Novel role of FTO in regulation of gut-brain communication via Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis-produced hydrogen sulfide under arsenic exposure

Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) is the key demethylase that reverses the abnormally altered N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in eukaryotic cells under environmental pollutants exposure. Arsenic is an environmental metalloid and can cause severe symptoms in human mainly through drinking water. However, there is no specific treatment for its toxic effects due to the uncovered mechanisms. We previously revealed that exposure to arsenic increased the level of m6A via down-regulation of FTO, which might serve as a potential target for intervention against arsenic-related disorders. In this study, our results demonstrated that chronic exposure to arsenic significantly disrupted the intestinal barrier and microenvironment. Also, this administration resulted in the enhancement of m6A modification and the reduction of FTO expression in the intestine. By using both CRISPR/Cas9-based FTO knock-in strategy and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of FTO in the intestine, we established for the first time that up-regulation of FTO remarkably ameliorated arsenic-induced disruption of intestinal barriers and altered microenvironment of mice. We also firstly identified a dominant gut microbial species, Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis, which was sharply reduced in arsenic-exposed mice, was able to proceed arsenic-induced neurobehavioral impairments by declining the levels of its major metabolite hydrogen sulfide. Administration of Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis could significantly alleviate the neurotoxicity of arsenic. Intriguingly, the beneficial effects of FTO against arsenic neurotoxicity possibly occurred through a novel gut-brain communication via Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis and its produced hydrogen sulfide. Collectively, these findings will provide new ideas for understanding the mechanisms of arsenic-induced toxic effects from a gut-brain communication perspective, and will assist the development of explicit intervention strategy via regulation of a new potential target FTO for prevention and treatment against arsenic-related both intestinal and neurological disorders.

Exploring the mechanism of intestinal bacterial translocation after severe acute pancreatitis: the role of Toll-like receptor 5

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP)-induced intestinal bacterial translocation and enterogenic infection are among the leading causes of mortality in patients. However, the mechanisms by which SAP disrupted the intestinal barrier and led to bacterial translocation remained unclear. Therefore, we employed multi-omics analysis including microbiome, metabolome, epigenome, transcriptome, and mass cytometry (CyTOF) to identify potential targets, followed by functional validation using transgenic mice. The integrated multi-omics analysis primarily indicated overgrowth of intestinal flagellated bacteria, upregulation of intestinal Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and acute inflammatory response, and increased infiltration of intestinal high-expressing TLR5 lamina propria dendritic cells (TLR5hi LPDC) after SAP. Subsequently, intestinal flagellin-TLR5 signaling was activated after SAP. Intestinal barrier disruption, bacterial translocation, and helper T cells (Th) differentiation imbalance caused by SAP were alleviated in TLR5 knocked out (Tlr5-/-) or conditionally knocked out on LPDC (Tlr5ΔDC) mice. However, TLR5 conditional knockout on intestinal epithelial cells (Tlr5ΔIEC) failed to improve SAP-induced bacterial translocation. Moreover, depletion of LPDC and regulatory T cells (Treg) ameliorated bacterial translocation after SAP. Our findings identify TLR5 on LPDC as a potential novel target for preventing or treating intestinal bacterial translocation caused by SAP.

Monitoring variations in mitochondrial hydrogen sulfide using two-photon cyclometalated iridium(III) complex probe: A new strategy for ischemia-reperfusion drug discovery and efficacy evaluation

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is one of the main causes of liver insufficiency and failure after liver surgery. However, the effectiveness of current methods of treating HIRI is generally limited. Previous studies have shown that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a beneficial effect on HIRI, and an appropriate concentration of H2S can significantly reduce HIRI by protecting the mitochondria. Therefore, establishing an accurate imaging platform for monitoring variations in mitochondrial H2S is an effective strategy for anti-HIRI drug discovery and efficacy evaluation. To this end, a cyclometalated iridium(III) complex-based probe, Cym-Ir-EDB, was developed for detecting mitochondrial H2S in HIRI. Cym-Ir-EDB possesses good sensitivity, high selectivity, negligible cytotoxicity, and excellent mitochondrial-targeting ability, rendering it a promising imaging tool for analyzing variations in mitochondrial H2S in HIRI cells. Using Cym-Ir-EDB as a probe, anti-HIRI drugs were screened from isothiocyanates by monitoring variations in mitochondrial H2S in HIRI cells, for the first time. Moreover, the dynamics of mitochondrial H2S in HIRI cells were visualized and the response of HIRI to treatment with the screened erucin was monitored. The findings indicate that Cym-Ir-EDB can serve as a useful imaging platform for the precise imaging of mitochondrial H2S in HIRI, thereby contributing to anti-HIRI drug discovery and efficacy evaluation.

The protective effect of amylin in type 2 diabetes: Yes or no

Amylin, which is also called a human islet amyloid polypeptide, is a peptide hormone made up of 37 amino acids that is released from pancreatic β cells. It helps keep blood sugar levels stable by controlling the release of insulin and glucagon. Various studies have indicated its involvement in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) through the induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cells. Conversely, other studies found that amylin plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of T2D by affecting the release of insulin and glucagon. Therefore, amylin has protective and detrimental effects on the pathogenesis of T2D. Consequently, this review aims to discuss the beneficial and detrimental roles of amylin in T2D.

The Potential Ability of Betulinic Acid to Prevent Experimentally Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a serious pancreatic inflammatory disease that results in pancreatic enzyme activation and autodegradation. Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpene of natural origin that was isolated from several plants, has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects that can help with AP. With this study, we aimed to investigate the potential positive effects of BA on l-arginine-induced AP. A total of 24 male rats were divided into four groups (control, BA, AP and BA + AP). Animals in the BA group were given BA 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days. AP was induced by administering two doses of 250-mg/100-g l-arginine to animals in the AP group. The animals in the BA + AP group were administered 50-mg/kg/day BA (gavage) for 7 days and two doses of 250-mg/100-g l-arginine on the seventh day. BA pretreatment inhibited the increased lipase activity caused by AP and showed protective activity against oxidative damage to pancreatic tissue. It decreased the severity of inflammation by suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. It showed a protective effect on pancreatic tissue by inhibiting tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and Bax expression. The findings of the study show that BA exhibits multifaceted protective activity in experimental AP induced with l-arginine.

Beyond body mass index: exploring the role of visceral adipose tissue in intensive care unit outcomes

Obesity is a worldwide health crisis and poses significant challenges in critical care. Many studies suggest an 'obesity paradox', in which obesity, defined by body mass index (BMI), is associated with better outcomes. However, the inability of BMI to discriminate between fat and muscle or between visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue, limits its prediction of metabolic ill health. We suggest that the 'obesity paradox' may be more reflective of the limitations of BMI than the protective effect of obesity. We explore the biological processes leading to visceral fat accumulation, and the evidence linking it to outcomes in critical illness. In the 'spillover' hypothesis of adipose tissue expansion, caloric excess and impaired expansion of storage capacity in the subcutaneous adipose tissue lead to accumulation of visceral adipose tissue. This is associated with a chronic inflammatory state, which is integral to the link between visceral adiposity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and ischaemic heart disease. We review the current evidence on visceral adiposity and critical illness outcomes. In COVID-19, increased visceral adipose tissue, irrespective of BMI, is associated with more severe disease. This is mirrored in acute pancreatitis, suggesting visceral adiposity is linked to poorer outcomes in some hyperinflammatory conditions. We suggest that visceral adiposity's chronic inflammatory state may potentiate acute inflammation in conditions such as COVID-19 and acute pancreatitis. Further work is required to investigate other critical illnesses, especially sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, in which current evidence is scarce. This may give further insights into pathophysiology and inform tailored treatment and nutrition strategies based on body fat distribution.

Compound probiotics alleviate hyperuricemia-induced renal injury via restoring gut microbiota and metabolism

To investigate the role and mechanisms of gut microbiota in hyperuricemia-induced renal injury, we established renal failure models using unilateral nephrectomized mice. After four weeks of adenine and potassium oxalate-supplemented diet, probiotic intervention was administered. Renal pathological and functional changes were assessed through H&E staining and plasma biochemical analysis. Gut microbiota composition and metabolite profiles were evaluated using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics of fecal samples.Our findings demonstrate that the compound probioticS effectively attenuated hyperuricemia-associated renal dysfunction and interstitial fibrosis. The intervention reduced oxidative stress, mitophagy, and apoptosis in renal tubules. Probiotic treatment enhanced gut microbiota diversity, notably increasing the abundance of Prevotella_9, Dorea, and unclassified Bacteroidota, while decreasing unclassified Desulfovibrio. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that probiotic intervention upregulated arginine and proline metabolism, as well as tyrosine metabolism in feces. Furthermore, it enhanced the metabolism of arginine, proline, valine, leucine, and isoleucine in plasma.Notably, sulfocholic acid and urocanic acid showed negative correlations with oxidative stress markers, autophagy, and apoptosis indicators. Similarly, plasma L-proline levels were inversely correlated with these pathological parameters.These results suggest that the compound probiotics may mitigate hyperuricemia-induced kidney damage through restoration of gut microbiota homeostasis and preservation of plasma and fecal metabolites. The protective mechanisms likely involve attenuation of hyperuricemia-associated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysregulation, and phagocytosis-induced apoptosis.Our study provides compelling evidence that probiotic supplementation represents a promising therapeutic strategy for hyperuricemia-induced renal injury, potentially through modulation of gut microbiota and associated metabolic pathways.

