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Khalid A, Abbasi NA, Jamil N, Syed JH, Ahmad SR, Qadir A. Level of polychlorinated biphenyls in tumor and blood serum of breast cancer patients and control subjects from Punjab, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2024; 926:171908. [PMID: 38527533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The current study examined the level of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in tumor and blood serum of female breast cancer patients and control individuals recruited from Punjab, Pakistan. Breast tumor and blood serum from 40 patients and only blood serum from ten control subjects were obtained and concentration of 32 PCB congeners was analyzed through Gas chromatography coupled with Mass spectrophotometry. Sociodemographic variables of the patients along with essential clinical and haematological parameters were taken as covariates. Tumor reflects the highest median (min-max) concentration (ng g-1 lw) of ƩPCBs at 115.94 (0.05-17.75) followed by 16.53 (0.09-2.94) and 5.24 (0.01-0.59) in blood serum of cancer patients and control group respectively. Median concentrations (ng g-1 lw) of non-dioxine like ƩPCBs were considerably higher at 83.04, 32.89 and 4.27 compared to 13.03 and 3.50 and 0.97 for dioxin like ƩPCBs in tumor, serum of breast cancer patients and control subjects respectively. PCB-87 was most dominant congeners in tumor followed by PCB-170 and -82 whereas PCB-28 and -52 reflected greatest contribution in serum of breast cancer patients. Blood haemoglobin, potassium and chloride ions showed significant positive whereas body mass index reflect inverse relationship when regressed with ƩPCBs in tumor. This pioneer study depicts elevated concentrations of PCBs in patients compared to control, reflecting potential positive association of PCBs with breast cancer which need further confirmation. We concluded that chronic exposure to PCBs might be associated with an increasing number of breast cancer incidences in developing countries like Pakistan, which should be further elucidated through detail in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khalid
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - N A Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - N Jamil
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - J H Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S R Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Li Q, Li Y, Pu Q, Yang H, Du M, Li X, Li Y, Li X. Exposure estimation and neurotoxicity inhibition of dioxins in sensitive populations near domestic waste incineration plant through adverse outcome pathway. J Hazard Mater 2024; 469:134066. [PMID: 38522193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity induced by dioxins has been recognized as a serious concern to sensitive population living near waste incineration plants. However, investigating the intracellular neurotoxicity of dioxin in humans and the corresponding mitigation strategies has been barely studied. Thus, a domestic waste incineration plant was selected in this study to characterize the neurotoxicity risks of sensitive populations by estimating the ratio of dioxin in human cells using membrane structure dynamics simulation; and constructing a complete dioxin neurotoxicity adverse outcome pathway considering the binding process of AhR/ARNT dimer protein and dioxin response element (DRE). Six dioxins with high neurotoxicity risk were identified. According to the composite neurotoxicity risk analysis, the highest composite neurotoxicity risk appeared when the six dioxins were jointly exposed. Dietary schemes were designed using 1/2 partial factor experimental design to mitigate the composite neurotoxicity risk of six dioxins and No. 16 was screened as the optimum combination which can effectively alleviate the composite neurotoxicity risk by 29.52%. Mechanism analysis shows that the interaction between AhR/ARNT dimer protein and DRE was inhibited under the optimal dietary scheme. This study provides theoretical feasibility and reference significance for assessing composite toxicity risks of pollutants and safety mitigation measures for toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yunxiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qikun Pu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3×5, Canada.
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3
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Subramanian MP, Eaton DB, Labilles UL, Heiden BT, Chang SH, Yan Y, Schoen MW, Patel MR, Kreisel D, Nava RG, Thomas TS, Meyers BF, Kozower BD, Puri V. Exposure to Agent Orange is associated with increased recurrence after surgical treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024; 167:1591-1600.e2. [PMID: 37709166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Approximately 3 million Americans served in the armed forces during the Vietnam War. Veterans have a higher incidence rate of lung cancer compared with the general population, which may be related to exposures sustained during service. Agent Orange, one of the tactical herbicides used by the armed forces as a means of destroying crops and clearing vegetation, has been linked to the development of several cancers including non-small cell lung cancer. However, traditional risk models of lung cancer survival and recurrence often do not include such exposures. We aimed to examine the relationship between Agent Orange exposure and overall survival and disease recurrence for surgically treated stage I non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study using a uniquely compiled dataset of US Veterans with pathologic I non-small cell lung cancer. We included adult patients who served in the Vietnam War and underwent surgical resection between 2010 and 2016. Our 2 comparison groups included those with identified Agent Orange exposure and those who were unexposed. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards and Fine and Gray competing risk analyses to examine overall survival and disease recurrence for patients with pathologic stage I disease, respectively. RESULTS A total of 3958 Vietnam Veterans with pathologic stage I disease were identified (994 who had Agent Orange exposure and 2964 who were unexposed). Those who had Agent Orange exposure were more likely to be male, to be White, and to live a further distance from their treatment facility (P < .05). Tumor size distribution, grade, and histology were similar between cohorts. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling identified similar overall survival between cohorts (Agent Orange exposure hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.86-1.09). Patients who had Agent Orange exposure had a 19% increased risk of disease recurrence (hazard ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.40). CONCLUSIONS Veterans with known Agent Orange exposure who undergo surgical treatment for stage I non-small cell lung cancer have an approximately 20% increased risk of disease recurrence compared with their nonexposed counterparts. Agent Orange exposure should be taken into consideration when determining treatment and surveillance regimens for Veteran patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Subramanian
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo.
| | - Daniel B Eaton
- Veterans Affairs St Louis Health Care System, St Louis, Mo
| | | | - Brendan T Heiden
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Su-Hsin Chang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Yan Yan
- Veterans Affairs St Louis Health Care System, St Louis, Mo; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Martin W Schoen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Mayank R Patel
- Veterans Affairs St Louis Health Care System, St Louis, Mo
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Ruben G Nava
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Theodore S Thomas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Bryan F Meyers
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Benjamin D Kozower
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Varun Puri
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
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Wang R, Lin Y, Le S, Lu D, Gao L, Feng C, Wang G, Xiao P. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in breast milk in Shanghai, China: Occurrence, characteristics, and risk assessment. Environ Pollut 2024; 347:123690. [PMID: 38452837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
As novel contaminants, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) have been of great concern in the past several years. Shanghai was one of the provinces with the largest chlorinated paraffins (CPs) emission in China; nevertheless, there is currently little information on the human exposure to SCCPs and MCCPs, particularly MCCPs. In this study, 25 breast milk samples were collected in Shanghai from 2016 to 2017. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were determined using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC × GC-orbitrap-HRMS) to investigate their characteristics and assess the associated health risks for breast-fed infants. Compared with the previous studies in other areas, the current study presented the higher CPs concentrations, with median concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs up to 771 and 125 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. The exposure profiles of the CPs were characterized by C10 and Cl6-7 as the predominant congeners of SCCPs, while C14 and Cl7-9 were identified as the dominant groups of MCCPs. CP-42 and CP-52 were identified as potential sources of CPs found in breast milk samples collected in Shanghai. The concentrations of MCCPs exhibited a positive correlation (p value < 0.05) with the dietary consumption of meat and poultry. No significant positive correlations were observed for SCCPs and MCCPs with polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) congeners. A preliminary exposure assessment showed that SCCPs in breast milk potentially posed high risks to the breast-fed infants in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Yuanjie Lin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Sunyang Le
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Chao Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Ping Xiao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention/State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200336, China.
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Taylor MD, Langdon KA, Smith JA, Stevenson G, Edge K. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in fish and crustaceans of a recreationally fished estuary, following targeted remediation. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:171089. [PMID: 38387567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) are a suite of harmful chemicals (hereafter collectively referred to as 'dioxins'), and their emission into aquatic habitats leads to persistent contamination of sediments, aquatic food-webs, and seafoods. Quantifying contaminant levels in seafood species is important for the ongoing management of exposure risk by fishers, particularly after any remediation actions. We present dioxin concentrations in four seafood species (Yellowfin Bream Acanthopagrus australis, Sea Mullet Mugil cephalus, Eastern School Prawn Metapenaeus macleayi, and Eastern King Prawn Penaeus plebejus) in a recreationally fished estuary, in relation to a contaminated site that has undergone a remediation process, partially removing contaminated sediments (Homebush Bay, Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia). Dioxin concentrations in these species were measured before (2005/6) and after (2015/16) remediation at a range of locations in and around the remediated site. Dioxin concentrations and congener profiles differed substantially among taxa, and concentrations were frequently higher than Australian screening criteria. The two prawn species showed evidence of a decline in dioxin concentrations after remediation, but the fish species only showed a declining dioxin concentration with distance from the contaminated site (not between periods). There were some minor changes in the congener profile for some species following remediation. While there was evidence for greatly reduced dioxin concentrations in prawn species following remediation, the complex patterns for fish were likely affected by environmental changes, species-specific and temporal changes in lipid content, and animal movement patterns. Future monitoring may aid interpretation of the patterns and modelling of exposure risk associated with seafood consumption into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Taylor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay, New South Wales 2315, Australia; School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Kate A Langdon
- Environment Protection Science, New South Wales Department of Planning and Environment, 480 Weeroona Road, Lidcombe, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - James A Smith
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 1, Nelson Bay, New South Wales 2315, Australia
| | - Gavin Stevenson
- National Measurement Institute, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, 105 Delhi Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Katelyn Edge
- Environment Protection Science, New South Wales Department of Planning and Environment, 480 Weeroona Road, Lidcombe, New South Wales 2141, Australia
