Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives

Unraveling the potential of bioengineered microbiome-based strategies to enhance cancer immunotherapy

The human microbiome plays a pivotal role in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The microbial communities that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the bacterial populations within tumors, have been identified as key modulators of therapeutic outcomes, affecting immune responses and reprogramming the tumor microenvironment. Advances in synthetic biology have made it possible to reprogram and engineer these microorganisms to improve antitumor activity, enhance T-cell function, and enable targeted delivery of therapies to neoplasms. This review discusses the role of the microbiome in modulating both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms-ranging from the initiation of cytokine production and antigen presentation to the regulation of immune checkpoints-and discusses how these mechanisms improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. We highlight significant advances with bioengineered strains like Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, Lactococcus lactis, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides, which have shown promising antitumor efficacy in preclinical models. These engineered microorganisms not only efficiently colonize tumor tissues but also help overcome resistance to standard therapies by reprogramming the local immune environment. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, such as the requirement for genetic stability, effective tumor colonization, and the control of potential safety issues. In the future, the ongoing development of genetic engineering tools and the optimization of bacterial delivery systems are crucial for the translation of microbiome-based therapies into the clinic. This review highlights the potential of bioengineered microbiota as an innovative, personalized approach in cancer immunotherapy, bringing hope for more effective and personalized treatment options for patients with advanced malignancies.

The relationship of the microbiome, associated metabolites and the gut barrier with pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancers have high mortality and rising incidence rates which may be related to unhealthy western-type dietary and lifestyle patterns as well as increasing body weights and obesity rates. Recent data also suggest a role for the gut microbiome in the development of pancreatic cancer. Here, we review the experimental and observational evidence for the roles of the oral, gut and intratumoural microbiomes, impaired gut barrier function and exposure to inflammatory compounds as well as metabolic dysfunction as contributors to pancreatic disease with a focus on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) initiation and progression. We also highlight some emerging gut microbiome editing techniques currently being investigated in the context of pancreatic disease. Notably, while the gut microbiome is significantly altered in PDAC and its precursor diseases, its utility as a diagnostic and prognostic tool is hindered by a lack of reproducibility and the potential for reverse causality in case-control cohorts. Future research should emphasise longitudinal and mechanistic studies as well as integrating lifestyle exposure and multi-omics data to unravel complex host-microbiome interactions. This will allow for deeper aetiologic and mechanistic insights that can inform treatments and guide public health recommendations.

Integrative review of the gut microbiome’s role in pain management for orthopaedic conditions

The gut microbiome, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, has a significant role in modulating pain, particularly within orthopaedic conditions. Its impact on immune and neurological functions is underscored by the gut-brain axis, which influences inflammation, pain perception, and systemic immune responses. This integrative review examines current research on how gut dysbiosis is associated with various pain pathways, notably nociceptive and neuroinflammatory mechanisms linked to central sensitization. We highlight advancements in meta-omics technologies, such as metagenomics and metaproteomics, which deepen our understanding of microbiome-host interactions and their implications in pain. Recent studies emphasize that gut-derived short-chain fatty acids and microbial metabolites play roles in modulating neuroinflammation and nociception, contributing to pain management. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and faecal microbiome transplants are explored as potential therapeutic strategies to alleviate pain through gut microbiome modulation, offering an adjunct or alternative to opioids. However, variability in individual microbiomes poses challenges to standardizing these treatments, necessitating further rigorous clinical trials. A multidisciplinary approach combining microbiology, immunology, neurology, and orthopaedics is essential to develop innovative, personalized pain management strategies rooted in gut health, with potential to transform orthopaedic pain care.