Urolithin-A supplementation alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating macrophage polarization

Sepsis is a severe and life-threatening condition marked by excessive inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epithelial barrier disruption, often leading to Acute Lung Injury (ALI). Mitophagy, a cellular mechanism that removes damaged mitochondria, plays a vital role in maintaining mitochondrial health during sepsis. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Urolithin-A against ALI and sepsis. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, Urolithin-A significantly reduced mitochondrial dysfunction, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nitric Oxide (NO) production, and apoptosis. Additionally, it enhanced mitophagy by upregulating PINK1, Parkin, and LC3-II, which helped preserve mitochondrial function. In vivo, Urolithin-A treatment in mouse models of ALI and sepsis reduced lung injury and inflammation, as shown by improved ALI scores, decreased wet/dry lung weight ratios, and lower levels of inflammatory markers such as iNOS, IL-1β, and MPO. Urolithin-A also improved epithelial barrier integrity and upregulated anti-apoptotic markers, demonstrating its ability to alleviate sepsis-induced lung damage. These findings suggest that Urolithin-A holds significant promise as a therapeutic agent for managing inflammatory lung conditions associated with sepsis.

Mechanistic insights into the protective potential of ambrisentan against L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis and multiorgan damage (role of NRF2/HO-1 and TXNIP/NLRP3 pathways)

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an abrupt inflammation of the pancreatic tissue. The severity of AP varies from mild and self-limiting to severe, potentially fatal, and can affect several organ systems. The most severe type of AP causes multiple organ damage (MOD) due to systemic inflammation. In this study, ambrisentan (AMB), an endothelin A receptor antagonist (ETA), was investigated for its potential to ameliorate L-arginine (L-Arg) induced AP and MOD in rats. AP was induced using L-Arg (100 mg/100 g). Two doses of AMB were tested and compared to N-acetylcystiene (NAC) effect. AMB restored the normal structure of the pancreatic, hepatic, pulmonary, and renal tissues. In addition, it normalized the levels of pancreatic enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum liver enzymes, and kidney biomarkers. Furthermore, AMB corrected the imbalance in the levels of oxidants/antioxidants caused by L-Arg. In contrast, AMB (5 mg/kg) significantly upregulated the protein levels of adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), heme oxidase-1(HO-1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) by approximately 69.59 %, 85.14 %, 688 % and 96 % respectively, compared with those in rats treated with L-Arg. Furthermore, AMB (5 mg/kg) significantly lowered the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), nod-like Receptor Protein 3 (NLRP3), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CD68, autophagic markers (P62 and LC3) and apoptotic marker caspase 3 by around 62.43 %, 73.56 %, 62.5 %,70 %, 80.3 %, 93 %, 96.7 %, 95 %, 39.6 % respectively, compared to the group treated with L-Arg. AMB effectively improved the AP and MOD produced by L-Arg through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. NRF2/HO-1 and TXNIP/NLRP3 pathways play major roles in these protective effects.

Cirsium japonicum leaf extract attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in mice via suppression of the NLRP3 and HIF1α pathways

BACKGROUND

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory disorder characterized by acute respiratory failure, alveolar barrier dysfunction, edema, and dysregulated alveolar macrophage-mediated pulmonary inflammation. Despite advancements in treatment strategies, the mortality rate in patients with ARDS remains high, ranging from 40-60 %. Current approaches are limited to supportive care, necessitating the exploration of effective therapeutic options such as suppressing broad inflammatory responses. Although Cirsium japonicum leaves possess anti-inflammatory properties, their specific effects on ARDS have not yet been investigated.

METHODS

The anti-inflammatory activity of Cirsium japonicum extract (CJE) was investigated in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ARDS model.

RESULTS

CJE significantly attenuated LPS-induced lung injury, including reduced alveolar wall thickness, inflammatory cell infiltration, proteinaceous debris, and hyaline membranes. Moreover, CJE repressed infiltration of inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory gene expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Concordantly, CJE mitigated alveolar macrophage activation, which consequently reduced neutrophil chemoattractic infiltration. Additionally, CJE suppressed NLRP3 and HIF1α expression in the lungs of the ARDS mouse. Similarly, LPS-induced NLRP3 and HIF1α pathway-associated inflammatory and glycolytic gene expressions significantly diminished by CJE in murine alveolar macrophage cell line, MH-S cells, and bone marrow-derived macrophages.

CONCLUSION

CJE suppressed multiple inflammatory responses through the regulation of NLRP3 and HIF1α signaling-related gene expression in macrophages of LPS-induced ARDS mice. These results suggest that CJE has therapeutic potential for treating patients with ARDS via macrophage regulation.

Organ dysfunction induced by hemorrhagic shock: From mechanisms to therapeutic medicines

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) leads to organ dysfunction, which increases the incidence of unfavorable outcomes in patients. However, adjuvant drug therapy for HS has not been widely accepted, and the benefits of vasopressors are generally considered to have insufficient evidence. Energy homeostasis disruption and excessive immune system activation are the main mechanisms underlying HS-induced organ dysfunction. Recent reports on HS animal models and clinical trials have revealed potential drugs that target the immune response, oxidative damage, and energy homeostasis in HS, providing new insights for the treatment of HS-induced organ dysfunction. In this review, we first discuss the pathophysiology of organ dysfunction involved in HS injury and then systematically review potential drugs that regulate immunity, the inflammatory response, oxidative damage, energy homeostasis, and cell death. We also review the available drugs with clinical evidence of HS-induced organ dysfunction efficacy. Treatment strategies combined with an improved understanding of the organ injury mechanisms of HS may help identify and develop targeted therapeutic modalities that mitigate severe organ dysfunction and reduce mortality caused by HS injury.

The modulation of low molecular weight sulfur compounds levels in visceral adipose tissue of TLR2-deficient mice on a high-fat diet

Obesity treatment requires an individualized approach, emphasizing the need to identify metabolic pathways of diagnostic relevance. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR2 and TLR4, play a crucial role in metabolic disorders, as receptor deficiencies improves insulin sensitivity and reduces obesity-related inflammation. Additionally, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) influences lipolysis, adipogenesis, and adipose tissue browning through persulfidation. This study investigates the impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on low molecular weight sulfur compounds in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of C57BL/6 and TLR2-deficient mice. It focuses on key enzymes involved in H2S metabolism: cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CGL), 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST). In C57BL/6 mice on HFD, MPST activity decreased, while CBS level increased, potentially compensating for H2S production. In contrast, TLR2-deficient mice on HFD exhibited higher MPST activity but reduced level of CBS and CGL activity, suggesting that TLR2 deficiency mitigates HFD-induced changes in sulfur metabolism. TST activity was lower in TLR2-deficient mice, indicating an independent regulatory role of TLR2 in TST activity. Elevated oxidative stress, reflected by increased glutathione levels, was observed in wild-type mice. Interestingly, cysteine and cystine were detectable only in the VAT of the C57BL/6 ND group and were absent in all other groups. The capacity for hydrogen sulfide production in tissues from TLR2-/-B6 HFD group was significantly lower than in the C57BL/6 HFD group. In conclusion, TLR2 modulates sulfur metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in obesity. TLR2 deficiency disrupts H2S production and redox balance, potentially contributing to metabolic dysfunction, highlighting TLR2 as a potential therapeutic target for obesity-related metabolic disorders.

Redox modulation via a synthetic thiol compound reshapes energy metabolism in endothelial cells and ameliorates angiogenic expression in a co-culture study with activated macrophages

The vascular endothelium is the first interface exposed to circulating compounds and oxidative as well as pro-inflammatory stimuli. Nowadays, cysteine pro-drugs are emerging as new and potential therapies in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases due to their cytoprotective effects. In this study, the effects of redox modulation by a synthetic thiol compound, i.e., I-152, a precursor of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and cysteamine (MEA), were evaluated after 6 h and 24 h treatment on human umbilical cord endothelial cell (HUVECs) energy metabolism. Following I-152 treatment, higher cysteine and glutathione (GSH) content were detected via HPLC, in concomitance with I-152 derivatives, i.e., NAC and MEA. Untargeted metabolomics confirmed GSH upregulation and NAC presence in addition to I-152 itself and other metabolites, such as dithiol compound (NACMEAA) and triacetylated I-152. Mass spectrometry revealed that I-152 boosted ATP production, specifically through the mitochondrial OXPHOS, as determined via Seahorse assay without inducing oxidative stress. Additionally, I-152 treatment of HUVECs before co-culture with LPS-stimulated macrophages provided GSH and cysteine sustainment and attenuated the transcription of adhesion molecules as well as iNOS expression. Identifying the impact of redox regulation in physiological conditions and the possible metabolic targets could aid the application of novel thiol-based therapeutics.

