South Savo Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, PO Box 164, Mikkeli 50101, Finland
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Toini Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
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23
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Callahan G, Fillier T, Pham TH, Zhu X, Thomas R. The effects of clearcut harvesting on moss chloroplast lipidome and adaptation to light stress during boreal forest regeneration. J Environ Manage 2022; 315:115126. [PMID: 35526393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Moss plays an important role in boreal forest ecosystems as an understory bryophyte species. Clearcut harvesting is a common boreal forest regeneration method that can expose understory vegetation to abiotic stressors impeding their recovery following post-harvest conditions. Very little is known concerning how moss remodel their chloroplast lipidome to enhance photosynthetic performance for successful acclimation to light and water stress during boreal forest regeneration following clearcut harvesting. The chloroplast lipidome and photosynthetic performance of Sphagnum sp. and three feathermoss species (Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens, and Ptilium crista-castrensis) from a boreal black spruce (Picea mariana) forest were assessed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), photospectrometry, and light response curves. We observed an overall increase in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and decrease in digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). In addition, unsaturation of the chloroplast lipidome occurred concomitant with photoprotection by carotenoid pigments to enhance the efficiency and photosynthetic capacity in moss exposed to light and water stress following clearcut harvesting. This appears to be a successful acclimation strategy used by moss to circumvent light stress during boreal forest regeneration following clearcut harvesting. These findings could be of significance in the development of boreal forest management strategies following resource harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Callahan
- Environmental Science, Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Grenfell Campus, 20 University Drive, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada.
| | - Tiffany Fillier
- Environmental Science, Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Grenfell Campus, 20 University Drive, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Thu Huong Pham
- Environmental Science, Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Grenfell Campus, 20 University Drive, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Xinbiao Zhu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, 26 University Drive, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 6J3, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- Environmental Science, Boreal Ecosystem Research Facility, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Grenfell Campus, 20 University Drive, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada.
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24
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Gomez‐Gallego M, Galiano L, Martínez‐Vilalta J, Stenlid J, Capador‐Barreto HD, Elfstrand M, Camarero JJ, Oliva J. Interaction of drought- and pathogen-induced mortality in Norway spruce and Scots pine. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:2292-2305. [PMID: 35598958 PMCID: PMC9546048 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic diseases frequently occur in drought-stressed trees. However, their contribution to the process of drought-induced mortality is poorly understood. We combined drought and stem inoculation treatments to study the physiological processes leading to drought-induced mortality in Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) saplings infected with Heterobasidion annosum s.s. We analysed the saplings' water status, gas exchange, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and defence responses, and how they related to mortality. Saplings were followed for two growing seasons, including an artificially induced 3-month dormancy period. The combined drought and pathogen treatment significantly increased spruce mortality; however, no interaction between these stressors was observed in pine, although individually each stressor caused mortality. Our results suggest that pathogen infection decreased carbon reserves in spruce, reducing the capacity of saplings to cope with drought, resulting in increased mortality rates. Defoliation, relative water content and the starch concentration of needles were predictors of mortality in both species under drought and pathogen infection. Infection and drought stress create conflicting needs for carbon to compartmentalize the pathogen and to avoid turgor loss, respectively. Heterobasidion annosum reduces the functional sapwood area and shifts NSC allocation patterns, reducing the capacity of trees to cope with drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Gomez‐Gallego
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAMNancyFrance
| | - Lucia Galiano
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)CataloniaSpain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)CataloniaSpain
| | - Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)CataloniaSpain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)CataloniaSpain
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Hernán D. Capador‐Barreto
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Jonàs Oliva
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of LleidaLleidaSpain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC‐AGROTECNIOLleidaSpain
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25
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Giovannelli A, Mattana S, Emiliani G, Anichini M, Traversi ML, Pavone FS, Cicchi R. Localized stem heating from the rest to growth phase induces latewood-like cell formation and slower stem radial growth in Norway spruce saplings. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:1149-1163. [PMID: 34918169 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent climate projections predict a more rapid increase of winter temperature than summer and global temperature averages in temperate and cold environments. As there is relatively little experimental knowledge on the effect of winter warming on cambium phenology and stem growth in species growing in cold environments, the setting of manipulative experiments is considered of primary importance, and they can help to decipher the effect of reduced winter chilling and increased forcing temperatures on cambium reactivation, growth and xylem traits. In this study, localized stem heating was applied to investigate the effect of warming from the rest to the growth phase on cambium phenology, intra-annual stem growth dynamics and ring wood features in Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. We hypothesized that reduced winter chilling induces a postponed cambium dormancy release and decrease of stem growth, while high temperature during cell wall lignification determines an enrichment of latewood-like cells. The heating device was designed to maintain a +5 °C temperature delta with respect to air temperature, thus allowing an authentic scenario of warming. Continuous stem heating from the rest (November) to the growing phase determined, at the beginning of radial growth, a reduction of the number of cell layers in the cambium, higher number of cell layers in the wall thickening phase and an asynchronous stem radial growth when comparing heated and ambient saplings. Nevertheless, heating did not induce changes in the number of produced cell layers at the end of the growing season. The analyses of two-photon fluorescence images showed that woody rings formed during heating were enriched with latewood-like cells. Our results showed that an increase of 5 °C of temperature applied to the stem from the rest to growth might not influence, as generally reported, onset of cambial activity, but it could affect xylem morphology of Norway spruce in mountain environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Giovannelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Sara Mattana
