TGF-β: elusive target in diabetic kidney disease

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a cytokine with near omnipresence, is an integral part of many vital cellular processes across the human body. The family includes three isoforms: Transforming growth factor-beta 1, 2, and 3. These cytokines play a significant role in the fibrosis cascade. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a major complication of diabetes, is increasing in prevalence daily, and the classical diagnosis of diabetes is based on the presence of albuminuria. The occurrence of nonalbuminuric DKD has provided new insight into the pathogenesis of this disease. The emphasis on multifactorial pathways involved in developing DKD has highlighted some markers associated with tissue fibrosis. In diabetic nephropathy, TGF-β is significantly involved in its pathology. Its presence in serum and urine means that it could be a diagnostic tool while its regulation provides potential therapeutic targets. Completely blocking TGF-β signaling could reach untargeted regions and cause unanticipated effects. This paper reviews the basic details of TGF-β as a cytokine, its role in DKD, and updates on research carried out to validate its candidacy.

Deciphering the causal link between gut microbiota and membranous nephropathy: insights into potential inflammatory mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Membranous nephropathy (MN), a leading cause of adult nephrotic syndrome and renal failure, has been linked to gut microbiota (GM) and their metabolites. However, direct causal relationships and therapeutic implications remain unclear.

METHODS

We utilized a comprehensive GWAS dataset that encompasses GM, metabolites, and MN through two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, bidirectional MR evaluations, and detailed sensitivity tests.

RESULTS

We identified strong causal associations between nine specific types of GM, including class Clostridia (OR = 1.816, 95%CI: 1.021-3.236, p = .042), class Melainabacteria (OR = 0.661, 95%CI: 0.439-0.996, p = .048), order Gastranaerophilales (OR = 0.689, 95%CI: 0.480-0.996, p = .044), genus Alistipes (OR = 0.480, 95%CI: 0.223-0.998, p = .049), genus Butyricicoccus (OR = 0.464, 95%CI: 0.216-0.995, p = .048), genus Butyrivibrio (OR = 0.799, 95%CI: 0.639-0.998, p = .048), genus Ruminococcaceae UCG003 (OR = 0.563, 95%CI: 0.362-0.877, p = .011), genus Streptococcus (OR = 0.619, 95%CI: 0.393-0.973, p = .038), and genus Oscillibacter (OR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.06-3.40, p = .031). Additionally, the metabolite tryptophan also exhibited a significant causal influence on MN (OR = 0.852, 95%CI: 0.754-0.963, p = .010). Sensitivity and reverse MR analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. Further exploration using gutMGene database suggests that GM may influence MN by affecting the release of inflammatory factors and modulating inflammatory pathways.

CONCLUSION

This study offers a comprehensive understanding of the causal links between GM, their metabolites, and MN, which highlight potential pathways for developing new preventive and therapeutic strategies for this condition.

Tanshinone IIA reduces tubulointerstitial fibrosis by suppressing GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis

CONTEXT

Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a bioactive compound derived from the traditional Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza (Family Lamiaceae, Authority Bunge), is well-known for its protective effects in various kidney diseases. However, its role in obstructive nephropathy has not been thoroughly investigated.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the protective effects of Tan IIA in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Gasdermin D (GSDMD) knockout mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates underwent UUO surgery, with Tan IIA treatment administered 24 h prior. Human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells) were treated with TGF-β1 to induce fibrosis (50 ng/mL for 24 h), followed by Tan IIA treatment (5 μM) for an additional 3 h.

RESULTS

Tan IIA significantly reduced the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including collagen I, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin and fibronectin, in UUO mice. Tan IIA attenuated GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. However, in GSDMD knockout mice subjected to UUO, the protective effects of Tan IIA on ECM gene expression and collagen deposition in the tubular interstitium were reduced. In vitro studies showed that Tan IIA reduced GSDMD activation and fibronectin protein expression in HK-2 cells.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Tan IIA may mitigate GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) and reduce kidney fibrosis, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic strategy to prevent the progression of kidney disease after ureteral obstruction.

Identification of biomarkers for chronic renal fibrosis and their relationship with immune infiltration and cell death

BACKGROUND

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant global public health challenge. This study aims to identify biomarkers of renal fibrosis and elucidate the relationship between unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), immune infiltration, and cell death.

METHODS

Gene expression matrices for UUO were retrieved from the gene expression omnibus (GSE36496, GSE79443, GSE217650, and GSE217654). Seven genes identified through Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network and Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) analysis were validated using qRT-PCR in both in vivo and in vitro UUO experiments. WB assays were employed to investigate the role of Clec4n within NF-κB signaling pathway in renal fibrosis. The composition of immune cells in UUO was assessed using CIBERSORT, and gene set variant analysis (GSVA) was utilized to evaluate prevalent signaling pathways and cell death indices.

RESULTS

GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed numerous inflammation-related pathways significantly enriched in UUO conditions. Bcl2a1b, Clec4n, and Col1a1 were identified as potential diagnostic biomarkers for UUO. Analysis of immune cell infiltration indicated a correlation between UUO and enhanced mast cell activation. Silencing Clec4n expression appeared to mitigate the inflammatory response in renal fibrosis. GSVA results indicated elevated inflammatory pathway scores in UUO, with significant differences in disulfiram and cuproptosis scores compared to those in the normal murine kidney group.

CONCLUSION

Bcl2a1b, Clec4n, and Col1a1 may serve as biomarkers for diagnosing UUO. UUO development is closely linked to immune cell infiltration, activation of inflammatory pathways, disulfiram, and cuproptosis processes.

Dietary habits and risk of diabetic kidney disease: a two-sample and multivariate Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

We explored the causal relationship between certain dietary habits and the risk of developing diabetic kidney disease (DKD) using two-sample Mendelian randomization and multivariate Mendelian randomization.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This study is based on pooled data from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 83 dietary habits in a European population. We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis using GAWS data on diabetic nephropathy in a European population. Validation was then performed against positive results (p < 0.05) in different GAWS data on diabetic nephropathy of European origin. Finally, multivariate Mendelian randomization analyses were performed on dietary habits with positive results (p < 0.05) in both datasets and GWAS data on postprandial glucose in the European population.

RESULTS

This study showed causal relationships between 18 dietary habits and the risk of developing DKD. After validation, causal relationships were found between the risk of DKD and two dietary habits: abstaining from sugar consumption (OR 2.86; 95%CI 1.35, 6.08; p = 0.006) and consuming whole grain/multigrain bread (OR 0.53; 95%CI 0.32, 0.89; p = 0.016). Correcting for the effect of postprandial glucose, the multivariate MR results showed that never eating sugar increased the risk of developing DKD (OR 0.08; 95%CI 0.018, 0.36; p = 0.001), whereas eating whole grain/multigrain bread did not reduce the risk of developing DKD (OR 1.37; 95%CI 0.55, 3.41; p = 0.50).

CONCLUSIONS

Our MR results suggest a causal relationship between never eating sugar and an increased risk of developing DKD. Therefore, people with diabetes need a reasonable range of sugar intake.

Modified Huangqi Chifeng decoction alleviates podocyte injury on rat with experimental membranous nephropathy

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of modified Huangqi Chifeng decoction (MHCD) on proteinuria in membranous nephropathy (MN) and its potential protective effects on podocytes. Furthermore, we explored whether these effects are associated with the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway.

METHODS

Passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) rat model was applied with a single tail vein injection of sheep anti-rat Fx1A serum (0.4 ml/100g). All rats were divided into four groups: normal group, PHN group, benazepril group (10 mg/kg), and MHCD group (12.5 g/kg), and were treated for 6 weeks. 24-hour urine protein levels and serum biochemical parameters were measured. Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed to assess pathological changes in renal tissues. Additionally, the expression levels of IgG, C5b-9, nephrin, podocin, Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT-1), and NF-κB p65 were evaluated.