GYY4137-induced p65 sulfhydration protects synovial macrophages against pyroptosis by improving mitochondrial function in osteoarthritis development

INTRODUCTION

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis that is characterized by the progressive synovial inflammation and loss of articular cartilage. Although GYY4137 is a novel and slow-releasing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor with potent anti-inflammatory properties that may modulate the progression of OA, its underlying mechanism remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we validated the protective role of GYY4137 against OA pathological courses and elucidated its underlying regulatory mechanisms.

METHODS

Cell transfection, immunofluorescence staining, EdU assay, transmission electron microscopy, mitochondrial membrane potential measurement, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, sulfhydration assay, qPCR and western blot assays were performed in the primary mouse chondrocytes or the mouse macrophage cell line raw 264.7 for in vitro study. DMM-induced OA mice model and Macrophage-specific p65 knockout (p65f/f LysM-CreERT2) mice on the C57BL/6 background were used for in vivo study.

RESULTS

We found that GYY4137 can alleviate OA progress by suppressing synovium pyroptosis in vivo. Moreover, our in vitro data revealed that GYY4137 attenuates inflammation-induced NLRP3 and caspase-1 activation and results in a decrease of IL-1β production in macrophages. Mechanistically, GYY4137 increased persulfidation of NF-kB p65 in response to inflammatory stimuli that results in a decrease of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunctions. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we showed that H2S persulfidates cysteine38 in p65 protein and hampers p65 transcriptional activity, and p65 mutant impaired macrophage responses to GYY4137.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest a mechanism by which GYY4137 through redox modification of p65 participates in inhibiting NLRP3 activation by OA to regulate inflammatory responses. Thus, we propose that GYY4137 represents a promising novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of OA.

Salvianolic Acid A Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Activating AMPK/SIRT1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

Salvianolic acid A (Sal A) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of Sal A on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). The results indicated that Sal A pretreatment attenuated LPS induced lung injury, shown by alleviated histopathological damage and alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction, as well as reduced inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Moreover, Sal A pretreatment effectively increased the expression of p-AMPK and SIRT1 and promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation in lung tissues. However, these effects were remarkably blunted by Compound C. Molecular docking experiments further confirmed that Sal A bound well to the active sites of AMPK and SIRT1. In conclusion, these results indicated that Sal A exerted its protective effects on LPS-induced ALI through suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress, which was mainly dependent on the activation of AMPK/SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Sex-dependent modulation of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in C57BL/6J mice

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a life-threatening condition, with a higher mortality rate in men than women and in which estrogens might play a protective role. This study aimed to investigate sex-dependent differences in a mouse model of caerulein-induced AP. Thirty-six C57BL/6J mice (19 females and 17 males) were treated intraperitoneally with phosphate-buffered saline or caerulein, and sacrificed 12 hours, 2 days, or 7 days after the last injection. Blood was collected for amylase, lipase, and glucose determination. Severity and extent of inflammation, apoptosis, and acinar to ductal metaplasia (ADM) in pancreatic tissue were scored histologically and total macrophages, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II+ cells, M2 macrophages, T and B cells, neutrophils, apoptosis, and ADM were marked immunohistochemically and quantified by digital image analysis. Serum amylase had a peak at 12 hours, without differences between the sexes. In females, pancreatitis reached a peak at 12 hours with a fast recovery while, in males, the peak was delayed to day 2 with residual apoptosis still present. Macrophages were the main inflammatory cell population, followed by T cells, B cells and neutrophils, without differences between sexes. In males, CD206+ cells and apoptosis were higher at both days 2 and 7, and cytokeratin-19+ (CK19+) ADM was higher at day 7 compared with females. The results of this study revealed a faster onset and resolution of caerulein-induced AP in female mice compared with male mice, supporting a sex-dependent modulation of acute pancreatitis.

Effects of continuous venous-venous hemofiltration with or without hemoperfusion on patients with hypertriglyceride acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND

The role of continuous venous-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) and combined CVVH with hemoperfusion (HP) in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) is diverse. We hypothesized HP+CVVH, rather than CVVH alone, could have significant benefits in hypertriglyceridemia (HTG)-AP patients.

METHODS

This single-center retrospective study included 347 patients with hypertriglyceride (HTH) -AP treated from January 2020 to December 2023. We assessed the association of short- and long-term outcomes (including incidence of systemic and local complications, length of ICU and hospital stays, and costs) between the HP+CVVH and CVVH groups. A subgroup analysis was performed to explore the effects of heterogeneity upon the incidence of severe AP (SAP).

RESULTS

Among 86 included patients, 40 received HP+CVVH therapy, and 46 received CVVH. Subgroup analysis revealed a lower incidence of severe AP after HP+CVVH therapy in patients with high procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 levels (46.4 % vs. 80.0 %, p = 0.019; 33.3 % vs. 72.7 %, p = 0.010; 37.5 % vs. 79.2 %, respectively). A significantly decreased hospital length of stay (LOS) in the HP+CVVH group was observed (10.40 [8.63-12.17] vs. 15.48 [13.02-17.94] days, p = 0.001). Furthermore, HP+CVVH showed a tendency towards lower hospital costs than CVVH ($5128 [4312-5943] vs. $8168 [6416-9920], p = 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the incidence of systemic or local complications, recurrence rates, or quality of life.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of HP+CVVH yielded superior outcomes in terms of the incidence of SAP compared to that of CVVH, for HTG-AP patients with a high inflammatory burden.

Airway and cardiovascular remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a target for transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel modulators

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation, which leads to airway remodeling (AR). AR refers to various structural changes occurring in the airway wall, resulting in thickening, and narrowing of the airways. Apart from airways, and lung tissue, pulmonary vasculature also undergoes remodeling. Thus, the pressure in vascular bed is increased, leading to pulmonary hypertension and further right and left ventricle hypertrophy, as well as myocardial fibrosis. Currently, there is lack of effective treatment directly targeting airway and cardiovascular remodeling in the course of COPD. Due to a lot of research showing involvement of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in respiratory disorders, it seems reasonable to consider this ion channel as a molecular target in treatment of remodeling consequences of COPD. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge of its role in this case and to identify areas requiring further research. Moreover, we provide few patented structures intended to treat chronic respiratory diseases, which may be worth investigating in the context of airway remodeling.

A bidirectional mendelian-randomization analyses of genetically predicted circulating levels of systemic inflammatory regulators with risk of sepsis

Whether there is a causal relationship between circulating levels of systemic inflammatory regulators and sepsis remains unclear. To determine whether genetically predicted circulating levels of cytokines are associated with risk of sepsis, a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis based on the a STROBE-compliant cross-sectional observational study was conducted utilizing gene-wide association study (GWAS) data. Selected with rigor, single-nucleotide polymorphisms served as instrumental variables for subsequent MR analysis. The preferred method for the MR analysis was the inverse-variance weighted approach. However, for comprehensive sensitivity analyses, 6 additional MR methods were employed. Cochrane's Q test was performed to examine heterogeneity. A leave-one-out method ensured the stability of MR results. Our findings suggest an inverse association between the levels of beta-nerve growth factor (BNGF) and the risk of sepsis development (OR = 0.769, 95% CI = 0.599-0.987, P = .039). In contrast, higher levels of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) are positively correlated with sepsis risk (OR = 1.094, 95% CI = 1.012-1.183, P = .025; OR = 1.182, 95% CI = 1.016-1.375, P = .031, respectively). Reverse MR Analysis indicated that sepsis risk is linked with lower circulating levels of adenosine deaminase and Interleukin-17A (β = -0.043, 95% CI = -0.085 to -0.002, P = .042; β = -0.061, 95% CI = -0.108 to -0.013, P = .012, respectively), and also with higher circulating levels of BNGF, delta/notchlike epidermal growth factor-related receptor, fibroblast growth factor 23, leukemia inhibitory factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and osteoprotegerin (β = 0.056, 95% CI = 0.015-0.096, P = .007; β = 0.137, 95% CI = 0.035-0.240, P = .009; β = 0.118, 95% CI = 0.020-0.216, P = .018; β = 0.136, 95% CI = 0.020-0.252, P = .022; β = 0.143, 95% CI = 0.043-0.242, P = .005; β = 0.116, 95% CI = 0.010-0.222, P = .031, respectively). Sum up, our study provides evidence supporting a bidirectional causal relationship between sepsis and genetically predicted circulating levels of systemic inflammatory regulators.