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo Fermi 6, Firenze 50125, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Istituto Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Monica Anichini
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Traversi
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo Fermi 6, Firenze 50125, Italy
- Laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopie Non-lineari (LENS), Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
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26
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Wilkinson SW, Dalen LS, Skrautvol TO, Ton J, Krokene P, Mageroy MH. Transcriptomic changes during the establishment of long-term methyl jasmonate-induced resistance in Norway spruce. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:1891-1913. [PMID: 35348221 PMCID: PMC9321552 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies) is an economically and ecologically important tree species that grows across northern and central Europe. Treating Norway spruce with jasmonate has long-lasting beneficial effects on tree resistance to damaging pests, such as the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal associates. The (epi)genetic mechanisms involved in such long-lasting jasmonate induced resistance (IR) have gained much recent interest but remain largely unknown. In this study, we treated 2-year-old spruce seedlings with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and challenged them with the I. typographus vectored necrotrophic fungus Grosmannia penicillata. MeJA treatment reduced the extent of necrotic lesions in the bark 8 weeks after infection and thus elicited long-term IR against the fungus. The transcriptional response of spruce bark to MeJA treatment was analysed over a 4-week time course using mRNA-seq. This analysis provided evidence that MeJA treatment induced a transient upregulation of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene biosynthesis genes and downstream signalling genes. Our data also suggests that defence-related genes are induced while genes related to growth are repressed by methyl jasmonate treatment. These results provide new clues about the potential underpinning mechanisms and costs associated with long-term MeJA-IR in Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Wilkinson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Lars S. Dalen
- Department of CommunicationsNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Thomas O. Skrautvol
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Paal Krokene
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Melissa H. Mageroy
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
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27
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Pau M, Gauthier S, Chavardès RD, Girardin MP, Marchand W, Bergeron Y. Site index as a predictor of the effect of climate warming on boreal tree growth. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:1903-1918. [PMID: 34873797 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The boreal forest represents the terrestrial biome most heavily affected by climate change. However, no consensus exists regarding the impacts of these changes on the growth of tree species therein. Moreover, assessments of young tree responses in metrics transposable to forest management remain scarce. Here, we assessed the impacts of climate change on black spruce (Picea mariana [Miller] BSP) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert) growth, two dominant tree species in boreal forests of North America. Starting with a retrospective analysis including data from 2591 black spruces and 890 jack pines, we forecasted trends in 30-year height growth at the transitions from closed to open boreal coniferous forests in Québec, Canada. We considered three variables: (1) height growth, rarely used, but better-reflecting site potential than other growth proxies, (2) climate normals corresponding to the growth period of each stem, and (3) site type (as a function of texture, stoniness, and drainage), which can modify the effects of climate on tree growth. We found a positive effect of vapor pressure deficit on the growth of both species, although the effect on black spruce leveled off. For black spruce, temperatures had a positive effect on the height at 30 years, which was attenuated when and where climatic conditions became drier. Conversely, drought had a positive effect on height under cold conditions and a negative effect under warm conditions. Spruce growth was also better on mesic than on rocky and sub-hydric sites. For portions of the study areas with projected future climate within the calibration range, median height-change varied from 10 to 31% for black spruce and from 5 to 31% for jack pine, depending on the period and climate scenario. As projected increases are relatively small, they may not be sufficient to compensate for potential increases in future disturbances like forest fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Pau
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Gauthier
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Raphaël D Chavardès
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin P Girardin
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - William Marchand
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada
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28
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Vergara A, Haas JC, Aro T, Stachula P, Street NR, Hurry V. Norway spruce deploys tissue-specific responses during acclimation to cold. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:427-445. [PMID: 34873720 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change in the conifer-dominated boreal forest is expected to lead to warmer but more dynamic winter air temperatures, reducing the depth and duration of snow cover and lowering winter soil temperatures. To gain insight into the mechanisms that have enabled conifers to dominate extreme cold environments, we performed genome-wide RNA-Seq analysis from needles and roots of non-dormant two-year Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), and contrasted these response to herbaceous model Arabidopsis We show that the main transcriptional response of Norway spruce needles exposed to cold was delayed relative to Arabidopsis, and this delay was associated with slower development of freezing tolerance. Despite this difference in timing, Norway spruce principally utilizes early response transcription factors (TFs) belonging to the same gene families as Arabidopsis, indicating broad evolutionary conservation of cold response networks. In keeping with their different metabolic and developmental states, needles and root of Norway spruce showed contrasting results. Regulatory network analysis identified both conserved TFs with known roles in cold acclimation (e.g. homologs of ICE1, AKS3, and of the NAC and AP2/ERF superfamilies), but also a root-specific bHLH101 homolog, providing functional insights into cold stress response strategies in Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vergara
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Julia C Haas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tuuli Aro
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paulina Stachula
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vaughan Hurry
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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29
