In silico approaches to identify novel anti-diabetic type 2 agents against dipeptidyl peptidase IV from isoxazole derivatives of usnic acid

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious worldwide health issue in the twenty-first century. Additionally, DM, a metabolic endocrine illness that affects the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, has a death rate of 4.9 million individuals globally. This study aims to find anti-diabetic inhibitor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) that inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzyme using in silico methods. From a range of published literature sources, thirty (30) isoxazole derivatives of UA (IDUA) were selected for this study. To ascertain the possible inhibitory effects of IDUA, ADMET, molecular docking, density functional theory analyses, molecular dynamic simulation and MM/PBSA were conducted. Eleven compounds (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 13, 18, 21, 22, 24, and 27) were selected from the ADMET study, which were subjected to perform molecular docking against the DPP-IV enzyme of T2D, and findings indicated two compounds (compound 2 and compound 3) showed comparable binding affinity with the reference compound "Linagliptin". In contrast to the reference molecule, which had a binding affinity of - 8.6 kcal/mol against DPP-IV, compound 2 and compound 3 have binding affinities of - 8.1 and - 8.0 kcal/mol, respectively. Furthermore, based on Lipinski's Rule of Five, ELUMO, EHOMO, band energy gap, drug-likeness and DFT-based studies demonstrated druggability and high reactivity for these compounds. In addition, the molecular dynamic (MD) techniques to confirm that docked complexes remained stable and that the binding orientation obtained during docking tests were accurate. These compounds may be investigated in vitro and in vivo for the development of potential DPP-IV of T2D inhibitors.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04287-5.

Herb-Metal Ion Coordination Compounds with Photo/Electromagnetic Wave Response for Developing Various Anti-Infection Strategies

The global rise in infectious diseases and antibiotic overuse exacerbate bacterial drug resistance, particularly in multidrug-resistant pathogens like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). While plant-derived flavones exhibit multi-target antibacterial mechanisms that overcome resistance, their therapeutic application remains constrained by poor aqueous dispersibility and stability. Herein, a luteolin-iron complex (Lut-Fe3⁺) is engineered through a facile coordination approach, where Fe3⁺ facilitates d-orbital splitting and generation of high-spin electrons. This octahedral complex demonstrates exceptional water dispersibility and exhibits broad-spectrum absorption across ultraviolet to microwave (MW) frequencies. Lut-Fe3⁺ demonstrates dual antimicrobial modalities: long-term antisepsis in the dark and rapid sterilization under light/MW irradiation. This multi-functional complex is further combined with various methods to develop therapeutic strategies for bacterial infections at different depths. Notably, the Lut-Fe3⁺ is engineered into an MW-responsive nebulization system, achieving effective eradication of MRSA-induced deep-tissue pneumonia in mice.

Whole proteome-integrated and vaccinomics-based next generation mRNA vaccine design against Pseudomonas aeruginosa-A hierarchical subtractive proteomics approach

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen responsible for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), leading to cancer. Developing an efficacious vaccine remains the most promising strategy for combating P. aeruginosa infections. In this study, we employed an advanced in silico strategy to design a highly efficient and stable mRNA vaccine using immunoinformatics tools. Whole proteome data were utilized to identify highly immunogenic vaccine candidates using subtractive proteomics. Three extracellular proteins were prioritized for T- and linear B-cell epitope prediction. Beta-definsin protein sequence was incorporated as an adjuvant at the N-terminus of the construct. A total of 3 CTL, 3 HTL, and 3 linear B cell highly immunogenic epitopes were combined using specific linkers to design this multi-peptide construct. The 5' and 3' UTR sequences, Kozak sequence with a stop codon, and signal peptides followed by a poly-A tail were incorporated into the above vaccine construct to create our final mRNA vaccine. The vaccines exhibited antigenicity scores >0.88, ensuring high antigenicity with no allergenic or toxic. Physiochemical properties analysis revealed high solubility and thermostability. Three-dimensional structural analysis determined high-quality structures. Vaccine-receptor docking and molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated strong molecular interactions, stable binding affinities, dynamic nature, and structural stability of this vaccine, with significant immunogenic responses of the immune system against the vaccine. The immunological simulation indicates successful cellular and humoral immune responses to defend against P. aeruginosa infection. Validation of the study outcomes necessitates both experimental and clinical testing.

Design and Biosynthesis of Ornithine 8-Containing Semaglutide Variants with a Click Chemistry-Modifiable Position 26

Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, constitutes an effective and widely used treatment for type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, challenges such as insufficient oral bioavailability, gastrointestinal side effects, and high costs persist. Overcoming these limitations is essential for improving patient compliance and semaglutide's safety profile. While advanced technologies such as oral delivery systems offer partial solutions, optimizing the peptide structure is crucial for addressing these issues. Establishing a rapid method to generate a large library of semaglutide mutants will enable high-throughput activity screening. In this study, we introduce a novel "Fits-In-All" approach that combines ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) technology with amber stop codon incorporation to generate semaglutide variants. To counter dipeptidyl peptidase-4-mediated cleavage, our method strategically incorporates noncanonical amino acid ornithine at position 8 utilizing microbial modification enzyme OspR in vivo. Furthermore, functional groups are introduced by an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair recognizing the amber stop codon at position 26, which enabled the click chemistry-based linkage of diverse groups. This approach allows for the generation of a broad array of semaglutide analogues that can be screened for optimal properties. In conclusion, this innovative approach opens new avenues for the design and synthesis of optimized peptide-based GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Emerging nanostructure-based strategies for breast cancer therapy: innovations, challenges, and future directions

Breast cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-associated deaths, is responsible for the majority of cases of cancer in women globally. Traditional therapies used for the treatment of cancer have some challenges such as low cellular absorption, multidrug resistance, and limited bioavailability. Current innovations in nanotechnology, such as nanoliposomes, silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, provide a promising approach to deal with these limitations. Nanostructures encapsulating anticancer agents such as doxorubicin, curcumin, paclitaxel, erlotinib, and docetaxel enhance the therapeutic efficacy of these agents and promote targeted drug delivery. Curcumin-loaded amorphous calcium carbonate nanoparticles encapsulating lipids and L-arginine exhibit higher cytotoxicity than free curcumin. Gold nanoparticles can also enhance treatment efficacy by specifically destroying tumor cells when used in photothermal therapy. This review focus on the abilities of nanoparticles to induce oxidative stress, prevent proliferation, and trigger apoptosis in cancer cells. Further research should focus on optimizing these nanoparticles to enhance the targeted drug delivery and address multi-drug resistance. Our review underscores recent developments in nanostructures, their therapeutic potential, and the challenges that need to be addressed for more effective breast cancer treatment.

Design, Characterization, and Evaluation of Solid-Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery of Benidipine with Telmisartan: Quality by Design Approach

The main purpose of this study was to design and develop a solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) for the oral administration of benidipine (BD) and telmisartan (TEL) using the adsorption method with eucalyptus oil, Transcutol P, and Kolliphor EL via the Box-Behnken design approach. The prepared SNEDDS formulations were characterized using FTIR, DSC, SEM, and PXRD techniques and evaluated for zeta potential, refractive index, drug concentration, resistance to dilution, viscosity, and thermodynamic stability. Additionally, in vitro and stability studies were conducted. The results revealed that all prepared formulations (BT1-BT15) exhibited favorable zeta potential (17.2-28.39 mV) and polydispersity index (PDI) values (0.226-0.354). Among them, formulation BT11 demonstrated a desirable droplet size of 175.12 ± 2.70 nm, a PDI of 0.226, a zeta potential of -24.98 ± 0.18 mV, a self-emulsification time of 53.00 ± 2.10 s, a transmittance percentage of 99.6 ± 0.3%, and a drug release of 92.65 ± 1.70% within 15 min. BT11 exhibited significantly faster drug release compared to the commercially available product benidipine T (4 mg/40 mg) and the pure drugs BD and TEL, releasing more than 96% of both drugs in 0.1 N HCl within 60 min. Furthermore, BT11 demonstrated stability throughout the product's stability testing. These findings suggest that the oral S-SNEDDS formulation of BD and TEL can enhance the drugs' water solubility, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes and increasing patient compliance.