A Hydrogen Sulfide-Activated NIR-II Fluorescence/NIR-I Photoacoustic Dual-Ratiometric Nanoprobe With Unique Recognition Reaction for Precise Visual Diagnosis of Hepatitis Disease

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a vital gaseous signaling molecule that plays a central role in various physiological and pathological processes. Given the complementary advantages of fluorescence (FL) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging, there is a growing demand for dual-ratiometric probes that enable precise in vivo monitoring of H2S levels. In this study, the use of 2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (MTD) as a novel recognition group of H2S is presented for the first time, following conjugation with cyanine dyes to obtain a new PA probe Cy-MTD. To achieve dual-ratiometric imaging, Cy-MTD is incorporated into down-conversion nanoparticle (DCNP), resulting in the creation of a pioneering NIR-II FL/NIR-I PA dual-ratiometric nanoprobe DCNP@Cy-MTD. Cy-MTD undergoes the blueshift in absorption from 840 to 670 nm after reaction with H2S, enabling NIR-I ratiometric PA imaging of H2S by measuring the ratio of PA signal at 670 and 840 nm (PA670/PA840). In addition, due to the strong absorption of Cy-MTD ≈840 nm and the overlapping between the absorption spectrum of Cy-MTD and 808 nm excitation band of DCNP, the 808 nm-excited FL emission (F1550 nm,808Ex) of DCNP in DCNP@Cy-MTD nanoprobe is quenched through the competitive absorption, while it is restored upon the interaction with H2S because of the blueshift in absorption of Cy-MTD. Using the stable FL emission of DCNP under 980 nm excitation (F1550 nm,980Ex) as the reference signal, NIR-II ratiometric FL imaging (F1550 nm,808Ex/F1550 nm,980Ex) of H2S is achieved. The dual-ratiometric response features of the DCNP@Cy-MTD nanoprobe offer a significant advancement over traditional single-signal or single-modality imaging techniques. By providing enhanced accuracy and reliability, this probe allows for the diagnosis of hepatitis by monitoring the H2S, surpassing the capabilities of conventional histopathological methods, which provides a new way for more effective diagnostic strategies for liver diseases.

Sodium aescinate promotes apoptosis of pancreatic stellate cells and alleviates pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 signaling pathways

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an inflammatory disease of progressive pancreatic fibrosis, and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are key cells involved in pancreatic fibrosis. To date, there are no clinical therapies available to reverse inflammatory damage or pancreatic fibrosis associated with CP. Sodium Aescinate (SA) is a natural mixture of triterpene saponins extracted from the dried and ripe fruits of horse chestnut tree. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects. This study aims to explore the therapeutic potential of SA in CP and the molecular mechanism of its modulation. Through in vivo animal models and experiments, we found that SA significantly alleviated pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis in caerulein-induced CP mice model. In addition, SA inhibited the proliferation, migration and activation of PSCs as well as promoted apoptosis of PSCs through a series of experiments on cells in vitro including CCK-8 assay, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, wound-healing assay, Transwell migration assays, flow cytometric analysis, etc. Further RNA sequencing and in vitro validation assays revealed that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway was involved in the SA mediated promotion of PSCs apoptosis, thus alleviating pancreatic fibrosis. In conclusion, this study revealed that SA may have promising potential as therapeutic agent for the treatment of CP, and the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway is a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis.

Efficacy of Xuebijing injection on pulmonary ventilation improvement in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Xuebijing injection (XBJI), as a Chinese patent medicine injection, consists of five botanical drugs for anti-inflammatory treatment. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is induced by localized inflammation, potentially resulting in multiple organ dysfunction syndromes, specifically including acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recent studies suggest that XBJI effective in alleviating potentially easing ALI and ARDS.

Objective

We illustrated the efficacy and safety of XBJI for pulmonary function of AP by conducting a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Methods

We conducted searches across eight databases, including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, up to September 2024. Two independent investigators screened and selected the literature based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by data extraction. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. The data were then qualitatively analyzed and synthesized by using Review Manager software, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook.

Conclusion

This study showed that using conventional therapy combined with XBJI might increase the oxygenation index, lower the respiratory rate, and improve APACHE II scores and inflammatory biomarkers. However, there is a high risk of bias and the quality of the included studies is low. More well-designed, large-sample, and high-quality trials are needed to be conducted in multiple centers.

Inhibition of Zbp1-PANoptosome-mediated PANoptosis effectively attenuates acute pancreatitis

Early acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory disease that involves multiple modes of cell death, including apoptosis, necrotic apoptosis, and pyroptosis in its disease process. PANoptosis, a type of cell death that includes pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, has had an important role in a variety of infectious and inflammatory diseases in recent years. To judge the relationship between PANoptosis and AP, we first analyzed the data from pancreatic transcriptome data by bioinformatics techniques, and we found the enrichment of PANoptosis pathway in AP. Next, we screened the genes and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with AP and PANoptosis. Finally, we found that Zbp1 may have a major role in the process of PANoptosis. For this purpose, we constructed AP models in mice and in vitro cell line 266-6 and intervened by inhibiting Zbp1. The final results showed that the PANoptosis in mice was significantly suppressed after inhibition of Zbp1. In conclusion, inflammatory injury in AP can be significantly improved by inhibiting Zbp1- PANoptosome-mediated PANoptosis.

Acute Pancreatitis in Children: It's Not Just a Simple Attack

Acute pancreatitis (AP) in children presents unique challenges distinct from adult manifestations, requiring specialized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Compared with adults, pediatric AP has lower mortality rates but still carries significant morbidity and potential long-term complications. This review examines current evidence on pediatric AP, highlighting recent advances in diagnosis, risk stratification, and management strategies. Current diagnostic approaches use serum lipase and amylase testing, along with various imaging modalities that have different diagnostic values. Recent research has identified promising biomarkers for predicting severe AP, including blood urea nitrogen, C-reactive protein, and specific cytokine signals. Emerging evidence suggests a role of gut microbiome dysbiosis in disease pathogenesis, opening new therapeutic possibilities targeting the gut-pancreas axis. Genetic factors, specifically pancreatitis risk genes, influence disease progression to recurrent and chronic pancreatitis. In this review, we summarize the consequences of an isolated AP episode in children. Our review highlights for the first time how AP can lead to significant long-term sequelae, including exocrine/nutritional deficiencies, endocrine pancreatic dysfunction, diabetes, recurrent pain, and decreased quality of life compared with healthy population controls. The goal of this review is to summarize advances in understanding of pediatric AP and to emphasize the importance of early recognition, appropriate risk stratification, and comprehensive follow-up after the first pediatric AP episode, while highlighting areas requiring future research to optimize patient outcomes.

Inflammation and macrophage infiltration exacerbate adult incision response by early life injury

BACKGROUND

Neonatal hindpaw incision can evoke long-lasting changes in nociceptive processing following repeat injury in adulthood. Studies have focused on the effects and mechanisms in the spinal cord and brain, however changes in inflammation and macrophages in the periphery, especially at the site of early life injury, remain poorly defined. In this paper, we investigated the role of macrophages in the injured tissue in pain hypersensitivity caused by repeat hindpaw incisions and primed by neonatal injury.

METHODS

Hindpaw incision was performed in anesthetized adult rats. Among them, some had neonatal hindpaw incisions on postnatal day 3. To assess the role of inflammatory response in the priming of adult incision pain, the rats were treated with clodronate liposome, a macrophage depletion agent, and ketorolac tromethamine, the commonly used anti-inflammatory drug following surgery. Their mechanical pain sensitivity was measured via von Frey filaments. Inflammation induced by hindpaw incision was evaluated via Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, H&E, and immunofluorescence staining. The phenotypes of macrophages were examined by analyzing their surface markers by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Mechanical pain hypersensitivity caused by the hindpaw incision in the adult rats was enhanced by previous neonatal injury, which also significantly increased microglial activation in the spinal dorsal horn, aggravation of inflammation, and infiltration of both M1 and M2 macrophages in damaged hindpaw tissue after the repeat incision in the adult rats on POD 5. Intraperitoneal injection of clodronate liposome alleviates nociceptive and inflammatory responses in neonatal injured rats. Intramuscular injection of ketorolac tromethamine decreased mechanical hyperalgesia and inflammatory responses primed by prior neonatal injury.

CONCLUSIONS

Neonatal tissue injury exacerbated mechanical hypersensitivity, infiltration, and activation of macrophages evoked by repeat hindpaw incision in adulthood.

Thiamine, gastrointestinal beriberi and acetylcholine signaling

Research has highlighted numerous detrimental consequences of thiamine deficiency on digestive function. These range from impaired gastric and intestinal motility to aberrant changes in pancreatic exocrine function, gastric acidity and disturbances in gut barrier integrity and inflammation. Thiamine and its pharmacological forms, as a primary or adjunctive therapy, have been shown to improve symptoms such as nausea, constipation, dysphagia and intestinal dysmotility, in both humans and animals. This review aims to explore molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic action of thiamine in gastrointestinal dysfunction. Our analysis demonstrates that thiamine insufficiency restricted to the gastrointestinal system, i.e., lacking well-known symptoms of dry and wet beriberi, may arise through (i) a disbalance between the nutrient influx and efflux in the gastrointestinal system due to increased demands of thiamine by the organism; (ii) direct exposure of the gastrointestinal system to oral drugs and gut microbiome, targeting thiamine-dependent metabolism in the gastrointestinal system in the first line; (iii) the involvement of thiamine in acetylcholine (ACh) signaling and cholinergic activity in the enteric nervous system and non-neuronal cells of the gut and pancreas, employing both the coenzyme and non-coenzyme actions of thiamine. The coenzyme action relies on the requirement of the thiamine coenzyme form - thiamine diphosphate - for the production of energy and acetylcholine (ACh). The non-coenzyme action involves participation of thiamine and/or derivatives, including thiamine triphosphate, in the regulation of ACh synaptic function, consistent with the early data on thiamine as a co-mediator of ACh in neuromuscular synapses, and in allosteric action on metabolic enzymes. By examining the available evidence with a focus on the gastrointestinal system, we deepen the understanding of thiamine's contribution to overall gastrointestinal health, highlighting important implications of thiamine-dependent mechanisms in functional gastrointestinal disorders.