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Behnisch P, Besselink H, Suzuki G, Buchinger S, Reifferscheid G, Lukas M, Wollenweber M, Wollenweber S, Hollert H, Kunisue T, Tue NM, Alijagic A, Larsson M, Engwall M, Ohno K, Brouwer A. Results of an international interlaboratory study on dioxin-like activities in drinking-, river surface- and wastewater using DR CALUX bioassay. Sci Total Environ 2024; 920:170759. [PMID: 38336065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic animals and consumers of aquatic animals are exposed to increasingly complex mixtures of known and as-yet-unknown chemicals with dioxin-like toxicities in the water cycle. Effect- and cell-based bioanalysis can cover known and yet unknown dioxin and dioxin-like compounds as well as complex mixtures thereof but need to be standardized and integrated into international guidelines for environmental testing. In an international laboratory testing (ILT) following ISO/CD 24295 as standard procedure for rat cell-based DR CALUX un-spiked and spiked extracts of drinking-, surface-, and wastewater were validated to generate precision data for the development of the full ISO-standard. We found acceptable repeatability and reproducibility ranges below 36 % by DR CALUX bioassay for the tested un-spiked and spiked water of different origins. The presence of 17 PCDD/Fs and 12 dioxin-like PCBs was also confirmed by congener-specific GC-HRMS analysis. We compared the sum of dioxin-like activity levels measured by DR CALUX bioassay (expressed in 2,3,7,8-TCDD Bioanalytical Equivalents, BEQ; ISO 23196, 2022) with the obtained GC-HRMS chemical analysis results converted to toxic equivalents (TEQ; van den Berg et al., 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Behnisch
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Harrie Besselink
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Marcus Lukas
- Wastewater Analysis, Monitoring Methods, German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Wollenweber
- Goethe University Frankfurt/Main (GU), Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Simone Wollenweber
- Goethe University Frankfurt/Main (GU), Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Goethe University Frankfurt/Main (GU), Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Department Environmental Media Related Ecotoxicology, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Andi Alijagic
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University (ORU), SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University (ORU), SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University (ORU), SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kayo Ohno
- Center of International Cooperation and Environmental Technologies of the Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry (JEMAI), 3-1, Uchisaiwaicho 1-chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam (VU), Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Amani Room S, Huang KT, Pan SY, Chen PJ, Hsu YC, Chi KH. Health assessment of emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in PM 2.5 in northern and central Taiwan. Chemosphere 2024; 353:141573. [PMID: 38428532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, Taiwan has effectively diminished atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) through the adept utilization of advanced technologies and the implementation of air pollution control devices. Despite this success, there exists a dearth of data regarding the levels of other PM2.5-bound organic pollutants and their associated health risks. To address this gap, our study comprehensively investigates the spatial and seasonal variations, potential sources, and health risks of PCDD/Fs, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCNs) in Northern and Central Taiwan. Sampling collections were conducted at three specific locations, including six municipal waste incinerators in Northern Taiwan, as well as a traffic and an industrial site in Central Taiwan. As a result, the highest mean values of PM2.5 (20.3-39.6 μg/m3) were observed at traffic sites, followed by industrial sites (14.4-39.3 μg/m3), and the vicinity of the municipal waste incinerator (12.4-29.4 μg/m3). Additionally, PCDD/Fs and PCBs exhibited discernible seasonal fluctuations, displaying higher concentrations in winter (7.53-11.9 and 0.09-0.12 fg I-TEQWHO/m3) and spring (7.02-13.7 and 0.11-0.16 fg I-TEQWHO/m3) compared to summer and autumn. Conversely, PCNs displayed no significant seasonal variations, with peak values observed in winter (0.05-0.10 fg I-TEQWHO/m3) and spring (0.03-0.08 fg I-TEQWHO/m3). Utilizing a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, sintering plants emerged as the predominant contributors to PCDD/Fs, constituting 77.9% of emissions. Woodchip boilers (68.3%) and municipal waste incinerators (21.0%) were identified as primary contributors to PCBs, while municipal waste incinerators (64.6%) along with a secondary copper and a copper sludge smelter (22.1%) were the principal sources of PCNs. Moreover, the study specified that individuals aged 19-70 in Northern Taiwan and those under the age of 12 years in Central Taiwan were found to have a significantly higher cancer risk, with values ranging from 9.26 x 10-9-1.12 x 10-7 and from 2.50 x 10-8-2.08 x 10-7respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzada Amani Room
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Kai Ting Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Shih Yu Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Po Jui Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Yuam-Cheng Hsu
- National Environmental Research Academy, Ministry of Environment, Taoyuan, 330, Taiwan
| | - Kai Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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Dong S, Wu X, Zhang S, Cao J, Huang N, Zou Y, Liu P, Gu X, Zheng X, Wang P. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in freshwater fish from Beijing markets: Species-specific differences, effects of cooking, and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2024; 917:170605. [PMID: 38307290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Fish are an important source of human dietary exposure to polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The occurrence and sources of PCNs in different species of freshwater fish are unknown, and few studies have assessed human exposure risks to PCNs through freshwater fish. In this study, 140 freshwater fish samples from 10 species were collected from Beijing markets, China. The Σ75CNs concentration range in the fish was 20.7-1310 pg/g wet weight (ww). The highest median Σ75PCNs concentration (80.4 pg/g ww) was found in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), and the lowest (29.6 pg/g ww) in snakehead (Channa argus). Di- and tri-CNs were the dominant PCN homologues with contributions of 35.3 % and 30.8 %, respectively. Unintentionally produced PCNs from metal smelting might be the source of PCN contamination in freshwater fish. The cooking temperature and time did not significantly affect the PCN concentrations in fish or the PCN homologue profiles. The highest toxic equivalent (TEQ) value was observed in sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), followed by mandarin fish. Hexa-CNs were the most abundant homologue for the PCN TEQs. A risk assessment indicated that the dietary exposure risks for local residents to PCNs through freshwater fish were low. However, the relatively high concentrations of PCNs in the samples deserve attention to avoid PCNs exposure risks for groups with high fish consumption rates. Furthermore, freshwater fish likely contain a mixture of contaminants including dioxin and furans which also display a similar mode of toxicity as the PCNs and could enhance the risk to fish consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingyi Wu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Huang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Comprehensive Test Center, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Puying Liu
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiaoyao Gu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Comprehensive Test Center, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Xue Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Comprehensive Test Center, Beijing 100123, China.
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Pajurek M, Warenik-Bany M, Mikolajczyk S. Feed materials - Levels and characteristic profiles of dioxins and PCBs. Sci Total Environ 2024; 916:170227. [PMID: 38246369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Dioxins (PCDD/PCDF) are toxic compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment; although present in low concentrations, they are persistent and highly toxic and they bioaccumulate in food chains. Therefore, it is very important that feed is free of these types of contaminants, because otherwise they can become a source that can negatively affect animal health and the safety of food of animal origin. The aim of the study was to comprehensively assess the concentrations of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a variety of feed materials available on the Polish market. In addition, characteristic profiles of congeners for given categories of feeds were investigated and defined. Approximately 95 % of the 523 samples of various feed materials tested over seven years (2013-2018 and 2022) met the requirements of European Union feed law (Commission Regulation 277/2012/EU). The highest average PCDD/PCDF/dl-PCB concentrations were found in fish oils and meal and were respectively 1.17 ± 0.78 and 5.51 ± 4.51 ng WHO-TEQ/kg of feed at 12 % moisture. Median and background level concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs, dl-PCBs, PCDD/PCDF/dl-PCBs, and ndl-PCBs were significantly lower than their average concentrations for each individual feed material category. The WHO-TEQ profiles enabled the identification of three different characteristic profiles in feed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pajurek
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, NRL for halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in food and feed, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - M Warenik-Bany
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, NRL for halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in food and feed, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - S Mikolajczyk
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, NRL for halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in food and feed, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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10
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Ye C, Tu Y, Ling H, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhang R, Zhang X. Occurrence, physicochemical properties and environmental behavior of polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes: A comprehensive review and future perspectives. Environ Res 2024; 245:118007. [PMID: 38154561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs) are a form of emerging pollutant that has attracted great attention due to their structural resemblance to dioxins, which cast detrimental influence on the ecosystem and human health. This review shows the current status of research on PCDTs, focusing on their environmental occurrence, physicochemical properties, environmental behavior, and toxicity. Studies have suggested that the steps leading to the formation of PCDTs resemble those generating polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), indicating their probable origin from the same sources. Furthermore, they may undergo a dechlorination process as a result of their photodegradation in the environment and metabolic reaction occurring within organisms, which could result in the conversion of these substances into additional pollutants like dibenzothiophene. PCDTs exist widely in the environmental media and have high logKOW values (>4.0), indicating their tendency to bioaccumulate. Moreover, the prediction results of EPI (Estimation Program Interface) Suite demonstrated a strong accumulation capacity for tetra-CDTs in fish compared to other chlorinated PCDTs. The biotransformation half-life of PCDTs would prolong with an increasing number of substituted Cl atoms in fish. A limited number of studies have also suggested that PCDTs can cause damage to the liver and immune system in living organisms, and the toxicity of PCDTs depends on the number and position of substituted Cl atoms. Future studies should be conducted on processes causing PCDT toxicity as well as their behavior and fate in actual environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmeng Ye
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Environmental Protection Group Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Nanjing 210036, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China
| | - Yong Tu
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Environmental Protection Group Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Nanjing 210036, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China
| | - Hong Ling
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Environmental Protection Group Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Nanjing 210036, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Environmental Protection Group Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Nanjing 210036, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Environmental Protection Group Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Nanjing 210036, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui Hefei 230601, China.