Enhancing sewer low-loss transportation by food waste microencapsulation treatment: Dual suppression of organic leaching and biofilm architecture-function for mitigating hazardous gases and blockage risks

Food waste management posed a critical global sustainability challenge, with significant environmental, economic, and social impacts. The installation of food waste disposers emerged as a primary strategy for source-separated food waste transfer to wastewater treatment systems through municipal pipelines. However, this approach accelerated the transformation of sewer systems into bioreactors and induced sewer pipe deterioration. Therefore, a novel microencapsulation method was developed and optimized to rapidly immobilize comminuted food waste particles. The stability of FW-encapsulated microcapsules was evaluated for their capacity to suppress organic leaching, destabilize functional biofilm architectures, and mitigate hazardous gas emissions and pipeline blockages in sewer systems during sewage conveyance. Results showed that FW-loaded microcapsules exhibited physicochemical stability against hydrodynamic shear and microbial degradation during sewer transport. It suppressed 33.62 mg/L organic matter release based on COD, reduced fluorescent substance accumulation/degradation, and limited macromolecular organics leakage. Microencapsulation destabilized sewer biofilm integrity via EPS reduction, disrupted humic acid stabilization, altered microbial dominance, and induced protein conformational loosening, impairing biofilm resilience. The technology mitigated sewer risks by curbing 3078.3 ppm VOC. It eliminating 100 % and 98.80 % increments of CH4 and CO compared to crushed FW discharge increments(2.55 mg/L and 0.09 mg/L), suppressing 0.80 mg/L sulfide conversion increments, and minimizing sedimentation through particle size and suspended solids control. Integration with food waste disposers enhanced source-segregated organic collection, optimized hydro-transport to alleviate pipe deterioration, reduced 0.915 MtCO2-eq transport-related carbon emissions, and improved treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment plants. This microencapsulation strategy provided a sustainable solution for FW management, combining infrastructure preservation, emission control, and resource recovery.

Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics study on the biofilm formation of Haemophilus influenzae by the stimulation of amoxicillin-clavulanate at subinhibitory concentration

Exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of β-lactam antibiotics has been shown to induce the biofilm formation of microorganisms, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to explore the effect of different concentrations of amoxicillin-clavulanate, the most commonly used antibiotic in pediatrics, on the biofilm formation of Haemophilus influenza (H. influenzae) in vitro and to explore the underlying mechanisms. The effect of amoxicillin-clavulanate on the in vitro biofilm formation was assessed by crystal violet assay, colony counts, MTT colorimetric method, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses were performed to identify key genes and metabolites. Our findings revealed that 1/2 MIC of amoxicillin-clavulanate significantly enhanced H. influenzae ATCC 49247 biofilm formation in vitro, while simultaneously reducing culturable bacterial counts and metabolic activity of biofilm-embedded bacteria. When exposed to 1/2 MIC of amoxicillin-clavulanate, the biofilm ultrastructure was altered, with an increase in biofilm structure, a decrease in bacteria embedded within the biofilms with abnormal bacterial morphology. Transcriptomics identified 118 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), comprising 62 upregulated and 56 downregulated genes. Metabolomics identified 21 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), with 13 upregulated and 8 downregulated. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics implicated amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism as a key regulatory pathway. This study has provided novel insights into the relationship between a commonly prescribed pediatric antibiotic and H. influenzae biofilm formation, elucidating the underlying mechanisms, emphasizing the critical importance of judicious antibiotic use and clinical consideration of subinhibitory antibiotic effects, particularly in pediatric populations.

The application progress of PAMAM dendrimer in cancer imaging and treatment

Polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) are effective carriers that transport diagnostic imaging reagents and drugs to the tumor site. Their excellent bio-compatibility and bio-degradability reduce damage to healthy tissues, resulting in improved treatment efficacy. Dendrimer molecules are particularly useful in targeted drug delivery within malignant cells. This article reviews recent progress of PAMAM in imaging and treating breast cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, and glioblastoma. This review aims to provide new and feasible ideas for cancer diagnosis imaging and treatment while also serving as a significant reference point for personalized tumor therapy based on PAMAM materials.

The effect of plant growth regulators, FeO3-CTs nanoparticles and LEDs light on the growth and biochemical compounds of black seed (Nigella sativa L.) callus in vitro

BACKGROUND

black seed (Nigella sativa L.) has long been utilized in traditional medicine and as a food ingredient due to its potential therapeutic properties including its effectiveness against cancer, coronaviruses, and bacterial infections. Recently, it has garnered significant attention for its rich reservoir of beneficial secondary metabolites. In vitro culture of black seeds presents an efficient and modern approach for the large-scale production of these valuable compounds, offering advantages such as space efficiency, reduced time, and lower costs. This study aimed to develop and optimize a protocol for callus induction and the identification of key secondary metabolites, including thymoquinone (TQ), phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. To induce callus formation in seed explants, two plant growth regulators (PGRs) were applied individually or in combination and incorporated into Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium.

RESULTS

The combination of Auxin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and cytokinin, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), effectively induced callus formation in most explants, with the response varying based on concentration. The highest callus fresh weight (7.02 g) was obtained on Red(R) LED lighting with FeO3-CTs nanoparticles (100 mg/L- 1), which also resulted in the highest dry weight (1.307 g) after 40 days of cultivation. Similarly, the highest levels of phenols, flavonoids and amino acids were observed under R LED with FeO3-CTs nanoparticles (100 mg L- 1), while FeO3-CTs nanoparticles at 100 and 200 mg/L- 1) exhibited significant effects on metabolite production. In contrast, the antioxidant activity against DPPH free radicals and total carbohydrate accumulation were enhanced in callus cultures treated with FeO3-CTs nanoparticles (200 mg/L- 1) under dark conditions. Additionally, GC-MS analysis revealed that FeO3-CTs nanoparticles (100 mg/L- 1) yielded the most effective enhancement of secondary metabolites under blue (B) LED light at a concentration of 295 mg/L- 1.

CONCLUSION

The finding of this study highlights the potential of the proposed method for the large-scale production of secondary metabolites, total carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids from black seed callus cultures in a controlled environment. This optimized approach offers a cost-effective and space-efficient strategy for enhancing bioactive compound synthesis, with potential applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Current advancements in nanoparticles for vaccines and drug delivery for the treatment of tuberculosis

Since the early centuries until the present, tuberculosis has been a global illness with no cure. However, the sickness remains dormant in the afflicted individuals in certain circumstances. Due to the thick lipid mycobacterial wall and the challenging medication delivery into the bacterial cell, treatment is complex at this point. Over the past utics., there has been a growth in the function of nanomaterials in tuberculosis (TB) management, especially in the domains of early diagnosis, vaccine, and therapy. It has been demonstrated that nanomaterials are effective in quickly and accurately identifying tuberculosis germs. Additionally, novel nanocarriers have shown great promise for improved medication delivery and immunization, possibly increasing drug concentrations in target organs while lowering the frequency of treatments. Furthermore, the engineering of antigen carriers is a promising area of tuberculosis research that may lead to the successful creation of a novel class of potent TB vaccines. This article addresses tuberculosis infection diagnosis, pathophysiology, immunology, and advanced nanoparticles to deliver TB vaccines and anti-TB drugs. The challenges and prospects for the future in creating secure and functional nanoparticles for tuberculosis treatment and diagnosis for the good health and well-being of the patient are also discussed.

The encapsulation strategies of clove essential oil enhance its delivery effect in food preservation applications

Food supply chain faces challenges from quality degradation, microbial contamination, and chemical synthetic fungicides. Recently, the remarkable food preserving ability and biological activity of natural clove essential oil (CEO) has gained significant attention. However, its application is limited by volatility, photothermal sensitivity, and inherent odor. To this end, encapsulation strategies have been attempted on CEO to enhance its bioavailability, as well as their efficacy in food preservation scenarios. This study outlines CEO's chemistry and delves into its antimicrobial/antioxidant mechanisms. Subsequently, latest advances in encapsulation strategies for CEO in food preservation are comprehensively reviewed, including film blending, emulsification techniques, polyelectrolyte complexation, ion gelation, etc. The encapsulation enhances CEO's benefits, augmenting its long-term bioavailability in diverse food preservation systems. Finally, CEO's security and limitations are also discussed in-depth. This work aims to compile recent trends in encapsulation strategies for active substances and guide judicious utilize for natural CEO preservative.