Beyond the Gut: Unveiling Butyrate's Global Health Impact Through Gut Health and Dysbiosis-Related Conditions: A Narrative Review

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly produced by gut microbiota through the fermentation process of dietary fibers and proteins, are crucial to human health, with butyrate, a famous four-carbon SCFA, standing out for its inevitably regulatory impact on both gut and immune functions. Within this narrative review, the vital physiological functions of SCFAs were examined, with emphasis on butyrate's role as an energy source for colonocytes and its ability to enhance the gut barrier while exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. Knowledge of butyrate synthesis, primarily generated by Firmicutes bacteria, can be influenced by diets with specifically high contents of resistant starches and fiber. Butyrate can inhibit histone deacetylase, modulate gene expression, influence immune functionality, and regulate tight junction integrity, supporting the idea of its role in gut barrier preservation. Butyrate possesses systemic anti-inflammatory properties, particularly, its capacity to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and maintain immune homeostasis, highlighting its therapeutic potential in managing dysbiosis and inflammatory diseases. Although butyrate absorption into circulation is typically minimal, its broader health implications are substantial, especially regarding obesity and type 2 diabetes through its influence on metabolic regulation and inflammation. Furthermore, this narrative review thoroughly examines butyrate's growing recognition as a modulator of neurological health via its interaction with the gut-brain axis. Additionally, butyrate's neuroprotective effects are mediated through activation of specific G-protein-coupled receptors, such as FFAR3 and GPR109a, and inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Research indicates that butyrate can alleviate neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, autism spectrum disorder, and Huntington's disease, by reducing neuroinflammation, enhancing neurotransmitter modulation, and improving histone acetylation. This focus will help unlock its full therapeutic potential for metabolic and neurological health, rather than exclusively on its well-known benefits for gut health, as these are often interconnected.

S-propargyl-cysteine attenuates temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis by regulating macrophage polarization via Inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling

BACKGROUND

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) is a disease characterized by cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation, with limited effective treatment currently. Synovial macrophage polarization is pivotal in TMJ-OA progression, making it a promising therapeutic aspect. This study investigated the effects of S-propargyl-cysteine (SPRC), an endogenous H2S donor, on macrophage polarization and its therapeutic potential in alleviating TMJ-OA.

METHODS

A MIA-induced TMJ-OA rat model and LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were employed to evaluate the effects of SPRC in vivo and in vitro. TMJ bone and cartilage were analyzed via micro-CT and histological methods, while macrophage polarization markers expression were assessed via RT-qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. RNA sequencing was performed on macrophages, and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was validated using the JAK2-specific inhibitor AG490. The direct effects of SPRC on rat primary condylar chondrocytes were examined by evaluating ECM synthesis and degradation. Co-culture experiments further assessed macrophage-chondrocyte interactions.

RESULTS

SPRC significantly alleviated cartilage and bone damage in the TMJ-OA rat model, as demonstrated by improved bone volume and cartilage structure. SPRC reduced pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage infiltration and enhanced anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization. SPRC effectively inhibited the JAK2/STAT3, leading to reduction of inflammatory markers, including TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS. Co-culture experiments revealed that SPRC-treated macrophage-conditioned medium improved chondrocyte metabolic activity and restored ECM integrity.

CONCLUSIONS

SPRC-modulated macrophage polarization alleviates TMJ-OA via JAK/STAT downregulation, thereby reducing synovial inflammation and cartilage degradation. These findings position SPRC as a promising therapeutic candidate for TMJ-OA and provide insights into novel strategies targeting macrophage polarization and synovium-cartilage crosstalk.

Maternal and fetal death associated with acute pancreatitis during pregnancy: A case report

BACKGROUND

Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy is a rare but serious condition that can lead to high maternal mortality and fetal loss. Instances of pregnancy complicated by severe acute pancreatitis, particularly with subsequent respiratory and cardiac arrest, are rarely reported.

CASE SUMMARY

We present the case of a 35-year-old woman, at 36 + 5 weeks of gestation, who presented with paroxysmal epigastric pain accompanied by low back pain, nausea, and vomiting. According to the clinical symptoms, B-ultrasound imaging and biochemical indicators, the patient was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis and initially managed conservatively. However, 3 hours after admission, the patient experienced respiratory and cardiac arrest, and the fetus died. In this case, the adverse outcomes occurred due to the lack of aggressive fluid resuscitation and an active surgical intervention.

CONCLUSION

Implementing aggressive fluid resuscitation to sustain tissue perfusion, alongside the proactive evaluation of pharmacological agents that suppress gastric acid secretion and inhibit pancreatic enzyme activity, may be beneficial in mitigating the risk of a severely adverse prognosis. Effective management of acute pancreatitis during pregnancy requires careful timing of surgical intervention, a thorough evaluation of the risks and benefits regarding the continuation or termination of pregnancy, and a focus on safeguarding both maternal and fetal health.

Role of cystathionine-β-synthase and hydrogen sulfide in down syndrome

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition where the person affected by it is born with an additional - full or partial - copy of chromosome 21. DS presents with characteristic morphological features and is associated with a wide range of biochemical alterations and maladaptations. Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) - one of the key mammalian enzymes responsible for the biogenesis of the gaseous transmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) - is located on chromosome 21, and people with DS exhibit a significant upregulation of this enzyme in their brain and other organs. Even though 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase - another key mammalian enzyme responsible for the biogenesis of H2S and of reactive polysulfides - is not located on chromosome 21, there is also evidence for the upregulation of this enzyme in DS cells. The hypothesis that excess H2S in DS impairs mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics was first proposed in the 1990s and has been substantiated and expanded upon over the past 25 years. DS cells are in a state of metabolic suppression due to H2S-induced, reversible inhibition of mitochondrial Complex IV activity. The impairment of aerobic ATP generation in DS cells is partially compensated by an upregulation of glycolysis. The DS-associated metabolic impairment can be reversed by pharmacological CBS inhibition or CBS silencing. In rodent models of DS, CBS upregulation and H2S overproduction contribute to the development of cognitive dysfunction, alter brain electrical activity, and promote reactive gliosis: pharmacological inhibition or genetic correction of CBS overactivation reverses these alterations. CBS can be considered a preclinically validated drug target for the experimental therapy of DS.

Hydrogen Sulfide Induced Unique Twisted-Rod Assemblies from Norbornene-Based Polymer in Aqueous Environment as Gasotransmitter Regulators

Hydrogen sulfide, being a poisonous pollutant, (H2S) is known for its pungent smell. Although it is having significant role in the biological and physiological processes as a potential biomarker in the present day. The over-expression of H2S leads to several biological disorders and diseases, therefore, monitoring the level of H2S in the biological pH is important. Optical sensors to detect hydrogen sulfide have gained popularity due to their cost-effectiveness, portability, fast response, etc. Here, we are designing a norbornene-based polymeric bio-sensor for detecting hydrogen sulfide in physiological pH. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers are strategically crafted to permeate polymeric sensors with water solubility and the ability to detect hydrogen sulfide, respectively. These monomers are polymerized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The probe is characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, fluorescence, and UV-visible absorbance spectra. The polymeric sensor can selectively detect hydrogen sulfide with high sensitivity by turn-on fluorescence responses. Moreover, this probe efficiently conducts the morphological changes associated with sensing phenomena. The collapsed vesicles are nicely converted into twisted rods. One dimentional structures (such as twisted rods, etc.) are becoming very interesting as they have fascinating structural and functional properties. Having application in biomedical fields such as targeted drug delivery, imaging, and scaffolds for tissue engineering, it also can exhibits improved mechanical strength, flexibility, unique optical properties, increased surface area, etc. This probe is biocompatible and has the scopes for bio-imaging. Therefore, this water-soluble polymeric probe can open new bio-medical applications for detecting analytes.