Biosynthesis of Melanin with Engineered Probiotics for Oral Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal inflammation characterized by immune overactivity and gut microbiota imbalance, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation. New therapeutics are required because existing ones are frequently unsuccessful and have long-term adverse effects. The research aims to manage oxidative stress and restore gut microbiota balance. The benefits of probiotics for UC can be compromised by gastrointestinal conditions that interfere with their adhesion and activity. Coating methods enhance bacterial survival in the gastrointestinal environment but face challenges like instability at low pH, short-lived effects, complexity, layer interactions, and biosafety issues. Melanin-like nanozymes are stable in the gastrointestinal environment and effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species, specifically targeting colitis lesions. We developed biosynthetic melanin-producing engineered bacteria (EcN-Mel) derived from genetically modified Nissle 1917 Escherichia coli expressing tyrosinase genes. This study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of administering EcN-Mel orally in UC mouse models. Results showed that EcN-Mel produced and secreted melanin, exhibiting targeted intestinal adhesion, a free radical scavenging ability, and gastrointestinal stability. In vivo imaging revealed increased colonization efficiency and retention time of EcN-Mel in inflamed intestinal segments. EcN-Mel enhances beneficial bacteria of the Lactobacillus genus while decreasing harmful members of the Proteobacteria genus, promoting gut microbiota homeostasis, and alleviating colitis. EcN-Mel alleviated intestinal mucosal damage through combined actions, including gut microbiota modulation, oxidative stress reversal, cytokine regulation, and barrier restoration. Our findings confirm the safety, feasibility, and effectiveness of EcN-Mel for UC treatment.

Incorporating Postbiotics into Intervention for Managing Obesity

Obesity is reaching global epidemic proportions worldwide, posing a significant burden on individual health and society. Altered gut microbiota is considered a key factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases, producing metabolites that contribute to the health-beneficial properties of postbiotics. Postbiotics, bioactive microbial components derived from probiotics, are emerging as a valuable strategy in modern medicine and a promising alternative for managing obesity without the need for live bacteria. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the potential health benefits of postbiotics, particularly in relation to obesity, which represents an important health challenge. Despite the encouraging insights into the health benefits of postbiotics, we highlight the need for further research to clarify the mechanisms and the specific roles of different postbiotic components. Integrating postbiotics into health interventions has the potential to enhance preventive care and significantly improve health outcomes in at-risk populations.

Antibacterial reuterin as a multifunctional crosslinker for constructing chitosan-based hydrogels to promote infected wound healing

Compared to traditional antibiotics, which often contribute to antibiotic resistance, probiotics and their metabolites have garnered increasing attention for their potential to improve the wound microenvironment. Among these, reuterin, a metabolite produced by Limosilactobacillus reuteri, exhibits notable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, making it particularly advantageous for medical applications. Inspired by the structural similarity of reuterin to conventional chemical crosslinkers, we explored its dual role for the first time-as both a bioactive component and a crosslinking agent-by combining it with chitosan to develop a novel therapeutic hydrogel, eliminating the need for additional drug loading. At an optimal reuterin-to-chitosan molar ratio of 1:2, the hydrogel demonstrated outstanding performance. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed its safety, with a hemolysis rate below 2 %, indicating excellent biocompatibility. Remarkably, the hydrogel achieved an impressive 99 % antibacterial efficacy and over 60 % DPPH radical scavenging capacity in vitro. In a rat model of infected wounds, the hydrogel exhibited acid-responsive release of reuterin, effectively suppressing bacterial proliferation. These combined effects significantly accelerated wound healing, demonstrating an approximately 10 % improvement in healing rates compared to commercial controls. In conclusion, the reuterin-crosslinked chitosan hydrogel represents a promising, safer and more effective alternative to traditional chemical crosslinked hydrogels for clinical wound management.

Gut microbiota: A potential enhancing factor for the therapeutic efficacy of bioactive compounds in herbal medicines

The therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicines (HMs) is often compromised by the low bioavailability of their bioactive compounds. However, emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota in enhancing their effectiveness. This review summarizes gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of key herbal components, including terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and quinones. Particular emphasis is placed on the diverse gut microbiota, enzymes, and metabolites that participate in the biotransformation pathways of these active components of HMs. Exploring the metabolism between the gut microbiota and bioactive compounds gives a better understanding of HMs with multiple components against multiple targets, complex mechanisms of action, and diverse physiological activities. This review underscores the critical importance of gut microbiota in modulating and potentially enhancing the pharmacological effects of HMs, which offers new insights into gut microbiota-mediated transformation pathways and molecular mechanisms of bioactive compounds and deepens the understanding of the therapeutic effects of HMs. Moreover, it suggests new research directions for studying HMs based on gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation.