Recent Advancements Towards the Use of Vitamin D Isoforms and the Development of Their Synthetic Analogues as New Therapeutics

Vitamin D and its metabolites are essential in various physiological processes, including muscle strength, metabolism, antifibrotic activity, and immune regulation. Researchers are focusing on developing vitamin D derivatives with optimized receptor selectivity and reduced systemic toxicity, enhancing their therapeutic efficacy against cancer, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory diseases. Several analogues, such as alfacalcidol, paricalcitol, and falecalcitriol, are used for managing CKD-related bone disorders, while eldecalcitol is effective for osteoporosis, and calcipotriol against psoriasis. Recent studies have explored their impact on metabolic pathways, parathyroid hormone secretion, asthma, and liver fibrosis, revealing their broad clinical potential. Despite enormous efforts in the past decades, translations of vitamin D-drugs are disproportionately limited, mainly due to toxicity due to calcemic effects and undesirable metabolic profile. This review discusses structural modifications in vitamin D3, their influence on VDR binding, transcriptional activity, and calcium homeostasis, along with their role in targeting pathways like EGFR, KRAS, and Hedgehog in cancers. Advanced analytical techniques such as LC/ESI-MS/MS facilitate precise detection of vitamin D metabolites, further improving pharmacokinetic profiling. Future research may enable the clinical approval of novel vitamin D-based therapeutics with minimal disruption to calcium-phosphorus balance.

Ketoconazole-loaded microspone film coating agent for superficial fungal infection: design, preparation and characterization

Ketoconazole (KCZ), an imidazole antifungal drug, is constrained by its low solubility and poor stability, restricting its effective absorption and bioavailability. This study introduces a KCZ-loaded microsponge based film coating agent (KCZ-MSF), designed to enhance the transdermal absorption and bioavailability of KCZ. The KCZ-MS was prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method and the composition of the prescription was optimized by Box-Behnken design (BBD). Moreover, characterization of the optimized KCZ-MS was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The film coating agent's preparation was further optimized through orthogonal experiments, converting the optimized KCZ-MS into a film coating agent suitable for topical skin application. The KCZ-MS showed a spherical porous structure with a mean particle size of 22.42 ± 8.45 μm, a drug loading efficiency of 20.74 %, entrapment efficiency of 92.12 %, and good compatibility between the drug and excipients. The optimized KCZ-MSF displayed good physical properties. In vitro transdermal experiments revealed that the skin retention of KCZ-MSF surpassed that of commercially available KCZ cream at 6, 12, and 24 h. The pharmacokinetic experiment results indicate that the area under the curve (AUC0-24) of KCZ-MSF 420.71 ± 21.77 μg/(g·h) is 2.05 times that of KCZ film coating agent (KCZ-F) and 1.29 times that of commercially available ketoconazole cream. Therefore, KCZ-MSF presents a more promising platform for the treatment of superficial skin fungal infections.

Cyclosporine a Eluting Nano Drug Reservoir Film for the Management of Dry Eye Disease

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is widely used to treat dry eye disease (DED), and ocular morbidity is on the rise and is a growing concern globally. However, several drug and formulation challenges, such as poor drug solubility, short pre-corneal residence time, and poor patient compliance, have limited the ocular bioavailability of CsA to < 5%. A CsA cyclodextrin-based ternary complex loaded dissolvable nano drug reservoir films were developed to overcome these limitations and efficiently manage DED. Drug-loaded nano-reservoir films were fabricated via lithography using silicone and poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) molds. Different physicochemical characterizations were performed to confirm the formation of stable CsA-cyclodextrin-based ternary complexes. Formation of nanoreservoirs on the films was confirmed using SEM and AFM. Optimized CsA-complex-loaded nano-reservoir films were evaluated for in vitro drug release, ex vivo corneal permeation, and in vivo precorneal retention. Preclinical efficacy studies were performed to assess the efficacy of CsA-complex-loaded nano-reservoirs in an experimental dry-eye mouse model. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the formation of a stable complex and the improved solubility of CsA. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies indicated a controlled drug release and improved permeation, respectively. Furthermore, tear volume measurement and corneal damage assessment using slit-lamp imaging suggested decreased dry eye symptoms, significantly increasing tear volume in the drug-loaded nano-reservoir-treated group. Moreover, histopathological studies corroborated the tear volume and slit-lamp imaging results, with reduced inflammation and neovascularization. The poorly water-soluble drug with cyclodextrin complex incorporated nanoreservoir films presents a potential alternative for managing various ocular diseases.

Oral Delivery of Lactococcus lactis Expressing Full-Length S Protein via Alginate-Chitosan Capsules Induces Immune Protection Against PEDV Infection in Mice

Background/Objectives: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious enteric infectious disease that causes severe morbidity and mortality in piglets, posing significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Oral vaccines based on Lactococcus lactis offer a promising approach due to their safety and genetic manipulability. This study aims to develop and evaluate an oral L. lactis-based vaccine expressing the full-length PEDV S protein. Methods: A recombinant L. lactis strain expressing the PEDV S protein was constructed and encapsulated in alginate-chitosan microcapsules. Vaccine stability was tested in simulated digestive fluids, and mice were orally immunized. Immune responses were evaluated by measuring specific antibodies, cytokines, and lymphocyte proliferation. Results: The recombinant L. lactis NZ3900/pNZ8149-S strain successfully expressed the full-length PEDV S protein and maintained stable plasmid inheritance. Oral immunization in mice induced detectable PEDV-specific immune responses. Both encapsulated and non-encapsulated vaccines stimulated the production of IgG and sIgA antibodies, as well as cytokines associated with Th1 and Th2 responses. Notably, encapsulation with alginate-chitosan significantly enhanced bacterial survival in digestive conditions and further amplified immune responses, including higher antibody titers, elevated levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10, and greater lymphocyte proliferation, indicating improved immune memory. Conclusions: The oral L. lactis NZ3900/pNZ8149-S vaccine expressing the PEDV S protein effectively induced systemic and mucosal immunity in mice. Encapsulation with alginate-chitosan further enhanced its immunogenicity and stability in gastrointestinal conditions. These results suggest that both the engineered L. lactis strain and the encapsulation strategy contribute to the development of a promising oral vaccine platform for controlling PEDV in swine populations.

The value of spray drying as stabilization process for proteins

Protein stability in solution state is often poor due to the intrinsic instability of proteins. A solution is to solidify them by using techniques like freeze or spray drying (SD). To shield therapeutic proteins from stress (e.g., heat or shear stress) related to the solidification process, suitable buffers and excipients are added during formulation development. In this work, buffers and excipients were identified for the stabilization of three protein model compounds (BSA, IgG and lysozyme) in solution state using a design of experiments (DoE) approach based on screening results from differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) combined with static light scattering (SLS). The aim was to investigate whether it is possible to predict protein stability in solid state using data from protein stabilization in solution state according to DSF/SLS. Therefore, three concepts per protein were analyzed after SD, two of which were expected to stabilize the protein, and one less stabilizing and compared these results to screening results obtained in solution state. Analytical techniques prior to and post SD were reversed-phase and size-exclusion chromatography (RPC and SEC, respectively), dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV and circular dichroism (CD). Furthermore, yield and residual moisture were analyzed. BSA and lysozyme showed high stability during SD and therefore only minor changes were observed. IgG was more affected by solidification which partly resulted in a loss of more than 15 % of the initial protein concentration in comparison to before SD. In future studies, the use of analytical techniques that do not require reconstitution would give additional value.

Advancements in delivery systems for dietary polyphenols in enhancing radioprotection effects: challenges and opportunities

Radiotherapy, a widely employed cancer treatment, often triggers diverse inflammatory responses such as radiation enteritis, pulmonary injury, pelvic inflammation, dermatitis, and osteitis. Dietary polyphenols have recently emerged as promising agents for mitigating radiation-induced inflammation. However, their clinical application faced challenges related to variable bioavailability, individual pharmacokinetics, optimal dosing, and limited clinical evidence. Current researches revealed the efficacy of bioactive small molecule polyphenols in addressing radiation-induced inflammation. In this review, along with a comprehensive examination of the etiology and categories of radiation-induced inflammatory conditions, the diversity of polyphenols and elucidating their anti-inflammatory mechanisms are explored. This study emphasizes the recent progresses in delivery systems for dietary polyphenols, aiming to enhance radioprotection effects. The optimized utilization of polyphenols, with a theoretical framework and reference guide, is of paramount relevance. Through diverse delivery mechanisms, the more effective and safer radioprotective strategies become achievable. This endeavor aspires to contribute to breakthroughs in the dietary polyphenols' application, significantly enhancing human health protection during radiotherapy. These comprehensive insights presented here also support (pre)-clinical practices in navigating the complexities of utilizing dietary polyphenols for radioprotection, fostering advancements in the field and improving patient outcomes.