Association of Stress and Inflammatory Diseases with Serum Ferritin and Iron Concentrations in Neonatal Calves

This study investigated the effects of iron supplementation and inflammatory disease on cortisol, white blood cell (WBC) count, total protein (TP), lactate, interleukin 1 β (IL1β), interleukin 6 (IL6), substance P (SP), hepcidin, haptoglobin, and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in calves. Correlation analyses for the aforementioned parameters with serum iron and ferritin were performed in 40 neonatal calves over the first 10 days of life. Neither iron supplementation, disease status, nor sex had statistically significant effects on the areas under the curve of ferritin, WBC, TP, IL1β, IL6, SP, hepcidin, haptoglobin, or FRAP. However, cortisol concentrations were influenced by disease development. Cortisol concentrations were higher at birth (44.1 ± 1.95 ng/mL) than on day 2 (38.8 ± 1.87 ng/mL) (p = 0.0477), and healthy animals exhibited lower cortisol concentrations than diseased calves (p = 0.0028). Correlation analyses indicated weak positive correlations between ferritin and IL1β (p = 0.0015; ρ = 0.49) and IL6 (p = 0.0011; ρ = 0.50), respectively. The clinical significance of these findings and resulting therapeutic consequences, especially with respect to iron supplementation, should be further investigated in calves and adult cattle.

The Hallmarks of Cancer as Eco-Evolutionary Processes

SIGNIFICANCE

Viewing the hallmarks as a sequence of adaptations captures the "why" behind the "how" of the molecular changes driving cancer. This eco-evolutionary view distils the complexity of cancer progression into logical steps, providing a framework for understanding all existing and emerging hallmarks of cancer and developing therapeutic interventions.

Astragalus polysaccharide reduces the severity of acute pancreatitis under a high-fat diet through enriching L. reuteri and propionate

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe digestive disorder, worsened by a high-fat diet (HFD) through inflammation and gut microbiota disruption. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), known for their anti-inflammatory properties, may alleviate HFD-induced exacerbation of AP by modulating gut microbiota. This study investigates the effect of APS on AP severity under a HFD (HAP). Results show that HFD significantly worsens AP, with elevated serum enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and pancreatic damage. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed increased ICAM1+ neutrophils and activation of the NF-κB/necroptosis pathway in HAP mice. Treatment with APS reduced neutrophil infiltration, downregulated NF-κB, and suppressed necroptosis. APS also restored gut microbiota balance, boosting Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) and propionate (PA) levels. Interventions with L. reuteri or PA reduced HAP severity, with combined treatment showing synergistic effects. These findings suggest that the protective effect of APS is mediated by microbiota-dependent mechanisms, highlighting the gut-pancreas axis as a potential therapeutic target for AP.

Qingyi decoction and its active ingredients ameliorate acute pancreatitis by regulating acinar cells and macrophages via NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathways

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Macrophage infiltration and activation is a critical step during acute pancreatitis (AP). NLRP3 inflammasomes in macrophages plays a critical role in mediating pancreatic inflammatory responses. Qing-Yi Decoction(QYD)has been used for many years in clinical practice of Nankai Hospital combined with traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment of acute pancreatitis. Although QYD has a well-established clinical efficacy, little is known about its bioactive ingredients, how they interact with different therapeutic targets and the pathways to produce anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we elucidate the therapeutic effects of QYD against acute pancreatitis and reveal its mechanism of action.

METHODS

The main components of QYD were identified using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS. Network pharmacology was employed to predict potential therapeutic targets and their mechanisms of action. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, low, medium and high dose (6, 12, 24 g/kg) QYD groups, with 10 mice in each group. The therapeutic effect of QYD on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. (CER-AP) was evaluated by histopathological score, immunohistochemistry, serum amylase and cytokines detection by ELISA. The protein expressions of MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway were detected by Western blotting. Along with molecular docking of key bioactive compounds and targets, RAW264.7 cells stimulated with 1μg/ml LPS is used to screen components with more potent effects on target proteins. AR42 J cells were stimulated with 100 nM dexamethasone (dexa) combined with 10 nM cerulein (CN) as s a cell-culture model of acute pancreatitis. Inhibitory effects of the main chemical composition Wogonoside on NLRP3 inflammasomes were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blots.

RESULTS

Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS, 217 compounds were identified from QYD, including Wogonoside, Catechins, Rhein, etc. A visualization network of QYD-compounds-key targets-pathways-AP show that QYD may modulate PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway and Apoptosis signaling pathway by targeting TNF, IL1β, AKT1, TP53 and STAT3 exerting a therapeutic effect on AP. QYD administration effectively mitigated CER-induced cytokine storm, pancreas edema and serum amylase. QYD (12 mg/kg) showed better effect. The protein expression levels of MyD88, NF-κB, NLRP3, Caspase-1 and GSDMD in pancreatic tissue were significantly decreased. Through molecular docking and LPS-RAW264.7 inflammation model, the selected Wogonoside significantly decreased IL-1β mRNA. The expression levels of NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway-related proteins were also decreased on AR42J-AP.

CONCLUSION

The results of network pharmacology indicate that QYD can inhibit AP through multiple pathways and targets. This finding was validated through in vivo tests, which demonstrated that QYD can reduce AP by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasomes, additionally, it should be noted that 12mg/kg was a relatively superior dose. One of the main chemical compositions Wogonoside regulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation to protect against AP. This study is the first to verify the intrinsic molecular mechanism of QYD in treating AP by combining network pharmacology and animal experiments. The findings can provide evidence for subsequent clinical research and drug development.

Obesity and insulinopenic type 2 diabetes differentially impact, bone phenotype, bone marrow adipose tissue, and serum levels of the cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide in mice

Obesity is a risk factor of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic complications, through systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. It has also been associated with increased bone marrow adipocytes along with increased bone fragility and fracture risk. However, the differential effects of obesity and T2D on bone fragility remain unclear. The cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is a multifunctional modulator of the innate immunity that has emerged as biomarker of cardiometabolic diseases. The aims of this study were i) to assess the differential impact between hyperinsulinemic obesity versus insulinopenic T2D, on bone phenotype and bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), and ii) to analyse the link with CRAMP expression and its circulating levels in the context of obesity and T2D. We used C57BL/6 J male mice models of obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD), and of insulinopenic T2D induced by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment combined with HFD, reflecting the metabolic heterogeneity of the diseases. As compared to low-fat diet (LFD) control group after 16 weeks of feeding, the HFD mice exhibit a significant weight gain, moderate hyperglycaemia, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and significant increase in serum insulin levels. This hyperinsulinemic obesity led to decreased trabecular (Tb.Th) and cortical thickness (Ct.Th) in the tibia, associated with significant BMAT expansion, in addition to increased subcutaneaous (SCAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). No changes were observed in the circulating levels of CRAMP peptide neither in other bone parameters. While, STZ treatment in HFD/STZ group induced a more severe hyperglycaemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, and hypoinsulinemia. We also observed a negative effect on the expansion of both SCAT and VAT, as well as lower increase in BMAT as compared to HFD group. However, these mice with insulinopenic T2D exhibit early decrease in trabecular number (Tb.N) in proximal tibia, progressively from 8 to 16 weeks of protocol, and impaired femoral biomechanical stiffness. These alterations are also accompanied with decreased circulating levels of the CRAMP peptide in the HFD/STZ mice. The CRAMP mRNA levels decreased in VAT of both HFD and HFD/STZ groups. Overall, these results provide novel insights into the differential negative impact of obesity versus T2D on bone microenvironment, and suggest a link between hyperglycaemia-induced bone quality alterations during insulinopenia, and impaired regulation of the cathelicidin peptide of the innate immunity. Further investigations are needed to elucidate this relationship.

A Novel DNBS-based Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of H2S in Cells and on Test Strips

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a key role in the physiology and pathology of organisms, and H2S in the environment is easily absorbed and harmful to health. It is of great significance to develop a probe with good selectivity, high sensitivity and good stability that can detect hydrogen sulfide inside and outside organisms. In this work, we designed a novel "turn-on" fluorescent probe CIM-SDB for the detection of H2S. The probe CIM-SDB used indene-carbazole as the fluorophore and 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl as the recognition site. The probe CIM-SDB exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity to H2S (detection limit as low as 123 nM). Moreover, the probe CIM-SDB was successfully applied to the detection of intracellular exogenous and endogenous H2S, and the test strips prepared by the probe CIM-SDB could realize the convenient and rapid detection of H2S.