Ligilactobacillus salivarius CECT5713 Increases Term Pregnancies in Women with Infertility of Unknown Origin: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background/Objectives: Unexplained infertility is a worldwide problem affecting a significant proportion of couples of reproductive age. Recent studies suggest that alterations in the vaginal microbiota are related to female infertility, while supplementation with some probiotic strains has been shown to improve pregnancy rates in couples experiencing this problem. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of oral administration of Ligilactobacillus salivarius CECT5713 on pregnancy success rates in couples with unexplained infertility prior to in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods: Seventy couples were randomized to receive either a placebo or a probiotic intervention (one capsule per day containing an excipient only or 3 × 109 viable cells of L. salivarius CECT5713 plus an excipient, respectively); 57 couples completed the study. Baseline data on demographics, health status (including gynecological and reproductive history), and lifestyle habits were collected. Vaginal swabs and semen samples were obtained from each couple before the intervention and immediately prior to IVF or upon confirmed pregnancy and were analyzed for microbiological (using both culture-dependent and -independent methods) and immunological profiles. Results: Oral administration of L. salivarius CECT5713 in couples with unexplained infertility scheduled for IVF resulted in a significantly higher pregnancy success rate (48.1%) compared to the placebo group (20.0%) (one-tailed Chi-square test; p < 0.024). The probiotic intervention improved both vaginal and semen immunological profiles, with no substantial changes observed in their microbial composition. Conclusions: These preliminary findings support the potential of L. salivarius CECT5713 supplementation to enhance fertility outcomes in couples with unexplained infertility.

Gut Microbiome Interventions: From Dysbiosis to Next-Generation Probiotics (NGPs) for Disease Management

The gut microbiome, sometimes referred to as the "second brain," the "lost organ," the "identification card of the individual," and the "fingerprint of the host," possesses diverse traits and functions that influence health. The impact of gut commensal bacteria on health, as opposed to environmental pathogenic factors, has generated increasing interest in recent years, culminating in a substantial body of study. Research indicates that dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is commonly observed in chronic inflammatory diseases, including colitis, obesity/metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, liver infections, allergic conditions, cardiovascular diseases, COVID-19, cancers, and neurodegenerative disorders. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics has recently refined the theory of complementary and synergistic synbiotics. In recent years, the field of microbiome research has been significantly advanced by technological developments such as massive culturomics, gnotobiotics, metabolomics, parallel DNA sequencing, and RNA sequencing. This review article examined the potential next generation probiotics (NGPs) and explored some of them, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Akkermansia muciniphila, Parabacteroides goldsteinii, Bacteroides fragilis, Eubacterium hallii, Roseburia intestinalis, Christensenella minuta, Prevotella copri, and Oscillospira guilliermondii. In addition to these useful probiotic strains, psychobiotics, members of the families of Lactobacilli, Streptococci, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia, and Enterococci, have extended applicability in the use for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The article also reviewed current trends and limitations in NGPs to enhance our comprehensive understanding of key concepts associated with the consumption of probiotics and proposed necessary initiatives for researchers to engage in collaborative translational research as future therapeutic solutions.

Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains Isolated from Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Tubers as Potential Probiotic Candidates

The search for probiotic candidates is an area that accompanies the world trend of development of novel probiotic strains and new products. In recent years, unconventional sources of potential probiotic bacteria have been studied. Furthermore, there has been an increasing interest in non-dairy and plant-based probiotic foods, currently being considered as a priority for the food industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Jerusalem artichoke tubers. These strains were characterized by in vitro tests for their biochemical and probiotic properties and safety aspects. The results demonstrated that the LAB strains isolated exhibited a survival rate after acid exposure exceeding 90%, maintained viability above 88% under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and the autoaggregation capacity ranged from 61 to 81%. Additionally, the strains showed no hemolytic activity and were sensitive to antibiotics. The isolates also downregulated the proinflammatory responses and showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli and B. cereus. The bacilli strains showed a high similarity with Lentilactobacillus kosonis and Lentilactobacillus curieae. Hence, these strains revealed potential probiotic in vitro characteristics that position them to be used in plant-based functional food. This strategic exploration of probiotic bacteria sourced from vegetables not only enhances the diversity of available strains-both taxonomically and functionally-but also fosters the development of sustainable, plant-based probiotic applications.