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11
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Ajay SV, Prathish KP. Dioxins emissions from bio-medical waste incineration: A systematic review on emission factors, inventories, trends and health risk studies. J Hazard Mater 2024; 465:133384. [PMID: 38176262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 has aggravated the biomedical waste generation all over the world and the concern for its safe disposal is on the rise. The vast majority of healthcare systems employ incineration as their treatment method considering its agility to reduce the waste volume by up to 95-96% and high-temperature inactivation of infectious biological materials. However, incinerator emission is a significant contributor of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) according to various national inventories across the globe. Bio-Medical Waste Incinerators (BMWIs) are the dominant form of incinerator plants in developing nations and hence BMWI emissions were found to contribute lion's share of national dioxins inventories in most of these countries. The Stockholm Convention on POPs played a key role in imbibing significant urge on the dl-POPs monitoring studies of incinerators internationally and on controlling the average incinerator emission levels. Though many national/international agencies endorse a stringent incinerator stack emission standard of 0.1 ngTEQ/Nm3, there are some differences observed in nation-to-nation regulatory scenarios. This paper reviews and reports on the dioxins emission and health risk studies associated with bio-medical waste incineration over the last three decades (1990-2020) with a comprehensive spatial and temporal emission trend analysis. An overview of important national and international regulations, national inventories and emission factors for the biomedical waste incineration sector is also reviewed in detail. The study observes that continuous regulatory monitoring and logical relaxations can enhance the performance of the existing facilities ensuring low emissions and minimal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Ajay
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - K P Prathish
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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12
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Tang M, Wang L, Li H, Huang X, Du C, Lu S. Promoting effect of FeOx addition on the mechanochemically prepared vanadium-based catalyst for real PCDD/Fs removal and mechanism insight. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:478-487. [PMID: 37980032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Industrial-use VOx-based catalysts usually have a higher active temperature window (> 250-300°C), which becomes a "bottleneck" for the practical application of PCDD/Fs catalytic degradation technology. In this work, VOx-FeOx/TiO2 catalyst prepared via mechanochemically method was investigated for the catalytic removal of PCDD/Fs. The removal efficiency of 1,2-DCBz, pure PCDD/Fs gas generated in the lab, PCDD/Fs from actual flue gas, long-term were studied, and the degradation mechanism was explored using FTIR and TOFMS. The degradation efficiency of 1,2-DCBz and PCDD/Fs on VOx-FeOx/TiO2 were higher than that of VOx/TiO2 catalyst, and the optimal FeOx addition ratio was 3 wt.%. The characterization results show that the addition of FeOx can effectively improve the pore structure, surface acidity, and VOx dispersion of the catalyst, thus contributing to increasing the V5+ content and surface-active oxygen, which is conducive to the improvement of adsorption and redox performance of the catalyst. Under the actual MSWI (municipal solid waste incineration) flue gas, the PCDD/Fs removal efficiency over VTi-3Fe-MC maintained long-term stability, higher than 85% for 240 min. This result was not significantly reduced compared with the data obtained in the laboratory. According to the analysis results of intermediate products by FTIR and GC-TOFMS, it can be inferred that the epoxidation fracture of benzene ring is the rate-limiting step of dioxin catalytic degradation reaction. This work gives an in-depth view into the PCDD/Fs removal over VOx-FeOx/TiO2 catalysts and could provide guidelines for the rational design of reliable catalysts for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongxian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinlei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cuicui Du
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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13
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Lupton SJ, Ochoa C, Domesle A, Duverna R. Dietary exposure levels to polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non- ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls in US meat, poultry and siluriform fish from 2018 to 2019. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:303-312. [PMID: 38270906 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2306924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Daily dietary exposure estimates from beef, pork, chicken, turkey and siluriform fish were calculated using toxic equivalency (TEQ) data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's survey of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the domestic meat supply and consumption data. Exposure estimates for the whole population and age groups were based on mean consumption of a commodity and mean or 90th percentile TEQ dioxin levels from the survey. Ratios of the exposure estimates to the U.S. EPA oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.7 pg TEQ/kg bw/day were calculated to determine if domestic meat might contribute materially to consumer exposure. In general, normal consumption of lean beef, pork, chicken and turkey will not cause exposures exceeding the RfD. Non-lean meats will have higher dioxin levels as dioxins accumulate in fat, therefore consumption of non-lean meat might cause higher exposure than compared to lean meat. However, on a mean basis, none of the exposure estimates for non-lean beef, pork, chicken or turkey exceeded the RfD for any of the age groups. For some age groups, especially toddlers, there are commodities such as non-lean beef in the 90th percentile of dioxin TEQs and siluriform fish that might exceed the RfD on occasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fargo, USA
| | - Cristian Ochoa
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander Domesle
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA
| | - Randolph Duverna
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA
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14
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Son JY, Khuman SN, Park MK, Lee HY, Kim CS, Lee IS, Choi SD. Distributions of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs in coastal sediments collected from major industrial bays in South Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 200:116160. [PMID: 38377865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were assessed in coastal sediments from industrial bays in South Korea to evaluate the pollution levels and their environmental impact. The mean sediment concentrations of Σ17 PCDD/Fs, Σ18 PCBs, and Σ15 PCNs were 198 ± 140, 3427 ± 7037, and 85 ± 336 pg/g dw, respectively. Generally, pollutant concentrations in the inner bay were higher than those in the outer bay, indicating the influence of industrial emissions and harbor activities. The primary sources were identified as steel manufacturing and wastewater treatment plants for PCDD/Fs, harbor and shipbuilding activities for PCBs, and combustion-related sources for PCNs. Notably, PCDD/F concentrations exceeded sediment guideline values. The combined effects of PCDD/Fs and PCBs demonstrated adverse impacts on aquatic organisms. Hence, the release of toxic pollutants into the marine environment could have potential biological effects due to the combined impact of these various compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Son
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjenbam Nirmala Khuman
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Kim
- UNIST Environmental Analysis Center (UEAC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; UNIST Environmental Analysis Center (UEAC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Fu J, Ye W, Ji L, Yin Y, Xu X, Huang Q, Li X, Jiao W, Zhan M. Characteristics of the pyrolytic products and the pollutant emissions at different operating stages from a pilot waste tire pyrolysis furnace. Waste Manag 2024; 174:585-596. [PMID: 38142564 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is considered a highly practical, cost-effective, and environment-friendly technology for waste tires disposal. In this study, pyrolysis processes of waste tires were conducted in a pilot scale furnace feeding at 30 kg/h. The properties of pyrolytic products and the distribution patterns of pollutants generated in different operating stages (start-up, steady, and shut-down) were investigated. The pyrolytic gas in the steady state had a high caloric value of 10799 kJ/Nm3, valuable as heating source for pyrolysis. The elements of sulfur and zinc were effectively fixed as ZnS in the pyrolytic carbon. The basic properties of pyrolytic oil were in line with commercial diesel oil except for the lower flash point. Heavy metals were mainly concentrated in the pyrolytic carbon, with slightly higher concentrations in the steady state. Moreover, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were mainly concentrated in the pyrolytic oil, with predominated low-ring PAHs and high chlorinated PCDD/Fs. The concentrations of PAHs and PCDD/Fs in the gas phase were higher during the start-up stage due to the memory effect, whereas were effectively reduced during the steady stage. The concentration of PAHs in the solid phase was highest during the furnace start-up and lowest in the shut-down stage. In contrast to PAHs, the PCDD/Fs in the solid phase reached their highest concentration during the shut-down stage, which was mainly affected by temperature. The results provide guidance for the reducing of pollutant emissions and the recycling of pyrolytic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenwen Ye
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Longjie Ji
- Beijing Construction Engineering Group Environmental Remediation Co.Ltd., Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Xu Xu
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qunxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, 100085 Beijing, China.
| | - Mingxiu Zhan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, 100085 Beijing, China.
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Zheng L, Zhang X, Gao Z, Zhong C, Qiu D, Yan Q. The association between polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin exposure and cancer mortality in the general population: a cohort study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1354149. [PMID: 38410662 PMCID: PMC10894979 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1354149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Earlier research has indicated that being exposed to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in the workplace can heighten the likelihood of cancer-related deaths. Nevertheless, there is limited information available regarding the connection between PCDD exposure and the risk of cancer mortality in the general population (i.e., individuals not exposed to these substances through their occupation). Methods The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) detected PCDDs in the general population, and the death data were recently updated as of December 31, 2019. We conducted Cox regression analysis and controlled for covariates including age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, physical activity, alcohol intake, NHANES survey period, BMI category, cotinine concentration, and household earnings. Results After accounting for confounding factors, the findings indicated that for each incremental rise of 1 log unit in 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, there was a 76% rise in the likelihood of death from any cause, with a p value of 0.003. An increase of 1 log unit in the concentration of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran could potentially lead to a 90% higher risk of cancer mortality, as indicated by a p value of 0.034 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.05-2.43. As the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran increased, the dose-response curve indicated a proportional rise in the risk of cancer mortality, accompanied by a linear p value of 0.044. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that our findings were resilient. Discussion In the general population, an elevated risk of cancer mortality was observed in PCDDs due to the presence of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran. Mechanistic research is required to further confirm it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianli Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyu Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dezhi Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Zhang M, Fujimori T, Lin X, Li X. Distribution of PCDD/Fs and PCBs at different locations in a circulating fluidised bed municipal solid waste incinerator. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:8552-8565. [PMID: 38180672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates a circulating fluidised bed (CFB) incineration plant to examine the concentrations and fingerprints of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) at five locations downstream of the post-combustion zone. Sampling encompassed both flue gas and ash, spanning from the high-temperature superheater to the outlet of the baghouse filter, thus covering a wide range of flue gas temperatures. The analysis reveals a continuous increase in PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in the flue gas from the superheater to the inlet of the air pollution control system (APCS). The maximum concentrations observed were 75.8 ng/Nm3 for PCDDs, 219 ng/Nm3 for PCDFs, and 763 ng/Nm3 for PCBs. These values represent 9.14, 11.5, and 6.37 times their respective concentrations at the outlet of the high-temperature superheater. Concurrently, the levels of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) in the ash steadily increased along the cooling path of the flue gas within the plant. Comparing dl-PCBs to the total amount of 209 PCB congeners, it was evident that dl-PCBs exhibited a trend more akin to that of PCDD/Fs. A robust linear correlation was observed between dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs (R2 = 0.99, p < 0.001), surpassing that between PCBs and PCDD/Fs (R2 = 0.92, p < 0.01), suggesting that dl-PCBs share closer formation pathways with PCDD/Fs. Additionally, elemental composition analysis of fly ash samples aimed to explore potential links between fly ash characteristics and PCDD/F and PCB formation. The Cl/S ratio increased from 1.58 to 5.13 with decreasing flue gas temperature. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to visualise the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the flue gas alongside elemental contents in the fly ash. With the exception of PCBs in ash, all other PCDD/Fs and PCBs in fly ash exhibited positive correlations with both carbon (C) and chlorine (Cl). Furthermore, a positive relationship between C/Cl and PCDD/Fs-PCBs in fly ash implies that fly ash serves as the primary reaction surface for dioxin generation during low-temperature heterogeneous catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhang
- Nanxun Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Takashi Fujimori
- Ecology and Environmental Engineering Course, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Shiga, 5202194, Japan
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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18
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Mahfouz Y, Harmouche-Karaki M, Matta J, Mahfouz M, Salameh P, Younes H, Helou K, Finan R, Abi-Tayeh G, Meslimani M, Moussa G, Chahrour N, Osseiran C, Skaiki F, Narbonne JF. Dioxins and furans maternal transfer: A study of breast milk and cord serum levels among Lebanese mothers and associations with newborn anthropometric measurements. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 199:116032. [PMID: 38237247 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) are anthropogenic pollutants that persist in the environment for long years, bioaccumulating in food & contaminating humans. In pregnancy, they can transfer through the placenta and reach the fetus, which negatively affects fetal growth. They can also reach newborns through breastfeeding. In this study, we focused on this critical subpopulation and identified the presence of PCDD/Fs among pregnant women in breast milk (n = 41) and cord serum (n = 49); we assessed the correlation between different matrices, evaluated the predictors and associations with newborn anthropometric measurements. Over 70.7 % of PCDD/Fs were detected in breast milk and 46.9-55.1 % in cord serum. Cord/maternal serum and breast milk to maternal serum ratios were > 1 with a significant positive Spearman correlation (0.669-0.729). Breast milk & maternal serum PCDD/Fs were associated inversely with age and positively with red meat intake. Cord serum PCDD/Fs were inversely associated with pre-pregnancy weight loss and passive smoking. Parity and gestational weight gain showed positive associations with Z-scores at birth. Z-score differences showed negative and positive associations with passive smoking and pre-pregnancy BMI respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Mahfouz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Mireille Harmouche-Karaki
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Joseph Matta
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; Industrial Research Institute, Lebanese University Campus, Hadath Baabda, Lebanon.
| | - Maya Mahfouz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon; School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Institut National de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Dekwaneh, Mar Roukoz, Main Street, Building 111, 5th Floor, Metn, Lebanon; Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Hassan Younes
- UniLaSalle University, 19 Pierre Waguet Street, 60026 Beauvais, France.
| | - Khalil Helou
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, P.O.B. 11-5076, Riad Solh Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Ramzi Finan
- Lebanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adliye, Beit El- Tabib - 3rd Floor, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, Beirut, Lebanon; Hotel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University of Beirut Hospital, Blvd Alfred Naccache, P.O.B.: 166830, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Georges Abi-Tayeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Medical Sciences Campus, Damascus Road, Beirut, Lebanon; Hotel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University of Beirut Hospital, Blvd Alfred Naccache, P.O.B.: 166830, Beirut, Lebanon; Lebanese Fertility Society, Adliye, Beit El- Tabib, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | | | - Ghada Moussa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chtoura Hospital, Zahle, Beqaa, Lebanon.
| | - Nada Chahrour
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SRH University Hospital, Nabatieh, Lebanon.
| | - Camille Osseiran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kassab Hospital, Saida, Lebanon.
| | - Farouk Skaiki
- Department of Molecular Biology, General Management, Al Karim Medical Laboratories, Saida, Lebanon; Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Saida, Lebanon.