Redox signaling in the pancreas in health and disease

This review addresses oxidative stress and redox signaling in the pancreas under healthy physiological conditions as well as in acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and diabetes. Physiological redox homeodynamics is maintained mainly by NRF2/KEAP1, NF-κB, protein tyrosine phosphatases, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), and normal autophagy. Depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the pancreas is a hallmark of acute pancreatitis and is initially accompanied by disulfide stress, which is characterized by protein cysteinylation without increased glutathione oxidation. A cross talk between oxidative stress, MAPKs, and NF-κB amplifies the inflammatory cascade, with PP2A and PGC1α as key redox regulatory nodes. In acute pancreatitis, nitration of cystathionine-β synthase causes blockade of the transsulfuration pathway leading to increased homocysteine levels, whereas p53 triggers necroptosis in the pancreas through downregulation of sulfiredoxin, PGC1α, and peroxiredoxin 3. Chronic pancreatitis exhibits oxidative distress mediated by NADPH oxidase 1 and/or CYP2E1, which promotes cell death, fibrosis, and inflammation. Oxidative stress cooperates with mutant KRAS to initiate and promote pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Mutant KRAS increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), which trigger acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and progression to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). ROS are maintained at a sufficient level to promote cell proliferation, while avoiding cell death or senescence through formation of NADPH and GSH and activation of NRF2, HIF-1/2α, and CREB. Redox signaling also plays a fundamental role in differentiation, proliferation, and insulin secretion of β-cells. However, ROS overproduction promotes β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Quercetin improves airway remodeling in COPD rats by suppressing phenotypic switch of ASMCs via inhibiting the Wnt5a/β-catenin pathway

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Airway remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a contributor to airflow limitation, promotes disease progression, and affects disease outcome and prognosis. Quercetin has been identified as a potential therapeutic agent for COPD. Currently, there is insufficient research providing direct evidence to support this hypothesis. The present study investigates the therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of quercetin in the alleviation of airway remodeling in rat models of COPD.

EXPERIMENTAL STEPS

This study used a network pharmacology approach to predict, for the first time, the potential molecular targets of quercetin in COPD. The effects of quercetin on phenotypic switching and mitochondrial function of ASMCs were assessed in vitro using CCK-8, EdU staining, migration assays, western blotting, and JC-1 staining. Additionally, the interaction between Wnt5a and quercetin was analyzed via molecular docking, and findings were experimentally confirmed using the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Quercetin's influence on airway remodeling in COPD was examined in vivo through pulmonary function evaluation, H&E staining, and Modified Sirius Red staining. Molecular alterations associated with phenotypic switching, oxidative stress, autophagy and Wnt5a/β-Catenin pathway were examined by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, DHE staining and ELISA.

KEY RESULTS

The results showed that quercetin has a beneficial therapeutic effect on COPD. Its ability to mitigate airway remodeling is linked to modulating autophagy levels, reducing oxidative stress, alleviating mitochondrial damage, and influencing the phenotypic switch in ASMCs. By increasing oxidative stress tolerance, quercetin reduces mitochondrial damage and regulates the phenotypic switch in ASMCs. Furthermore, quercetin suppresses autophagy hyperactivation, which subsequently lowers oxidative stress levels in ASMCs. Notably, quercetin modulates autophagy through the regulation of the Wnt5a/β-catenin signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

In conclusion, quercetin demonstrates potential therapeutic effects in COPD by suppressing the Wnt5a/β-cateninsignaling pathway, autophagy as well as oxidative stress, and thereby alleviating mitochondrial damage and the phenotypic switch in ASMCs. These findings may have clinical applications and offer new insights for the development of COPD treatments.

Thiotaurine inhibits melanoma progression by enhancing Ca2+ overload-induced cellular apoptosis

BACKGROUND

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer with poor therapy outcomes. Since malignant cells are more susceptible to Ca2+ overload than normal cells, activating Ca2+ overload-mediated apoptosis may be a promising strategy to inhibit melanoma progression. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors can regulate Ca2+ channels, but their effects on melanoma cells remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effects of Thiotaurine (TTAU), an H2S donor, on melanoma cells and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

We tested the effect of TTAU by culturing melanoma cells in vitro and establishing the xenograft model of mice in vivo. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed using the CCK-8 test and flow cytometry. Molecules involved in apoptosis or Ca2+-related signal transduction were analyzed by western blotting. Immunofluorescence was used to measure Ca2+ levels, mitochondrial damage, and reactive oxygen species (ROS).

RESULTS

TTAU significantly reduced melanoma cell viability and induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, TTAU increased intracellular Ca2+, upregulated transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1), and decreased activating transcription factor 3(ATF3) by nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic 1(NFATc1). TTAU also caused mitochondrial damage and ROS overproduction, which also promoted apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

We first elucidate that TTAU inhibits melanoma progression by activating Ca2+ influx-NFATc1-ATF3 signaling and aggravating mitochondrial oxidative stress, in which TRPV1 may act as an amplifier for Ca2+ influx. Our research is expected to provide new ideas for the treatment of tumors such as melanoma, as well as the clinical application of reactive sulfur species-based drugs.

Evaluation of retinal structural and microvascular changes in patients with acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to show the changes in retinal vascular densities and thicknesses in the peripapillary and macular regions in the acute period in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP).

METHODS

This prospective cross-sectional study included 57 eyes of 30 patients with AP and 58 eyes of 30 healthy people. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was taken within 24-72 h of AP patients' hospitalization. OCTA was used to evaluate the retinal microvascular structure and retinal thickness.

RESULTS

Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pp-RNFL) and perifoveolar ganglion cell complex (pef-GCC) thickness in patients with AP were significantly higher than in the healthy control group (p = 0.020 and p = 0.039, respectively). While whole image vessel density (wiVD) and perifoveal vessel density (pefVD) were significantly lower in the deep capillary plexus (DCP), choriocapillaris flow area (CCFA) in the macula were significantly lower in each of the 1 mm and 3 mm radius areas in patients with AP (p = 0.014, p = 0.011; p = 0.011, and p = 0.035 respectively). In the univariable and multivariable linear regression analysis, it was observed that serum lipase and procalcitonin levels affected the thickness of pp-RNFL and pef-GCC (for pp-RNFL, β= 0.001, p = 0.002, β=24.992, p < 0.001, and for pef-GCC, β= 0.001 p = 0.014, β=17.107 p < 0.001 respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

There are significant microvascular and structural changes in the optic nerve and macula in patients with AP. The relationship between these changes and serum lipase and procalcitonin levels was shown. Clinicians should consider ocular involvement in AP patients with high serum lipase and procalcitonin levels.

Update on the measurement of "soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2" in plasma and its emerging significance as a novel biomarker of cardiovascular and kidney diseases: A concise commentary

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 has emerged as a major cell-surface enzyme receptor for controlling the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System. The SARS-Cov-2 pandemics has focused a major interest on that cell-surface receptor. It is the virus entry door for cell infection, and when inside it can replicate and lead to cell destruction. In some physio-pathological conditions, ADAM 17 and TMPSSR2 enzymes can cleave ACE2 on the cell surface and release its extra-cellular domain into the blood circulation. Measurement of this soluble protein then becomes possible, preferentially in plasma, but also in serum. Clinical studies have shown that Soluble ACE2 is an emerging biomarker for cardiovascular and kidney diseases and it could be of prognostic value for heart failure and kidney dysfunctions. In Covid-19 its diagnostic value is controversial, and the various studies lead to different conclusions. Many laboratory assays have been reported for the measurement of this biomarker. They concern enzymatic assays, aptamer methods, or immunoassays, either chemiluminescent or ELISA. Normal and pathological plasma concentrations reported with the various assays yet lack standardization and are very heterogenous. Recently introduced immunoassays tend to yield more compliant results despite variations due to the assay design and calibration, or the antibody targeted epitopes and reactivity. This article reports an ELISA designed with affinity purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies, obtained with recombinant ACE2 and calibrated with the recombinant protein in plasma. This assay has a global reactivity with the various ACE2 protein epitopes. Assay performance characteristics, and values measured in normal populations are presented. Availability of optimized ELISAs can contribute to a better harmonization of sACE2 measurements in plasma, and confirm its clinical significance as biomarker.

Potential causal association between gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, and acute pancreatitis: A Mendelian randomization study

Background

Acute pancreatitis (AP) ranks among the most frequently encountered gastrointestinal diseases in the emergency department. Recent studies have increasingly emphasized the substantial connection among gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, and AP.

Methods

A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted using summary statistics of gut microbiota (GM) from the largest available meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies conducted by the MiBioGen consortium (n=18,340). For cytokines, the data were obtained from a study that investigated genome variant associations with 41 inflammatory cytokines and growth factors (n=8293). The summary statistics of AP were obtained from the FinnGen consortium version R5 data (3022 cases and 195,144 controls). The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the main analysis, with MR-Egger and weighted median as complementary analytical methods. Sensitivity analyses were performed using Cochran's Q-test, MR-Egger intercept test, leave-one-out analyses, and MR-PRESSO. In addition, we employed the reverse MR analysis and MR Steiger method to estimate the orientations of exposure and outcome.

Result

Among the 211 examined GM taxa, the IVW method revealed that Bacteroidales (odds ratio [OR]=1.412, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.057 to 1.885, P=0.019), Eubacterium fissicatena group (OR=1.240, 95% CI:1.045 to 1.470, P=0.014), and Coprococcus3 (OR=1.481, 95 % CI:1.049 to 2.090, P=0.026) exhibited a positive association with AP. Conversely, Prevotella9 (OR=0.821, 95% CI:0.680 to 0.990, P=0.038), RuminococcaceaeUCG004 (OR=0.757, 95% CI:0.577 to 0.994, P=0.045), and Ruminiclostridium6 (OR=0.696, 95% CI:0.548 to 0.884, P=0.003) displayed a negative correlation with AP. Among the 41 inflammatory cytokines, only macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M_CSF, OR=0.894, 95% CI:0.847 to 0.943, P=0.037) exhibited a negative association with AP. Sensitivity analyses revealed no evidence of pleiotropy or heterogeneity. Nevertheless, the mediation analysis showed that M_CSF did not act as a mediating factor.