Smart Drug Delivery Systems Based on Cyclodextrins and Chitosan for Cancer Therapy

Despite improvements in therapeutic approaches like immunotherapy and gene therapy, cancer still remains a serious threat to world health due to its high incidence and mortality rates. Limitations of conventional therapy include suboptimal targeting, multidrug resistance, and systemic toxicity. A major challenge in current oncology therapies is the development of new delivery methods for antineoplastic drugs that act directly on target. One approach involves the complexation of antitumor drugs with cyclodextrins (CDs) and chitosan (CS) as an attempt to counteract their primary limitations: low water solubility and bioavailability, diminished in vitro and in vivo stability, and high dose-dependent toxicity. All those drawbacks may potentially exclude some therapeutic candidates from clinical trials, thus their integration into smart delivery systems or drug-targeting technologies must be implemented. We intended to overview new drug delivery systems based on chitosan or cyclodextrins with regard to the current diagnosis and cancer management. This narrative review encompasses full-length articles published in English between 2019 and 2025 (including online ahead of print versions) in PubMed-indexed journals, focusing on recent research on the encapsulation of diverse antitumor drugs within those nanosystems that exhibit responsiveness to various stimuli such as pH, redox potential, and folate receptor levels, thereby enhancing the release of bioactive compounds at tumor sites. The majority of the cited references focus on the most notable research, studies of novel applications, and scientific advancements in the field of nanostructures and functional materials employed in oncological therapies over the last six years. Certainly, there are additional stimuli with research potential that can facilitate the drug's release upon activation, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), various enzymes, ATP level, or hypoxia; however, our review exclusively addresses the aforementioned stimuli presented in a comprehensive manner.

The potential use of bacteria and their derivatives as delivery systems for nanoparticles in the treatment of cancer

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Nanomaterials, unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties at the nanoscale (1-100 nm), have been engineered to improve drug capacity, bioavailability, and specificity in cancer treatment. These advancements address toxicity and lack of selectivity in conventional therapies, enabling precise targeting of cancer cells, the tumour microenvironment, and the immune system. Among emerging approaches, bacterial treatment shows promise due to its natural ability to target cancer and its diverse therapeutic mechanisms, which nanotechnology can further enhance. Bacteria-based drug delivery systems leverage bacteria's adaptability and survival strategies within the human body. Bacterial derivatives, such as bacterial ghosts (BGs), bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs), and dietary toxins, are recognised as effective biological nanomaterials capable of carrying nanoparticles (NPs). These systems have attracted increasing attention for their potential in targeted NP delivery for cancer treatment. This study explores the use of various bacteria and their byproducts as NP delivery vehicles, highlighting their potential in treating different types of cancer. By combining the strengths of nanotechnology and bacterial therapy, these innovative approaches aim to revolutionise cancer treatment with improved precision and efficacy.

N-3 PUFA supplementation in adulthood modulates diet-induced depressive-like phenotype in female rats

Low consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) during development has been linked to increased risk of developing depressive symptoms. The present study assesses the influence of chronic n-3 PUFA supplementation in a rodent model of depressive-like phenotype induced by long-life depletion of n-3 PUFA in the diet. These behavioural and biological consequences already start to become apparent in adolescence and tend to worsen if the n-3 PUFA deficiency is prolonged. Here, we investigated whether the reintroduction of n-3 PUFA at a later stage of development can reverse these alterations. Thus, female Wistar rats, subjected to a diet low in n-3 PUFA since fetal stage, were re-exposed to n-3 PUFA from week 8 of life until week 16. N-3 PUFA enriched diet improved these behavioural and neurochemical deficits by restoring neurotransmitter levels. Levels of nerve growth factor in prefrontal cortex (PFC), brain-derived neurotrophic factor and synaptophysin in PFC and hippocampus were significantly enhanced, suggesting that the n-3 PUFA supplementation promotes synaptic plasticity. However, Amyloid oligomers and Amyloid-beta precursor protein levels were only partially recovered, while improving calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II levels in PFC. Finally, n-3 PUFA replenishment reduced plasma levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine, a pro-oxidant metabolite of the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway, but could not restore serotonin amount nor kynurenine/tryptophan ratio. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that the reintroduction of n-3 PUFA at a late phase of development can provide significant benefits to the CNS, although some long-term neurotoxic effects may not be fully reversible.

β-Cyclodextrin-functionalized nanocarriers for bromocriptine: development, evaluation and histopathological studies

Bromocriptine (BCM), a dopaminergic agonist used in Parkinson's disease treatment, has poor oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism and limited gastrointestinal absorption. This study aimed to develop a β-cyclodextrin-functionalized bromocriptine nanoemulsion (oil-in-water) to enhance drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability while facilitating direct brain delivery via the intranasal route. The formulation was designed to overcome systemic metabolic barriers, improve drug permeation across the blood-brain barrier, and ensure sustained therapeutic effects with minimal systemic side effects. Nano-emulsions were prepared using high-shear homogenization. Characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological analysis. Globule size and zeta potential were measured using Malvern Zetasizer. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for structural analysis, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) assessed crystallinity. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was conducted for thermal analysis. Drug content and in-vitro drug release were evaluated using UV-visible spectroscopy. Stability studies were performed using centrifugation and freeze-thaw methods. Docking studies and Histopathological evaluation were also performed of the prepared formulations. Morphological studies revealed nano-sized globular particles with a mean diameter of 117.2 nm and a low polydispersity index (PDI 0.810), indicating uniformity. The nanoemulsion exhibited a zeta potential of -10.5 mV, ensuring colloidal stability. The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of the optimized formulation (F4) was 95.36(% w/w,) with a drug load of approximately 9.5(% w/w). In-vitro drug release reached 85.65%, with permeation release of 78.44% and 70.13% ex-vivo. The formulation remained stable under freeze-thaw and centrifugation conditions. Cell toxicity assessments demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, with no significant cytotoxic effects observed in histopathological evaluations. This nanoemulsion presents a promising alternative to oral bromocriptine for Parkinson's treatment.

Development of bio-nano-herbicide using Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil against a notorious weed Echinochloa crus-galli

BACKGROUND

Weeds are a menace in agriculture causing crop yield reductions to the tune of 40-50%. To overcome the problems of weeds, herbicides have been used excessively to the extent that they have caused resistance in weeds, in addition to the environmental hazards. Nano-herbicides are intended to exploit botanicals to develop novel bio-nano-herbicide formulations. Bio-nano herbicide was developed using Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil combined high-energy approaches such as ultra-sonication and high-pressure homogenization. The formulation has hydrodynamic and physical sizes of 95.5 and 32.3-57.7 nm, respectively. The product was tested for their pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crus-galli.

RESULTS

Increased concentration of bio-nano-herbicide inhibited the pre-emergence of weed seeds. Treated weed seeds registered lower dehydrogenase (0.80 to 0.32), alpha-amylase (1.349 to 0.101 mg maltose), catalase (3.87 to 3.52 μmol H₂O₂ min-1 g-1 protein), peroxidase (3.96 to 3.61 U mg-1 protein min-1) and super oxide dismutase (0.94 to 0.56 U mg-1 protein min-1) activities than control. Further, foliar spray of 1% nanoemulsion recorded significantly lower total chlorophyll content (1.62 mg g-1 fresh weight), than the crude oil (2.58 mg g-1). The antioxidant enzyme activities increased immediately after the first spray and the weeds wilted after the second spray.

CONCLUSION

This study is a maiden attempt to clearly demonstrate that bio-nano-herbicide can be developed using Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil which has both pre-emergence and post-emergence inhibitory activities against the notorious weed Echinochloa crus-galli. Field studies are to be taken up in the near future to validate the herbicidal efficacy of the novel nano herbicide formulation. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Skin and Wound Healing: Conventional Dosage versus Nanobased Emulsions Forms

The skin plays a crucial role in the body's homeostasis through its thermoregulation functions, metabolic activity, and, mainly, its barrier function. Once this system has its homeostasis disturbed, through the promotion of tissue discontinuity, an injury happens and a restoration process starts. Different products can be used to promote, accelerate, or stimulate the healing process, such as hydrogels, emulsions, and ointments (main conventional formulations). Despite the historical use and wide market and consumer acceptance, new systems emerged for wound management with the main challenge to overcome conventional form limitations, in which nanosystems are found, mainly nanobased emulsion forms (nano- and microemulsions, NE and ME). Here, we discuss the skin function and wound healing process, highlighting the cellular and molecular processes, the different wound classifications, and factors that affect physiological healing. We also investigated the recent patents (2012-2023) filed at the United States Patent and Trademark Office, where we found few patents for conventional forms (hydrogels = 5; emulsions = 4; ointments = 6) but a larger number of patents for nanobased emulsions filed in this time (NE = 638; ME = 4,072). Furthermore, we address the use of nanobased emulsions (NE and ME) and their particularities, differences, and application in wound treatment. This work also discusses the challenges, bottlenecks, and regulatory framework for nanosystems, industrial, academic, and government interest in nanotechnology, and future perspectives about this key factor for the nanosystems market and consumer acceptance.