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Li W, Zhang H, Wang W, Zhang P, Ward ND, Norwood M, Myers-Pigg A, Zhao C, Leff R, Yabusaki S, Waichler S, Bailey VL, McDowell NG. Changes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism during seawater-induced mortality of Picea sitchensis trees. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:2326-2340. [PMID: 34014270 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing seawater exposure is causing mortality of coastal forests, yet the physiological response associated with seawater-induced tree mortality, particularly in non-halophytes, is poorly understood. We investigated the shifts in carbon and nitrogen (N) metabolism of mature Sitka-spruce trees that were dying after an ecosystem-scale manipulation of tidal seawater exposure. Soil porewater salinity and foliar ion concentrations increased after seawater exposure and were strongly correlated with the percentage of live foliated crown (PLFC; e.g., crown 'greenness', a measure of progression to death). Co-occurring with decreasing PLFC was decreasing photosynthetic capacity, N-investment into photosynthesis, N-resorption efficiency and non-structural carbohydrate (soluble sugars and starch) concentrations, with the starch reserves depleted to near zero when PLFC dropped below 5%. Combined with declining PLFC, these changes subsequently decreased total carbon gain and thus exacerbated the carbon starvation process. This study suggests that an impairment in carbon and N metabolism during the mortality process after seawater exposure is associated with the process of carbon starvation, and provides critical knowledge necessary to predict sea-level rise impacts on coastal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Nicholas D Ward
- Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, USA
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Matt Norwood
- Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, USA
| | - Allison Myers-Pigg
- Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, USA
| | - Chuanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Riley Leff
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Steve Yabusaki
- Earth Systems Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Scott Waichler
- Earth Systems Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Vanessa L Bailey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
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30
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Zhang H, Li X, Wang W, Pivovaroff AL, Li W, Zhang P, Ward ND, Myers-Pigg A, Adams HD, Leff R, Wang A, Yuan F, Wu J, Yabusaki S, Waichler S, Bailey VL, Guan D, McDowell NG. Seawater exposure causes hydraulic damage in dying Sitka-spruce trees. Plant Physiol 2021; 187:873-885. [PMID: 34608959 PMCID: PMC8981213 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sea-level rise is one of the most critical challenges facing coastal ecosystems under climate change. Observations of elevated tree mortality in global coastal forests are increasing, but important knowledge gaps persist concerning the mechanism of salinity stress-induced nonhalophytic tree mortality. We monitored progressive mortality and associated gas exchange and hydraulic shifts in Sitka-spruce (Picea sitchensis) trees located within a salinity gradient under an ecosystem-scale change of seawater exposure in Washington State, USA. Percentage of live foliated crown (PLFC) decreased and tree mortality increased with increasing soil salinity during the study period. A strong reduction in gas exchange and xylem hydraulic conductivity (Ks) occurred during tree death, with an increase in the percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) and turgor loss point (πtlp). Hydraulic and osmotic shifts reflected that hydraulic function declined from seawater exposure, and dying trees were unable to support osmotic adjustment. Constrained gas exchange was strongly related to hydraulic damage at both stem and leaf levels. Significant correlations between foliar sodium (Na+) concentration and gas exchange and key hydraulic parameters (Ks, PLC, and πtlp) suggest that cellular injury related to the toxic effects of ion accumulation impacted the physiology of these dying trees. This study provides evidence of toxic effects on the cellular function that manifests in all aspects of plant functioning, leading to unfavourable osmotic and hydraulic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of
Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,
China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Xinrong Li
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of
Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,
China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute
of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu
610041, China
| | - Alexandria L. Pivovaroff
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Weibin Li
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of
Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University,
Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Ward
- Marine Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, USA
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195, USA
| | - Allison Myers-Pigg
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of
Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University,
Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Henry D. Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman,
Washington 99164-2812, USA
| | - Riley Leff
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Anzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fenghui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Steve Yabusaki
- Earth Systems Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Scott Waichler
- Earth Systems Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Vanessa L. Bailey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Dexin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nate G. McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University,
Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
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31
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Minorsky PV. On the Inside. Plant Physiol 2021; 185:1468-1470. [PMID: 33893818 PMCID: PMC8133598 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Minorsky
- School of Health and Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, New York, USA
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32
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Zhu H, Zhao J, Gong L. The morphological and chemical properties of fine roots respond to nitrogen addition in a temperate Schrenk's spruce (Picea schrenkiana) forest. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3839. [PMID: 33589690 PMCID: PMC7884734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) play an important role in belowground ecosystem processes, and their physiological ecology is easily altered by nitrogen deposition. To better understand the response of physiological and ecological processes of fine roots to nitrogen deposition, a manipulation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous nitrogen addition (control (0 kg ha-1 a-1), low (5 kg ha-1 a-1), moderate (10 kg ha-1 a-1), and high nitrogen (20 kg ha-1 a-1)) on the biomass, morphological characteristics, chemical elements and nonstructural carbohydrates of fine roots in a Picea schrenkiana forest. We found that most fine roots were located in the 0-20 cm of soil layer across all nitrogen treatment groups (42.81-52.09% of the total biomass). Compared with the control, the biomass, specific root length and specific root area of the fine roots increased in the medium nitrogen treatment, whereas the fine roots biomass was lower in the high nitrogen treatment than in the other treatments. In fine roots, nitrogen addition promotes the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus and their stoichiometric ratio, while reducing the content of nonstructural carbohydrates. The content of nonstructural carbohydrates in the small-diameter roots (< 1 mm in diamter) in each nitrogen treatment group was lower than that in the large-diameter roots. Correlation analysis showed that soil carbon and nitrogen were positively correlated with fine root biomass and specific root length and negatively correlated with the nonstructural carbohydrates. Our findings demonstrate that medium nitrogen addition is conducive to the development of fine root morphology, while excessive nitrogen can suppress the growth of root systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Urumqi, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Senen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Gong
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China.
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Urumqi, China.