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19
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Schröder S, Ortiz I, San-Román MF. Electrochemical degradation of key drugs to treat COVID-19: Experimental analysis of the toxic by-products formation (PCDD/Fs). Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167660. [PMID: 37813253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug consumption has grown exponentially in recent decades, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to their presence in various water sources. In this way, degradation technologies for pollutants, such as electrochemical oxidation (ELOX), have become crucial to safeguard the quality of natural resources. This study has as its starting point a previous research, which demonstrated the efficacy of ELOX in the removal of COVID-19 related-drugs, such as dexamethasone (DEX), paracetamol (PAR), amoxicillin (AMX), and sertraline (STR), using the electrolytes NaCl and Na2SO4. The present research aims to study the potential risks associated with the generation of toxic by-products, during the ELOX of cited drugs, specifically focusing on the highly chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Dioxins and furans can be formed potentially in electrochemical systems from precursor molecules or non-precursor molecules in chloride medium. First, the degradation of the parent compounds was found to be complete. At this point, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to identify and analyse the by-products formed during the degradation process; precursors of PCDD/Fs, such as chlorophenols or hydroquinones were identified. Additionally, in continuation of the previous study, PCDD/Fs congeners were investigated, revealing elevated concentrations; the highest concentration obtained was for the congener 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (234.6 pg L-1 in NaCl) during degradation of the AMX. Finally, an assessment of the toxicity based on TEQ values was conducted, with DEX exhibiting the highest concentration among all compounds: 30.1 pg L-1 for NaCl medium. Therefore, the formation of minor by-products should not be underestimated, as they can significantly enhance the toxicity of the final sample, so the selection of the appropriate remediation technology, as well as the optimization of experimental operating variables, is determining in the treatment of pharmaceutical-contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schröder
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Ma-Fresnedo San-Román
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain.
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20
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Lacomba I, Socas-Hernández C, López A, Pardo O, Yusà V, Beser MI, Marín S, Villalba P, Coscollà C. Levels, patterns and risk assessment of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs through dietary exposure in the Valencian Region (Spain). Food Res Int 2024; 176:113839. [PMID: 38163731 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) levels were measured in representative vegetable oils and animal origin foodstuffs collected in a Total Diet Study carried out in the Valencian Region (Spain). A total amount of 3,300 food samples were collected and grouped into 5 main food groups: vegetable oils, meat and meat products, eggs, milk and dairy products and fish and sea products. The samples were analysed using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The food group which presented the highest concentration in wet weight (ww) for the sum of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs was fish and sea products (0.5 pg TEQ g-1 ww), whereas meat and meat products (0.6 pg TEQ g-1 lipid) showed the highest levels expressed in lipid terms. Occurrence data of PCDD/F and dl-PCBs were combined with consumption data to estimate the dietary exposure of adults (>15 years) and children (6-15 years). Finally, the estimated weekly intake (EWI) was calculated using a deterministic approach and considering the food consumption of the population, with fish and sea products being the main food group contributor. Likewise, considering the worst-case scenario (Upper Bound, UB), average EWI were 1.8 and 3.4 pg TEQ kg-1 body weight (bw) week-1 for adults and children, respectively. For children, the average EWI was almost twice above the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2 pg TEQ kg-1 bw week-1 set by EFSA in 2018. In terms of risk characterisation, the overall obtained results showed that 19 % of adults and 43 % of children may exceed the TWI when using UB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Lacomba
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Socas-Hernández
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Antonio López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Pardo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Isabel Beser
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Marín
- Public Health Directorate of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Villalba
- Public Health Directorate of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya, 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
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21
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Yu J, Chen C, Wang C, Liu L, Chen H, Li H, Liu Y, Kuang X. Serum PCDD/F levels in metropolitan populations living near a municipal solid waste incinerator in Eastern China. Chemosphere 2024; 346:140549. [PMID: 37890788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Ambient exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) is suspected to cause adverse human health outcomes. Herein, serum samples from 40 residents in the neighborhood of a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in the metropolitan area were measured for PCDD/Fs. The mean toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentration of total PCDD/Fs in human serum samples was 16.8 pg TEQ/g lipid. Serum PCDD/F levels were significantly higher in residents adjacent to the MSWI than in those from areas far from the emission source (p < 0.01). In addition, there were no significant associations between serum PCDD/Fs levels and factors, such as gender, age, and BMI in donors. For non-occupationally exposed populations, OCDD and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD in serum are available as indicators of total PCDD/Fs and total TEQ, respectively. The atmospheric PCDD/Fs levels were within a relatively low range in areas upwind and downwind of the MSWI. The results of the principal component analysis showed a distinct difference in PCDD/F congener patterns between air and serum samples, suggesting inhalation exposure could have a limited influence on the human body burden. Our findings will deepen the current knowledge of endogenous PCDD/F exposure in urban populations, and also facilitate public health protection strategies near MSWIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Chao Chen
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Lvye Liu
- SEP Analytical (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Shanghai 201100, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Yongdi Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Xingya Kuang
- Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200090, PR China.
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22
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Sunya S, Yenuthok A, Paengphua P, Sangsuay S. Estimation of dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls from the Thai total diet study in 2019. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114154. [PMID: 37898235 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intakes of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were assessed in the Thai Total Diet Study (TDS) in 2019. Food samples including portable water (n = 1048) were collected from four regions of Thailand to represent a whole diet of Thai population, prepared as consumed and analyzed. To estimate the dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs, the concentrations in 18 food groups were combined with the respective food consumption from the national consumption data of Thailand and with a mean body weight of 57.57 kg for Thai population aged ≥ 3 years. The dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs and ∑PCDD/Fs/DL-PCBs were estimated to be 8.09, 4.93 and 13.02 pg WHO2005-TEQ kg-1 body weight month-1, respectively (upper bound). The major contributors to the total dietary intake were marine animals, followed by milk and milk products, freshwater animals, pork and pork products, and eggs, corresponding to 26, 22, 21, 10 and 9%, respectively. In comparison to health-based guidance value (HBGV), the intake of ∑PCDD/Fs/DL-PCBs (upper bound) was equal to 19% of the provisional tolerable monthly intake set by JECFA in 2001. Moreover, a comparison with other HBGVs was additionally presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirichai Sunya
- Bureau of Quality and Safety of Food, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand.
| | - Aekgphoonnada Yenuthok
- Bureau of Quality and Safety of Food, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Piyawat Paengphua
- Bureau of Quality and Safety of Food, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Supat Sangsuay
- Bureau of Quality and Safety of Food, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
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23
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Liu L, Chen X, Yin W, Wu H, Huang J, Yang Y, Gao Z, Huang J, Fu J, Han J. Identification and verification of PCDD/Fs indicators from four typical large-scale municipal solid waste incinerations with large sample size in China. Waste Manag 2023; 172:101-107. [PMID: 37898042 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring PCDD/Fs emissions from municipal solid waste incinerations (MSWIs) is of paramount importance, yet it can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. Predictive models offer an alternative approach for estimating their levels. However, robust models specific to PCDD/Fs were lacking. In this study, we collected 190 PCDD/Fs samples from 4 large-scale MSWIs in China, with the average PCDD/Fs levels and TEQ levels of 0.987 ng/m3 and 0.030 ng TEQ/m3, respectively. We developed and evaluated predictive models, including traditional statistical methods, e.g., linear regression (LR) as well as machine learning models such as back propagation-artificial neural networks (BP ANN) and random forest (RF). Correlation analysis identified 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF, 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF were better indicator congeners for PCDD/Fs estimation (R2 > 0.9, p < 0.001). The predictive results favored the RF model, exhibiting a high R2 value and low root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Additionally, the RF model showed excellent prediction ability during external validation, with low absolute relative error (ARE) of 10.9 %-12.6 % for the three indicator congeners in the normal PCDD/F TEQ levels group (<0.1 ng TEQ/m3) and slightly higher ARE values (13.8 %-17.9 %) for the high PCDD/F TEQ levels group (>0.1 ng TEQ/m3). In conclusion, our findings strongly support the RF model's effectiveness in predicting PCDD/Fs TEQ emission from MSWIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xichao Chen
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenhua Yin
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Shenzhen Energy Environment, Co., LTD, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Shenzhen Energy Environment, Co., LTD, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jinqiong Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jianping Fu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jinglei Han
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China.
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24
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Moenning JL, Krause T, Lamp J, Maul R, Schenkel H, Fürst P, Pieper R, Numata J. Transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from oral exposure into cow's milk - part II: toxicokinetic predictive models for risk assessment. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:484-497. [PMID: 36345910 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from oral exposure into cow's milk is not purely an experimental endeavour, as it has produced a large corpus of theoretical work. This work consists of a variety of predictive toxicokinetic models in the realms of health and environmental risk assessment and risk management. Their purpose is to provide mathematical predictive tools to organise and integrate knowledge on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion processes. Toxicokinetic models are based on more than 50 years of transfer studies summarised in part I of this review series. Here in part II, several of these models are described and systematically classified with a focus on their applicability to risk analysis as well as their limitations. This part of the review highlights the opportunities and challenges along the way towards accurate, congener-specific predictive models applicable to changing animal breeds and husbandry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Louis Moenning
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin10589, Germany
| | - Torsten Krause
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel24103, Germany
| | - Julika Lamp
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel24103, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel24103, Germany
| | - Hans Schenkel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, Stuttgart70599, Germany
| | - Peter Fürst
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Joseph-König-Straße 40, Münster48147, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin10589, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin10589, Germany
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25
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Kou X, Bulló M, Rovira J, Díaz-López A, Arija V. Dietary intake of metals, metalloids, and persistent organic pollutants in Spanish pregnant women. ECLIPSES study. Chemosphere 2023; 344:140319. [PMID: 37802481 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe dietary intake and important dietary sources to pollutants as well as to identify maternal socio-economic and lifestyle factors associated with high intake during pregnancy in women residing in a Mediterranean city with heavy industrial activity. METHODS Dietary intake during pregnancy of As, InAs, Cd, MeHg, Pb, PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs, and NDL-PCBs in 701 pregnant women participating in the longitudinal ECLIPSES study was calculated based on a 45-item food-frequency questionnaire and a database of pollutants in food of the Catalan Food Safety Agency. Details on socio-economic, lifestyle, and anthropometric variables were also collected. RESULTS The mean dietary intake of pollutants per day and the food group that contributed the most (%) was: 286.51 μg of As (71.27% from white fish), 4.14 μg of InAs (70.16% from cereals-tubers), 6.27 μg of Cd (47.51% from seafood), 5.00 μg of MeHg (52.88% from blue fish), 3.32 μg of Pb (30.15% from cereals-tubers), 9.93 pg of PCDD/Fs (from many food categories), 18.39 pg of DL-PCBs (59.74% from blue fish) and 181.00 ng of NDL-PCBs (44.58% from blue fish). Adjusted multivariate analysis revealed that older age was associated with high As intake, higher educational level was related to low InAs, Cd, and DL-PCBs intake, and alcohol use and smoking were linked with high Pb intake. CONCLUSION The dietary intake of pollutants including As and DL-PCBs among pregnant women exceeds or almost reaches the EFSA safety threshold. These findings support the urgent need for local governments to pay special attention to this situation and develop specific prevention strategies for this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiruo Kou
- Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain; Institute of Health Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Monica Bulló
- Institute of Health Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain; Nutrition and Metabolic Health Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology - TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Institute of Health Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrés Díaz-López
- Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain; Institute of Health Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain; CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Arija
- Nutrition and Mental Health (NUTRISAM) Research Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain; Institute of Health Pere Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain; Collaborative Research Group on Lifestyles, Nutrition and Smoking (CENIT). Tarragona-Reus Research Support Unit, Jordi Gol Primary Care Research Institute, 43003 Tarragona, Spain.
