The effects of a humorous video on memory for orthodontic treatment consent information

INTRODUCTION

Communication of treatment information is critical in orthodontics. The challenge lies in doing so effectively such that patients will understand and remember, which is the definition of true informed consent. Previous studies have established that information is more readily remembered when presented using multimedia presentations. Likewise, humor has been shown to increase information retention.

METHODS

Two videos, 1 humorous (H) and 1 unhumorous (U), were produced with identical information about orthodontic treatment consent. Thirty-eight new orthodontic patients were randomly selected and divided into H (n = 20) and U (n = 18) video groups. Identical questionnaires with multiple-choice responses to judge memory of the content were completed by both groups immediately after watching the video (T1) and 6 weeks later (T2). A one-tailed Welch's t test was used to analyze the scores.

RESULTS

At T1, there was no significant difference in the scores of the questionnaire between H and U groups, whereas at T2, there was a significant difference between groups. The intragroup score difference was also analyzed, with a significant decrease from T1 to T2 in the U, but not H, group. Subjective questions were also asked regarding content. No significant differences were found between the groups regarding the informativeness of each video; however, willingness to watch again and memorability of the content were significantly higher in the H group.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who received orthodontic treatment information presented with humor retained significantly more of that information after 6 weeks compared with patients who received the same information without humor. Patients who received the humorous content subjectively stated they were more likely to rewatch the video and also found the information presented in this manner to be more memorable.

Characterizing latent classes of social support among persons who inject drugs

BACKGROUND

Social network members influence risk and health behaviors, yet little is known about the support that persons who inject drugs (PWID) receive from their closest ties.

METHODS

970 participants from the AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience (ALIVE) study completed a social network survey between April 2016 and June 2017 about their five closest ties. Our analysis: 1) identified latent classes of support received by participants; 2) determined whether class membership differed by current (≤12 months) vs. former (>12 months) injection drug use; 3) compared classes of support by individual and network characteristics.

RESULTS

970 participants listed 3,388 network members. We identified three support classes: (1) Moderate (n = 249): probabilities of support <0.40; (2) High (n = 366): probabilities of support 0.58-0.82; (3) Very high (n = 355): probabilities of support 0.91-0.99. In adjusted analysis compared to moderate support, the odds of high and very high support increased as the mean age of network members increased (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]:1.03; 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.05) and as the number of network members with whom they interacted daily increased (AOR-high: 1.33; 95 % CI:1.14, 1.56 and AOR-very high: 1.54; 95 % CI: 1.30, 1.83). While current injection drug use was associated with lower unadjusted odds of high and very high support, the associations were not statistically significant in adjusted analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Support was higher among networks of older ties and more frequent interaction, but differences did not appear to be driven by injection drug use status. Findings point to the importance of the closest social ties.

Relationships Between Positive and Negative Attributes of Self-Compassion and Perceived Caring Efficacy Among Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses

The purpose of this correlational quantitative study was to examine the relationships between work-related demographic variables, self-compassion, and perceived caring efficacy among psychiatric-mental health nurses (PMHNs), as measured using the Self-Compassion Scale and Caring Efficacy Scale. Participants were RNs actively working in psychiatric-mental health settings in the United States who are currently members of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. Results suggest PMHNs with high levels of positive attributes of self-compassion had higher perceived levels of caring efficacy and those with high levels of negative attributes of self-compassion had lower perceived levels of caring efficacy. No statistically significant relationships were found between demographic variables, such as years of work experience, nurse:patient ratio, and perceived level of caring efficacy. The knowledge of the association between attributes of self-compassion and perceived caring efficacy can provide nurses with improved awareness of the need to be compassionate to the self and its relationship to effectiveness of care provided, potentially leading to positive health outcomes in clients. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58(2), 32-40.].