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Abstract
Regional differences in tree growth can be used to approximate the geographical provenance of ring-width series (‘dendro-provenancing’). This method relies on cross-dated ring-width series (reference chronologies) that are thought to represent the radial growth signal of trees in a given region. Reference chronologies are often established from ring-width series of living tree populations. Frequently, they are too short to allow for investigating the provenance of historical wood. Thus, references are extended by ring-width series from buildings and art-historical objects that exhibit best matching growth patterns with the living tree references. Yet, series from other provenances may erroneously be included. Thereby the local or regional growth signal of the references is progressively contaminated, but this has received little attention to date. I investigate this contamination risk using a simulation approach that allows for generating pseudo site chronologies that preserve the relevant statistical properties of the real site chronologies. While the exact provenance of historical wood is unknown, for simulated ring-width series the provenance is unambiguous. Hence, pseudo reference chronologies may be established while monitoring the signal mixture. Specifically, 15 site chronologies of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) from northeastern Switzerland were used to generate 15 pseudo site growth signals that span 1000 years. The simulation demonstrates that quasi uncontaminated references can be established in ideal circumstances for the study area. However, the thresholds for the similarity in between-series correlation must be very high. Even then, contaminated pseudo references occurred in rare cases during the simulation. Yet, elevation-specific pseudo references were established with lower thresholds. Simulation currently offers the only approach for assessing the contamination risk of reference chronologies, and it allows for elucidating the conditions under which acceptable levels of contamination can be guaranteed. Therefore, the present approach paves the way towards a practical simulation tool for dendro-provenancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Gut
- Fachbereich Prähistorische Archäologie, Institut für Archäologie, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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34
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Mageroy MH, Wilkinson SW, Tengs T, Cross H, Almvik M, Pétriacq P, Vivian-Smith A, Zhao T, Fossdal CG, Krokene P. Molecular underpinnings of methyl jasmonate-induced resistance in Norway spruce. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:1827-1843. [PMID: 32323322 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In response to various stimuli, plants acquire resistance against pests and/or pathogens. Such acquired or induced resistance allows plants to rapidly adapt to their environment. Spraying the bark of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhances resistance to tree-killing bark beetles and their associated phytopathogenic fungi. Analysis of spruce chemical defenses and beetle colonization success suggests that MeJA treatment both directly induces immune responses and primes inducible defenses for a faster and stronger response to subsequent beetle attack. We used metabolite and transcriptome profiling to explore the mechanisms underlying MeJA-induced resistance in Norway spruce. We demonstrated that MeJA treatment caused substantial changes in the bark transcriptional response to a triggering stress (mechanical wounding). Profiling of mRNA expression showed a suite of spruce inducible defenses are primed following MeJA treatment. Although monoterpenes and diterpene resin acids increased more rapidly after wounding in MeJA-treated than control bark, expression of their biosynthesis genes did not. We suggest that priming of inducible defenses is part of a complex mixture of defense responses that underpins the increased resistance against bark beetle colonization observed in Norway spruce. This study provides the most detailed insights yet into the mechanisms underlying induced resistance in a long-lived gymnosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Mageroy
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel W Wilkinson
- P3 Centre for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Torstein Tengs
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Hugh Cross
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marit Almvik
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- P3 Centre for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, University of Bordeaux, MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Adam Vivian-Smith
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Tao Zhao
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Carl Gunnar Fossdal
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Paal Krokene
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Martin M, Girona MM, Morin H. Driving factors of conifer regeneration dynamics in eastern Canadian boreal old-growth forests. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230221. [PMID: 32726307 PMCID: PMC7390400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Old-growth forests play a major role in conserving biodiversity, protecting water resources, and sequestrating carbon, as well as serving as indispensable resources for indigenous societies. Novel silvicultural practices must be developed to emulate the natural dynamics and structural attributes of old-growth forests and preserve the ecosystem services provided by these boreal ecosystems. The success of these forest management strategies depends on developing an accurate understanding of natural regeneration dynamics. Our goal was therefore to identify the main patterns and drivers involved in the regeneration dynamics of old-growth forests with a focus on boreal stands dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana (L.) Mill.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) in eastern Canada. We sampled 71 stands in a 2 200 km2 study area located within Quebec's boreal region. For each stand, we noted tree regeneration (seedlings and saplings), structural attributes (diameter distribution, deadwood volume, etc.), and abiotic (slope and soil) factors. The presence of seed-trees located nearby and slopes having moderate to high angles most influenced balsam fir regeneration. In contrast, the indirect indices of recent secondary disturbances (e.g., insect outbreaks or windthrows) and topographic constraints (slope and drainage) most influenced black spruce regeneration. We propose that black spruce regeneration dynamics can be separated into distinct phases: (i) layering within the understory, (ii) seedling growth when gaps open in the canopy, (iii) gradual canopy closure, and (iv) production of new layers once the canopy is closed. These dynamics are not observed in paludified stands or stands where balsam fir is more competitive than black spruce. Overall, this research helps explain the complexity of old-growth forest dynamics, where many ecological factors interact at multiple temporal and spatial scales. This study also improves our understanding of ecological processes within primary old-growth forests and identifies the key factors to consider when ensuring the sustainable management of old-growth boreal stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Martin
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Miguel Montoro Girona
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Amos, Canada
- Restoration Ecology Group, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hubert Morin
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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36
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Savard MM, Bégin C, Marion J. Response strategies of boreal spruce trees to anthropogenic changes in air quality and rising pCO 2. Environ Pollut 2020; 261:114209. [PMID: 32220752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how forests adjust their gas-exchange mode while atmospheric CO2 rises globally and air quality changes regionally. The present study aims at addressing this research gap for boreal spruce trees growing in three different regions of Canada, submitted to distinct levels of atmospheric emissions, by examining the amount of carbon gained per unit of water lost in trees, i.e., the intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Under pristine air quality conditions, middle-to long-term trends passed from no-reaction mode to passive strategies due to atmospheric CO2, and short-term iWUE variations mostly ensue from year-to-year climatic conditions. In contrast, in trees exposed to pollutants from a copper smelter and an oil-sands mining region, air quality deterioration generated swift, long-term iWUE rises immediately at the onset of operations. In this case, the very active foliar strategy sharply reduced the intra-foliar CO2 (Ci) pressure. Statistical modeling allowed identifying emissions as the main trigger for the iWUE swift shifts; subsequent combined effects of emissions and rising CO2 led to passive foliar modes in the recent decades, and short-term variations due to climatic conditions appeared all along the series. Overall, boreal trees under different regional conditions modified their foliar strategies mostly without changing their stem growth. These findings underline the potential of acidifying emissions for prompting major iWUE increases due to lowering the stomatal apertures in leaves, and the combined influence of rising CO2 in modulating other foliar responses. A fallout of this research is that degrading air quality may create true divergences in the relationship between tree-ring isotopes and climatic conditions, an impact to consider prior to using isotopic series for paleo-climatic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine M Savard
- Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, 490 de La Couronne, Québec (QC), G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Christian Bégin
- Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, 490 de La Couronne, Québec (QC), G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Joëlle Marion
- Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, 490 de La Couronne, Québec (QC), G1K 9A9, Canada
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LaMontagne JM, Pearse IS, Greene DF, Koenig WD. Mast seeding patterns are asynchronous at a continental scale. Nat Plants 2020; 6:460-465. [PMID: 32341539 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Resource pulses are rare events with a short duration and high magnitude that drive the dynamics of both plant and animal populations and communities1. Mast seeding is perhaps the most common type of resource pulse that occurs in terrestrial ecosystems2, is characterized by the synchronous and highly variable production of seed crops by a population of perennial plants3,4, is widespread both taxonomically and geographically5, and is often associated with nutrient scarcity6. The rare production of abundant seed crops (mast events) that are orders of magnitude greater than crops during low seed years leads to high reproductive success in seed consumers and has cascading impacts in ecosystems2,7. Although it has been suggested that mast seeding is potentially synchronized at continental scales8, studies are largely constrained to local areas covering tens to hundreds of kilometres. Furthermore, summer temperature, which acts as a cue for mast seeding9, shows patterns at continental scales manifested as a juxtaposition of positive and negative anomalies that have been linked to irruptive movements of boreal seed-eating birds10,11. Here, we show a breakdown in synchrony of mast seeding patterns across space, leading to asynchrony at the continental scale. In an analysis of synchrony for a transcontinental North America tree species spanning distances of greater than 5,200 km, we found that mast seeding patterns were significantly asynchronous at distances of greater than 2,000 km apart (all P < 0.05). Other studies have shown declines in synchrony across distance, but not asynchrony. Spatiotemporal variation in summer temperatures at the continental scale drives patterns of synchrony in mast seeding, and we anticipate that this affects the spatial dynamics of numerous seed-eating communities, from insects to small mammals to the large-scale migration patterns of boreal seed-eating birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian S Pearse
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL, USA
- Fort Collins Science Center, US Geological Survey, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - David F Greene
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Walter D Koenig
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Ovsyannikov AY, Koteyeva NK. Seasonal movement of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells of two Picea species. Protoplasma 2020; 257:183-195. [PMID: 31410588 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cold acclimation in evergreen conifers of temperate zone is associated with seasonal structural changes of mesophyll cells. Photoprotective reactions include the movement of chloroplasts from summer position when they are located along the cell walls to winter arrangement with their aggregation in one part of the cell. Special spatial arrangement of mesophyll in Picea species with chloroplasts located along the two opposite cell walls causes the very specific pattern of chloroplast movement. To reveal the intracellular apparatus involved in the seasonal organelle position changes, 3D reconstruction of mesophyll cell structure was applied. Two Picea species, P. obovata and P. pungens, from two geographic regions were studied in a 3-year course. The involvement of small transparent vacuoles in the development of cytoplasmic strands penetrating through the central vacuole and connecting two opposite lateral sides of the cell was shown. The nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles including chloroplasts move inwards the strand forming the cytoplasmic conglomerate enclosed by the vacuole at the cell center. Two Picea species have distinct differences in spatial organization of winter mesophyll cells and in structural events leading to its formation. Analysis of Picea species from two geographic regions over 3 years of monitoring reveals dependence of seasonal organelle movement on the dynamics of temperature decline in autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Ovsyannikov
- Institute Botanic Garden: Ural Branch Russian: Academy of Science, 8 Marta St., 202a, Yekaterinburg, 620144, Russia.
| | - N K Koteyeva
- Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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39
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Večeřová K, Večeřa Z, Mikuška P, Coufalík P, Oravec M, Dočekal B, Novotná K, Veselá B, Pompeiano A, Urban O. Temperature alters susceptibility of Picea abies seedlings to airborne pollutants: The case of CdO nanoparticles. Environ Pollut 2019; 253:646-654. [PMID: 31330356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although plants are often exposed to atmospheric nanoparticles (NPs), the mechanism of NP deposition and their effects on physiology and metabolism, and particularly in combination with other stressors, are not yet understood. Exploring interactions between stressors is particularly important for understanding plant responses in urban environments where elevated temperatures can be associated with air pollution. Accordingly, 3-year-old spruce seedlings were exposed for 2 weeks to aerial cadmium oxide (CdO) NPs of environmentally relevant size (8-62 nm) and concentration (2 × 105 cm-3). While half the seedlings were initially acclimated to high temperature (35 °C) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD; 2.81 kPa), the second half of the plants were left under non-stressed conditions (20 °C, 0.58 kPa). Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine Cd content in needles, while gas and liquid chromatography was used to determine changes in primary and secondary metabolites. Photosynthesis-related processes were explored with gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence systems. Our work supports the hypothesis that atmospheric CdO NPs penetrate into leaves but high temperature and VPD reduce such penetration due to stomatal closure. The hypothesis that atmospheric CdO NPs influences physiological and metabolic processes in plants was also confirmed. This impact strengthens with increasing time of exposure. Finally, we found evidence that plants acclimated to stress conditions have different sensitivity to CdO NPs compared to plants not so acclimated. These findings have important consequences for understanding impacts of global warming on plants and indicates that although the effects of elevated temperatures can be deleterious, this may limit other forms of plant stress associated with air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Večeřová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Večeřa
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 967/97, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mikuška
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 967/97, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Coufalík
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 967/97, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Dočekal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 967/97, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Novotná
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Veselá
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, CZ-656 91, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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40
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Abstract
The episodic production of large seed crops by some perennial plants (masting) is known to increase seed escape by alternately starving and swamping seed predators. These pulses of resources might also act as an agent of selection on the life histories of seed predators, which could indirectly enhance seed escape by inducing an evolutionary load on seed predator populations. We measured natural selection on litter size of female North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) across 28 years and five white spruce (Picea glauca) masting events. Observed litter sizes were similar to optimum litter sizes during nonmast years but were well below optimum litter sizes during mast years. Mast events therefore caused selection for larger litters ( β'=0.25 ) and a lag load ( L=0.25 ) on red squirrels during mast years. Reduced juvenile recruitment associated with this lag load increased the number of spruce cones escaping squirrel predation. Although offspring and parents often experienced opposite environments with respect to the mast, we found no effect of environmental mismatches across generations on either offspring survival or population growth. Instead, squirrels plastically increased litter sizes in anticipation of mast events, which partially, although not completely, reduced the lag load resulting from this change in food availability. These results therefore suggest that in addition to ecological and behavioral effects on seed predators, mast seed production can further enhance seed escape by inducing maladaptation in seed predators through fluctuations in optimal trait values.