Nanovector approach for co-delivery of Alectinib and Hesperidin via inhalational for lung cancer treatment: development, characterization, and preclinical studies

BACKGROUND

The current study aims to fabricate Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the co-delivery of Alectinib and Hesperidin (ALB-HSD NLC) for non-small cell lung Cancer (NSCLC) via an inhalational route.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD

The ALB-HSD NLC was fabricated using Melt emulsification followed by the sonication method and optimized using a central composite design. The optimized formulation was evaluated for various in vitro and in vivo studies.

RESULTS

The optimized ALB-HSD NLC had satisfactory results for particle size, Zeta Potential, PDI, and entrapment efficiency. The drug release was more than 2.5-fold higher compared to drugs suspension over 72 hr. A549 human lung cell line study shows IC50 for ALB and HSD, were 2.289 µg/mL and 73.52 µg/mL, and the dose-dependent toxicity was 0.0209 μg/mL and 0.5213 μg/mL for ALB-HSD NLC formulation and ALB HSD Suspension, respectively, after 72 hr. The Pharmacokinetic study has demonstrated improved AUC0-t (1.38, 1.57-fold) of ALB and HSD from NLC compared to drug suspension. In vivo studies give significant results on the syngeneic model.

CONCLUSIONS

The prepared ALB-HSD NLC could be promising drug carriers, and they succeeded in delivering small and efficient doses of ALB and HSD to treat NSCLC.

Plastic waste recycling for the production of graphene nanomaterials using electric arc discharge

The increasing global consumption of plastic products has resulted in a growing accumulation of plastic waste, posing severe environmental challenges. The study aims to explore methods for recycling plastic macaque waste to produce carbon nanomaterials. Carbon nanomaterials were obtained via electric arc discharge from plastic waste processed at 1173 K in a nitrogen and water vapor environment. Key properties such as moisture, ash, and volatility were analyzed with a Thermoster Eltra analyzer. Pore volume, bulk density, pH, and adsorption activity were also assessed. This study addresses plastic waste pollution by converting it into porous carbon nanomaterials through pyrolysis at 900 °C. These materials, used as electrodes, produce graphene-forming nanomaterials via electric arc discharge. Analysis confirmed the composition using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and gas chromatography. The study reveals that the electrical conductivity of the synthesized carbon nanomaterials is close to that of graphite, with a reduction in electrical resistance of up to 3.6 times compared to the initial carbonized material. The process yields valuable products like nanomaterials, hydrogen, and flammable gases. This research presents an innovative and sustainable approach for the recycling of plastic waste into graphene-forming carbon nanomaterials using electric arc discharge.

Study of fluconazole drug behavior in deep eutectic solvents: thermodynamic properties, solubility measurement, and fluorescence spectroscopy

Fluconazole is a crucial antifungal medication with a broad spectrum of activity against various fungal infections. This study thermodynamic properties, solubility measurements and spectrofluorometric method were used for investigating the interactions between fluconazole (FCZ) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Five choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized. Each DES was prepared by combining choline chloride (a hydrogen bond acceptor, HBA) with a different hydrogen bond donor (HBD): oxalic acid (OX), malonic acid (MA), ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (G), or urea (U). Subsequently, the interactions between fluconazole (FCZ) and these synthesized DESs were investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy at a temperature of 298.15 K. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a strong interaction between fluconazole (FCZ) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). This was evident from the significant quenching of FCZ's intrinsic fluorescence upon DES addition. The association constant and binding sites were determined. Among the tested DESs, the choline chloride-oxalic acid mixture exhibited the strongest interaction with FCZ. Furthermore, the solubility of FCZ in DES-water mixtures studied at a temperature range of (298.15 to 313.15) K was found to increase with increasing DES concentration. The solubility data were accurately fitted using the e-NRTL and Wilson thermodynamic models. To gain deeper insights, conductor-like screening model (COSMO) calculations were performed on the studied systems. The obtained surface cavity volume and dielectric solvation energy provide valuable information about the intermolecular interactions. Finally, thermodynamic analysis using Gibbs and van't Hoff equations indicated that the dissolution of FCZ in these systems is an endothermic process.

Targeted Delivery of Chlorin-e6-Loaded Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanobiocomposite to Cancer Stem Cells for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy

Background: Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most diagnosed cancer among males and the second-most diagnosed cancer among females. In cancer, stem cells are a subset of neoplastic cells capable of tumorigenesis and exhibit properties like normal stem cells. Moreover, they are resistant to conventional cancer treatments and can repopulate the tumor following treatment. Cancer cells are stimulated to undergo apoptosis by photodynamic therapy (PDT), which involves a light source, a photosensitizer, and reactive oxygen species. Methods: In this study, colon cancer stem cells were isolated from colon cancer cells and characterized using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence techniques. To treat colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were coupled with hyaluronic acid (HA) and loaded with chlorin-e6 (Ce6). Nanobiocomposite toxicity was assessed using CCSCs with two fluences of 5 J/cm2 and 10 J/cm2. The cellular changes were observed at 24 and 48 h using microscopy, Results: LDH cytotoxicity assay, and cell death induction by annexin propidium iodide assay. An intracellular analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected oxidative stress within CCSCs. Conclusions: Overall, the results showed that the newly synthesized nanobiocomposite enhanced the ability of PDT to act as a photosensitizer carrier and induced cell death in CCSCs.

Estimation of apigenin from Abrus precatorius Linn. leaves extract by validated HPTLC densitometric method coupled with mass spectrometry

Abrus precatorius Linn. is recognised as Indian liquorice, valued for its medicinal properties, containing apigenin, a promising therapeutic scaffold, however, its quantification is lacking. Hence, this study established and validated the high-performance thin layer chromatography method for quantitation of apigenin from methanolic extract of A. precatorius leaves (APM). The optimised mobile phase was toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6:3:1, v/v/v) for separation of apigenin. Apigenin was also confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. The developed method was sensitive with correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.998) with limit of detection and quantification of 12.66 and 38.38 ng/band respectively. APM extract contained 0.559% w/w apigenin. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed apigenin with m/z value of 271.3. This method has been reported for the first time and proven accurate, precise and specific. As apigenin is a promising therapeutic agent, the established method can be used for quality control and be a template for drug formulation.

Nanotechnology-based non-invasive strategies in ocular therapeutics: Approaches, limitations to clinical translation, and safety concerns

The eye is a highly sensitive and vital component that significantly affects human quality of life. Diseases that affect the eye are major contributors to visual impairment and blindness and can have a profound effect on an individual's well-being. Ocular drug delivery is challenging because of physiological and anatomical barriers. Invasive Intravitreal administration is primarily used for the treatment and management of posterior segmental disease. However, frequent intravitreal administration is associated with adverse effects. Furthermore, topical administration results in less than 5% ocular bioavailability, leading to a void in the safe and efficacious management of posterior segment diseases. Nanocarrier-based systems have been well explored as ocular therapeutics to overcome the sub-therapeutic management attributed to conventional eye drops and physiological and anatomical barriers. Since the first report of nanoparticles to date, the nanocarrier system has come a long way with the simplicity and versatility offered by the system. Significant progress has been made in the development of noninvasive nanocarrier systems and their interactions with the ocular surface. The nanocarrier system enhances precorneal retention, limits nontherapeutic absorption, and offers controlled drug release. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent advancements in noninvasive nanocarrier-based topical ocular drug delivery systems, including their interaction with the ocular surface, the barriers to their translation to clinical settings, and the associated scale-up challenges.

The influence of solute concentration and filtration on mesoscale clusters of flufenamic acid, a typical pharmaceutical compound, in ethanol

HYPOTHESIS

It is hypothesised in this work that mesoscale clusters will be present in both undersaturated and supersaturated solutions of organic pharmaceutical molecules. These clusters, being loose aggregates, could be sensitive to shear forces experienced during filtration. Thus, comparing the behaviour of these clusters alongside nanoparticles during filtration-an important sample treatment parameter during crystallization-will elucidate qualitative differences from solid, crystalline nanoparticles of similar size.