Assessing driver acceptance of technology that reduces mobile phone use while driving: The case of mobile phone applications

The nature of the road environment requires drivers to be vigilant and attentive. Distracted driving is a primary concern, as it threatens the safety of road users. However very little research has been conducted into interventions to combat such an issue. Existing interventions such as police enforcement and legislation appear to have limited effect. The use of mobile phone applications to assist in limiting driver distraction is an alternative intervention that is currently gaining traction. With a great array of potential benefits, such as reducing road toll, these applications can be readily available to all road users. Despite the positive implications, it is vital that drivers accept the use of such a technology for the intervention to be effective. Therefore, understanding driver acceptance is an important step in implanting such applications. To assess this, the present study examines the utility of two versions of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) for understanding the acceptance of technology designed to reduce distraction. Participants were presented with two different applications and responded to questions that indicated their attitudes towards the factors included in the TAM, TPB and UTAUT, alongside their intent to use the technology. A total of 731 participants responded to the survey, and their responses analysed. The results indicated that overall, Davis' (1985) TAM was slightly better in explaining behavioural intent for both Mobile Phone Application (MPA) 1 and MPA 2, explaining 66.1% and 68.7% of the variance, respectively. Davis' (1989) TAM and the TPB were close behind, while the UTAUT explained the least variance in behavioural intent of all the models. Overall, the findings of this study provide support for using psychological theories to assess the acceptance of mobile phone applications.

Committed to yourself or have yourself committed: Balancing family life with student success

BACKGROUND

Contemporary student demographics in institutions of higher learning include the mature female student. Preparing to enter an academic setting after an extended absence or for the first time can create personal role conflicts for this student cohort. The purpose of this study was to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the family-life roles, student experiences, and different coping mechanisms of mature female dental hygiene students in order to better enable and support individual student success.

METHODS

This study employed a mixed methods explanatory approach whereby quantitative data were obtained from mature female dental hygiene students (N = 12) via a 10-item questionnaire comprising both closed- and open-ended questions. Closed-ended questions were summarized using descriptive statistics. Open-ended questions were examined for common themes. Additional qualitative data were obtained through personal in-depth interviews examining supplementary common themes.

RESULTS

"Mothering" was identified as the primary family role both prior to and during school enrolment. All participants identified "time" as the greatest challenge and role conflict as being self-imposed. The prime benefit reported was increased self-confidence. The educational system offered the least amount of support according to respondents.

CONCLUSIONS

The mature female student requires support when returning to higher education-from herself, family, and the academic setting. Institutions of higher education should be cognizant of specific characteristics, barriers, and challenges any student encounters to help facilitate student success.

The Relationship Between Spiritual Intelligence and Aggression Among Elite Wrestlers in Hamadan Province of IRAN

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and aggression among elite wrestlers of adolescent age group. The present study was descriptive of correlation type in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. The population of this research was the elite wrestlers of adolescents age group aged 14-17 (mean and SD of 15.27 ± 1.33) using the convenient sampling method for adolescent wrestling teams of Hamedan clubs selected as samples. To measure variables, King's spiritual intelligence scale and Bass and Perry aggression questionnaire were used. Pearson correlation coefficient and simple regression method were used for data analysis. Results showed a significant negative relationship between spiritual intelligence and aggression. The spiritual intelligence scores also have a significant effect on aggression. The findings show that the higher the spiritual intelligence, the less likely the aggression of the elite wrestlers in different competitions and they can have a better performance than others.

[A comparative study of the relationship of mothers' and infants' risk of dental caries between Shanghai and Kunming]

PURPOSE

To compare the differences of influence of mothers' different socio-demographic background, their oral health status and feeding behavior on their one-month-old infants' risk of dental caries between Shanghai and Kunming, and to explore the factors affecting infants' risk of dental caries in different regions.

METHODS

One-month-old infants and their mothers from Huangpu district of Shanghai and Xishan district of Kunming were recruited in the study. Oral plaque samples of mothers and their infants were collected to assess their risk of dental caries. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 software package, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to screen the factors affecting the risk of infantile rickets in Shanghai and Kunming.

RESULITS

A total of 165 mother-child pairs in Shanghai and 161 mother-child pairs in Kunming participated in the survey, and the proportion of infants who were at high risk of caries was 10.3% and 6.2%, respectively. The result of multivariate logistic analysis indicated that the infants whose mother smoked before pregnancy (OR=6.9, P=0.030) and attained lower education level (OR=6.1, P=0.035) had higher risk of caries in Shanghai; while in Kunming, the infants whose mother had higher DMFS values were at higher risk of caries (OR=1.1, P=0.031).

CONCLUSIONS

Factors affecting one-month-old infants' risk of caries in Shanghai and Kunming were pre-pregnancy maternal cigarette smoking, mother's lower education level and mother's dental caries status, respectively.