The biological activity and potential of probiotics-derived extracellular vesicles as postbiotics in modulating microbiota-host communication

Probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. have been shown to be critical for maintaining host homeostasis. In recent years, key compounds of postbiotics derived from probiotic metabolism and cellular secretion have been identified for their role in maintaining organ immunity and regulating intestinal inflammation. In particular, probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) can act as postbiotics, maintaining almost the same functional activity as probiotics. They also have strong biocompatibility and loading capacity to carry exogenous or parental active molecules to reach distal organs to play their roles. This provides a new direction for understanding the intrinsic microbiota-host communication mechanism. However, most current studies on PEVs are limited to their functional effects/benefits, and their specific physicochemical properties, composition, intrinsic mechanisms for maintaining host homeostasis, and possible threats remain to be explored. Here, we review and summarize the unique physicochemical properties of PEVs and their bioactivities and mechanisms in mediating microbiota-host communication, and elucidate the limitations of the current research on PEVs and their potential application as postbiotics.

Systematic review of gut microbiota composition, metabolic alterations, and the effects of treatments on PCOS and gut microbiota across human and animal studies

Introduction

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting around 12% of women globally, associated with infertility and various comorbidities. Emerging evidence suggests a crucial role of gut microbiota in PCOS pathophysiology, prompting research to investigate alterations in gut microbial composition in patients with PCOS.

Methods

This systematic review aims to analyze human and animal studies that compare gut microbiota composition, gut-derived metabolites, and treatment interventions in PCOS patients versus healthy controls. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, yielding studies examining gut microbiota, metabolomic shifts, and treatment responses in PCOS models and human populations.

Results

Our analysis revealed decreases in alpha diversity in PCOS patients, with more pronounced changes in beta diversity in animal models. Specific bacterial taxa, such as Bacteroides vulgatus, Escherichia-Shigella and Lactobacillus, showed implication in PCOS pathogenesis, suggesting potential microbial markers. Furthermore, discrepancies between human and animal studies show the need for humanized mouse models to bridge this gap. Interventions like probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) showed varying levels of efficacy, with FMT emerging as a more promising but invasive option, offering live bacteriotherapy as a potential therapeutic alternative. Alterations in gut-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, highlighted the multifaceted nature of PCOS, with implications extending to metabolic, hormonal, and gut-brain axis disruptions.

Discussion

In conclusion, PCOS exhibits complex interactions between gut microbiota and metabolic pathways, necessitating further research with standardized methods and larger sample sizes to elucidate the microbiome's role in PCOS.

Roles of the gut microbiota in immune-related adverse events: mechanisms and therapeutic intervention

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) constitute a major breakthrough in the field of cancer therapy; their use has resulted in improved outcomes across various tumour types. However, ICIs can cause a diverse range of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that present a considerable challenge to the efficacy and safety of these treatments. The gut microbiota has been demonstrated to have a crucial role in modulating the tumour immune microenvironment and thus influences the effectiveness of ICIs. Accumulating evidence indicates that alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiota are also associated with an increased risk of irAEs, particularly ICI-induced colitis. Indeed, these changes in the gut microbiota can contribute to the pathogenesis of irAEs. In this Review, we first summarize the current clinical challenges posed by irAEs. We then focus on reported correlations between alterations in the gut microbiota and irAEs, especially ICI-induced colitis, and postulate mechanisms by which these microbial changes influence the occurrence of irAEs. Finally, we highlight the potential value of gut microbial changes as biomarkers for predicting irAEs and discuss gut microbial interventions that might serve as new strategies for the management of irAEs, including faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic, prebiotic and/or postbiotic supplements, and dietary modulations.

A pharmacovigilance study on probiotic preparations based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System from 2005 to 2023

Background

Probiotics are recognized as beneficial foods, but adverse reactions reported by individuals still exist. This study aims to analysis adverse events (AE) related to probiotics from the FAERS database from the first quarter (Q1) of 2005 to the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2023.

Methods

The AE data related to probiotic from the 2005 Q1 to the 2023 Q4 were collected. R language was applied to analyze the standardized AE data and three algorithms including the reporting odds ratio (ROR), the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) and the empirical Bayes geometric mean (EBGM) were used to identify AE signals.