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Ding Y, Zang R, Huang J, Xu Y, Lu X, Guo Z, Ren W. Intraspecific trait variation and neighborhood competition drive community dynamics in an old-growth spruce forest in northwest China. Sci Total Environ 2019; 678:525-532. [PMID: 31078842 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the factors driving the growth and mortality of trees is important for understanding the mechanisms of forest dynamics. Here, we studied the growth and survival of trees ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) in a 15-ha temperate coniferous old growth forest plot in northwest China. We examined the relative importance of abiotic (i.e., soil nutrient and topographic) and biotic variables (i.e., tree size, competition intensity, and wood density of each individual) on the growth and mortality Picea schrenkiana, the dominant species in this forest. We found a high mortality rate and a low recruitment rate for P. schrenkiana over a period of six years. The total abundance and basal area of this species decreased, respectively. Overall, nearly 10% of P. schrenkiana individuals died. Our models of mortality had relatively low explanatory power (3% for all trees and 5% for trees <30 cm DBH), while growth models had moderate explanatory power. The growth of P. schrenkiana trees more strongly correlated with biotic factors (i.e., competition and trait) than abiotic factors (i.e., soil nutrients and topography). Overall, DBH, neighborhood crowding index (NCI), wood density (WD), and convexity explained 26% of the variation in the relative growth rate (RGR) of P. schrenkiana trees. The majority of this variation was explained by DBH alone. For trees with DBH <30 cm, DBH, NCI, WD, convexity, and slope) explained 29% of variation in RGR. In contrast, models of the absolute growth rate (AGR) of all P. schrenkiana trees only explained 3% of variation. For trees <30 cm DBH, NCI, WD, and slope explained 21% variation in AGR and the main part was explained by intraspecific variation in WD. Ultimately, our results highlight the importance of intraspecific variation in traits and competition when exploring demographic process in low-density and species-poor forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment, and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment, and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jihong Huang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment, and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment, and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinghui Lu
- School of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhongjun Guo
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Xinjiang Forestry Academy, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Xinjiang Forestry School, Urumqi 830026, China
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42
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Ranade SS, Delhomme N, García-Gil MR. Transcriptome analysis of shade avoidance and shade tolerance in conifers. Planta 2019; 250:299-318. [PMID: 31028482 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gymnosperms respond differently to light intensity and R:FR; although some aspects of shade response appear conserved, yet underlying mechanisms seem to be diverse in gymnosperms as compared to angiosperms. Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) is well-characterized in the shade intolerant model species Arabidopsis thaliana whereas much less is known about shade tolerance response (STR), yet regulation of SAS and STR with reference to conifers remains poorly understood. We conducted a comparative study of two conifer species with contrasting responses to shade, Scots pine (shade-intolerant) and Norway spruce (shade-tolerant), with the aim to understand mechanisms behind SAS and STR in conifers. Pine and spruce seedlings were grown under controlled light and shade conditions, and hypocotyl and seedling elongation following different light treatments were determined in both species as indicators of shade responses. Red to far-red light ratio (R:FR) was shown to trigger the shade response in Norway spruce. In Scots pine, we observed an interaction between R:FR and light intensity. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data revealed that SAS and STR responses included changes in expression of genes involved primarily in hormone signalling and pigment biosynthesis. From the RNA-Seq analysis, we propose that although some aspects of shade response appear to be conserved in angiosperms and gymnosperms, yet the underlying mechanisms may be different in gymnosperms that warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sachin Ranade
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - María Rosario García-Gil
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
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43
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Breygina M, Maksimov N, Polevova S, Evmenyeva A. Bipolar pollen germination in blue spruce (Picea pungens). Protoplasma 2019; 256:941-949. [PMID: 30788602 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-01333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct growth of a pollen tube is an effective mechanism of sperm delivery characteristic for the majority of seed plants. In most cases, only one tube grows from one grain to perform the delivery function; meanwhile in Picea the appearance of two tubes from a single pollen grain is quite common during in vitro germination. Here, we describe the phenomenon of bipolar germination and test two hypotheses on its nature and possible role in gametophyte functioning. The hypothesis on "trophic" function of multiple tubes provoked by poor nutrition discussed in literature was not confirmed by in vitro growth tests; bipolar germination strongly decreased with lowering sucrose availability. The highest proportion of bipolar germination occurred in optimal conditions. We then assumed that bipolar germination occurs because turgor pressure is a non-directional force and effective systems of cell wall mechanical regulation are lacking. In hypertonic medium, bipolar germination was sufficiently lower than in isotonic medium, which was consistent with prediction of the «mechanical» hypothesis. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy analysis of pollen morphology and cell wall dynamics during both types of germination showed that the appearance of a single tube or bipolar germination depends on the extension of exine rupture. Cell wall softening by short-term ·OH treatment sufficiently decreased the percent of bipolar germination without affecting total germination efficiency. We concluded that mechanical properties of the cell wall and turgor pressure could shift the balance towards one of the germination patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Breygina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - N Maksimov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - S Polevova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A Evmenyeva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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44