RESULTS

PHN rats exhibited progressive proteinuria over time. However, MHCD treatment significantly reduced levels of proteinuria and triglyceride, while increased levels of albumin. Moreover, MHCD alleviated pathological damage in renal tissues, and reduced the expression of IgG and membrane attack complex (C5b-9). Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that MHCD increased the expression of nephrin, podocin, and WT-1. Western blot analysis showed that MHCD increased the expression of nephrin and podocin while inhibiting the activation of NF-κB p65.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that MHCD exert reno-protective effects in the experimental rat model of MN by alleviating podocyte damage and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

Targeted modulation of intestinal barrier and mucosal immune-related microbiota attenuates IgA nephropathy progression

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is related to the balance of gut microbiota. However, it is unclear whether changes in the gut microbiota can cause IgAN or attenuate its progression. This study employed IgAN and human microbiota-associated (HMA)-IgAN models to investigate the impact of IgAN on gut microbiota alteration and the mechanisms by which gut microbiota might trigger IgAN. Furthermore, this study examined the effects of chitooligosaccharides (COS) and COS formulation (COSF) with microbiota-targeting function on enhancing intestinal barrier and renal functions. These results revealed that IgAN led to a reduction in α-diversity and structural alterations in the gut microbiota, characterized by an increase in Shigella sonnei, Streptococcus danieliae, Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis, and a decrease in Bifidobacterium pseudolongum and Clostridium leptum. There was also an imbalance in intestinal B-cell immunity and a decrease in the level of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin). Intestinal barrier and mucosal immune-related microbiota (Clostridium leptum, unclassified Lachnospiraceae NK4Al36 group, unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group, unclassified Oscillospiraceae, and unclassified Roseburia) were enriched through targeted modulation with COS/COSF, enhancing intestinal ZO-1 expression and reducing APRIL/BAFF overexpression, thereby reducing renal damage in IgAN. In conclusion, this study clarified the kidney-gut crosstalk between gut microbiota and IgAN, providing scientific evidence for developing microbiota-targeted food interventions to improve IgAN outcomes.

The association between dietary live microbe intake and risk of chronic kidney disease among US adults: a cross-sectional survey from NHANES (2001-2018)

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have suggested that gut dysbacteriosis may promote the onset of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the relationship between consumption of live microorganisms and CKD remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between dietary consumption of live microorganisms and risk of CKD.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2001 to 2018. Dietary intake was assessed through self-reported questionnaires, while CKD diagnosis was based on glomerular filtration rate and albumin-creatinine ratio measurements.

RESULTS

After adjusting for potential confounders, participants with high live microbial intake had a significantly lower risk of CKD compared to those with low intake [odds ratio (OR): 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68-0.91, p = 0.001]. Similarly, those with moderate/high live microbial intake exhibited a reduced CKD risk compared to the low intake group (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78-0.97, p = 0.009). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant interaction between live microbial intake and CKD risk among participants with less than a high school education, as well as among Mexican Americans and other racial groups (including multiracial) (all P values for interaction < 0.05). A U-shaped dose-response relationship was identified between microbial intake and CKD risk, with significant non-linear associations observed for high consumption levels (P for non-linearity = 0.013).

CONCLUSIONS

High dietary intake of live microorganisms is associated with a lower risk of CKD, highlighting the potential role of gut microbiota modulation in CKD prevention.

A novel strategy for the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 against ovarian reserve decline by the PINK1 pathway

CONTEXT

The decline in ovarian reserve is a major concern in female reproductive health, often associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although ginsenoside Rg1 is known to modulate mitophagy, its effectiveness in mitigating ovarian reserve decline remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of ginsenoside Rg1 in promoting mitophagy to preserve ovarian reserve.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ovarian reserve function, reproductive capacity, oxidative stress levels, and mitochondrial function were compared between ginsenoside Rg1-treated and untreated naturally aged female Drosophila using behavioral, histological, and molecular biological techniques. The protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 were analyzed in a Drosophila model of oxidative damage induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Protein expression levels in the PINK1/Parkin pathway were assessed, and molecular docking and PINK1 mutant analyses were conducted to identify potential targets.

RESULTS

Ginsenoside Rg1 significantly mitigated ovarian reserve decline, enhancing offspring quantity and quality, increasing the levels of ecdysteroids, preventing ovarian atrophy, and elevating germline stem cell numbers in aged Drosophila. Ginsenoside Rg1 improved superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, and gene expression while reducing reactive oxygen species levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 activated the mitophagy pathway by upregulating PINK1, Parkin, and Atg8a and downregulating Ref(2)P. Knockdown of PINK1 in the ovary by RNAi attenuated the protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the ginsenoside Rg1 could bind to the active site of the PINK1 kinase domain.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Ginsenoside Rg1 targets PINK1 to regulate mitophagy, preserving ovarian reserve. These findings suggest the potential of ginsenoside Rg1 as a therapeutic strategy to prevent ovarian reserve decline.

Ferroptosis and renal fibrosis: mechanistic insights and emerging therapeutic targets

Ferroptosis is a regulated, iron-dependent form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation and distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Recent studies implicate ferroptosis as a central contributor to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, a hallmark of chronic kidney disease associated with high morbidity and progression to end-stage renal failure. This review synthesizes current evidence linking ferroptotic signaling to fibrotic remodeling in the kidney, focusing on iron metabolism dysregulation, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation, lipid peroxide accumulation, and ferroptosis-regulatory pathways such as FSP1-CoQ10-NAD(P)H and GCH1-BH4. We detail how ferroptosis in tubular epithelial cells modulates pro-fibrotic cytokine release, macrophage recruitment, and TGF-β1-driven extracellular matrix deposition. Moreover, we explore ferroptosis as a therapeutic vulnerability in renal fibrosis, highlighting promising agents including iron chelators, GPX4 activators, anti-lipid peroxidants, and exosome-based gene delivery systems. By consolidating emerging preclinical data, this review provides a comprehensive mechanistic framework and identifies translational opportunities for targeting ferroptosis in fibrotic kidney disease.

Curcumin alleviates renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease by targeting the circ_0008925-related pathway

BACKGROUND

Curcumin has been shown to inhibit renal fibrosis, but whether curcumin mediates renal fibrosis progression by regulating the circular RNA (circRNA)-related pathway remain unclear.

METHODS

TGF-β1 was used to construct renal injury and fibrosis cell model. Cell growth was evaluated by cell counting kit 8 assay, EdU assay and flow cytometry. Fibrosis marker and interleukin 6 signal transducer (IL6ST) protein levels were measured using western bolt analysis. Inflammation factor concentrations were determined by ELISA. Circ_0008925, miR-204-5p and IL6ST expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice models were constructed to assess the role of curcumin in vivo.

RESULTS

Curcumin treatment alleviated TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cell apoptosis, inflammation and fibrosis in vitro, as well as relieved renal injury in UUO mice models in vivo. Circ_0008925 was highly expressed in TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells and its expression was inhibited by curcumin. Circ_0008925 could sponge miR-204-5p to positively regulate IL6ST. The inhibition effect of curcumin on TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cell injury and fibrosis was reversed by circ_0008925 overexpression, miR-204-5p inhibitor or IL6ST upregulation. Besides, circ_0008925 knockdown inhibited TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cell injury and fibrosis by suppressing IL6ST expression.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin relieved renal fibrosis through regulating circ_0008925/miR-204-5p/IL6ST axis.

Inhibitory effects of umbelliferone on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats through the TGF‑β1‑Smad signaling pathway

Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is a critical marker of advanced‑stage chronic liver disease and involves pivotal contributions from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Currently, there are no effective treatments for HF. Umbelliferone (7‑hydroxycoumarin; UMB) is a natural compound with significant anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant and anti‑tumor activities. However, its potential efficacy in treating HF has not been studied. The present study explored the protective effects of UMB against HF, targeting the TGF‑β1‑Smad signaling pathway to explore the underlying mechanisms of UMB. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was injected intraperitoneally to induce HF in rats and primary HSCs were treated in vitro with UMB to investigate the improvement effect of UMB on HF. The levels of fibrosis markers, inflammation, oxidative stress and TGF‑β1‑Smad signaling pathway in the rat liver tissue and HSCs were detected using hematoxylin and eosin staining, enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, Cell Counting Kit‑8 and western blotting. The improvement in liver histopathology, liver function indexes and fibrosis markers demonstrated that UMB markedly inhibited the CCl4‑induced HF and inflammation in the rats. Additionally, UMB prominently reduced the pro‑inflammatory factors and oxidative stress levels. In vitro, UMB markedly inhibited primary HSC activation and decreased alpha‑smooth muscle actin and collagen I expression. The mechanism experiment proved that UMB inhibited the TGF‑β1‑Smad signaling pathway and ameliorated HF. The present study was the first to demonstrate, to the best of the authors' knowledge, that UMB might be a promising natural active compound for treating HF. Its therapeutic effect is associated with its modulation of the TGF‑β1‑Smad signaling pathway.