EXPERIMENTS

The impact of filtration with different pore sizes and membranes on (i) mesoscale clusters of flufenamic acid (FFA) ethanol solutions and (ii) aqueous FFA nanosuspensions was studied with dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis.

FINDINGS

FFA solutions, ranging from undersaturated to supersaturated, were found to form mesoscale clusters, where the cluster size and number concentration were independent of solute concentration. Under filtration stress, irrespective of pore size and membrane used, the mesoscale cluster peak disappeared from the size distribution with no detectable change in concentration. In contrast, similarly sized FFA nanoparticles were removed by filtration, causing a significant change in solute concentration and size distribution. Mesoscale clusters of FFA in ethanol constitute only a tiny fraction of the total solute concentration and possess poor light scattering properties, lower mass density than solid particles of similar size, and no clear phase boundary.

Human PHOSPHO1 exhibits phosphatidylcholine- and phosphatidylethanolamine-phospholipase C activities and interacts with diacylglycerol kinase δ

Phosphatidylcholine- and phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC and PE-PLC) activities, which generate diacylglycerol (DG) and are tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609)-sensitive, have been detected in both the membrane and cytosolic fractions. We have previously demonstrated that sphingomyelin synthase isozymes, which are transmembrane proteins, exhibit PC-/PE-PLC activities. However, mammalian cytosolic PC-PLC and PE-PLC remain unidentified. Here, we demonstrated that phosphatase orphan 1 (PHOSPHO1), a cytosolic protein, exhibits D609-sensitive PC-PLC and PE-PLC activities. Moreover, the overexpression of PHOSPHO1 in HEK293 cells significantly increased the levels of cellular saturated and/or monounsaturated fatty acid-containing DG. Furthermore, DGKδ cosedimented and colocalized with PHOSPHO1. Collectively, these in vitro findings provide, for the first time, a promising candidate for the long-sought cytosolic PC-/PE-PLC, which may act as DG supply enzyme upstream of DGKδ.

Targeting respiratory virus-induced reactive oxygen species in airways diseases

The immune response to virus infection in the respiratory tract must be carefully balanced to achieve pathogen clearance without excessive immunopathology. For chronic respiratory diseases where there is ongoing inflammation, such as in asthma and COPD, airway immune balance is perturbed, and viral infection frequently worsens (exacerbates) these conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical to the induction and propagation of inflammation, and when appropriately regulated, ROS are vital cell signalling molecules and contribute to innate immunity. However, extended periods of high ROS concentration can cause excessive cellular damage that dysregulates antiviral immunity and promotes inflammation. Traditional antioxidant therapeutics have had limited success treating inflammatory diseases such as viral exacerbations of asthma or COPD, owing to nonspecific pharmacology and poorly understood pharmacokinetic properties. These drawbacks could be addressed with novel drug delivery technologies and pharmacological agents. This review summarises current research on ROS imbalances during virus infection, discusses the commercially available mitochondrial antioxidant drugs that have progressed to clinical trial and assesses novel drug delivery approaches for antioxidant delivery to the airways. Additionally, it provides a perspective on future research into pharmacological targeting of ROS for the treatment of respiratory virus infection and disease.

Survival strategies of cancer cells: the role of macropinocytosis in nutrient acquisition, metabolic reprogramming, and therapeutic targeting

Macropinocytosis is a nonselective form of endocytosis that allows cancer cells to largely take up the extracellular fluid and its contents, including nutrients, growth factors, etc. We first elaborate meticulously on the process of macropinocytosis. Only by thoroughly understanding this entire process can we devise targeted strategies against it. We then focus on the central role of the MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) complex 1 (MTORC1) in regulating macropinocytosis, highlighting its significance as a key signaling hub where various pathways converge to control nutrient uptake and metabolic processes. The article covers a comprehensive analysis of the literature on the molecular mechanisms governing macropinocytosis, including the initiation, maturation, and recycling of macropinosomes, with an emphasis on how these processes are hijacked by cancer cells to sustain their growth. Key discussions include the potential therapeutic strategies targeting macropinocytosis, such as enhancing drug delivery via this pathway, inhibiting macropinocytosis to starve cancer cells, blocking the degradation and recycling of macropinosomes, and inducing methuosis - a form of cell death triggered by excessive macropinocytosis. Targeting macropinocytosis represents a novel and innovative approach that could significantly advance the treatment of cancers that rely on this pathway for survival. Through continuous research and innovation, we look forward to developing more effective and safer anti-cancer therapies that will bring new hope to patients.Abbreviation: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ASOs: antisense oligonucleotides; CAD: carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase; DC: dendritic cell; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ERBB2: erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex required for transport; GAP: GTPase-activating protein; GEF: guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GRB2: growth factor receptor bound protein 2; LPP: lipopolyplex; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; MTORC2: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 2; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; PADC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PDPK1: 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PtdIns(3,4,5)P3: phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-trisphosphate; PtdIns(4,5)P2: phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate; PTT: photothermal therapies; RAC1: Rac family small GTPase 1; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; RPS6KB1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; RTKs: receptor tyrosine kinases; SREBF: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer; TSC2: TSC complex subunit 2; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Innovative Pyrazole Hybrids: A New Era in Drug Discovery and Synthesis

Heterocyclic compounds that include nitrogen and their derivatives have long been regarded as excellent sources of medicinal substances. Pyrazole is a compound with two nitrogen atoms and an aromatic structure. It has several uses and intricate stereochemistry arranged in a five-membered ring. The knowledge of different pyrazole derivatives and their range of physiological and pharmacological actions has grown significantly in recent years. The scientific community has recently increasingly focused on exploring the chemistry of various pyrazole hybrids due to their enhanced biological activities. This review investigates the chemistry of these diverse pyrazole hybrids, emphasizing their synthesis and their antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Articles published from 2014 onward with an emphasis on the last 5 years are included in this review. This review is anticipated to be useful for future investigations and innovative concepts in the pursuit of designs for creating more promising hybrids of pyrazoles.

O-Acetyl Bakuchiol Exhibits Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Arthritic Effects: A Combined In Silico and In Vivo Experimental Study

In the present manuscript, we evaluated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of bakuchiol derivative, O-acetyl bakuchiol (BAc), at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg p.o. doses in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. BAc at 20 mg/kg p.o. exhibited maximum analgesic (47.4%), anti-inflammatory (66.50%) and anti-arthritic effects. Among the different parameters studied for anti-arthritic effects, BAc at 20 mg/kg increased the body weight (2.89%), decreased the paw thickness (72.46%) and decreased the paw inflammation (48.59%) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritic rats. In haematological/serum and biochemical parameters, BAc at 20 mg/kg brought the altered levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Hb, HCT, RBC, TLC and platelet count, HDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) factor near to the normal. Moreover, the spleen weight was also reduced in BAc-treated rats at 20 mg/kg. Histopathological analysis further revealed that a reduction in paw inflammation was observed in paw ankle joints, and no inflammation was observed in brain, liver, lungs and kidney in BAc-treated rats at 20 mg/kg p.o. Molecular docking studies further revealed that BAc has better binding affinity for tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (Protein Data Bank [PDB] ID: 7JRA) -7.19 kcal/mol comparable to standard methotrexate with binding affinity -9.56 kcal/mol. Therefore, the present investigation provided the basis for the development of BAc as a potential candidate for the treatment of arthritis.

Paclitaxel-loaded elastic liposomes synthesised by microfluidics technique for enhance transdermal delivery

The inherent flexibility of elastic liposomes (EL) allows them to penetrate the small skin pores and reach the dermal region, making them an optimum candidate for topical drug delivery. Loading chemotherapy in ELs could improve chemotherapy's topical delivery and localise its effect on skin carcinogenic tissues. Chemotherapy-loaded EL can overcome the limitations of conventional administration of chemotherapies and control the distribution to specific areas of the skin. In the current studies, Paclitaxel was utilised to develop Paclitaxel-loaded EL. As an alternative to the conventional manufacturing methods of EL, this study is one of the novel investigations utilising microfluidic systems to examine the potential to enhance and optimise the quality of Els by the microfluidics method. The primary aim was to achieve EL with a size of < 200 nm, high homogeneity, high encapsulation efficiency, and good stability. A phospholipid (DOPC) combined with neutral and anionic edge activators (Tween 80 and sodium taurocholate hydrate) at various lipid-to-edge activator ratios, was used for the manufacturing of the ELs. A preliminary study was performed to study the size, polydispersity (PDI), and stability to determine the optimum microfluidic parameters and lipid-to-edge activator for paclitaxel encapsulation. Furthermore, physiochemical characterisation was performed on the optimised Paclitaxel-loaded EL using a variety of methods, including Dynamic Light Scattering, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, elasticity, encapsulation efficiency, and In vitro release. The results reveal the microfluidics' significant impact in enhancing the EL characteristics of EL, especially small and controllable size, Low PDI, and high encapsulation efficiency. Moreover, the edge activator type and concentration highly affect the EL characteristics. The Tween 80 formulations with optimised concentration provide the most suitable size and higher encapsulation efficiency. The release profile of the formulations showed more immediate release from the EL with higher edge activator concentration and a higher % of the released dug from the Tween 80 formulations.