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Wang SL, Wang XY, Gai XR, Dai LM, Zhou WM, Zhou L, Yu DP. [Interspecific difference of relationship between radial growth and climate factor for Larix olgensis and Picea jezoensis var. komarovii in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China.]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2019; 30:1529-1535. [PMID: 31107008 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201905.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the responses of radial growth of different tree species to climate change and its stability, we explored the relationships between radial growth and climate factors of larch (Larix olgensis) and spruce (Picea jezoensis var. komarovii) distributed at high altitude (1600-1750 m) on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, using the chronological method. The results showed that the growth of larch was significantly positively correlated with the maximum temperature in June and negatively correlated with the precipitation in June. The radial growth of spruce was significantly positively correlated with the maximum temperature in May. Results from redundancy analysis showed that larch growth was mainly affected by summer temperature, while spruce growth was significantly restricted by spring temperature. During 1959-2014, the relationship between larch growth and summer temperature was relatively stable. For spruce, the correlation between radial growth and spring temperatures had gradually weakened since 1986, mainly due to the growth slowdown because of decreased maximum air temperature. Our results provide theoretical references for predicting the growth response of conifers at Changbai Mountain region in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou le Wang
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Yu Wang
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xue Rui Gai
- School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Li Min Dai
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wang Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Da Pao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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45
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Darenova E, Szatniewska J, Acosta M, Pavelka M. Variability of stem CO2 efflux response to temperature over the diel period. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:877-887. [PMID: 30597110 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study presents results from continuous measurements of stem CO2 efflux carried out for seven growing seasons in a young Norway spruce forest. The objective of the study was to determine differences in temperature sensitivity of stem CO2 efflux (Q10) during night (when sap flow is zero or nearly zero), during early afternoon (when the maximum rate of sap flow occurs) and during two transition periods between the aforementioned periods. The highest Q10 was recorded during the period of zero sap flow, while the lowest Q10 was observed in period of the highest sap flow. Calculating Q10 using only data from the period of zero sap flow resulted in a Q10 that was higher by as much as 19% compared with Q10 calculated using 24 h data. On the other hand, basing the calculation on data from the period of the highest sap flow yielded 5.6% lower Q10 than if 24 h data were used. Considering that change in CO2 efflux lagged in time behind changing stem temperature, there was only a small effect on calculated Q10 for periods with zero and the highest sap flow. A larger effect of the time lag (by as much as 15%) was observed for the two transition periods. Stem CO2 efflux was modelled based on the night CO2 efflux response to temperature. This model had a tendency to overestimate CO2 efflux during daytime, thus indicating potential daytime depression of stem CO2 efflux compared with the values predicated on the basis of temperature caused by CO2 transport upward in the sap flow. This view was supported by our results inasmuch as the overestimation grew with sap flow that was modelled on the basis of photosynthetically active radiation and vapour pressure deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Darenova
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, v.v.i., Belidla 4a, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Justyna Szatniewska
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, v.v.i., Belidla 4a, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manuel Acosta
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, v.v.i., Belidla 4a, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Pavelka
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, v.v.i., Belidla 4a, Brno, Czech Republic
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46
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Cuny HE, Fonti P, Rathgeber CBK, von Arx G, Peters RL, Frank DC. Couplings in cell differentiation kinetics mitigate air temperature influence on conifer wood anatomy. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:1222-1232. [PMID: 30326549 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Conifer trees possess a typical anatomical tree-ring structure characterized by a transition from large and thin-walled earlywood tracheids to narrow and thick-walled latewood tracheids. However, little is known on how this characteristic structure is maintained across contrasting environmental conditions, due to its crucial role to ensure sap ascent and mechanical support. In this study, we monitored weekly wood cell formation for up to 7 years in two temperate conifer species (i.e., Picea abies (L.) Karst and Larix decidua Mill.) across an 8°C thermal gradient from 800 to 2,200 m a.s.l. in central Europe to investigate the impact of air temperature on rate and duration of wood cell formation. Results indicated that towards colder sites, forming tracheids compensate a decreased rate of differentiation (cell enlarging and wall thickening) by an extended duration, except for the last cells of the latewood in the wall-thickening phase. This compensation allows conifer trees to mitigate the influence of air temperature on the final tree-ring structure, with important implications for the functioning and resilience of the xylem to varying environmental conditions. The disappearing compensation in the thickening latewood cells might also explain the higher climatic sensitivity usually found in maximum latewood density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri E Cuny
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- IGN, Direction Interrégionale Nord-Est, Champigneulles, France
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Richard L Peters
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Botanik, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David C Frank
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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47
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Deslauriers A, Fournier MP, Cartenì F, Mackay J. Phenological shifts in conifer species stressed by spruce budworm defoliation. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:590-605. [PMID: 30597102 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synchrony between host budburst and insect emergence greatly influences the time window for insect development and survival. A few alterations of bud phenology have been reported under defoliation without clear consensus regarding the direction of effects, i.e., advance or delay. Here, we compared budburst phenology between conifers in defoliation and control treatments, and measured carbon allocation as a potential mechanistic explanation of changes in phenology. In a 2-year greenhouse experiment, saplings of balsam fir, black spruce and white spruce of two different provenances (north and south) were subjected to either control (no larvae) or natural defoliation treatment (larvae added) by spruce budworm. Bud and instar phenology, primary and secondary growth, defoliation and non-structural carbohydrates were studied during the growing season. No differences were observed in bud phenology during the first year of defoliation. After 1 year of defoliation, bud phenology advanced by 6-7 days in black spruce and balsam fir and by 3.5 days in white spruce compared with the control. Because of this earlier bud break, apical and shoot growth exceeded 50% of its final length before mature instar defoliation occurred, which decreased the overall level of damage. A sugar-mediated response, via earlier starch breakdown, and higher sugar availability to buds explains the advanced budburst in defoliated saplings. The advanced phenological response to defoliation was consistent across the conifer species and provenances except for one species × provenance combination. Allocation of carbon to buds and shoots growth at the expense of wood growth in the stem and reserve accumulation represents a shift in the physiological resources priorities to ensure tree survival. This advancement in bud phenology could be considered as a physiological response to defoliation based on carbohydrate needs for primary growth, rather than a resistance trait to spruce budworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Deslauriers