Bacillus paralicheniformis-mediated gut microbiota promotes M2 macrophage polarization by inhibiting P38 MAPK signaling to alleviate necrotizing enterocolitis and apoptosis in mice

Clostridial necrotizing enterocolitis is a severe gastrointestinal disease induced by Clostridium, strongly associated with intestinal dysbiosis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has proven effective in treating gastrointestinal diseases by remodeling intestinal microbial homeostasis. However, it remains unclear whether FMT from donors with beneficial microbiota can improve the recipient's intestinal function more efficiently. This study found that probiotic Bacillus paralicheniformis SN-6-mediated gut microbiota effectively prevent Clostridial necrotizing enteritis and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Data demonstrated that SN-6 altered gut microbiota composition, ameliorated Clostridium perfringens-induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic reprogramming, particularly enhancing tryptophan metabolism. This led to a marked reduction in intestinal barrier damage and inflammation. FMT from SN-6-treated mice reduced jejunal inflammation in Clostridium perfringens-infected mice, strengthened jejunal barrier and enriched beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Blautia, Akkermansia. Furthermore, 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), a metabolite enriched by SN-6, activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), suppressed the P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38 MAPK) signaling, and drove macrophage polarization from M0 to M2-type, thereby reducing apoptosis and excessive inflammation. This study highlights Bacillus paralicheniformis SN-6 as a key modulator of intestinal immunomodulation via the gut microbiota-IAA-AhR-P38 MAPK axis, offering a potential therapeutic target for preventing and controlling clostridial necrotizing enteritis.

SIRT6 mitigates acute kidney injury by enhancing lipid metabolism and reducing tubular epithelial cell apoptosis via suppression of the ACMSD signaling pathway

Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a critical condition with substantial morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Emerging research has underscored the protective role of SIRT6 in kidney diseases through diverse signaling pathways. Our current report aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which SIRT6 mitigated the progression of AKI. Immunohistochemical and Oil Red O staining techniques were employed to assess the expression of SIRT6 and lipid metabolism in both AKI patients and AKI mice treated with UBCS039, a specific SIRT6 activator (30 mg/kg, i.p.). Kidney tissues from AKI mice were analyzed using LC-MS/MS to uncover SIRT6-related signaling pathways involved in AKI. Additionally, human proximal renal tubule cells (HK-2) were exposed to UBCS039 or transfected pcDNA3.1-SIRT6 overexpression plasmid to investigate the underlying signaling mechanisms of SIRT6 on lipid metabolism using Western blotting analysis and Oil Red O staining. Gene expression levels of ACMSD was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in HK-2 cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the effect of SIRT6 on regulating ACMSD transcription. Our findings revealed a significant reduction in SIRT6 expression in both AKI patients and AKI mice. Treatment with UBCS039, however, significantly decreased lipid accumulation and apoptosis in AKI mice. Proteomic analysis and Dual-luciferase reporter assay identified ACMSD as a downstream target of SIRT6. In vitro studies further demonstrated that SIRT6 enhanced lipid metabolism and mitigated apoptosis through the inhibition of ACMSD expression. This study demonstrated that SIRT6 promoted lipid metabolism by inhibiting the ACMSD pathway, thereby reducing apoptosis in AKI. These findings suggested that targeting ACMSD could offer a novel therapeutic strategy for SIRT6-mediated intervention in AKI.

Large-scale synthesis of non-ionic bismuth chelate for computed tomography imaging in vivo

High atomic number elements-based X-ray computed tomography (CT) contrast agents offer a promising solution to address the inherent deficiencies of FDA-approved iodine contrast agents. However, they face substantial challenges in balancing imaging performance, safety, and large-scale production for clinical translation. Herein, inspired by the history of clinical gadolinium- and iodine-based contrast agents, we report a large-scale approach for synthesizing non-ionic bismuth (Bi) chelate for high-performance CT imaging in vivo. Bi-HPDO3A can be easily obtained from low-cost precursor within 4 steps at 6 g-scale. The non-ionic macrocyclic structure endows it with low osmolality, low viscosity, high stability, good renal clearable capability and biocompatibility. Additionally, Bi-HPDO3A realizes superior imaging performance across various in vivo applications, including gastrointestinal imaging, renal imaging, and computed tomography angiography (CTA). Especially, Bi-HPDO3A exhibits superior spectral imaging capability owing to the high K-edge of element Bi, achieving metal artifact-free CTA in vivo. The proposed Bi-HPDO3A that balances overall performance can serve as a high-performance CT contrast agent with potential for clinical translation.

The KSR1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway promotes the progression of intrauterine adhesions

Kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) serves as a scaffold protein within the RAS-RAF pathway and plays a role in tumorigenesis, immune regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. However, the specific role of KSR1 in the formation and progression of fibrotic diseases, such as intrauterine adhesions (IUA), remains unclear. This study aims to investigate KSR1 expression in IUA and the mechanisms underlying its role in promoting IUA progression. KSR1 was found to be significantly overexpressed in the endometrium of both IUA model rats and patients with IUA. KSR1 is positively involved in the regulation of proliferation, migration, and fibrosis (FN1, Collagen I, α-SMA) in immortalized human endometrial stromal cells (THESCs). Furthermore, KSR1 knockdown was observed to inhibit the fibrosis, proliferation, and migration of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced THESCs. Further studies demonstrated that the key proteins of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, p-MEK1 and p-ERK1/2, were significantly overexpressed in the uterus of IUA rats. In vitro rescue experiments confirmed that the MEK/ERK pathway inhibitor U0126 (An ERK inhibitor) effectively suppressed the enhanced fibrosis, proliferation, and migration induced by KSR1 overexpression. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that KSR1 promotes IUA by enhancing proliferation, migration, and fibrosis of endometrial stromal cells via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

Supramolecular dye self-assembly mediated by host-guest interactions for the sensitive and portable detection of pyrene derivatives in environmental samples and urine

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially pyrene, are hazardous pollutants with serious health risks. Effective detection methods for PAHs are essential for environmental monitoring. In this study, we construct a simple, efficient method to detect pyrene derivatives in water. A squaraine dye (J3-Ad) with dual host-guest sites was synthesized and paired with a β-cyclodextrin dimer (H2-CD) to regulate host-guest interactions. In the presence of pyrenes, J3-Ad monomers in the J3-Ad/H2-CD mixture (JH-AC) are displaced by pyrenes and self-assemble into H-aggregates, resulting in a ∼135 nm absorption spectral shift. The transformation was confirmed through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis. The system showed high sensitivity, with detection limits of 1.76 nmol/L for pyrene and 60.02 nmol/L for 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), along with strong anti-interference and reliable colorimetric recognition. A smartphone-based, real-time detection platform was developed for visual monitoring of pyrene in soil and vegetables. Pyrene in tap water and river water, as well as 1-OHP in urine, were successfully detected, with acceptable recovery rates and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 10.14 %. This work provides a sensitive, rapid, and visual method for tracking PAH pollution, offering significant potential for practical, on-site environmental applications.

Unveiling EIF5A2: A multifaceted player in cellular regulation, tumorigenesis and drug resistance

The eukaryotic initiation factor 5A2 gene (EIF5A2) is a highly conserved and multifunctional gene that significantly influences various cellular processes, including translation elongation, RNA binding, ribosome binding, protein binding and post-translational modifications. Overexpression of EIF5A2 is frequently observed in multiple cancers, where it functions as an oncoprotein. Additionally, EIF5A2 is implicated in drug resistance through the regulation of various molecular pathways. In the review, we describe the structure and functions of EIF5A2 in normal cells and its role in tumorigenesis. We also elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with EIF5A2 in the context of tumorigenesis and drug resistance. We propose that the biological roles of EIF5A2 in regulating diverse cellular processes and tumorigenesis are clinically significant and warrant further investigation.

New insights into Smad3 in cardiac fibrosis

Damage to myocardial tissues, leading to myocardial fibrosis, is a significant pathological hallmark across various heart diseases. SMAD3, a central transcriptional regulator within the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, plays a pivotal role in the pathological progression of myocardial fibrosis and cardiac remodeling. It intricately regulates physiological and pathological processes encompassing cell proliferation, differentiation, tissue repair, and fibrosis. Notably, SMAD3 exerts crucial influences in myocardial fibrosis subsequent to myocardial infarction, pressure overload-induced myocardial fibrosis, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), aging-associated cardiac fibrosis and myocarditis-related myocardial fibrosis. The targeted modulation of genes or the utilization of compounds, including traditional Chinese medicine (paeoniflorin, baicalin, and genistein et al.) and other pharmaceutical agents that modulate SMAD3, may offer avenues for restraining the pathological cascade of myocardial fibrosis. Consequently, targeted regulation of SMAD3 associated with myocardial fibrosis may herald novel therapeutic paradigms for ameliorating myocardial diseases.