Knowledge, Opinions and Behaviors of Senior Nursing Students in Turkey Regarding Euthanasia and Factors in Islam Affecting These

The descriptive study was conducted to investigate the knowledge, opinions, behaviors of senior nursing students regarding euthanasia and factors in Islam influencing these. Almost all students (97.7%) knew about euthanasia. Their knowledge, opinions and behaviors were affected by their beliefs about death, religious beliefs and the idea of being subject to euthanasia themselves. Religion influenced whether they wanted euthanasia to be legalized or would carry it out secretly. Students who would be willing for their relatives to undergo euthanasia would not want to participate in this. Knowledge about the concept of euthanasia should be increased and the subject further investigated in many dimensions.

Factor analysis of the children's sleep habits questionnaire among preschool children with autism spectrum disorder

BACKGROUND

Sleep problems are prevalent among young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) is commonly used for assessment, but there are outstanding questions regarding its optimal measurement model.

AIMS

To examine the factor structure of the CSHQ in preschool children with ASD, and relationships between CSHQ factors and children's emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dysregulation.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Participants included 4- to 5-year-olds with ASD (n = 281). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine whether two previously reported CSHQ factor structures provided adequate fit to the sample data. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used examine alternative models. Regression analyses were used to examine how CSHQ factor scores explained variance in dysregulation symptoms, measured by the Child Behavior Checklist.

RESULTS

Previously reported factor models in children with ASD were not confirmed, but a novel five-factor model identified using EFA provided excellent fit to the sample data. Sleep factors were generally not correlated with autism symptoms but were associated with aggression, anxiety/depression and attention problems, with evidence of specificity in these relationships.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed CSHQ five-factor model may be useful in future studies of sleep problems in young children with ASD.

Pre-injury health status of major trauma patients with orthopaedic injuries

BACKGROUND

Pre-injury health status is an important determining factor of long-term outcomes after orthopaedic major trauma. Determining pre-injury health status of major trauma patients with orthopaedic injuries is also important for evaluating the change from pre to post-injury health status.

OBJECTIVES

Describe pre-injury health statuses reported at three different time points (6, 12 and 24 months) after injury and compare these with Australian normative values; determine the agreement between pre-injury health status collected at multiple time points post-injury; and identify factors associated with reporting better pre-injury health status.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A registry-based cohort study was conducted. Major trauma patients with orthopaedic injuries captured by the Victorian State Trauma Registry with a date of injury from January 2009 to December 2016 were included. Pre-injury health status (measured using the EuroQol-Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS)), reported 6, 12 and 24 months post-injury, was compared against Australian population normative values. The Bland-Altman method of comparison was used to determine the agreement between pre-injury EQ-VAS scores reported 6 to 12 and 6 to 24 months post-injury. Mixed effects ordinal logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with reporting better pre-injury health status.

RESULTS

A total of 3,371 patients were eligible for the study. The median (IQR) pre-injury EQ-VAS score reported 6, 12 and 24 months post-injury was 90 (85-100) out of 100. Participants' pre-injury EQ-VAS scores reported 6, 12 and 24 months post-injury were significantly higher than Australian population normative values. Pre-injury EQ-VAS scores reported 6 months post-injury agreed with pre-injury EQ-VAS scores reported 12 and 24 months post-injury. A significant association exists between pre-injury health status and age, comorbidities, injury characteristics, socioeconomic status and pre-injury work status.

CONCLUSIONS

People with orthopaedic major trauma have better pre-injury health compared to the general Australian population. Therefore, population-specific values should be used as baseline measures to evaluate orthopaedic trauma outcomes. Pre-injury health status values reported at three different post-injury time points were comparable. If conducting a retrospective pre-injury health evaluation, researchers need be aware of factors that influence self-reporting of pre-injury health status and the response shift that may happen due to encountering injury.