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26
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Peng Y, Ding J, Guo X, Qiu Q, Lu S, Wang Y, Ma B. Low-temperature catalytic oxidation of PCDD/Fs over MnCeCoO x/PPS catalytic filter. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:120355-120365. [PMID: 37936051 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic destruction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) combined with dust removal technique has attracted much attention, yet the application in the solid waste incineration air pollution control process is still lacking due to the complex flue gas atmosphere. In this work, the Mn-Ce-Co-Ox catalyst-coated polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) filter fiber with efficient dust removal and low-temperature polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) destruction has been prepared with a redox-precipitation method. The catalyst was uniformly grown around the PPS fiber with appropriate catalyst loading. The effects of several key operating parameters (e.g., reaction temperature, catalyst loading amount, and filtration velocity) on the catalytic efficiency were comprehensively investigated. The results show that the Mn-Ce-Co-Ox/PPS has a decomposition yield of 78.0% in PCDD/Fs and 96% in nitric oxide (NO) conversion at 200 °C. The poisoned catalytic filter exhibits a removal efficiency of 88.6% for PCDD/Fs. In addition, the catalytic filter can completely reject particles smaller than 1.0 μm with a low filtration resistance. Therefore, this efficient and energy-conserving catalytic filter shows promising applications in flue gas pollution treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Peng
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiamin Ding
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Taizhou, 318000, China.
| | - Xuanhao Guo
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Quan Qiu
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Wuxi Huaguang Environment &Energy Group Co., Ltd, Wuxi, 214131, China
| | - Binbin Ma
- Wuxi Huaguang Environment &Energy Group Co., Ltd, Wuxi, 214131, China
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Krause T, Moenning JL, Lamp J, Maul R, Schenkel H, Fürst P, Pieper R, Numata J. Transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from oral exposure into cow's milk - Part I: state of knowledge and uncertainties. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:448-470. [PMID: 36089770 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) (collectively and colloquially referred to as 'dioxins') as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and ubiquitous environmental contaminants that may unintentionally enter and accumulate along the food chain. Owing to their chronic toxic effects in humans and bioaccumulative properties, their presence in feed and food requires particular attention. One important exposure pathway for consumers is consumption of milk and dairy products. Their transfer from feed to milk has been studied for the past 50 years to quantify the uptake and elimination kinetics. We extracted transfer parameters (transfer rate, transfer factor, biotransfer factor and elimination half-lives) in a machine-readable format from seventy-six primary and twenty-nine secondary literature items. Kinetic data for some toxicologically relevant dioxin congeners and the elimination half-lives of dioxin-like PCBs are still not available. A well-defined selection of transfer parameters from literature was statistically analysed and shown to display high variability. To understand this variability, we discuss the data with an emphasis on influencing factors, such as experimental conditions, cow performance parameters and metabolic state. While no universal interpretation could be derived, a tendency for increased transfer into milk is apparently connected to an increase in milk yield and milk fat yield as well as during times of body fat mobilisation, for example during the negative energy balance after calving. Over the past decades, milk yield has increased to over 40 kg/d during high lactation, so more research is needed on how this impacts feed to food transfer for PCDD/Fs and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Krause
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Louis Moenning
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julika Lamp
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103Kiel, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, 24103Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans Schenkel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Fürst
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Joseph-König-Straße 40, 48147 Münster, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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He F, Wang F, Peng Y, Cui H, Lv G. Insight into the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in hazardous waste incineration and incinerators: Formation process and reduction strategy. J Environ Manage 2023; 345:118669. [PMID: 37506443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Incineration technology has been widely adopted to safely dispose of hazardous waste (HW). While the incineration process causes the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Due to its extreme toxicity, many scholars have been committed to determining the PCDD/F formation process and reducing emissions in incinerators. Previous studies ignored the impact of incineration and fluctuation of feeding materials on PCDD/F formation in hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs). In this study, differences in PCDD/F formation between HWIs and municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) were pointed out. The incineration section in HWIs should be carefully considered. Laboratory experiments, conventional analysis and thermogravimetry experiments were conducted. An obvious disparity of PCDD/F formation between 12 kinds of HWs was found. Distillation residue was found with remarkably higher PCDD/F concentrations (11.57 ng/g). Except for the Cl content, aromatic rings and C-O bond organics were also found with high correlation coefficients with PCDD/F concentrations (>0.92). And PCDD/Fs were formed through a chlorination process and structure formation process. All of these are helpful to further understand the PCDD/F formation process during HW incineration, optimize the operation conditions in HWIs and reduce the emission pressure of PCDD/Fs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu He
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Yaqi Peng
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Haibin Cui
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Guojun Lv
- Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Kumbale CM, Zhang Q, Voit EO. Hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and dioxin-induced dysregulation: A multiscale computational approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114086. [PMID: 37820785 PMCID: PMC10841405 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that accumulate in fatty foods. Among the numerous POPs, dioxins, in particular 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), can impact several organ systems. While the hazard is clearly recognized, it is still difficult to develop a comprehensive understanding of the overall health impacts of dioxins. As chemical toxicity testing is steadily adopting new approach methodologies (NAMs), it becomes imperative to develop computational models that can bridge the data gaps between in vitro testing and in vivo outcomes. As an effort to address this challenge, we propose a multiscale computational approach using a "template-and-anchor" (T&A) structure. A template is a high-level umbrella model that permits the integration of information from various, detailed anchor models. In the present study, we use this T&A approach to describe the effect of TCDD on cholesterol dynamics. Specifically, we represent hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis as an anchor model that is perturbed by TCDD, leading to steatosis, along with alterations of plasma cholesterol. In the future, incorporating pertinent information from all anchor models into the template model will allow the characterization of the global effects of dioxin, which can subsequently be translated into overall - and ultimately personalized - human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Kumbale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Eberhard O Voit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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El-Amaireh NAA, Al-Zoubi H, Al-Khashman OA. Hospital waste incinerator ash: characteristics, treatment techniques, and applications (A review). J Water Health 2023; 21:1686-1702. [PMID: 38017599 PMCID: wh_2023_299 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The amount of medical waste generated has increased enormously since the COVID-19 outbreak. An incineration process is the main method that is usually used to treat this waste, causing an increase in both medical waste bottom ash (MWBA) and medical waste fly ash (MWFA). In this work, the physical and chemical characteristics of MWFA and MWBA were reviewed. This ash contains high levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and heavy metals. Furthermore, medical waste ash appears to have high leachability in the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) test and the European standard test (EN 12457). Owing to its toxicity, medical ash can be treated using various methods prior to disposal based on the covered review. These techniques include chemical, supercritical fluid, cement-based, melting, microwave, and mechanochemical techniques. The shortcomings of some of these treatment methods have been identified, such as the emission of high levels of chlorine from the melting technique, limited applications of the flotation method on the industrial scale, long-term stability of leachate treated by cement-based methods that have not been confirmed yet, and high energy consumption in the supercritical technique. This review also covers possible applications of medical waste ash in cement production, agriculture, and road construction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Habis Al-Zoubi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Omar Ali Al-Khashman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
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Or AB, Palazzolo R, Kaplan A, Attia S, Haikin N, Katoshevski D. Troubleshooting dioxins stack emissions in an industrial waste gas incinerator. Chemosphere 2023; 342:139857. [PMID: 37714475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
An important source of dioxins and furans at present is waste incineration, utmost formed during combustion processes and emitted to the environment without being fully captured by waste-gas treatment equipment. In this study, monitoring campaign of International Toxic Equivalents for dioxins and furans (I-TEQDF), was carried out at pharmaceutical industrial waste incinerator to find a correlation between combustion parameters and feed composition with potential emission. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that high values of dioxin emission correlate with short residence time of the flue gas in the furnace as well as low oxygen concentration. These operating conditions were further investigated, using COMSOL Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation to calculate the temperature profiles along the furnace. The results suggest that the flame temperature profile is anticipated to exhibit cold areas (cold spots), which may be used as a proxy for dioxin formation due to incomplete combustion. Additionally, the calculated congeners furan to dioxin concentration ratio, points to their formation via de novo mechanism. SEM-EDS analysis preformed on the bag filter upstream the feed following its filtration, have shown large amount of iron, which may have served as a metal catalytic source for dioxin formation. The iron origin is most likely from corrosion of the feeding pipe, drifted with the waste gas and trapped on the bag filter. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the parameters controlling dioxin formation and emission from the plant and may assist a planning of process optimization in such a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiram Bar Or
- Nuclear Research Center Negev (NRCN), Beer-Sheva, Israel; Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | | | - Amir Kaplan
- Nuclear Research Center Negev (NRCN), Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Smadar Attia
- Nuclear Research Center Negev (NRCN), Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nitsa Haikin
- Nuclear Research Center Negev (NRCN), Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - David Katoshevski
- Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Bernardini I, Quagliariello A, Peruzza L, Martino ME, Dalla Rovere G, Iori S, Asnicar D, Ciscato M, Fabrello J, Corami F, Cecchetto M, Giubilato E, Carrer C, Bettiol C, Semenzin E, Marcomini A, Matozzo V, Bargelloni L, Milan M, Patarnello T. Contaminants from dredged sediments alter the transcriptome of Manila clam and induce shifts in microbiota composition. BMC Biol 2023; 21:234. [PMID: 37880625 PMCID: PMC10601118 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reuse of dredged sediments in ports and lagoons is a big issue as it should not affect the quality and the equilibrium of ecosystems. In the lagoon of Venice, sediment management is of crucial importance as sediments are often utilized to built-up structures necessary to limit erosion. However, the impact of sediment reuse on organisms inhabiting this delicate area is poorly known. The Manila clam is a filter-feeding species of high economic and ecological value for the Venice lagoon experiencing a drastic decline in the last decades. In order to define the molecular mechanisms behind sediment toxicity, we exposed clams to sediments sampled from different sites within one of the Venice lagoon navigable canals close to the industrial area. Moreover, we investigated the impacts of dredged sediments on clam's microbial communities. RESULTS Concentrations of the trace elements and organic chemicals showed increasing concentrations from the city of Venice to sites close to the industrial area of Porto Marghera, where PCDD/Fs and PCBs concentrations were up to 120 times higher than the southern lagoon. While bioaccumulation of organic contaminants of industrial origin reflected sediments' chemical concentrations, metal bioaccumulation was not consistent with metal concentrations measured in sediments probably due to the activation of ABC transporters. At the transcriptional level, we found a persistent activation of the mTORC1 signalling pathway, which is central in the coordination of cellular responses to chemical stress. Microbiota characterization showed the over-representation of potential opportunistic pathogens following exposure to the most contaminated sediments, leading to host immune response activation. Despite the limited acquisition of new microbial species from sediments, the latter play an important role in shaping Manila clam microbial communities. CONCLUSIONS Sediment management in the Venice lagoon will increase in the next years to maintain and create new canals as well as to allow the operation of the new mobile gates at the three Venice lagoon inlets. Our data reveal important transcriptional and microbial changes of Manila clams after exposure to sediments, therefore reuse of dredged sediments represents a potential risk for the conservation of this species and possibly for other organisms inhabiting the Venice lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bernardini
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Andrea Quagliariello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Luca Peruzza
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Martino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giulia Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Silvia Iori
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Davide Asnicar
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Aquatic Bioscience, Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, E5B 2L7, St Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Maria Ciscato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Jacopo Fabrello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabiana Corami
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Foscari University of Venice, Campus Scientifico - CaVia Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Martina Cecchetto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Elisa Giubilato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Claudio Carrer
- Thetis S.P.a. C/o laboratorio del Provveditorato Interregionale Alle Opere Pubbliche Per Il Veneto, Il Trentino Alto Adige E Il Friuli Venezia Giulia, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bettiol
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Elena Semenzin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Valerio Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Massimo Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
- NFBC, National Future Biodiversity Center, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- NFBC, National Future Biodiversity Center, Palermo, Italy
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P S K, K S, S V A, Varghese A, K P P. Development of a field-deployable analytical workflow for determining current status and indicative human health risks at a historic dl-POPs hotspot. Environ Pollut 2023; 334:122161. [PMID: 37423459 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces an integrated workflow that effectively evaluates environmental and health risks of dioxin-like Persistent Organic Pollutants (dl-POPs) at industrial hotspot regions. The developments of validated, cost effective and user-friendly analytical strategies which can be field deployable are quintessential for routine monitoring of dl-POPs, particularly in developing countries. This study addresses the lacunae by enabling an exclusive gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer based analytical workflow substituting conventional magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometer technique and validated the methodology as per the European Union regulation 644/2017. The viable monitoring utility of the methodology for predicting enviro-food-health nexus was field-tested by analyzing fish and sediment samples from the Eloor-Edayar industrial belt, a solitary POPs hotspot in India. The profiles of congeners indicate that dl-POPs were formed through precursor pathways, suggesting the potential release of chlorinated precursor species from surrounding industrial area as the root cause. Fish samples from hotspots were observed to have 8 times higher levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs) and 30 times higher levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) than the control sites. A strong statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation was observed between dl-POPs levels in fish and sediment samples at the study site and the Biota sediment accumulation factors for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs ranged from 0.019 to 0.092 and 0.004 to 0.671 respectively. The estimated weekly intake from fish consumption in the study region was observed to be 3 to 24 times higher than the maximum levels set by the European food safety authority (2 pgTEQ kg-1bwweek-1). Hence, the periodic surveillance of dl-POPs employing user friendly/validated confirmatory tools stands highly imperative to safeguard human health and environment. Keywords: Dioxin and PCBs, GC-MS/MS, POPs Hotspot, Biota-sediment accumulation factor, Correlation analysis, Health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirankumar P S
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Sanath K
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 019, India
| | - Ajay S V
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Amala Varghese
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Prathish K P
- Environmental Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India.