Therapeutic applications of natural products in the management of venous diseases: a comprehensive review

The occurrence of venous diseases among adults is approximately 77% in females and 57% in males. These conditions are prevalent, progressive disorders that significantly affect individuals socially, physically, and psychologically, often resulting in various venous abnormalities that hinder effective blood circulation in the lower limbs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of venous diseases, focusing on their pathophysiology, symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and complications. The symptoms associated with venous diseases are diverse and can include pain, heaviness, swelling, ulcers, and skin changes. Risk factors such as age, obesity, hormonal influences, and genetic predispositions are discussed in relation to their contribution to disease progression. The therapeutic modalities for managing venous diseases are explored, with a particular emphasis on natural products in alleviating symptoms and improving vascular health. Natural compounds, i.e., flavonoids, play a vital role in the circulatory system, supporting blood vessels and promoting healthy blood flow, in addition to their vasoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-platelet properties. Overall, the ongoing research efforts on the efficacy of natural products will significantly enhance the management of several venous diseases in the coming years.

Rice bran protein O/W emulsion enhanced by microfluidization and gum arabic: Physicochemical property, environmental stability, oxidation kinetic

In order to solve the problem of wastage of rice bran resources and make full use of the rice bran protein (RBP) with high nutrition, an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion was successfully prepared from RBP by dynamic high pressure microjet technology (DHPM) assisted with gum arabic (GA), which provided an effective method for fully exploiting RBP resources. The results indicated that, the emulsion treated under 120 MPa exhibited superior properties. The dispersion of the emulsion droplets was more uniform, the zeta potential was -24.88 ± 0.65 mV, and the emulsion stability index showed a notable increase of 10.80 %. Besides, the rheological properties of the emulsion were improved, demonstrating good viscoelasticity. The oxidation kinetics model was set up by using the emulsion treated with 120 MPa pressure. The equation obtained was c=12865.44e-3123.518T∗t+0.49, which could be utilized to predict the oxidation of rice oil in the emulsion system. This study provided effective support for the processing and utilization of RBP products.

Biochemical and molecular docking-based strategies of Acalypha indica and Boerhavia diffusa extract by targeting bacterial strains and cancer proteins

Antibiotic-resistant microbes have emerged around the world, presenting a risk to health. Plant-derived drugs have become a potential source for the production of antibiotic-resistant drugs and cancer therapies. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of Acalypha indica and Boerhavia diffusa, and conducted in silico molecular docking experiments against EGFR and VEGFR-2 proteins. The metabolic extract of A. indica inhibited Streptococcus iniae and Staphylococcus sciuri with inhibition zones of 21.66 ± 0.57 mm and 20.33 ± 0.57 mm, respectively. The B. diffusa leaf extract produced inhibition zones of 20.3333 ± 0.5773 mm and 20.33 ± 0.57 mm against Streptococcus iniae and Edwardsiella anguillarum, respectively. A. indica and B. diffusa extracts had toxicities of 162.01 μg/ml and 175.6 μg/ml, respectively. Moreover, B. diffusa (IC50 =154.42 µg/ml) leaf extract exhibited moderately higher antioxidant activity compared with the A. indica (IC50 = 218.97 µg/ml) leaf extract. Multiple interactions were observed at Leu694, Met769 and Leu820 sites for EGFR and at Asp1046 and Cys1045 sites for VEGFR during the molecular docking study. CID-235030, CID-70825 and CID-156619353 had binding energies of -7.6 kJ/mol, -7.5 kJ/mol and -7.6 kJ/mol, respectively, with EGFR protein. VEGFR-2 protein had docking energies of -7.5 kJ/mol, -7.6 kJ/mol and -7.3 kJ/mol, respectively, for CID-6420353, CID-156619353 and CID-70825 compounds. The MD simulation trajectories revealed the hit compound; CID-235030 and EGFR complex, CID-6420353 and VEGFR-2 exhibit stable profile in the root mean square deviation (RMSD), radius of gyration (Rg), solvent accessible surface area (SASA), hydrogen bond and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) and the binding free energy by MM-PBSA method. This study indicates that methanol extracts of A. indica and B. diffusa may play a crucial role in developing antibiotic-resistant and cancer drugs.

Silk-based biomaterials for tissue engineering

Tissue engineering (TE) involves repairing, replacing, regeneration, or improving the function of tissues and organs by combining cells, growth factors and scaffold materials. Among these, scaffold materials play a crucial role. Silk fibroin (SF), a natural biopolymer, has been widely used in the TE field due to its good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties attributed to its chemical composition and structure. This paper reviews the structure, extraction, and modification methods of SF. In addition, it discusses SF's regulation of cell behavior and its various processing modes. Finally, the applications of SF in TE and perspectives on future developments are presented. This review provides comprehensive and alternative rational insights for further biomedical translation in SF medical device design, further revealing the great potential of SF biomaterials.

Microemulsions of clove, tea tree and cinnamon using different tweens: physical properties and antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157:H7

Escherichia coli O157:H7, a major pathogenic bacterium with a high impact on public health and increased antibiotic resistance, has been a significant concern. In this context, essential oil emulsions (EOEs) have emerged as a promising alternative for treating such pathogenic bacteria. Our study aimed not only to characterize Tea Tree Oil (TTO), Clove Oil (CLO), and Cinnamon Oil (CO) emulsions but also to evaluate their activity against E. coli O157:H7. The emulsions, prepared by mixing 10% v/v of each oil with 3% Tween 20 or 80 v/v and subjected to ultrasonication for 15 min, were then characterized by dynamic light scattering. The antimicrobial activity was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results suggested that CO with Tween 20 was stable regarding particle size, polydispersity index, and Z potential, as a difference was not found (p > 0.05) from day 0 to day 28 among them. On the other hand, CO with Tween 80 showed or tended to show apparently lower MIC (0.85 mg/mL) and MBC (0.95 mg/mL) than those of the rest of the emulsions. These promising findings indicate that the essential oil emulsions of Cinnamon oil had good stability and significant potential to be used as an alternative to treat pathogenic bacteria.

In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies of celecoxib topical platforms for antimicrobial activity and wound healing: a comparative assessment

BACKGROUND & RATIONALE

Celecoxib (CXB), with its anti-inflammatory and recently discovered antibacterial activity, especially against sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), could be promising in treating local pain, superficial skin infections, wounds and infected wounds. The study aims to develop and compare commercially scalable topical formulations of CXB to explore their antimicrobial and wound-healing potential.

METHODS

Carbopol gel, o/w cream, polyethylene glycol (PEG) ointment, and paraffin ointment were selected as the vehicles for the preparation of 3% CXB topical formulations. Appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, stability, in vitro release and permeation, and skin retention studies were performed. Further, antimicrobial assay, in vivo wound-healing and histopathology studies were carried out for each formulation.

RESULTS

The formulations had an acceptable appearance, viscosity, spreadability, and drug content. The drug release at 6h was the highest from gel (2428.8ug/cm2), followed by PEG ointment (2230.1ug/cm2), cream (1897.8ug/cm2), and lastly, the paraffin ointment (1217.2ug/cm2). PEG ointment and gel showed the highest skin permeation, whereas cream and gel were better able to retain the drug in the skin. All the formulations exhibited appreciable zones of inhibition against sensitive and the resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. PEG ointment exerted a significantly greater (p < 0.001) wound-healing effect. Accelerated stability studies confirmed good physicochemical stability of the formulations.

CONCLUSION

PEG ointment, with its optimal drug release profile, skin permeation ability, and greater wound-healing action, can be considered as a promising topical delivery vehicle for CXB. CXB's antimicrobial potential could further aid in the prevention as well as treatment of wound infection.