Health Care Provider Perceptions of Caring for Individuals with Inherited Pancreatic Cancer Risk

Recent national guidelines recommend genetic risk assessment for all patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, yet individuals with pancreatic cancer obtain genetic testing at suboptimal rates. Both patient and provider factors play a role in adherence to genetic testing recommendations. The purpose of this study was to understand health care provider perspectives of caring for patients with inherited pancreatic cancer risk. The study was a cross-sectional mixed method study utilizing a qualitative interview and a survey. The study sample included health care providers who provide care for patients with pancreatic cancer or inherited risk. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis, while quantitative data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Thirty participants had complete interview data and 29 completed a survey. The sample was comprised of physicians (n = 17), genetic counselors (n = 6), nurses (n = 3), and social workers (n = 3). Respondents were less confident in their ability to identify patients with inherited pancreatic cancer risk compared with other hereditary cancer syndromes. Several challenges were identified including the pancreatic cancer illness trajectory; lack of evidence-based practice guidelines; difficulty interpreting genetic test results; and difficulty following up on referrals. Participants perceived a lack of educational resources for patients with inherited pancreatic cancer risk. Health care providers who care for individuals with inherited pancreatic cancer risk face challenges that are distinct from those encountered during the care of individuals for other hereditary cancers. There is a need for additional resources at the patient-, provider-, and system-level.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Anxiety Levels of Patients Before Plastic Surgery Operation and Worship Practices in Muslims

There is an increasing interest in the effects of preoperative anxiety on the course and outcomes of surgical treatments and also in the studies about the anxiety-decreasing interventions. The present study aims to identify the relationship between the preoperative anxiety level of the individuals prior to aesthetic surgery operations such as nose, ear, eyelid, and mammoplasty and religious rituals such as performing prayers, fasting, and going to pilgrimage. The frequency of performing the religious rituals was identified through a questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions about the religious rituals such as performing prayers, going to a pilgrimage, and fasting as well as questions about sociodemographic features such as gender, age, and education level of the patients. Preoperative anxiety level was measured using the "Anxiety Specific to Surgery Questionnaire." The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used for the scale score comparisons of the two independent groups. The scale score comparisons of more than two groups were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The relationships between age and scale scores were analyzed using the Spearman's correlation coefficient. The study involved 117 patients who were planned to undergo an aesthetic surgery operation. The scale scores were significantly different according to the pilgrimage groups (p = 0.004). The scale scores were significantly different according to the level of fasting (p = 0.022). No significant differences were found between the scales scores of the groups who reported the frequency of performing prayer as never, sometimes or five times (p = 0.515). In conclusion, the present study found that Muslim people who performed religious rituals more often experienced less preoperative anxiety levels in plastic surgeries, which indicates that the belief level is an effective factor in preoperative anxiety levels. The findings of the present study indicate that patients' beliefs and worship practices should be taken into consideration by doctors, operating room personnel, and even all health workers in order to decrease the anxiety levels of patients who will undergo surgery.

Parent-child relationship and smartphone use disorder among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of quality of life and the moderating role of educational level

The present study explored the effect of parent-child relationship on Smartphone Use Disorder (SUD) and the mediating role of quality of life (QOL). In addition, we explored the role of educational level from the developmental psychology perspective. Our results indicate that: (1) parent-child relationship could negatively predict SUD among adolescents; (2) QOL played a partial mediator role in the relationship between parent-child relationship and SUD; (3) As educational level increased from elementary school to middle school to high school, the effect of parent-child relationship on QOL weakened. This study showed that adolescents with good parent-child relationship had a higher QOL thus exhibiting a lower extent of SUD. Moreover, the link between parent-child relationship and SUD weakened as the educational level increased.

Investigating the Effect of Religious Intervention on Mental Vitality and Sense of Loneliness Among the Elderly Referring to Community Healthcare Centers

The growth of elderly population is among the most important issues in the world, and religious interventions can help them to keep their health. For this reason, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of religious intervention on subjective vitality and sense of loneliness of the elderly referring to healthcare centers. This semi-experimental study was conducted on 88 elderlies referring to community healthcare centers of Ilam City. The elderlies were randomly assigned into test and control groups, and subjective vitality and sense of loneliness questionnaire was distributed to them. For the elderly in the test group, twelve 30-45-min sessions of religious intervention were held. Then, at intervals of immediately, 1 month, and 2 months after the study, the studied questionnaires were redistributed again among the elderly, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and through descriptive statistics as well as repeated measures of analysis of variance. Before intervention, there was no difference between mental vitality and fear of loneliness in the elderly, but after intervention, the amount of mental vitality increased and fear of loneliness decreased. Since in this study, implementation of religious intervention resulted in improved subjective vitality and diminished sense of loneliness among the elderly, it is suggested that this effective intervention be also used in other studies.

Impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems and other respondent characteristics on tobacco use transitions among a U.S. national sample of women of reproductive age

BACKGROUND

Identifying predictors of tobacco use patterns that differ in harm among reproductive-aged women may inform efforts to protect women and children against adverse health impacts of tobacco use.

METHODS

Changes in tobacco use patterns were examined among women (18-49 years) who completed Wave 1 (W1) and Wave 2 (W2), or W2 and Wave 3 (W3) of the U.S. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH, 2013-2016) study, and were using cigarettes, filtered cigars and/or cigarillos in the first wave over which data were included for that respondent (Time 1; T1). We examined the proportion of respondents whose tobacco use transitions from T1 to Time 2 (T2) were harm-maintaining (continued using combusted tobacco), harm-reducing (transitioned to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), or harm-eliminating (quit tobacco). Multinomial logistic regressions (with harm-maintaining as the baseline category) were conducted to examine associations between ENDS use, demographic, and psychosocial characteristics with each transition.

RESULTS

A majority of women (83 %) exhibited harm-maintaining transitions, followed by harm-eliminating (14.7 %) and harm-reducing (2.3 %) transitions. Use of ENDS at T1 was associated with increased odds of harm reduction and decreased odds of harm elimination. Younger women were more likely to make both harm-reducing and harm-eliminating transitions. Increased educational attainment, identifying as Black or Hispanic, increased psychiatric symptoms, and pregnancy were associated with harm elimination, whereas living at or above poverty was associated with harm reduction.

CONCLUSIONS

Study results contribute new information on the impact of ENDS, sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric symptoms, and pregnancy on tobacco use transitions among reproductive-aged women.

Understanding Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption in Asexual Samples: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Existing research suggests significant differences in alcohol and tobacco consumption trends according to one's sexual orientation. However, asexual people have not yet been included in these comparisons. In this mixed-methods, two-part study, we sought to compare group differences in alcohol and tobacco consumption among sexual orientations, focusing on asexual people, sexual people, and those in the "gray" area between asexual and sexual (i.e., "gray-asexual"). Data for Study 1 came from four British studies: National Surveys of Sexual Attitude and Lifestyles I, II, and III in 1990, 2000, and 2010 (NATSAL I, II, III) and Towards Better Sexual Health (TBSH) in 2000. Sample sizes for each study by gender are: NATSAL I-M: 1923 F: 3511; NATSAL II-M: 4604 F: 6031; NATSAL III-M: 6122 F: 7966; TBSH-M: 347 F: 552. Notably, asexual and gray-asexual respondents were found to consume significantly less alcohol and were more likely to abstain from drinking alcohol altogether, compared to allosexual respondents. Differences in tobacco consumption were only statistically significant for asexual respondents in two of three studies that included tobacco consumption. Each of the four studies also found that asexual and gray-asexual respondents were more likely to be non-drinkers (40.0-77.8%, asexual and 28.1-50.1% gray-asexual, non-drinkers, respectively) than allosexual respondents (10.2-27.2%, non-drinkers). Interviews conducted in Study 2 identified somatic, social, and psychological experiences and motivations that may shed light on the reasons for lower drinking frequencies among asexual individuals. Variability in alcohol consumption levels among asexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual respondents, and the general population raises new questions about the motivations for why people consume alcohol.

Career Impact of the Chief Resident in Quality and Safety Training Program: An Alumni Evaluation

PURPOSE

Most evaluations of quality improvement and patient safety (QI/PS) training programs provide inadequate data on their impact on alumni careers and QI/PS involvement. To address this gap, the authors investigated continued participation in and barriers to QI/PS work, employment, and satisfaction with training among alumni of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Chief Resident in Quality and Safety (CRQS) program.

METHOD

A cross-sectional, web-based survey was administered in January 2018 to all 238 CRQS program alumni (program years 2009-2017, 54 program sites).

RESULTS

A total of 145 alumni (61%) completed the survey, of whom 40% were employed at the VA. Participants reported various professional roles including academic appointments, QI/PS-specific positions, and hospital leadership positions. Most respondents reported involvement in QI/PS activities within the past year, including conducting QI or PS projects and teaching QI or PS. Alumni dedicated a median 15% of their work time to QI/PS. Almost all alumni reported experiencing barriers to QI/PS involvement, most frequently lack of time given clinical responsibilities. Most were satisfied with the training, and almost all reported CRQS participation helped their professional career advancement.