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Wu J, Ying Y, Ma Y, Zheng S, Lin X, Li X, Yan J. Influence of different loads on PCDD/F removal by SCR during municipal solid waste incineration. Chemosphere 2023; 338:139516. [PMID: 37454983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted on a full-scale (500 t/d) municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI), investigating the influence of different loads on the emission of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and their removal by selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. The total concentration of PCDD/Fs at the SCR inlet under 100% load was higher than that under 80% load. The changing loads caused different distribution characteristics of PCDD/Fs at the SCR inlet, and the dominant congeners changed from high-chlorinated PCDDs (80% load) to low-chlorinated PCDFs (100% load). Moreover, the increased load enhanced the removal efficiency of PCDD/Fs by SCR from 17.3% to 64.2%, which was influenced by the inlet PCDD/F distribution and the moisture content. The high-chlorinated PCDD/Fs with the more stable structure were more difficult to be deteriorated and the high moisture content can weaken the catalytic activity of SCR catalysts. Correlation analysis was used to study the relationship between major air pollutants and PCDD/F emissions. The results showed that HCl positively correlated with PCDD/F emission concentrations, while NOx and SO2 negatively correlated. The results of this study can provide a reference for MSWI to operate properly under variable loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory of Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxuan Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory of Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory of Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sen Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory of Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory of Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, National Engineering Laboratory of Waste Incineration Technology and Equipment, Institute of Thermal Power Engineering of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
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35
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Lee HH, Lee S, Lee M, Moon HB. Spatial and temporal trends in polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediment from Ulsan and Onsan Bays of Korea: Potential sources and ecotoxicological concerns. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:6793-6806. [PMID: 36151356 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted on spatial and temporal trends in polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in coastal environments. Here, we describe 18 PCN congeners found in surface and dated sediment samples collected from highly industrialized bays of Korea. Measurable levels of PCN congeners were detected in all sediment samples, suggesting concurrent and historical contamination. The highest PCN concentrations were observed in sediment from rivers, streams, and the inner portions of the bays, which are surrounded by industrial complexes and commercial harbors. CNs 73, 66/67, and 52 were dominant in surface and dated sediment samples. Congener patterns and diagnostic ratios revealed that PCN contamination is originated from combustion processes and the use of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) technical mixtures. PCN concentrations in dated sediment increased from the 1980s to the mid-2000s and then decreased to 2015. Although the toxic equivalent (TEQ) levels of PCNs in our study did not exceed sediment quality guidelines proposed by international authorities, the cumulative risks from the TEQ concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, PCBs, and PCNs can be expected for benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Hyun Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjin Lee
- Maritime Safety and Environmental Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Wei L, Huang Q, Qiu Y, Zhao J, Rantakokko P, Gao H, Huang F, Bignert A, Bergman Å. Legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in eggs of night herons and poultries from the upper Yangtze Basin, Southwest China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:93744-93759. [PMID: 37516701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) eggs have been identified as useful indicators for biomonitoring the environmental pollution in China. In this study, we investigated thirty eggs of black-crowned night heron collected from the upper Yangtze River (Changjiang) Basin, Southwest China, for the occurrence of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Our results showed a general presence of POPs in night heron eggs with OCPs being the dominant contaminants, having a geometric mean concentration of 22.2 ng g-1 wet weight (ww), followed by PCBs (1.36 ng g-1 ww), PBDEs (0.215 ng g-1 ww), and PCDD/Fs (23.0 pg g-1 ww). The concentration levels were found to be significantly higher in night heron eggs than in poultry eggs by one or two magnitude orders. Among OCP congeners, p,p'-DDE was found to be predominant in night heron eggs, with a geometric mean concentration of 15.1 ng g-1 ww. Furthermore, species-specific congener patterns in eggs suggested similar or different sources for different POPs, possibly associated with contaminated soil and parental dietary sources. Additionally, estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were used to evaluate non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk associated with consumption of bird eggs. Our results revealed non-negligible non-cancer and cancer risk for humans who consume wild bird eggs as a regular diet instead of poultry eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qinghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
- International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
- International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Panu Rantakokko
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hongwen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Yibin Research Base of the Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, Yibin University, Sichuan Province, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Anders Bignert
- Yibin Research Base of the Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, Yibin University, Sichuan Province, Yibin, 644000, China
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
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Li W, Li L, Wen Z, Yan D, Liu M, Huang Q, Zhu Z. Removal of dioxins from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by low-temperature thermal treatment: Laboratory simulation of degradation and ash discharge stages. Waste Manag 2023; 168:45-53. [PMID: 37276633 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) can cause significant risks to the environment and human health. In this study, the low-temperature thermal treatment of MSWIFA under industrial conditions was simulated in the laboratory to investigate the process parameters for dioxin degradation and ash discharge stages. Correlation analysis and dioxin fingerprint characterization were used to analyze the degradation and ash discharge processes. The degradation efficiency of low-temperature thermal treatment was influenced by multiple factors. At 400℃ for 90 min and 1% O2, the dioxin removal rate was 95.80%, the detoxification rate was 91.73%, and the residual dioxin toxicity in MSWIFA was 22.7 ± 17.8 ng I-TEQ/kg, which was in line with the limit value of 50 ng I-TEQ/kg in the "Technical specification for pollution control of fly-ash from municipal solid waste incineration" (HJ1134-2020). The increase in dioxins during ash discharge did not follow a linear relationship with the process parameters. This was assumed to be related to the MSWIFA composition, as some components containing P, Si, and Al at 150 °C may inhibit dioxin formation. The dioxin increased only by 0.79 ± 2.65 ng/kg, an increase in toxicity of 0.42 ± 0.10 ng I-TEQ/kg, when treated at 150 °C for 30 min and 10% O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhuoyu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Dahai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Meijia Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Zhanheng Zhu
- Zhejiang Jinglan Environmental Technology co.Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311215, China
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Behnisch P, Petrlik J, Budin C, Besselink H, Felzel E, Strakova J, Bell L, Kuepouo G, Gharbi S, Bejarano F, Jensen GK, DiGangi J, Ismawati Y, Speranskaya O, Da M, Pulkrabova J, Gramblicka T, Brabcova K, Brouwer A. Global survey of dioxin- and thyroid hormone-like activities in consumer products and toys. Environ Int 2023; 178:108079. [PMID: 37453209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and consumers are exposed to increasingly complex mixtures of known and as-yet-unknown toxic chemicals from toys and products. However traditional chemical analysis methods only evaluate a small number of chemicals at a time thereby restricting consumer awareness of the full range of potentially harmful chemicals in products. METHODS We used high-throughput effect-based non-animal methods to investigate exposures to complex chemical mixtures of several kinds of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) for their dioxin- and thyroid hormone-like activities in various kinds of consumer products and toys from 26 different countries, on four continents (Africa, America, Asia and Europe) in combination with chemical analysis of various polybrominated flame retardants (BFRs) and their impurities (such as polyhalogenated PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs). RESULTS We found high levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in toys and now, for the first time, also in consumer products that are manufactured from black plastics containing certain brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The presence of PBDD/PBDFs as well as other BFRs in various black plastic materials from additional countries as well as additional kinds of consumer products as confirmed by effect-based in vitro reporter gene DR CALUX and TTR-TRβ CALUX assays as well as congener-specific chemical analysis. We compared total Toxicity Equivalent (TEQ) levels of PBDD/F-TEQs analysed by chemical analysis to by CALUX bioassay measured Biological equivalence (BEQ) concentrations (for further info see at ISO 23196, ISO, 2022). In the case of TBBPA, both chemical and TTR-TRβ CALUX analysis measure direct the amount of TBBPA. Finally, the daily ingestion of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents from PBDD/Fs-contaminated plastic toys by child mouthing habits have been related to our earlier study (Budin et al., 2020). CONCLUSIONS Interaction of children with such contaminated plastics may significantly contribute to the daily uptake of dioxin- and thyroid hormone transport disrupting-like compounds. Effect-based bioassays for dioxin- and thyroid hormone-like activities are relevant to pick-out such complex mixtures of known and yet unknown (and therefore not regulated) substances for safer and more sustainable plastics. Low POPs Content Levels and other mechanisms set under the Basel and Stockholm Conventions are set far too high to prevent a significant flow of BFRs and PBDD/Fs into consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Behnisch
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jindrich Petrlik
- Arnika, Toxics and Waste Programme, Seifertova 85, 13000 Prague, Czech Republic; International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), 40010 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Clemence Budin
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harrie Besselink
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Felzel
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jitka Strakova
- Arnika, Toxics and Waste Programme, Seifertova 85, 13000 Prague, Czech Republic; International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), 40010 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lee Bell
- International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), 40010 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gilbert Kuepouo
- Centre de Recherche et d'Education pour le Développement (CREPD), 00000 Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Semia Gharbi
- Association d'Education Environnementale pour les Futures Générations (AEEFG), 2070 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fernando Bejarano
- Red de Acción sobre Plaguicidas y Alternativas en México (RAPAM), 56120 San Juanito, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | - Génon K Jensen
- The Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), 1040 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joseph DiGangi
- International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), 40010 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mao Da
- Shenzhen Zero Waste, 518000 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jana Pulkrabova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Gramblicka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Brabcova
- Arnika, Toxics and Waste Programme, Seifertova 85, 13000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Xia H, Tang J, Aljerf L, Cui C, Gao B, Ukaogo PO. Dioxin emission modeling using feature selection and simplified DFR with residual error fitting for the grate-based MSWI process. Waste Manag 2023; 168:256-271. [PMID: 37327519 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) with grate technology is a widely applied waste-to-energy process in various cities in China. Meanwhile, dioxins (DXN) are emitted at the stack and are the critical environmental indicator for operation optimization control in the MSWI process. However, constructing a high-precision and fast emission model for DXN emission operation optimization control becomes an immediate difficulty. To address the above problem, this research utilizes a novel DXN emission measurement method using simplified deep forest regression (DFR) with residual error fitting (SDFR-ref). First, the high-dimensional process variables are optimally reduced following the mutual information and significance test. Then, a simplified DFR algorithm is established to infer or predict the nonlinearity between the selected process variables and the DXN emission concentration. Moreover, a gradient enhancement strategy in terms of residual error fitting with a step factor is designed to improve the measurement performance in the layer-by-layer learning process. Finally, an actual DXN dataset from 2009 to 2020 of the MSWI plant in Beijing is utilized to verify the SDFR-ref method. Comparison experiments demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over other methods in terms of measurement accuracy and time consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Beijing Laboratory of Smart Environmental Protection, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Beijing Laboratory of Smart Environmental Protection, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Loai Aljerf
- Key Laboratory of Organic Industries, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic.