Therapeutic targets in the Wnt signaling pathway: Treating cancer with specificity

The Wnt signaling pathway is a critical regulatory mechanism that governs cell cycle progression, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, stemness, and the tumor immune microenvironment, while also maintaining tissue homeostasis. Dysregulated activation of this pathway is implicated in various cancers, closely linked to tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. The Wnt/β-catenin axis plays a central role in the pathogenesis of common cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer (BC), liver cancer, and lung cancer. Unlike traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapy offers a more precise approach to cancer treatment. As a key regulator of oncogenesis, the Wnt pathway represents a promising target for clinical interventions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the Wnt signaling pathway, exploring its roles in tumor biology and its implications in human malignancies. It further examines the molecular mechanisms and modes of action across different cancers, detailing how the Wnt pathway contributes to tumor progression through mechanisms such as metastasis promotion, immune modulation, drug resistance, and enhanced cellular proliferation. Finally, therapeutic strategies targeting Wnt pathway components are discussed, including inhibitors targeting extracellular members, as well as those within the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The potential of these targets in the development of novel therapeutic agents underscores the critical importance of intervening in the Wnt signaling pathway for effective cancer treatment.

Involvement of TGF-β signaling pathway-associated genes in the corneal endothelium of patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy

This study investigated the involvement of TGF-β signaling pathway-associated genes in the pathogenesis of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). The RNA-sequencing analysis of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) from FECD patients revealed significant alterations in multiple TGF-β superfamily genes, with 9 genes upregulated (including BMP6, GDF5, and TGF-β2) and 10 genes downregulated (including BMP2, NOG, and INHBA) compared to controls. Quantitative PCR validation confirmed the elevated expression of GDF5 (3.35-fold in non-expanded and 7.66-fold in expanded TCF4), TGF-β2 (6.17-fold and 11.5-fold), and TGF-β1 (1.78-fold and 1.58-fold) in FECD patients with and without TCF4 trinucleotide repeat expansion. Ex-vivo experiments using donor corneas demonstrated that TGF-β2 stimulation significantly increased the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components associated with guttae formation, including fibronectin, types I and VI collagens, and other matrix proteins. Immunofluorescence confirmed increased fibronectin protein expression in the corneal endothelium following TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 treatment. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of TGF-β superfamily involvement in FECD and suggests that GDF5, found to be upregulated in FECD, may contribute to the disease process. These findings further indicate that dysregulation of TGF-β signaling pathways drives the characteristic ECM accumulation in FECD, potentially offering new therapeutic targets for this progressive corneal disease involving fibrosis-related alterations. Future research is warranted to clarify GDF5's specific role and mechanistic impact on FECD pathogenesis.

Modified huangfeng decoction alleviates diabetic nephropathy by activating autophagy and regulating the gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the complications with the highest mortality among diabetes patients and can lead to renal failure. Modified Huangfeng decoction (MHD) has been widely applied in the clinical treatment of kidney diseases. However, the mechanism by which MHD affects DN has not been fully elucidated.

PURPOSE

To investigate the impact of MHD on DN in mice and the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

The main ingredients of MHD were identified by liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry. A high-fat diet- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN mouse model was constructed and treated with MHD for 6 weeks. The serum and urine parameters were measured, and the tissue sections were histologically stained. The mRNA and protein levels of metabolism-, inflammation-, fibrosis-, and autophagy-related markers were examined by qPCR and western blotting. The microbial composition and metabolites of cecal contents were analyzed through full-length 16S rRNA sequencing and nontargeted metabolomics.

RESULTS

MHD alleviated insulin resistance in DN mice and ameliorated changes in lipid metabolism and inflammation in the liver and fat. In addition, MHD reduced the levels of kidney injury markers in the serum and urine and attenuated inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. These results were accompanied by enhanced gut barrier function and a markedly altered microbiota composition and metabolites, with an increased abundance of beneficial bacterial species and metabolites. Moreover, MHD itself and the microbial metabolite spermidine reduced podocyte damage by activating autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

MHD potentially ameliorated DN by activating podocyte autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and modulating the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Our findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of MHD and the involvement of the gut‒kidney interaction in the progression of DN, laying a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of MHD in DN treatment.

Metabolism of sphingolipids in a rat spinal cord stenosis model

Background

Lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS) plays a crucial role in neurogenic claudication and neuropathic pain. Recent studies suggest that changes in sphingolipid metabolism are linked to neuropathic pain. To explore the association between sphingolipids and LSCS, we measured the levels of sphingolipids and sphingolipid-associated molecules in an animal model of cauda equina compression (CEC), a typical type of LSCS.

Methods

By placing silicon blocks within the lumbar epidural space, CEC model were constructed in which motor disfunction had already been confirmed in our previous study. Quantitative measurements of various sphingolipids were conducted using LC-MS/MS in spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples on days 1, 7, and 28 following insertion of silicon blocks. Additionally, gene expression was analyzed in spinal cord tissue.

Results

In the CEC model, there was a significant increase ceramide levels in the CSF with upregulation of ceramide synthase 1 in the spinal cord tissue samples on day 1. Further, S1P levels in the CSF increased on day 7 and in the spinal cord significantly increased on day 28, and there was an increase in mRNA expression levels of sphingosine kinases (SphK)1 on days 1,7, and 28, while SphK2 on days 7 and 28. Regarding S1P receptors, there was an increase in mRNA expression levels of S1P1 on days 1,7, and 28 and S1P3 on day1.

Conclusion

The production and activation of the sphingolipid signaling pathway could play a pivotal role in neuropathic pain related to LSCS.

Shenzhuo formulation ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by regulating cytochrome P450-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism

BACKGROUND

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes, marked by progressive renal damage and an inflammatory response. Although research has investigated the pathological mechanisms underlying DN, effective treatment options remain limited.

AIM

To evaluate the therapeutic impact of Shenzhuo formulation (SZF) on a DN mouse model and to examine its potential molecular mechanisms using transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches.

METHODS

We established a DN mouse model through a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injection, followed by SZF treatment. We analyzed SZF’s effects on gene expression and metabolite profiles in renal tissues of DN mice using transcriptomics and metabolomics techniques. Additionally, based on transcriptomic and non-targeted metabolomic findings, we further assessed SZF’s influence on the expression of factors related to the cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-mediated arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism pathway, as well as its effects on inflammation and oxidative stress.

RESULTS

SZF intervention significantly decreased hyperglycemia and mitigated renal function impairment in DN mice. Pathological analysis revealed that SZF treatment improved renal tissue damage, reduced fibrosis, and diminished glycogen deposition. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that SZF influenced mRNA expression of CYP450-related genes, including Cyp2j13, Cyp2b9, Pla2 g2e/Cyp4a12a, Cyp4a32, Cyp2e1, and Cyp4a14. Non-targeted metabolomic results demonstrated that SZF altered the levels of metabolites associated with the AA metabolic pathway, including 5,6-EET, 14,15-EET, phosphatidylcholine, and 20-HETE. Further experiments showed that SZF upregulated the expression of CYP4A and CYP2E proteins in renal tissue, as well as CYP2J and CYP2B proteins. Additionally, SZF significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory factors in renal tissue, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, and alleviated oxidative stress.

CONCLUSION

SZF exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by regulating CYP450-mediated AA metabolism, leading to improved renal function and improved pathological state in DN mice.

Knockdown of eIF3a alleviates pulmonary arterial hypertension by inhibiting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via TGFβ1/SMAD pathway

OBJECTIVE

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by vascular remodeling and involves Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). EndMT is a complex cell differentiation process, mainly showing the detachment of endothelial cell migration and reducing endothelial cell characteristics to varying degrees, acquiring mesenchymal cell characteristics. In addition, numerous studies have reported that eIF3a over expression plays an important role in the occurrence and development of fibrotic diseases, cancer, and degenerative lesions, however, the mechanisms of eIF3a affecting the dysfunction of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells remains largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to demonstrate the underlying mechanisms of eIF3a-knockdown inhibiting EndMT by regulating TGFβ1/SMAD signal pathway in PAH.