CONCLUSIONS

The continued involvement in QI/PS reported by alumni suggests training programs such as the CRQS program may be successful in building a workforce of leaders equipped to conduct and teach QI/PS. Dedicated time for QI/PS efforts is an important barrier. Future research should address possible career options and assess the larger, overall effect training physicians in QI/PS has on health systems and patient care.

Pregnancy preferences and contraceptive use among US women

OBJECTIVES

An understanding of the relationship between individuals' pregnancy preferences and contraceptive use is essential for appropriate patient-centered counseling and care. We examined the relationship between women's pregnancy preferences and contraceptive use using a new prospective measure, the Desire to Avoid Pregnancy (DAP) scale.

STUDY DESIGN

As part of a study examining women's suspicion and confirmation of new pregnancies, we recruited patients aged 15 - 45 from seven reproductive health and primary health facilities in Arizona, New Jersey, New Mexico, South Carolina, and Texas in 2016-2017. We used multivariable logistic, multinomial logistic, and linear regression models to examine the associations among DAP scores (range: 0 - 4) and contraceptive use outcomes and identify factors associated with discordance between DAP and use of contraception.

RESULTS

Participants with a greater preference to avoid pregnancy had higher odds of contraceptive use (aOR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.04) and used contraceptives more consistently (aβ = 8.9 percentage points, 95% CI: 5.2, 12.7). Nevertheless, 63% of women with low preference to avoid pregnancy reported using a contraceptive method. Higher preference to avoid pregnancy was not associated with type of contraceptive method used: women with the full range of pregnancy preferences reported using all method types.

CONCLUSION

When measured using a rigorously developed instrument, pregnancy preferences were associated with contraceptive use and consistency of use. However, our findings challenge assumptions that women with the highest preference against pregnancy use more effective methods and that women who might welcome pregnancy do not use contraception.

IMPLICATIONS

Women's preferences about pregnancy contribute significantly to their use of contraception. However, health care providers and researchers should consider that contraceptive features besides effectiveness in preventing pregnancy shape contraceptive decision-making and use.

The Status and Adequacy of Preceptor Orientation and Development Programs in US Pharmacy Schools

Objective. To identify current preceptor orientation and development programs at US colleges and schools of pharmacy and propose future initiatives for preceptor programs. Methods. An anonymous 28-item survey was administered in January 2017 to 128 experiential education personnel at accredited US schools and colleges of pharmacy. Data from completed survey instruments were tabulated and qualitative responses to open-ended questions were examined using thematic analysis. Results. Eighty-five experiential education administrators participated in the survey (response rate=67%). Most preceptor orientation programs met the majority of requirements as outlined within the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education's Standard 20.3, although only 42% of programs mandated preceptor orientation prior to student placement. Two-thirds of respondents offered annual, live preceptor development, and 75% of programs used commercially available online products. Nearly 40% of respondents collaborated with other schools or professional organizations to offer preceptor training. Only 29% of programs had specific requirements for pharmacists to maintain their active preceptor status. Seventy percent of respondents reported spending over $2500 and 39% over $5000 annually on preceptor development. Programs with the highest monetary investment (>$10,000/year) in preceptor development offered multiple venues (live and online) for preceptor training. Programs with significant personnel commitment (≥0.5 FTE devoted to preceptor development) frequently had dedicated site visitors. Conclusion. Preceptor orientation programs at US schools of pharmacy are generally similar, but development programs vary significantly across the Academy. Highly invested programs featured live and online training or site visitors who provided individualized feedback or training. Future studies should explore the cost-effectiveness of program options and their impact on preceptor learning and behaviors.

Fluctuations in progesterone moderate the relationship between daily mood and alcohol use in young adult women

BACKGROUND

Research has demonstrated associations between hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle and women's alcohol use. This association has been explained by mood changes that, for some women, accompany decreasing levels of progesterone during the menstrual cycle, particularly during the late luteal/premenstrual phase. The current study examined whether participants' daily ratings of mood interact with changing levels of progesterone to predict alcohol use.

METHOD

Young adult women attended two sessions scheduled two weeks apart, during which they completed questionnaires and provided salivary samples for the assay of progesterone levels. In the intervening two weeks, participants completed daily logs of their mood, alcohol use, and menses. Ordered Generalized Linear Mixed Models assessed the effects of daily mood (examined as both a within- and between-subject variable) on the likelihood of drinking, as a function of menstrual cycle phase and changes in progesterone across the two weeks.