| | - Canlin Cui
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Beijing Laboratory of Smart Environmental Protection, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Bingyin Gao
- Beijing GaoAnTun Waste to Energy CO., LTD, China
| | - Prince Onyedinma Ukaogo
- Analytical/Environmental Units, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
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Li HR, Liu MY, Hu JJ, Song AM, Peng PA, Ying GG, Yan B, Chen T. Occurrence and carcinogenic potential of airborne PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs around a large-scale municipal solid waste incinerator: A long-term passive air sampling study. Environ Int 2023; 178:108104. [PMID: 37490788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) not only is deemed one of the uppermost sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), but also produces substantial amount of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) owing to the existence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the waste. So far, however, PBDD/Fs in the vicinal environments of MSWI and their associated risks remain rarely studied. Based on a one-year passive air sampling (PAS) scheme, we investigated airborne PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs around a large-scale MSWI that has been operated for multi-years. Both the concentrations of PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs showed spatially decreasing trends with the distance away from the MSWI, confirming the influence of the MSWI on the dioxin levels in its ambient air. But its influence on PBDD/Fs was less because PBDD/Fs exhibit lower volatility and therefore lower gaseous concentrations than PCDD/Fs. Compared to the existing global data of airborne PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs, our data of the MSWI vicinity were at medium levels, despite PAS samples only represent the concentrations of gaseous dioxins in theory. The seasonal data suggest that meteorological conditions exerted apparent influences over the concentrations and sources of airborne dioxins around the MSWI. As for PCDD/Fs, the MSWI was diagnosed as their uppermost source, followed by local traffic and volatilization/deposition. Whereas the top three PBDD/F sources were related to PBDEs, bromophenol/bromobenzene, and traffic vehicles, respectively. The bioassay-derived TEQs based on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation of airborne dioxins around the MSWI were one or two orders of magnitudes higher than their concentration-based TEQs, and the corresponding carcinogenic risks at some MSWI-vicinal sites exceeded the acceptable threshold proposed by the U. S. EPA (10-6 ∼ 10-4) and deserve continuous attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ming-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ai-Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping-An Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bo Yan
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Varol M, Gürel B, Yurdakul S, Kurtuluş K, Gürbüz H. PCDD/Fs, PAHs and HCl emissions from co-combustion of lignite and chicken manure in a circulating fluidized bed boiler with compact refractory casting. Waste Manag 2023; 168:423-430. [PMID: 37390797 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Chicken manure (CM) should be used in energy production due to its high production potential for the waste-to-energy approach. Co-combustion of CM with lignites may be a good practice in terms of reducing its environmental impact and the need for fossil fuels. However, the level of organic pollutants originated from CM combustion is not clear. This study investigated the potential of CM to be combusted in a circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFBB) with a local lignite. Combustion and co-combustion tests of CM and Kale Lignite (L) were performed in the CFBB to measure PCDD/Fs, PAHs and HCl emissions. CM burned in the upper parts of the boiler due to its high volatile matter content and low density compared to coal. This caused the bed temperature to decrease with the increase in the amount of CM in the fuel mixture. It was also observed that the combustion efficiency increased as the share of CM in the fuel mixture increased. Total PCDD/F emissions increased with CM share in the fuel mixture. However, all are less than emission limit value (100 pg I-TEQ/m3). Co-combustion of CM with lignite at different ratios did not have a significant effect on HCl emissions. PAH emissions were found to increase with the increase of the CM share when the CM share was more than 50% by weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Varol
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Türkiye.
| | - Barış Gürel
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye.
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye.
| | - Karani Kurtuluş
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye.
| | - Habib Gürbüz
- Automotive Engineering Department, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Türkiye.
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Vuong NB, Quang HV, Linh Trang BN, Duong DH, Toan NL, Tong HV. Association of PKLR gene copy number, expression levels and enzyme activity with 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure in individuals exposed to Agent Orange/Dioxin in Vietnam. Chemosphere 2023; 329:138677. [PMID: 37060958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) is the most toxic congener of dioxin and has serious long-term effects on the environment and human health. Pyruvate Kinase L/R (PKLR) gene expression levels and gene variants are associated with pyruvate kinase enzyme deficiency, which has been identified as the cause of several diseases linked to dioxin exposure. In this study, we estimated PKLR gene copy number and gene expression levels using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays, genotyped PKLR SNP rs3020781 by Sanger sequencing, and quantified plasma pyruvate kinase enzyme activity in 100 individuals exposed to Agent Orange/Dioxin near Bien Hoa and Da Nang airfields in Vietnam and 100 healthy controls. The means of PKLR copy numbers and PKLR gene expression levels were significantly higher, while pyruvate kinase enzyme activity was significantly decreased in Agent Orange/Dioxin-exposed individuals compared to healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Positive correlations of PKLR gene copy number and gene expression with 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations were observed (r = 0.2, P = 0.045 and r = 0.54, P < 0.0001, respectively). In contrast, pyruvate kinase enzyme activity was inversely correlated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations (r = -0.52, P < 0.0001). PKLR gene copy number and gene expression levels were also inversely correlated with pyruvate kinase enzyme activity. Additionally, PKLR SNP rs3020781 was found to be associated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations and PKLR gene expression. In conclusion, PKLR copy number, gene expression levels, and pyruvate kinase enzyme activity are associated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure in individuals living in Agent Orange/Dioxin-contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ba Vuong
- Department of Haematology, Toxicology, Radiation, and Occupation, 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Van Quang
- The Center of Toxicological and Radiological Training and Research, Vietnam Military Medical University, Viet Nam
| | - Bui Ngoc Linh Trang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dao Hong Duong
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Van Tong
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Li C, Liu G, Qin S, Zhu T, Song J, Xu W. Emission reduction of PCDD/Fs by flue gas recirculation and activated carbon in the iron ore sintering. Environ Pollut 2023; 327:121520. [PMID: 36990339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the main sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the environment is the sintering of iron ore. Both flue gas recirculation (FGR) and activated carbon (AC), which have the impact of decreasing both PCDD/Fs and conventional pollutants (NOx, SO2, etc.), are significant technologies for the abatement of PCDD/Fs from the sintering exhaust gas. This work involved the first measurement of PCDD/Fs emissions during FGR and a thorough analysis of the impact of PCDD/Fs reduction following the coupling of FGR and AC technologies. According to the measured data, the ratio of PCDFs to PCDDs in the sintered flue gas was 6.8, indicating that during the sintering process, the PCDD/Fs were primarily produced by de novo synthesis. Further investigation revealed that FGR initially removed 60.7% of PCDD/Fs by returning it to the high temperature bed, and AC further removed 95.2% of the remaining PCDD/Fs through physical adsorption. While AC is better at removing PCDFs and can efficiently remove tetra-to octa-chlorinated homologs, FGR is more effective at removing PCDDs and has higher removal efficiency for hexa-to octa-chlorinated PCDD/Fs. Together, they complement each other with a removal rate of 98.1%. The study's findings are instructional for the process design of combining FGR and AC technologies to reduce PCDD/Fs in the sintered flue gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Shuai Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Tingyu Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianfei Song
- China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Pavuk M, Rosenbaum PF, Lewin MD, Serio TC, Rago P, Cave MC, Birnbaum LS. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, pesticides, and diabetes in the Anniston Community Health Survey follow-up (ACHS II): single exposure and mixture analysis approaches. Sci Total Environ 2023; 877:162920. [PMID: 36934946 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds measurements were added to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides to expand the exposure profile in a follow-up to the Anniston Community Health Survey (ACHS II, 2014) and to study diabetes associations. Participants of ACHS I (2005-2007) still living within the study area were eligible to participate in ACHS II. Diabetes status (type-2) was determined by a doctor's diagnosis, fasting glucose ≥125 mg/dL, or being on any glycemic control medication. Incident diabetes cases were identified in ACHS II among those who did not have diabetes in ACHS I, using the same criteria. Thirty-five ortho-substituted PCBs, 6 pesticides, 7 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), 10 furans (PCDF), and 3 non-ortho PCBs were measured in 338 ACHS II participants. Dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQs) were calculated for all dioxin-like compounds. Main analyses used logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). In models adjusted for age, race, sex, BMI, total lipids, family history of diabetes, and taking lipid lowering medication, the highest ORs for diabetes were observed for PCDD TEQ: 3.61 (95 % CI: 1.04, 12.46), dichloro-diphenyl dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE): 2.07 (95 % CI 1.08, 3.97), and trans-Nonachlor: 2.55 (95 % CI 0.93, 7.02). The OR for sum 35 PCBs was 1.22 (95 % CI: 0.58-2.57). To complement the main analyses, we used BKMR and g-computation models to evaluate 12 mixture components including 4 TEQs, 2 PCB subsets and 6 pesticides; suggestive positive associations for the joint effect of the mixture analyses resulted in ORs of 1.40 (95% CI: -1.13, 3.93) for BKMR and 1.32 (95% CI: -1.12, 3.76) for g-computation. The mixture analyses provide further support to previously observed associations of trans-Nonachlor, p,p'- DDE, PCDD TEQ and some PCB groups with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pavuk
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - P F Rosenbaum
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America.