Emerging trends in designing polysaccharide based mucoadhesive network hydrogels as versatile platforms for innovative delivery of therapeutic agents: A review

INTRODUCTION

The rapid progress in polymer science has designed innovative materials for biomedical applications. In the case of drug design, for each new therapeutic agent, a drug delivery system (DDS) is required to improve its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Therefore, significant research has been carried out to develop drug delivery (DD) carriers for these new therapeutic agents. Hydrogels have been explored as potential candidates to prepare controlled drug delivery (CDD) systems to address the challenges related to the performance of the conventional DD formulations. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system (MUCO-DDS) is a specialized form of CDD system, facilitating site-specific DD, protecting the drug from first pass metabolism and enhancing its overall bioavailability.

METHODS

The present article provides a comprehensive discussion of the synthesis, properties and applications of polysaccharide-derived MUCO-DDS. Different natural polymer-derived MUCO-DDS including chitosan, alginate, pectin, xanthan gum, psyllium, gelatin, cellulose, hyaluronic acid, guar gum, sterculia gum and tragacanth gum have been reported. Herein, these DDS were elaborately discussed along with their applications and future-prospective. These DDS are classified on the basis of drug administration (nasal, ocular, vagina/rectal & buccal DDS) and drug distribution (reservoir and monolithic polymer matrix). Factors contributing to modifications of properties of MUCO-DDS were also demonstrated along with different stages and theories of mucoadhesion.

RESULTS

Polysaccharides exhibit properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and flexibility, making them ideal for CDD applications. MUCO-DDS demonstrates several significant advantages. Moreover, the article bridges theoretical insights with practical applications and future research prospects, ensuring its relevance for advancements in the concerned field. This review serves as a comprehensive resource, addressing gaps in previous literature and paving the way for innovations in MUCO-DDS, through a comparative analysis of the advantages, limitations, and modifications of natural polymers.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, this review gives an overview of the current developments in the field of mucoadhesive DD systems and also gives insights into the future perspectives. The MUCOAD of DDS could be modulated by the inclusion of various natural and synthetic components in hydrogels. Future directions for the researchers are underway to integrate nanotechnology with mucoadhesive systems to create hybrid platforms. Overall, by addressing current limitations and leveraging emerging technologies, these systems can revolutionize drug delivery for a wide range of therapeutic applications.

Quality, bioactivity and cytotoxicity of thymol nanofiber-fortified bread: Insight into molecular interaction mechanism

Thymol, a bioactive compound, offers significant potential in functional foods but its application is limited by poor stability, solubility and bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance thymol's stability and bioactivity by encapsulating it in pullulan-whey protein isolate-based electrospun nanofibers and evaluating its effects in bread fortification. The impact of encapsulation on thymol's recovery, functional properties, bioavailability and cytotoxicity was assessed. The results showed that bread fortified with thymol encapsulated pullulan-whey protein isolates-based nanofiber (THY-PW-NF) significantly improved flour pasting properties and bread texture, while also enhancing thymol's recovery (78.07 %) during bread preparation compared to using free thymol. THY-PW-NF in bread preserved its bioactivity after gastrointestinal digestion. It increased its inhibitory effects on alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase as revealed by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. Cytotoxicity assays on Caco-2 cells confirmed that exposure to free thymol, thymol extracted from nanofibers and THY-PW-NF derived from fortified bread within a concentration range of 0-20 μg/mL did not significantly impact cell viability compared to control cells over 24 h. These findings suggest that encapsulation effectively incorporates thymol into functional foods, maintaining its health benefits without compromising safety.

Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for nebulization: fabrication and evaluation for systemic delivery of atorvastatin

The study undertakes the development of an atorvastatin-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) to improve its bioavailability. The SNEDDS were fabricated using oleic acid, Tween 80, and Span 80 by spontaneous emulsification. The SNEDDS were assessed for their particle size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, drug content, surface tension, viscosity, and drug release. The aerodynamic performance of the SNEDDS was evaluated using an Andersen cascade impactor, while the lipid-lowering potential of the SNEDDS was determined in Wistar rats using the analyzer "Microlab 300." The particle size of the SNEDDS ranged from 36 to 311 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.25-0.40. The zeta potential of the SNEDDS fluctuated from - 29.22 to - 38.26 mV, which declined to - 4.55 mV in the case of F5. The chitosan-coated formulation (F5) exhibited a higher viscosity (22.12 mPa s) and lower surface tension (0.056 dyne/cm) than other formulations (F1-F4). The non-coated formulation exhibited a significantly higher burst drug release, followed by a sustained drug release pattern (p ≤ 0.05) as compared to the coated formulation (F5). The nebulized SNEDDS achieved a dispersed fraction of 87 to 97%, where notably higher aerosol dispersion from F4 was attributed to its smaller particle size and circularity. The inhaled fraction of nebulized SNEDDS was 74-87%. The size of the SNEDDS droplets was the primary determinant affecting the aerodynamic performance of the SNEDDS during nebulization. The chitosan-coated SNEDDS achieved a higher antihyperlipidemic effect than marketed tablets, which shows the suitability of F5 for effective systemic delivery of atorvastatin through the lung.

Hydroxychloroquine: A double‑edged sword (Review)

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug that has historically been used to treat and prevent malaria. However, its mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated. HCQ affects various cellular and molecular pathways through different mechanisms. HCQ has also been shown to be a disease‑improving agent for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's syndrome. Although generally considered safe, adverse reactions have been reported with the use of HCQ and clinicians should carefully monitor patients with rheumatism when prescribing these drugs. The purpose of the present review is to strengthen the clinical use of HCQ for autoimmune diseases while highlighting the adverse effects that may occur during treatment.

Development of chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) for the determination of chlorogenic acid in pharmaceutical products

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is an important and abundant bioactive compound, exhibiting various pharmacological properties including antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, neuroprotective and antispasmodic activities. CGA is available in many types of pharmaceutical products in the form of tablets, capsules, and injections derived from plants. The CGA content is typically regarded as an important indicator for the quality control of these pharmaceutical products. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a reliable and accurate method for the determination of CGA. In this study, CGA was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) using an active ester method to synthesise artificial antigens. A sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CGA was obtained. To analyse CGA efficiently, an indirect competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (ic-CLEIA) was developed on the basis of the generated mAb. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were 1.76 ng mL-1 and 18 ng mL-1, respectively. The linear range was from 2.5-100 ng mL-1, with an R2 value of 0.9963. The recoveries of CGA in spiked pharmaceutical products ranged from 77.2% to 118.3%, with coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 1.7% to 11.2%. The samples were validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a UV detector at 327 nm. The ic-CLEIA results showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.9718 when compared with those obtained by HPLC, demonstrating that the proposed ic-CLEIA would be a credible method for the quantification of CGA in pharmaceutical products.

Novel Green Chromatographic Approaches for Estimation of a Triple Common Cold Pharmaceutical Combination

Nowadays, there is a strong interest in the scientific community in developing innovative methodologies within a green analytical chemistry framework. Herein, we introduce the first chromatographic approaches for the concurrent estimation of paracetamol (PAR), carbinoxamine (CRX), and pseudoephedrine (PSE) intended to relieve COVID-19 and common cold symptoms. The first method was thin layer chromatography (TLC) densitometry, which depends on the separation of the studied medications on TLC silica gel plates using ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (7.0: 3.0: 0.2, by volume) as the developing system, and were scanned at 208.0 nm. The data were linear in the ranges of 1-25 μg/band for PAR, 1-25 μg/band for PSE and 0.1-5 μg/band for CRX. The second method was reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation on a Kromasil C18 column using a mixture of 0.01 M phosphate buffer containing 0.1% triethylamine (pH 3.5) adjusted with orthophosphoric acid and ethanol at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min in a gradient program. The separated peaks were detected at 215.0 nm over a concentration range of 10-250 μg/mL for PAR, 5-35 μg/mL for PSE, and 0.5-25 μg/mL for CRX. Both approaches were validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Finally, the impact of these methods on the environment was evaluated by many tools.

Nano-Enhanced Polymer Composite Materials: A Review of Current Advancements and Challenges

Nanomaterials have demonstrated significant potential in enhancing the performance and functionality of composite materials across various industrial applications. This review delves into the unique properties of nanomaterials, with a particular focus on carbon-based nanomaterials, and presents key findings on their effectiveness in improving composite performance. The study emphasizes specific nano-based composite materials, highlighting their substantial promise in advancing the field of nanocomposites. Additionally, it addresses the challenges associated with the production and utilization of nanocomposite materials and discusses potential solutions to overcome these obstacles. The review concludes with recommendations for further research and innovation in nanocomposites to fully harness the advantages of these advanced materials for broader future applications.