METHODS

In this study, we screened the potential target genes associated with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) by WGCNA to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of PAH. By constructing WGCNA, which indicated that the blue module (module-trait associations between modules and clinical feature information were calculated to selected the optimum module) is most closely associated with IPAH, we further screened out 10 up-regulated candidate biomarker genes. Male SD rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, Monocrotaline (MCT), AAV1-shRNA-NC group and AAV1-shRNA-eIF3a group. The eIF3a-knockdown rat model was constructed by adeno-associated virus type-1 (AAV1) infection, PAH was evaluated according to hemodynamic alteration, right heart hypertrophy and histopathological changes in the lung tissue. Hematoxylin eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess the morphological changes of pulmonary arteries in rats of each treatment group. Co-localization of eIF3a with alpha-small muscle action (α-SMA) and co-localization of eIF3a with endothelial marker (CD31) were detected by double-label immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) experiments were performed to assess the expression of eIF3a, EndMT and TGFβ1/SMAD signal related proteins. In vitro, primary rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) were transfected with si-eIF3a to investigate the effects of eIF3a-knockdown on hypoxia-induced EndMT in PAECs and further elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

By WGCNA analysis, we screened the up-regulated hub genes of TMF1, GOLGB1, ARMC8, PRPF40 A, EIF3 A, ROCK2, EIF5B, CCP110, and KRR1 associated with PAH, and in order to verify the potential role of eIF3a in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension, MCT-induced PAH rat model was constructed successfully. The expression of eIF3a was increased in MCT-treated lungs. Knockdown of eIF3a significantly inhibited the pulmonary arterial hypertension and vascular remodeling in MCT-induced PAH rat model, ameliorated MCT-induced increases of right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) in rats. Double-labeled immunofluorescence showed eIF3a was mostly co-localized with CD31, this result indicated that the development of MCT-induced PAH was related to the regulation of PAECs function (most likely associated with the change of EndMT in endothelial cells). WB showed that the expressions of EndMT related proteins were significantly increased by regulating TGFβ1/SMAD signaling pathway in MCT-induced PAH rat lung tissues, however, knockdown of eIF3a markedly attenuated these changes. In addition, we observed the same results in rat PAECs with chronic hypoxia exposure. These results indicate that eIF3a-knockdown inhibited EndMT by regulating TGFβ1/SMAD signaling pathway in PAECs, thereby improving the development of MCT-induced PAH.

CONCLUSIONS

Knockdown of eIF3a inhibited EndMT in PAECs regulating TGFβ1/SMAD signaling pathway, significantly alleviated the changes of RVSP, RVH and vascular remodeling in MCT-induced PAH rats, eIF3a may be a promising and novel therapeutic target for the treatment of PAH.

Rituximab, tacrolimus, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporin in primary membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome: comparison of safety profiles, effect on remission rate, 24-h urinary total protein, serum albumin, and serum creatinine levels using network meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To compare the efficacy and safety of four immunosuppressive therapies, either alone or in combination, for primary membranous nephropathy through a network meta-analysis.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Cyclophosphamide (CTX), Cyclosporin (CsA), Tacrolimus (TAC), and Rituximab (RIT) in the treatment of primary membranous nephropathy. Two researchers independently screened articles, extracted data, and evaluated the quality. Outcome indicators included dichotomous variables and continuous variables, which were represented by risk ratios (RR) and mean differences (MD), respectively. Then, various interventions were ranked according to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA).

RESULTS

A total of 21 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, encompassing 1396 patients. In terms of the overall response rate (ORR), RIT+TAC was superior to CsA (RR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.54), CTX (RR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.31), and RIT (RR = 7.06, 95% CI: 2.29, 21.80). The SUCRA value of RIT+TAC was the highest, reaching 93.5%. Regarding the total 24-h urinary protein (24UTP), RIT+TAC was better than RIT (MD = 17.05, 95% CI: 6.49, 44.79), RIT+CTX (MD = 6.99, 95% CI: 2.55, 19.17), TAC (MD = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.18), CsA (MD = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.86), and CTX (MD = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.10). The SUCRA value of RIT+TAC was the highest, at 99.4%. For serum albumin, RIT+CTX was superior to CTX (MD = 0.00, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.29), and the SUCRA value of RIT+CTX was the highest, at 76.7%. For serum creatinine (Scr), RIT+TAC was better than TAC (MD = 0.00, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.13), and CsA was better than TAC (MD = 7.86e+07, 95% CI: 3.65e+06, 1.69e+09). The SUCRA value of RIT+TAC was the highest, at 79.9%. In terms of the incidence of adverse reactions, CTX had a higher rate than RIT+CTX (RR = 11.12, 95% CI: 1.34, 92.15). The SUCRA value of RIT+CTX was the lowest, at 5.3%.

CONCLUSION

In terms of improving ORR, reducing 24UTP and lowering Scr, the RIT+TAC regimen may be the most optimal. Conversely, RIT+CTX demonstrated the best efficacy in improving ALB and also exhibited relatively better safety profile.

Pulmonary fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapies

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and abnormal fibroblast proliferation, which is mainly caused by air pollution, smoking, aging, occupational exposure, environmental pollutants exposure, and microbial infections. Although antifibrotic agents such as pirfenidone and nintedanib, approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), can slow the decline in lung function and disease progression, their side effects and delivery inefficiency limit the overall prognosis of PF. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutic targets and delivery approaches for PF in clinical settings. This review provides an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms, therapeutic drug targeting signaling pathways, and promising drug delivery strategies for treating PF.

Fabricate heparin-mimic thin gel layers for vascular cell selective regulation using 5-hydroxydopamine cross-linked chitosan and sulfonated polymers

In this work, 5-hydroxydopamine was employed as a crosslinking agent to bind chitosan and sulfonated polymers to fabricate thin gel layers (TGLs) featuring heparin-mimic structures. By controlling the distribution of exposed chemical moieties (phenolic hydroxyl, amino, and sulfonic groups), the growth of the endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) on the TGLs surfaces could be modulated. Such modulation effectively maintained the quantity and proportion of the two cell types within a reasonable range, thereby offering a potential avenue for promoting re-endothelialization. The prepared TGLs showed improved hydrophilicity as well as hemocompatibility. For cytocompatibility test, TGLs led to a notable promotion of the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and exerted substantial inhibitory effects on the proliferation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMCs). The ratio of HUVECs to HUASMCs rose from 0.184 to 1.97. The enhanced hemocompatibility was attributed to the incorporation of exposed functional groups. Regarding the highly selective effects, these were ascribed to the synergistic influence of high sulfonation degree and the presence of amino groups and phenolic hydroxyl groups. The current work illustrated a simple method for synthesizing a multifunctional biomimetic polymer material that offers the promise of broader biomedical research applications.

Dehydrotrametenolic acid methyl ester, a triterpenoid of Poria cocos, alleviates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation via targeting Caspase-1 in mice

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has emerged as a prevalent chronic liver disease with a huge unmet clinical need. A few studies have reported the beneficial effects of Poria cocos Wolf (P. cocos) extract on NASH mice, but the active components were still unknown. In this study we investigated the therapeutic effects of dehydrotrametenolic acid methyl ester (ZQS5029-1), a lanosterol-7,9(11)-diene triterpenes in P. cocos, in a high-fat diet plus CCl4 induced murine NASH model and a GAN diet induced ob/ob murine NASH model. The NASH mice were treated with ZQS5029-1 (75 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) for 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. We showed that ZQS5029-1 treatment markedly relieved liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis in both the murine NASH models. We found that ZQS5029-1 treatment significantly suppressed hepatic NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in both the NASH murine models, and blocked lipopolysaccharides (LPS)+adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)/Nigericin-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and Kupffer cells in vitro. We demonstrated that ZQS5029-1 directly bound to the H236 residue of mouse Caspase-1, thereby inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The effects of ZQS5029-1 on macrophage-hepatocyte/HSC crosstalk were analyzed using the supernatants from macrophages preconditioned with LPS + ATP introduced into hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We found that the conditioned medium from the BMDMs induced injury and death, as well as lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, and activation of HSCs; these effects were blocked by conditioned medium from BMDMs treated with ZQS5029-1. Moreover, the protective effects of ZQS5029-1 on hepatocytes and HSCs were eliminated by H236A-mutation of Caspase-1. We conclude that ZQS5029-1 is a promising lead compound for the treatment of NASH by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation through targeting Caspase-1 and regulating the macrophage-hepatocyte/HSC crosstalk.