RESULTS

One standard deviation increase in progesterone corresponded to a 1.61 decrease in the odds of drinking. This main effect was moderated by daily mood. Women were more likely to drink during a decrease in progesterone on days they rated their mood as negative, whereas during an increase in progesterone they were more likely to drink on days they reported a positive mood. Between-subject analyses showed that women who reported lower overall mood during the two-week period were more likely to drink with an increase in progesterone and less likely with a decrease.

CONCLUSIONS

Women's likelihood to drink increased when they experienced negative mood in the context of decreasing levels of progesterone, whereas the negative-mood/drinking association was mitigated among those with increasing levels of progesterone. However, compared to women who on average had an overall more positive mood, women with an overall lower mood (and corresponding higher levels of depression and anxiety at baseline) did not experience the protective effects of rising progesterone levels on drinking.

The health behaviour status of teenage and young adult cancer patients and survivors in the United Kingdom

PURPOSE

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the health behaviour status of teenage and young adult (TYA) cancer patients and survivors; the secondary aim was to determine if TYA cancer patients and survivors health behaviour differs to general population controls.

METHODS

Two hundred sixty-seven young people with cancer (n =83 cancer patients receiving active treatment: n =174 cancer survivors, 57.1% >1 year since treatment completion) and 321 controls completed a health and lifestyle questionnaire which included validated measures of physical activity (PA) (Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire), diet (Dietary Instrument for Nutrition Education, DINE), smoking status, and alcohol consumption (AUDIT-C).

RESULTS

General population controls and cancer survivors were more likely to meet current (PA) recommendations (p <0.001) than TYA cancer patients undergoing treatment (54.8% vs 52.3% vs 30.1%, respectively). Less than 40% of young people with cancer and controls met fat intake, sugar intake, fibre intake or current fruit and vegetable recommendations. TYA cancer survivors were more likely to report binge drinking than controls (OR=3.26, 95% CI 2.12-5.02, p <0.001). Very few young people with in the study were current smokers. The majority of TYA cancer patients and survivors reported a desire to make positive changes to their health behaviour.

CONCLUSION

Consideration should be given to whether existing health behaviour change interventions which have demonstrated positive effects among the general TYA population could be adapted for young people with cancer.

Self-reported campus alcohol policy and college alcohol consumption: a multilevel analysis of 4592 Korean students from 82 colleges

BACKGROUND

Campus alcohol policy has been associated with student alcohol consumption in numerous studies. However, more information is required to assess the extent to which school policy affects student drinking behavior; especially when both individual-level sociodemographic characteristics of students and area-level characteristics of college campuses are controlled for. Thus, this paper explores the association between campus alcohol policy and student alcohol consumption among a nationally representative sample of college students in South Korea, while controlling for both individual and area-level characteristics.

METHODS

We surveyed and analyzed the data of 4592 students from 82 colleges. Multilevel (hierarchical) linear modeling was used to identify the association between campus alcohol policy and alcohol consumption levels, measured via the AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Consumption). Controlled individual-level characteristics included sex, year level, major, GPA (grade point average), pocket money, smoking status, stress level, depressive thoughts, suicidal thoughts, and number of clubs/organizations. Controlled area-level characteristics included college type, number of students, number of faculty members, number of workers/administrators, and region.

RESULTS

Compared to students unaware of their school's campus alcohol policy, students who self-reported that their campuses allow drinking in outdoor spaces (β = 0.755 p = 0.010) or in all areas (β = 0.820, p = 0.044) had higher AUDIT-C scores. Students attending schools with a large number of students, males, freshmen, students with low GPA, students with high amounts of pocket money, and smokers also had higher alcohol consumption scores relative to their peers. Alcohol education experience in the form of lectures, mail, and/or campaigns were not associated with student alcohol consumption levels.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest an association between self-reported campus alcohol policy and student alcohol consumption. College educators and administrators must be aware that relative to students unaware of their school's campus alcohol policy, students at colleges that allow drinking in outdoor spaces or all areas consume higher amounts of alcohol than their peers; even when area-level factors are controlled for.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Yonsei IRB (IRB number: Y-2017-0084). https://irb.yonsei.ac.kr Date of registration: 01/2017. Date of enrolment of first participant to trial: 03/01/2017. Y-2017-0084.