| | - M D Lewin
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - T C Serio
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States of America; ATSDR/CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - P Rago
- ATSDR/CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - M C Cave
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - L S Birnbaum
- NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
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Fiedler H, Ábalos M, Parera J, Abad E, Lohmann N, Neugebauer F, Rottler H, Horstmann M. Dioxin-like POPs in national samples from global monitoring plan projects (2017-2019). Chemosphere 2023; 325:138386. [PMID: 36914011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The global monitoring plan (GMP) established under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) had defined ambient air, human milk or blood, and water as core matrices to be analyzed and assessed for spatial and temporal distribution. Within projects coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), developing countries were offered to have other matrices analyzed for dioxin-like POPs (dl-POPs) in experienced laboratories. Subsequently, 185 samples from 27 countries located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were collected during 2018-2019 and analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF), and biphenyls (PCB). Using the WHO2005 toxic equivalency approach (TEQ), the amounts of dl-POPs found were low (<1 pg TEQ/g); however, singular samples had higher values; e.g., egg from Morocco, fish from Argentina or Tunisia; soil and sediment samples. Results showed that the matrix, abiotic or biota, had more impact on the TEQ pattern than the geographic location. Independent of the location and across all samples, dl-PCB in (shell)fish and beef samples had a contribution of 75% to the total TEQ; milk (63%), chicken (52%), and butter (50.2%) more than 50%. Sediment (57% and 32%) and soil (40% and 36%)) samples were dominated by PCDD and PCDF, respectively; therein, dl-PCB had shares of 11% and 24%. Egg samples (N = 27) did not follow the general biota pattern and had 21% of the TEQ from the PCDD, 45% from PCDF, and 34% from dl-PCB; thus, indicating that abiotic matrices such as soil or other material may have an impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidelore Fiedler
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Manuela Ábalos
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Parera
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nina Lohmann
- Eurofins GfA Lab Service GmbH, Neuländer Kamp 1a, D-21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Neugebauer
- Eurofins GfA Lab Service GmbH, Neuländer Kamp 1a, D-21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Horst Rottler
- Eurofins Ökometric GmbH, Berneckerstraße 17-21, D-95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Horstmann
- Zentrum für Dioxinanalytik GmbH (ZfD), Berneckerstraße 17-21, D-95448, Bayreuth, Germany
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Hao Y, Wang C, Wang P, Cheng J, Xian H, Liu M, Li Z, Ma J, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Su X, Jiang G. Kinetics of PCDD/Fs from feed to cow milk and its implications for food safety. Sci Total Environ 2023; 874:162477. [PMID: 36858241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Guideline levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in feed and food have been separately recommended for the official food safety control around the world. However, less is considered about the transfer effect of PCDD/Fs from feed to food, and consequently possible human exposure risk. In this study, different controlled feeding experiments (E1 group: 4.92 pg TEQ/g in feed, E2 group: 0.61 pg TEQ/g in feed) were conducted on dairy cow (Chinese Holstein breed) to evaluate kinetics of PCDD/Fs from feed to milk and blood. Even though the PCDD/F level in feed in E2 was satisfied with the EU Regulation (No 277/2012), the TEQ levels in milk and tissues exceeded the European Union maximum level (EU ML) after approximately one-week exposure. The dynamic variation in milk during the initial 20-day exposure was successfully described by a first-order kinetic model. The levels at the plateau period showed a significant linear relationship (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.98) against the intake amounts from feed. Based on modeling, a maximum content was obtained at approximately 0.33 pg TEQ/g in cow feed with 12 % moisture to ensure the milk and meat safety under the current regulatory requirements of EU for cow-origin food. After the cease of exposure, the PCDD/F levels in milk declined below the EU ML within 40 days, while those in meat were still higher than the EU ML over 160 days. In serum, PCDD/Fs detected in E1 showed a similar dynamic variation during the exposure period. Regarding congener profile, higher-chlorinated congeners tended to transfer from feed to feces, whereas lower ones were preferably transferred into milk, which required specific concern about the metabolic effect of PCDD/Fs in large mammals. This study revealed a necessity for re-evaluation of official regulation on pollutants in cow feed and cow-origin food in terms of biotransfer and bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Hao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Jie Cheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hao Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang L, Pei Z, Lyu B, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk from national human breast milk monitoring in 2016-2019 in China. Sci Total Environ 2023; 872:162243. [PMID: 36796698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human breast milk monitoring programs were recommended to be carried out to assess human body burden to persistent organic pollutants and their temporal trends. Thus, we conducted a national survey during the period of 2016-2019 to determine PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in human breast milk from China. The total TEQ amounts in the upper bound (UB) was in the range of 1.97 to 15.1 pg TEQ g-1 fat with a geometric mean (GM) of 4.50 pg TEQ g-1 fat. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, and PCB-126 were more predominant contributors with the percentage contribution of 34.2 %, 17.9 %, and 17.4 %, respectively. By comparison with our previous monitoring results, the total TEQ in breast milk sample of the present study is statistically lower than that in 2011 with a reduction of 16.9 % in the average (p < 0.05), and comparable to that in 2007. The estimated GM of dietary intake of total TEQ for the breastfed was 25.4 pg TEQ kg-1 body weight day-1 that was higher than that of the adult. It is therefore worthy to make more efforts to reduce amounts of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in breast milk and to continue monitoring to further observe if the amount of these chemicals continue to decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Ziwei Pei
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
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Fiedler H, Abad E, de Boer J. Preliminary trends over ten years of persistent organic pollutants in air - Comparison of two sets of data in the same countries. Chemosphere 2023; 324:138299. [PMID: 36871799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In two series of ambient air measurement campaigns to support the implementation of the global monitoring plan (GMP) component of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), passive air samplers (PAS) using polyurethane foams were implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). With the same laboratories responsible for the chemical analyses of the different groups of POPs, a total of 423 PUFs were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); 242 for dioxin-like POPs. For trend analysis, to compare amounts of POPs in the PUFs during the first phase in 2010/2011 and the second phase from 2017 to 2019, only results were assessed that were generated in the same country and for the same POP in both campaigns. Finally, there were 194 PUFs available for OCPs (GMP1 = 67 and GMP2 = 127), 297 for PCB (GMP1 = 103, GMP2 = 194), 158 for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD, PCDF) (GMP1 = 39, GMP2 = 119), and 153 for dl-PCB (GMP1 = 34, GMP2 = 119). Indicator PCB and dioxin-like POPs were quantified in all countries at all times; decreases of about 30% based on median values were determined. A 50% increase was found for HCB. By scale, DDT remained with the highest values, although more than 60% decrease was found; mainly due to smaller values in the Pacific Islands region. Our assessment showed that on relative scale - per PUF - trend analysis was achieved and that such approach should be undertaken at regular intervals, not necessarily on an annual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidelore Fiedler
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Esteban Abad
- CSIC, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Laboratory of Dioxins, C. Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Dept. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Rimayi C, Madikizela LM. Utility of an alternative method (to USEPA Method 1613) for analysis of priority persistent organic pollutants in soil from mixed industrial-suburban areas of Durban, South Africa. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023; 19:749-762. [PMID: 35993344 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the adequacy of a USEPA Method 1613 alternative analytical method for analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soil from the immediate vicinity of industrialized areas in the eThekwini municipal area in South Africa. The objective of this study is in line with the Stockholm Convention Article 11 on research, development, and monitoring. Furthermore, it became imperative to find an alternative analytical procedure to USEPA Method 1613 that could cater to studies conducted in Africa where recent reviews have indicated that most African countries lack the technical and instrumental capacity for performing analysis of dioxin-like compounds according to USEPA Method 1613, which entails the use of high-resolution chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry instrumentation. The study aimed to ascertain the utility of an alternative two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry method for analysis of trace-level priority POPs in soil, along with a fast single quadrupole gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The analytical methods were applied to the analysis of POPs on soil samples from industrial areas with oil refineries and a pulp and paper manufacturing company, while other samples were collected near the electricity substations and a landfill site. Analytical results showed BDE 209 as the dominant contaminating polybrominated diphenyl ether (concentration ranges from 0.006 to 5.71 ng g-1 ). Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) 9, 10, and 49 were the dominant PBBs detected in 78% of the sites tested, although their concentrations were below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls detected could not be quantified above their respective LOQs, indicating that the Durban area has low priority pollutant contamination levels compared to other regions around the world. The methods developed are a starting point that will inform considerations for routine evaluation and management of soil contamination, which plays a vital role in environmental management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:749-762. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Systems (RQIS), Roodeplaat, South Africa
| | - Lawrence M Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, South Africa
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Cerasa M, Guerriero E, Balducci C, Bacaloni A, Ciccioli P, Mosca S. Particle and gas phase sampling of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs by activated carbon fiber and GC/MS analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:65192-65203. [PMID: 37079234 PMCID: PMC10182933 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) are semi-volatile compounds and can be partitioned in the atmosphere between the gas and particulate phase, due to their physicochemical properties. For this reason, the reference standard methods for air sampling include a quartz fiber filter (QFF) for the particulate and a polyurethane foam (PUF) cartridge for the vapor phase, and it is the classical and most popular sampling method in the air. Despite the presence of the two adsorbing media, this method cannot be used for the study of the gas-particulate distribution, but only for a total quantification. This study presents the results and the performance aim to validate an activated carbon fiber (ACF) filter for the sampling of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) using laboratory and field tests. The specificity, precision, and accuracy of the ACF in relation to the QFF + PUF were evaluated through the isotopic dilution technique, the recovery rates, and the standard deviations. Then the ACF performance was assessed on real samples, in a naturally contaminated area, through parallel sampling with the reference method (QFF + PUF). The QA/QC was defined according to the standard methods ISO 16000-13 and -14 and EPA TO4A and 9A. Data confirmed that ACF meets the requirements for the quantification of native POPs compounds in atmospheric and indoor samples. In addition, ACF provided accuracy and precision comparable to those offered by standard reference methods using QFF + PUF, but with significant savings in terms of time and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cerasa
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Area Della Ricerca Di Roma 1, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Area Della Ricerca Di Roma 1, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Area Della Ricerca Di Roma 1, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy
| | - Alessandro Bacaloni
- Chemistry Department, Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences Faculty, Sapienza University Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Ciccioli
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Biological Systems, Area Della Ricerca Di Roma 1, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy
| | - Silvia Mosca
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Area Della Ricerca Di Roma 1, 00010, Montelibretti (RM), Italy.
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