Asiatic acid and its derivatives: Pharmacological insights and applications

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban has been utilized in wound healing remedies for nearly 3000 years. Asiatic acid (AA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid characterized by ursane-type skeleton, serves as principal bioactive constituent of Centella asiatica, exhibits remarkable therapeutic potential across a spectrum of health conditions. Pharmacological investigations have revealed that AA exerts direct regulatory effects on a multitude of enzymes, receptors, inflammatory mediators, and transcription factors. This article systematically examines the therapeutic applications of AA and its derivatives in the management of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and infections. Additionally, recent advancements in the structural modification of AA are summarized, offering new insights for the development of low-toxicity, effective AA-based therapeutics and diagnostic agents. However, several challenges remain, including the paucity of clinical trials, uncertainties in dosage and treatment regimens, limited data on long-term safety and side effects, and poor bioavailability. Addressing these limitations is crucial for advancing AA-based therapies and ensuring their clinical applicability.

Cinnamaldehyde attenuates CCL4-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting the CYP2A6/Notch3 pathway

BACKGROUND

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and hepatocyte injury contribute to liver fibrosis progression and subsequent cirrhosis. Literature showed that cinnamaldehyde (CA) could alleviate fibrosis procession and steatosis. However, its specific role in liver fibrosis remains largely unexplored.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Liver fibrosis was induced in vivo, and CA was administered for 4 weeks. Liver inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and proliferation were evaluated using histological, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. CYP2A6 and Notch3 expression levels were also measured. In vitro, TGF-β stimulated LX2 cell activation was used, and siCYP2A6 was employed to evaluate the anti-fibrosis mechanism of CA.

RESULTS

CA effectively improved liver function and reduced fibrosis in CCL4-treated rats, significantly decreasing serum ALT, AST, GGT, TBIL, and HAase levels (all p < 0.05), with a notable increase in ALB in the high-dose group. Histologically, CA reduced hepatic disorganization and collagen proliferation, significantly diminishing fibrotic areas in the CA-H group (p < 0.05). CA also downregulated α-SMA and collagen I expression, and suppressed TGF-β activity. In TGF-β1-stimulated LX2 cells, CA treatment led to significant reductions in CYP2A6 and Notch3 expression (p < 0.05), highlighting its regulatory effects on key fibrotic pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

CA alleviated CCL4-induced liver fibrosis with inhibition of HSCs activation and liver inflammation and reduced hepatocyte apoptosis, potentially linked to the HSCs-mediated CYP2A6/Notch3 modulation.

Quasi-spatial single-cell transcriptome based on physical tissue properties defines early aging associated niche in liver

Aging is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells, which are triggered by tissue injury response and often escape clearance by the immune system. The specific traits and diversity of these cells in aged tissues, along with their effects on the tissue microenvironment, remain largely unexplored. Despite the advances in single-cell and spatial omics technologies to understand complex tissue architecture, senescent cell populations are often neglected in general analysis pipelines due to their scarcity and the technical bias in current omics toolkits. Here we used the physical properties of tissue to enrich the age-associated fibrotic niche and subjected them to single-cell RNA sequencing and single-nuclei ATAC sequencing (ATAC-seq) analysis and named this method fibrotic niche enrichment sequencing (FiNi-seq). Fibrotic niche of the tissue was selectively enriched based on its resistance to enzymatic digestion, enabling quasi-spatial analysis. We profiled young and old livers of male mice using FiNi-seq, discovered Wif1- and Smoc1-producing mesenchymal cell populations showing senescent phenotypes, and investigated the early immune responses within this fibrotic niche. Finally, FiNi-ATAC-seq revealed age-associated epigenetic changes enriched in fibrotic niche cells. Thus, our quasi-spatial, single-cell profiling method allows the detailed analysis of initial aging microenvironments, providing potential therapeutic targets for aging prevention.

Identification of potential anti aging drugs and targets in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent, incurable, and lacks effective treatments. Aging is closely linked to various kidney diseases. In this study, we combined CKD and aging using bioinformatics approaches to identify potential anti aging drugs and therapeutic targets for CKD. We analyzed datasets GSE37171 and GSE66494 from the GEO database, identifying 317 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). By intersecting these DEGs with aging related genes, we identified 23 aging associated differential genes (ARDEGs). A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database, and the top 10 hub ARDEGs were identified using Cytoscape software. Potential anti aging drugs, including Cinnamaldehyde, were identified through the ceRNA and transcription factor regulatory networks, as well as the DGldb database. Among the key regulatory genes identified in CKD patient samples were SOD2, FGF21, FOS, RELA, DDIT4, BMI1, DUSP6, LGALS3, CXCR2, and CEBPB. Cinnamaldehyde and other drugs were found to target aging associated pathways, suggesting their potential to delay CKD progression through modulating these pathways. Finally, we verified the low-expression of DDIT4 and DUSP6, the two targets of Cinnamaldehyde, in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) animal model. Additionally, Cinnamaldehyde was shown to reduce the expression of fibrosis markers such as fibronectin (FN) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in HK2 cells under TGF-β1 stimulation. This study provides a foundational understanding of aging related molecular targets in CKD and offers new directions for developing anti aging therapies to treat CKD.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling regulates chronic inflammation in lung-gut axis

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are broadly identified in environmental pollutants and also formed during the heat processing of meat, including grilling, roasting, smoking, and frying, particularly at high temperatures. Besides, the PAHs influence inflammatory response through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling. Recently, the role of the PAHs/AhR axis in inflammatory diseases has attracted major attention in the regulation of lung function, gut barrier function, and systemic inflammation. Many experiments have been conducted to determine the role of the PAHs/AhR/cytochrome P450 1A1 signaling activation on elevation of inflammation in the lung-gut axis. In contrast, several dietary AhR ligands can improve inflammatory function by modulating the AhR signaling, thereby strengthening the intestinal barrier. This review includes the pivotal roles of xenobiotic and diet-derived AhR ligands in the regulation of chronic lung diseases and systemic inflammation and their relevance in the lung-gut axis.

Adenomyosis-associated infertility: an update of the immunological perspective

Adenomyosis is characterized by the invasion of endometrial glands and stroma into the myometrium. Its clinical manifestations often include dysmenorrhoea, excessive menstrual bleeding and infertility. Reduced pregnancy and live birth rates and an increased miscarriage rate are observed in women with adenomyosis. This review summarizes relevant advances and presents the underlying mechanisms of adenomyosis-associated infertility from an immunological perspective. Individuals with adenomyosis exhibit imbalances in immune cell subpopulations and the endocrine hormone-immunomodulatory axis. These immunological alterations may be key contributors to, or at least accomplices in, impaired endometrial receptivity. In addition, adenomyosis often occurs in association with endometriosis, uterine leiomyoma or endometrial polyps, which are pathogenetically relevant; their similarities and differences are discussed from an immunological perspective. The clinical diagnostic criteria of adenomyosis are not perfect, and the pathogenesis remains to be fully explored. Therefore screening for effective targets for early diagnosis and treatment at the cellular and molecular levels from the immunological point of view holds great potential, which will be of great importance in preventing this disease and improving women's reproductive health.

Urine Metabolomics Reveals the Intervention Effects and Mechanism of Shenhua Tablets in IgA Nephropathy

Shenhua tablets (SHT), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), have shown significant clinical efficacy in treating IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aims to elucidate the renoprotective effects of SHT on IgAN and explore the potential mechanisms of its action using metabolomics approaches. The renoprotective effects of SHT on IgAN were evaluated in a Thy-1 antibody-induced IgAN rat model. Metabolomics techniques were employed to detect and analyze urine biomarkers of IgAN, and to identify SHT targets and metabolic pathways. SHT significantly reduced the levels of 24-h urine protein (Upro), albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), alleviated kidney tissue damage, and inhibited mesangial cell proliferation. Seventeen urine metabolites were identified as biomarkers for IgAN, 14 of which were restored by SHT. SHT primarily modulated metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, and β-alanine metabolism, upregulating citric acid and succinic acid while downregulating pyruvic acid, L-lactic acid, uracil, and malonic semialdehyde. SHT exerts renoprotective effects in IgAN by modulating key metabolic pathways and normalizing abnormal metabolites levels.