Conclusion

This two-sample MR study revealed causal associations between specific GM and inflammatory cytokines with AP, respectively. However, inflammatory cytokines did not appear to act as mediating factors in the pathway from GM to AP.

Kupffer cell and recruited macrophage heterogeneity orchestrate granuloma maturation and hepatic immunity in visceral leishmaniasis

In murine models of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the parasitization of resident Kupffer cells (resKCs) drives early Leishmania infantum growth in the liver, leading to granuloma formation and subsequent parasite control. Using the chronic VL model, we demonstrate that polyclonal resKCs redistributed to form granulomas outside the sinusoids, creating an open sinusoidal niche that was gradually repopulated by monocyte-derived KCs (moKCs) acquiring a tissue specific, homeostatic profile. Early-stage granulomas predominantly consisted of CLEC4F+KCs. In contrast, late-stage granulomas led to remodeling of the sinusoidal network and contained monocyte-derived macrophages (momacs) along with KCs that downregulated CLEC4F, with both populations expressing iNOS and pro-inflammatory chemokines. During late-stage infection, parasites were largely confined to CLEC4F-KCs. Reduced monocyte recruitment and increased resKCs proliferation in infected Ccr2-/- mice impaired parasite control. These findings show that the ontogenic heterogeneity of granuloma macrophages is closely linked to granuloma maturation and the development of hepatic immunity in VL.

Prediction of Potential Drugs Targeting Acute Pancreatitis Based on the HLA-DR-Related Gene-Monocyte Infiltration Regulatory Network

Background

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common disease of acute abdominal pain, the incidence of which is increasing annually, but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.

Methods

Gene expression profiles of AP were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. R software was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and perform functional analysis. The diagnostic value of HLA-DR-related genes was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Monocyte infiltration abundance in AP and normal groups was analyzed by Cibersort method, and the correlation between HLA-DR-related genes and monocyte abundance was analyzed. The modules highly correlated with HLA-DR-related genes were clarified by WGCNA modeling, and the core genes regulating HLA-DR were obtained by using LASSO regression. Finally, potential drugs targeting the above genes were analyzed by Enrichr database.

Result

A Total of 3 HLA-DR-related genes (HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DRB5) were identified, which were negatively correlated with the severity of AP and had excellent disease diagnostic value (AUC = 0.761, 0.761, and 0.718), were were positively correlated with monocyte abundance. We identified 110 genes that positively regulate HLA-DR and 130 genes that negatively regulate HLA-DR. LASSO regression identified UCP2, GK, and SAMHD1 as the core nodes of the regulated genes. Compared with the normal group, UCP2 and SAMHD1 were reduced in AP, and the opposite was true for GK, and SAMHD1 had better sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing AP. Drug sensitivity analysis predicted 12 drugs acting on HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DRB5 and 8 drugs acting on UCP2, GK, and SAMHD1.

Conclusion

We identified 3 HLA-DR-related genes (HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DRB5) and 3 coregulatory nodes (UCP2, GK, and SAMHD1), which were associated with AP severity and monocyte abundance. Based on these genes, we predicted 20 potential therapeutic agents for AP.

VMP1 Constitutive Expression in Mice Dampens Pancreatic and Systemic Histopathological Damage in an Experimental Model of Severe Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) an inflammatory condition caused by the premature activation of pancreatic proteases, leads to organ damage, systemic inflammation, and multi-organ failure. Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has high morbidity and mortality, affecting the liver, kidneys, and lungs. Autophagy maintains pancreatic homeostasis, with VMP1-mediated selective autophagy (zymophagy) preventing intracellular zymogen activation and acinar cell death. This study examines the protective role of VMP1 (Vacuole Membrane Protein 1)-induced autophagy using ElaI-VMP1 transgenic mice in a necrohemorrhagic SAP model (Hartwig's model). ElaI-VMP1 mice show significantly reduced pancreatic injury, including lower necrosis, edema, and inflammation, compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Biochemical markers (lactate dehydrogenase-LDH-, amylase, and lipase) and histopathology confirm that VMP1 expression mitigates pancreatic damage. Increased zymophagy negatively correlates with acinar necrosis, reinforcing its protective role. Beyond the pancreas, ElaI-VMP1 mice exhibit preserved liver, kidney, and lung histology, indicating reduced systemic organ damage. The liver maintains normal architecture, kidneys show minimal tubular necrosis, and lung inflammation features are reduced compared to WT mice. Our results confirm that zymophagy functions as a protective pathophysiological mechanism against pancreatic and extrapancreatic tissue injury in SAP. Further studies on the mechanism of VMP1-mediated selective autophagy in AP are necessary to determine its relevance and possible modulation to prevent the severity of AP.

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S- or H2Sn-Polysulfides) in Synaptic Plasticity: Modulation of NMDA Receptors and Neurotransmitter Release in Learning and Memory

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a pivotal gaseous transmitter in the central nervous system, influencing synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory by modulating various molecular pathways. This review examines recent evidence regarding how H2S regulates NMDA receptor function and neurotransmitter release in neuronal circuits. By synthesizing findings from animal and cellular models, we investigate the impacts of enzymatic H2S production and exogenous H2S on excitatory synaptic currents, long-term potentiation, and intracellular calcium signaling. Data suggest that H2S interacts directly with NMDA receptor subunits, altering receptor function and modulating neuronal excitability. Simultaneously, H2S promotes the release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA, shaping synaptic dynamics and plasticity. Furthermore, reports indicate that disruptions in H2S metabolism contribute to cognitive impairments and neurodegenerative disorders, underscoring the potential therapeutic value of targeting H2S-mediated pathways. Although the precise mechanisms of H2S-induced changes in synaptic strength remain elusive, a growing body of evidence positions H2S as a significant regulator of memory formation processes. This review calls for more rigorous exploration into the molecular underpinnings of H2S in synaptic plasticity, paving the way for novel pharmacological interventions in cognitive dysfunction.

Recent developments in Aspergillus fumigatus research: diversity, drugs, and disease

SUMMARYAdvances in modern medical therapies for many previously intractable human diseases have improved patient outcomes. However, successful disease treatment outcomes are often prevented due to invasive fungal infections caused by the environmental mold Aspergillus fumigatus. As contemporary antifungal therapies have not experienced the same robust advances as other medical therapies, defining mechanisms of A. fumigatus disease initiation and progression remains a critical research priority. To this end, the World Health Organization recently identified A. fumigatus as a research priority human fungal pathogen and the Centers for Disease Control has highlighted the emergence of triazole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates. The expansion in the diversity of host populations susceptible to aspergillosis and the complex and dynamic A. fumigatus genotypic and phenotypic diversity call for a reinvigorated assessment of aspergillosis pathobiological and drug-susceptibility mechanisms. Here, we summarize recent advancements in the field and discuss challenges in our understanding of A. fumigatus heterogeneity and its pathogenesis in diverse host populations.

Liver ischemia reperfusion injury: Mechanisms, cellular pathways, and therapeutic approaches

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a critical challenge in liver transplantation, resection, and trauma surgeries, leading to significant hepatic damage due to oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review explores the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying LIRI, focusing on ATP depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inflammatory pathways, including the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β, play a crucial role in exacerbating tissue damage. Various types of cell death, including necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and cuproptosis are also discussed. Therapeutic interventions targeting these mechanisms, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, mitochondrial protectors, and signaling modulators, have shown promise in pre-clinical studies. However, translating these findings into clinical practice faces challenges due to the limitations of animal models and the complexity of human responses. Emerging therapies, such as RNA-based treatments, genetic editing, and stem cell therapies, offer potential breakthroughs in LIRI management. This review highlights the need for further research and the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to improve clinical outcomes.

The relationship of the microbiome, associated metabolites and the gut barrier with pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancers have high mortality and rising incidence rates which may be related to unhealthy western-type dietary and lifestyle patterns as well as increasing body weights and obesity rates. Recent data also suggest a role for the gut microbiome in the development of pancreatic cancer. Here, we review the experimental and observational evidence for the roles of the oral, gut and intratumoural microbiomes, impaired gut barrier function and exposure to inflammatory compounds as well as metabolic dysfunction as contributors to pancreatic disease with a focus on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) initiation and progression. We also highlight some emerging gut microbiome editing techniques currently being investigated in the context of pancreatic disease. Notably, while the gut microbiome is significantly altered in PDAC and its precursor diseases, its utility as a diagnostic and prognostic tool is hindered by a lack of reproducibility and the potential for reverse causality in case-control cohorts. Future research should emphasise longitudinal and mechanistic studies as well as integrating lifestyle exposure and multi-omics data to unravel complex host-microbiome interactions. This will allow for deeper aetiologic and mechanistic insights that can inform treatments and guide public health recommendations.