Asexual and Non-Asexual Respondents from a U.S. Population-Based Study of Sexual Minorities

Using a U.S. population-based sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) and other sexual minority (e.g., queer-identified) people, we compared those who identified as asexual (n = 19; 1.66%) and those who were non-asexual (n = 1504; 98.34%). Compared to non-asexual respondents, asexual respondents were more likely to be women or gender non-binary and belong to a younger (ages 18-27) cohort. Asexual individuals were also less likely to have had sex in the past 5 years, compared to non-asexual men, women, and gender non-binary participants, and also reported lower levels of sexual attraction to cisgender men and women than non-asexual women and men, respectively. However, asexual participants did not differ from non-asexual participants in being in an intimate relationship. Asexual respondents felt more stigma than non-asexual men and women, and asexuals reported more everyday discrimination than did non-asexual men. Asexual and non-asexual respondents did not differ in their sense of connectedness to the LGB community. Asexual and non-asexual respondents were as likely to be out to all family, all friends, and all co-workers, but fewer asexual participants were out to all healthcare providers than non-asexual men. The two groups were similar in general well-being, life satisfaction, and social support. In conclusion, asexual identity is an infrequent but unique identity, and one that has the potential to expand the concept of queer identity as well as to destabilize the foregrounding of sexual behavior.

Calcium intake from diet and supplement use during early pregnancy: the Expect study I

PURPOSE

Adequate calcium intake during pregnancy is of major importance for the health of both mother and fetus. Up to date, evidence on the prevalence of inadequate calcium intake among pregnant women is sparse for Western countries, and it is unknown to what extent inadequate dietary calcium intake is adequately balanced by supplement use. The objective of this study was to estimate calcium intake from diet and supplement use during the early pregnancy in The Netherlands.

METHODS

As part of the Expect cohort study, 2477 pregnant women (8-16 weeks of gestation) completed an online questionnaire including questions on baseline characteristics, the use of calcium containing supplements, and a short food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Intake data were used to calculate median calcium intakes from diet, from supplements, and combined, and to compare these values with currently accepted requirement levels.

RESULTS

Forty-two percent of the pregnant women had a total calcium intake below the estimated average requirement of 800 mg/day. Median (interquartile range) calcium intake was 886 (611-1213) mg/day. Calcium or multivitamin supplements were used by 64.8% of the women at 8 weeks of gestation, with a median calcium content of 120.0 (60.0-200.0) mg/day. Prenatal vitamins were the most often used supplements (60.6%).

CONCLUSIONS

Forty-two percent of Dutch pregnant women have an inadequate calcium intake. Supplements are frequently used, but most do not contain sufficient amounts to correct this inadequate intake.

Secondhand smoke exposure at home and public places among smokers and non-smokers in India: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016-17

Secondhand smoke (SHS) accounts for 0.9 million deaths and 24 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) annually. Nearly 30% of adults in India are exposed to SHS in India. To reduce SHS exposure, India enacted a smoke-free law in 2003 under which smoking in public places is banned. However, the compliance to this law has been variable in several assessments in the country. A better understanding of the nature and extent of SHS exposure can help inform better implementation of national smoke-free policies. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) India 2016-17 collects information on the self-reported prevalence of SHS exposure in homes, workplaces, government buildings, restaurants, public transportation and health care facilities among adults (> 15 years of age).The present study utilized the GATS India 2016-17 dataset to provide estimates of SHS exposure among adults in India in homes, workplace and other public places, across gender and age groups and among the overall population and non-smokers. Weighted analysis was carried out. In the overall population, exposure to SHS in the home was 29.2%, more among young females. In workplaces, exposure to SHS was 29.2% overall, significantly higher among males (32.5%) compared to females (17.8%). In public buildings such as health care facilities and government offices, SHS exposure was less with 15.6% and 21.2% respectively. SHS exposure was high in restaurants with 39.3% overall, significantly higher among males (43.2%) compared to females (22.2%). Similar results were also seen among non-smokers. A large proportion of adults in India, both smokers and non-smokers are exposed to SHS in their homes, workplaces and other public places, especially restaurants, workplaces and public transportation. Females are more exposed to SHS at home, whereas males are more exposed in public places including workplaces. High SHS exposure among youths is also a concern. Stricter enforcement of legislation is required to ensure 100% smoke-free homes, public places and workplaces and reduce SHS exposure.