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Pathogenesis, Diseases, Prevention, and Therapy

Dysbiosis refers to the disruption of the gut microbiota balance and is the pathological basis of various diseases. The main pathogenic mechanisms include impaired intestinal mucosal barrier function, inflammation activation, immune dysregulation, and metabolic abnormalities. These mechanisms involve dysfunctions in the gut-brain axis, gut-liver axis, and others to cause broader effects. Although the association between diseases caused by dysbiosis has been extensively studied, many questions remain regarding the specific pathogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies. This review begins by examining the causes of gut microbiota dysbiosis and summarizes the potential mechanisms of representative diseases caused by microbiota imbalance. It integrates clinical evidence to explore preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota dysregulation, emphasizing the importance of understanding gut microbiota dysbiosis. Finally, we summarized the development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the gut microbiota research and suggested that it will play a critical role in future studies on gut dysbiosis. The research combining multiomics technologies and AI will further uncover the complex mechanisms of gut microbiota dysbiosis. It will drive the development of personalized treatment strategies.

One step synthesis of tryptophan-isatin carbon nano dots and bio-applications as multifunctional nanoplatforms

The development of natural molecule-derived carbon nano dots (CNDs) marks a significant advancement in biocompatible and sustainable nanomaterials. Tryptophan, capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), serves as a precursor to numerous pharmacologically active compounds, while isatin and its derivatives have demonstrated anti-tumor effects, including against brain cancers. This study aimed to synthesize fluorescent CNDs from tryptophan-isatin hybrid precursor and explore their applications in glioblastoma treatment. These CNDs were characterized using techniques such as TEM, SEM-EDS, FTIR, XPS, Raman spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. In vitro tests using the U-87 glioblastoma cell line evaluated cell viability, affinity, and BBB permeability. The CNDs, between 4 and 7 nm in size, exhibited blue and green fluorescence, with no cytotoxic effects observed at concentrations up to 25 µg/mL. The highest BBB permeability rate was determined as 4.3 × 10⁻⁵ cm/s. Additionally, the CNDs demonstrated radiotherapeutic properties, leading to a 51 % reduction in cell viability. This research contributes to nanomedicine by introducing a novel biocompatible material with potential for targeted brain cancer imaging and therapy, while also suggesting broader applications beyond glioblastoma.

Advances and challenges in kidney fibrosis therapeutics

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health burden that affects more than 10% of the adult population. Current treatments, including dialysis and transplantation, are costly and not curative. Kidney fibrosis, defined as an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix in the kidney parenchyma, is a common outcome in CKD, regardless of disease aetiology, and is a major cause of loss of kidney function and kidney failure. For this reason, research efforts have focused on identifying mediators of kidney fibrosis to inform the development of effective anti-fibrotic treatments. Given the prominent role of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family in fibrosis, efforts have focused on inhibiting TGFβ signalling. Despite hopes raised by the efficacy of this approach in preclinical models, translation into clinical practice has not met expectations. Antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs slow the decline in kidney function and could slow fibrosis but, owing to the lack of technologies for in vivo renal imaging, their anti-fibrotic effect cannot be truly assessed at present. The emergence of new drugs targeting pro-fibrotic signalling, or enabling cell repair and cell metabolic reprogramming, combined with better stratification of people with CKD and the arrival of nanotechnologies for kidney-specific drug delivery, open up new perspectives for the treatment of this major public health challenge.

Role of peroxisomes in the pathogenesis and therapy of renal fibrosis

Renal fibrosis is a pathological consequence of end-stage chronic kidney disease, driven by factors such as oxidative stress, dysregulated fatty acid metabolism, extracellular matrix (ECM) imbalance, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Peroxisomes play a critical role in fatty acid β-oxidation and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, interacting closely with mitochondrial functions. Nonetheless, current research often prioritizes the mitochondrial influence on renal fibrosis, often overlooking the contribution of peroxisomes. This comprehensive review systematically elucidates the fundamental biological functions of peroxisomes and delineates the molecular mechanisms underlying peroxisomal dysfunction in renal fibrosis pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the impact of peroxisome dysfunction and pexophagy on oxidative stress, ECM deposition, and renal fibrosis in various cell types including mesangial cells, endothelial cells, podocytes, epithelial cells, and macrophages. Furthermore, this review highlights the recent advancements in peroxisome-targeted therapeutic strategies to alleviate renal fibrosis.

Macrophage-myofibroblast transition contributes to the macrophage elimination and functional regeneration in the late stage of nerve injury

Massive of macrophages are recruited to the injured nerve to remove the axonal and myelin debris for creating a conducive micro-environment for nerve regeneration. However, the fate of macrophages after the debris clearing remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the number of macrophages in the crush injured sciatic nerve of mice peaked at 7 days post injury (dpi) and then decreased significantly in the late stage of nerve injury. Mechanismly, the macrophage elimination was primarily attributed to TGF-β/Smad3 signaling dependent macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT), rather than apoptosis or out-migration. Furthermore, MMT caused collagen deposition is conducive to nerve regeneration. Both macrophage depletion via clodronate liposomes and MMT blockade using TGF-β/Smad3 inhibitor significantly reduced collagen deposition and impaired functional nerve regeneration. In summary, the present study indicates that TGF-β/Smad3 regulated MMT contributes to macrophage elimination and functional recovery in the injury nerve.

Investigation of a targeted panel of gut microbiome-derived toxins in children with chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND

The gut-kidney axis is implicated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) morbidity. We describe how a panel of gut microbiome-derived toxins relates to kidney function and neurocognitive outcomes in children with CKD, consisting of indoleacetate, 3-indoxylsulfate, p-cresol glucuronide, p-cresol sulfate, and phenylacetylglutamine.

METHODS

The Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort is a North American multicenter prospective cohort that enrolled children aged 6 months to 16 years with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 30-89 ml/min/1.73 m2. Data from the 2-year study visit were used for this analysis. Toxin quantification (Metabolon Inc., Durham, NC) was performed with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Executive function and echocardiograms were assessed. Regression analysis examined the association of toxin levels with eGFR, CKD etiology, and neurocognitive and cardiac assessments (adjusted for age, sex, and urine protein:creatinine [UPCR]).

RESULTS

There were 150 CKiD participants included in this study. All toxins levels were significantly inversely correlated with eGFR (Spearman's rho - 0.45 to - 0.69). Children with non-glomerular CKD had significantly higher levels of 3-indoxylsulfate, phenylacetylglutamine, and p-cresol glucuronide. The toxin levels did not associate with neurocognitive outcomes. P-cresol glucuronide and phenylacetylglutamine negatively associated with left ventricular mass index z score, but did not associate with left ventricular hypertrophy.

CONCLUSIONS

Children with CKD have high levels of circulating gut microbiome-derived toxins. The levels of these toxins are strongly correlated with eGFR. There appear to be differences in toxin level based on glomerular versus non-glomerular etiology, even when accounting for the differences in eGFR between these two subgroups. In this sample, we did not detect any associations between these toxin levels and neurocognitive or cardiac outcomes.

The role and mechanism of CRISPLD2 in skin fibrosis of systemic sclerosis

OBJECTIVES

SSc is an autoimmune connective tissue disease involving multiple organs. The most common clinical symptom of SSc is progressive fibrosis of the skin, and the pathologically manifestations of skin were activation and proliferation of fibroblasts and continuous proliferation of extracellular matrix. TGF-β can promote the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, causing excessive deposition of collagen and structural proteins. Therefore, exploring the specific mechanism of TGF-β-related pathway on fibrosis is of great significance for improving skin fibrosis in SSc.

METHODS

Genes related to TGF-β pathway were screened through bioinformatics analysis, and SSc phenotypes were verified in vivo and in vitro. The relevant molecular mechanisms were preliminarily discussed in combination with transcriptome sequencing.

RESULTS

Human cysteine-rich secreted protein LCCL domain protein 2 (CRISPLD2) was found increased reactivity in TGF-β-induced fibroblasts, and the expression of ACTA2 (ɑ-SMA) decreased significantly in TGF-β-mediated fibroblasts with up-regulation of CRISPLD2.

CONCLUSION

CRISPLD2 was found to have increased reactivity in TGF-β-induced fibroblasts, and we further confirmed that CRISPLD2 can participate in TGF-β-induced fibroblast fibrosis from multiple perspectives and levels in negative feedback regulation, and investigated the mechanism of CRISPLD2 in fibrosis.