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Fournier
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Cartenì
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - John Mackay
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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48
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Koyama LA, Kielland K. Black spruce assimilates nitrate in boreal winter. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:536-543. [PMID: 30462316 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Winter has long been considered a dormant season in boreal forests regarding plant physiological activity such as nutrient acquisition. However, biogeochemical data clearly show that soil can remain unfrozen with substantial rates of nutrient transformation for several weeks following autumn snowfall. Here we examined nitrate (NO3--N) assimilation by black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns and Poggenb.) during summer and winter in Interior Alaska to test our hypothesis that this boreal species is able to assimilate NO3--N, even at the very low temperatures typical of early winter. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was measured in current year needles and fine roots of black spruce as an indicator of NO3--N assimilation in the summer and winter at two boreal forest sites. Nitrate concentration in the needles and roots were also measured to determine whether NO3--N was available in plant tissue for the enzyme. Nitrate reductase activity and NO3--N were detected in needles and roots in the winter as well as the summer. The results of a generalized linear mixed model showed that season had minimal effects on NRA and NO3--N concentration in this species. Additionally, the effect of incubation temperature for the NRA assays was tested at 30 °C and -3 °C for samples collected in the winter. Substantial enzyme activity was detected in winter-collected samples, even in incubations conducted at -3 °C. These results indicate that this dominant tree species in the boreal forests of Interior Alaska, black spruce, has the capacity to assimilate NO3--N below freezing temperatures, suggesting that the physiological activity required for nitrogen (N) resource acquisition may extend beyond the typical growing season. Our findings coupled to biogeochemical evidence for high microbial activity under the snow also indicate that winter N acquisition should be taken into account when estimating the annual N budgets of boreal forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina A Koyama
- Laboratory of Biosphere Informatics, Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Knut Kielland
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Jensen AM, Warren JM, King AW, Ricciuto DM, Hanson PJ, Wullschleger SD. Simulated projections of boreal forest peatland ecosystem productivity are sensitive to observed seasonality in leaf physiology†. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:556-572. [PMID: 30668859 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We quantified seasonal CO2 assimilation capacities for seven dominant vascular species in a wet boreal forest peatland then applied data to a land surface model parametrized to the site (ELM-SPRUCE) to test if seasonality in photosynthetic parameters results in differences in simulated plant responses to elevated CO2 and temperature. We collected seasonal leaf-level gas exchange, nutrient content and stand allometric data from the field-layer community (i.e., Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda), understory shrubs (Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron and Judd, Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench., Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. and Vaccinium angustifolium Alton.) and overstory trees (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. and Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch). We found significant interspecific seasonal differences in specific leaf area, nitrogen content (by area; Na) and photosynthetic parameters (i.e., maximum rates of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax25°C), electron transport (Jmax25°C) and dark respiration (Rd25°C)), but minimal correlation between foliar Na and Vcmax25°C, Jmax25°C or Rd25°C, which illustrates that nitrogen alone is not a good correlate for physiological processes such as Rubisco activity that can change seasonally in this system. ELM-SPRUCE was sensitive to the introduction of observed interspecific seasonality in Vcmax25°C, Jmax25°C and Rd25°C, leading to simulated enhancement of net primary production (NPP) using seasonally dynamic parameters as compared with use of static parameters. This pattern was particularly pronounced under simulations with higher temperature and elevated CO2, suggesting a key hypothesis to address with future empirical or observational studies as climate changes. Inclusion of species-specific seasonal photosynthetic parameters should improve estimates of boreal ecosystem-level NPP, especially if impacts of seasonal physiological ontogeny can be separated from seasonal thermal acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Jensen
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Anthony W King
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel M Ricciuto
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Climate Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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Elleouet JS, Aitken SN. Long-distance pollen dispersal during recent colonization favors a rapid but partial recovery of genetic diversity in Picea sitchensis. New Phytol 2019; 222:1088-1100. [PMID: 30485444 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tree species in the northern hemisphere are currently subject to rapid anthropogenic climate change and are shifting their ranges in response. This prompts questions about the mechanisms allowing tree populations to respond quickly to selection pressures when establishing into new areas. Focusing on the northern expanding range edge of Picea sitchensis, a widespread conifer of western North America, we ask how genetic structure and diversity develop during colonization, and assess the role of demographic history in shaping the evolutionary trajectory of an establishing population. We combined 500 yr of tree-ring and genotyping-by-sequencing data in 639 trees at the expansion front on the Kodiak Archipelago. We show that alleles accumulated rapidly during an increase in recruitment rate in the early 1700s. A shift from foreign to local pollen flow subsequently homogenized genetic structure at the expansion front. Taking advantage of the exceptional longevity of conifers, we highlight the major role of long-distance pollen dispersal in the rapid but incomplete recovery of genetic diversity during the initial stages of colonization. We also warn that slow initial population growth as well as long-lasting dominance of local gene flow by early founders could increase evolutionary load under a rapidly changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joane S Elleouet
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
| | - Sally N Aitken
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
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