Study of Serum Metabolic Biomarkers and Prediction Models of Cantharidin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats Based on Dynamic Metabolomics

The clinical application of cantharidin (CTD) is seriously limited due to its nephrotoxicity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate sensitive biomarkers for the evaluation and prediction of nephrotoxicity induced by CTD in rat. A total of 80 rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group and three doses of CTD groups. After 0, 1, 5, 15, and 28 days of intragastric administration, rat serum and urine were collected for biochemical indexes, then serum was used for metabolomic analyses, and rat kidney was collected for pathological and ultrastructural observation. The levels of serum crea (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea, urine crea (Ucrea), and urinary microalbumin (UmALB) were significantly increased after administration of different doses of CTD (p < 0.05). Additionally, histopathology and cell ultrastructure observation of kidney showed significant cell inflammatory infiltration and glomerular edema. Seven metabolic biomarkers including 6-hydroxymelatonin were significantly disturbed by CTD. The CatBoost Classifier prediction model was used to establish the CTD nephrotoxicity prediction model, and the prediction accuracy and precision were 0.645 and 0.640, respectively. Moreover, 6-hydroxymelatonin was found to be most useful biomarkers for evaluating the CTD nephrotoxicity. Finally, the seven metabolic biomarkers were found mainly involved in pyruvate metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis.

Tryptanthrin alleviate lung fibrosis via suppression of MAPK/NF-κB and TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a progressive interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, remains a therapeutic challenge with limited treatment options. This study investigates the therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms of Tryptanthrin, a bioactive indole quinazoline alkaloid derived from Isatis tinctoria L., in pulmonary fibrosis. In a bleomycin-induced murine IPF model, Tryptanthrin administration (5 and 10 mg/kg/day for 28 days) significantly improved pulmonary function parameters and attenuated histological evidence of fibrosis. Mechanistic analysis revealed dual pathway modulation: Tryptanthrin suppressed MAPK/NF-κB signaling through inhibition of phosphorylation events, subsequently reducing pulmonary levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Concurrently, it attenuated TGF-β1/Smad pathway activation by decreasing TGF-β1 expression and Smad2/3 phosphorylation, thereby downregulating fibrotic markers including COL1A1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibronectin in lung tissues. Complementary in vitro studies using Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or TGF-β1-stimulated NIH3T3 fibroblasts confirmed these anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects through analogous pathway inhibition. Our findings demonstrate that Tryptanthrin exerts therapeutic effects against pulmonary fibrosis via coordinated modulation of both inflammatory (MAPK/NF-κB) and fibrotic (TGF-β1/Smad) signaling cascades, suggesting its potential as a novel multi-target therapeutic agent for IPF management.

Alkaloids and lignans isolated from Alisma orientale exhibit anti-pulmonary fibrosis activities by modulating an apoptotic signaling pathway

From the tuber of Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep. (Alismataceae), twenty-four compounds were isolated, including six (1, 2, 3, 10, 14, and 17) that were not yet characterized. Spectroscopic investigations (IR, UV, HRESIMS, and NMR) were used to clarify their structures, and the ECD spectra of two compounds (8 and 9) were interpreted to identify their absolute configurations. Through an apoptotic signaling pathway, compounds 7, 15, 17, and 19 decreased the level of apoptosis in lung epithelial cells, indicating that they may have potential anti-pulmonary fibrosis (anti-PF) activity.

Two polysaccharides from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. exert anti-aging by regulating P53/P21 pathway and amino acid metabolism

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb (PM) is known for its potential to extend lifespan. Although the polysaccharides, the primary constituents of PM, remain largely unexplored in terms of their anti-aging effects and underlying mechanisms, this study investigates them in detail. The anti-aging effects of two purified polysaccharides from PM were evaluated: neutral polysaccharide (RPMP-N, weight average molecular weight 245.30 kDa) and acidic polysaccharide (RPMP-A, weight average molecular weight 28.45 kDa), using a D-Galactose-induced (D-Gal) aging mouse model. In the experimental group, RPMP-N and RPMP-A were administered at doses of 50 (low) and 150 mg/kg/day (high). The activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), which are essential for scavenging free radicals and form a key part of the body's antioxidant defense system, was measured in aging mice. The results showed significant improvements following treatment with RPMP-N and RPMP-A. Additionally, both polysaccharides demonstrated the ability to repair and protect against liver and brain injuries. The expression of P16, P21, and P53 proteins, which regulate cellular senescence through distinct mechanisms, was significantly reduced in liver and brain tissues after treatment. Notably, untargeted metabolomics revealed that RPMP-N and RPMP-A exerted significant anti-aging effects in the D-Gal aging mouse model, primarily influencing metabolism pathways related to lysine, sphingolipids, cysteine, and methionine. In conclusion, these findings provide important insights into the anti-aging mechanisms of PM polysaccharides, supporting their potential for clinical applications, drug development, and regulatory science.

Modulation in NF-κB-p65/NLRP3, TXNIP-mediated signaling using an ethanolic fruit extract of Withania coagulans mitigates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats

Withania coagulans encompasses many active phytoconstituents, which have been used to treat many ailments. Prior research has shown that fruit extract of Withania coagulans has anti-inflammatory properties and effectively reduces oxidative stress in various diseases. Nevertheless, its effects are not obscured in the silica (SiO2) induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). In the current study, an ethanolic fruit extract of Withania coagulans (WCE) was prepared, and its effects and underlying mechanisms on SiO2-induced PF in rats were elucidated. LC-MS/MS analysis identified various bioactive phytoconstituents, secondary plant metabolites, and flavonoids in the WCE. In vitro, results showed that the WCE exhibited no toxicity towards A549 cells, reduced the production of reactive oxygen species, and inhibited cell migration. Further, WCE abrogated alveolar wall thickening, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, and maintained lung architecture. It also suppresses collagen accumulation and mucus production, abrogating inflammation by downregulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB-p65)/ NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and cytokine levels. It suppresses oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by SiO2 by downregulating thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP) proteins. Additionally, WCE, by suppressing EMT and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)/Suppressor of Mothers against Decapentaplegic (Smad) pathway, mitigated PF in rats. Taken together, WCE via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties inhibited SiO2-induced PF, and therefore, it can be envisaged as an effective antifibrotic agent to treat PF.

Raspberry ameliorates renal fibrosis in rats with chronic kidney disease via the PI3K/Akt pathway

BACKGROUND

Renal fibrosis is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In traditional Chinese medicine, Rubus chingii Hu (raspberry) is believed to have kidney-tonifying properties. However, whether raspberry can effectively treat CKD, along with the specific active compounds and underlying mechanisms, remains unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aims to investigate the potential of raspberries in treating CKD and elucidate the mechanisms involved.

METHODS

CKD model was established in rats using adenine. The effects of raspberry treatment on CKD were assessed through macroscopic observations and pathological changes in the kidney. The expression of fibrotic proteins in renal tissues was analyzed to evaluate the impact of raspberry on renal fibrosis. Data mining combined with compositional analysis were employed to identify the active ingredients, targets, and pathways of raspberry that may improve CKD. Subsequently, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis were conducted to confirm the involvement of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the renoprotective mechanism of raspberry.

RESULTS

Raspberry treatment significantly alleviated renal pathological damage, fibrosis and inflammation in model rats, showing effects comparable to irbesartan (Avapro). Chemical composition analysis and network pharmacology predicted AKT1 as the core target, and the PI3K/AKT pathway plays a pivotal role in mediating the therapeutic effects of raspberry extract in CKD. Molecular docking studies further confirmed that active compounds in raspberry have a strong binding affinity with AKT1. Western blotting and immunofluorescence results demonstrated that raspberry inhibited phosphorylation, thereby suppressing the PI3K/AKT pathway, leading to its antifibrotic effect on the kidney.

CONCLUSION

Raspberry was firstly discovered to potentially treat CKD by alleviating renal fibrosis through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Raspberry, as a medicinal and edible traditional herb, could serve as a promising therapeutic agent or health supplement for improving renal fibrosis and slowing CKD progression.

Mechanical Analysis of Phellinus Linteus-Induced Apoptosis of Hepatoma Cells

Liver cancer is prevalent with the third highest mortality rate globally. The biomechanical properties of cancer cells play a crucial role in their proliferation and differentiation. Studying the morphological and mechanical properties of individual living cells can be helpful for early diagnosis of cancers. Herein, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the effects of Phellinus linteus on hepatocyte cells (HL-7702) and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SMCC-7721) in terms of morphological and mechanical changes at the nanoscale. The water extract of Phellinus linteus (PLWE) resulted in increased height and surface roughness of SMCC-7721 cells. Also, the PLWE-treated showed that the average adhesion decreased by 1.69 nN and the average Young's modulus increased by 0.379 kPa. Additionally, the SMCC-7721 cells treated with PLWE showed clearly reduced activity compared with HL-7702 cells. This study suggested that Phellinus Linteus could be a potential candidate for selective anti-cancer therapy, providing a new avenue for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.