Results

In this study, 10,698,312 reports were collected from the FAERS database, of which 74 probiotic-related adverse events were reported. About one third of the reported cases were older than 60 years.36.36% of the reported cases required Hospitalization. A total of 285 preference terms (PTS) and 15 system organ classes (SOC) were identified. In the overall analysis, only 9 PTs and 2 SOCs met significant disproportionality for all three algorithms simultaneously. SOCs included Gastrointestinal disorders (N=97, ROR=5.3, PRR=3.84, EBGM=3.84) and Hepatobiliary disorders (N=9, ROR =3.39, PRR=3.32, EBGM=3.32). PTs included Gastrointestinal pain (ROR=77.76, PRR=76.69, EBGM=76.63), Hypophagia (ROR=24.13, PRR=23.88, EBGM=28.88), and Hepatobiliary disorders (N=97, ROR=5.3, PRR=3.84, EBGM=3.84) and Flatulence (ROR=23.75, PRR=23.28, EBGM=23.27) were the top four highest. Meanwhile, s found new unique adverse signals such as Agitation (ROR=12.48, PRR=12.32, EBGM=12.32) and Anxiety (ROR=4.10, PRR=4.04, EBGM=4.04). Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed to identify AE signals based on gender and age. Metabolism and nutrition disorders (N=6, ROR=3.21, PRR=3.04, EBGM=3.04) and Asthenia (N=3, ROR=5.9, PRR=5.71, EBGM=5.71) were unique AE signal for the male group.

Conclusion

Although, the risk of adverse reactions arising from the application of probiotics cannot be ignored. However, However, the results of this FAERS-based study continue to support the overall safety of probiotic preparations. It is necessary to pay attention to the potential influence of factors such as gender and age on the effects and adverse reactions of probiotic application in basic research and clinical application.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity and Safety of Pediococcus pentosaceus Isolated from Ginseng as a Functional Cosmetic Ingredient

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are gaining increasing attention as functional ingredients in the cosmetic industry, particularly those derived from natural plant sources. Although various LAB strains have been widely applied in cosmetic formulations, studies investigating the effects of naturally derived LAB on the skin remain limited. In this study, we isolated an LAB strain from ginseng and evaluated its potential as a functional cosmetic ingredient. The antimicrobial activity of the strain was assessed against skin-associated pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, while cytotoxicity was evaluated using HaCaT and Caco-2 cells. Considering the limitations of vertebrate animal testing, infection and survival assays were conducted using Galleria mellonella larvae as an alternative in vivo model. The ginseng-derived strain exhibited 99.93% similarity to Pediococcus pentosaceus and was designated P. pentosaceus THG-219. It exhibited an MIC of 0.625 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL against S. aureus KCTC 3881 and S. epidermidis KCTC 1917, respectively. Its antimicrobial activity was further enhanced following ethyl acetate fractionation. P. pentosaceus THG-219 showed no toxicity in G. mellonella larvae and exerted antibacterial effects in this model. No cytotoxicity was observed in HaCaT and Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, P. pentosaceus THG-219 promoted host cell adhesion while inhibiting pathogen adhesion. It also exhibited excellent acid, bile, and heat tolerance, suggesting strong survivability under harsh conditions. Collectively, these results indicate that P. pentosaceus THG-219, isolated from ginseng, is a promising, safe, and stable candidate for development as a functional cosmetic ingredient.

A Balancing Act-20 Years of Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation in Europe: A Historical Perspective and Reflection

The Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation (NHCR) has introduced a new regulatory perspective in food manufacturing, along with influencing consumers' perception of health-related food claims. Since 2006, a new standard of science-based claims has significantly impacted the European health food market. Over the years, numerous additional decisions have been made, and the ongoing process remains challenging for policymakers striving to harmonize consumer protection and trade within and outside the European Union (EU). This paper presents the current state of the NHCR's implementation, along with key events aimed at enhancing understanding among consumer organizations and food industry stakeholders, while also offering an insider perspective on relevant policy issues. Additionally, we address two pertinent policy issues to elucidate the associated challenges and opportunities, providing insights to support informed decision-making by policymakers. We use the nutrient profiles framework as a case study to illustrate considerations underpinning the objective of "consumer protection", while the "probiotics" market serves as an example for exploring the goal of "facilitation of trade". This historical perspective and reflection lead us to propose possible solutions for future food regulation.

Smart Probiotic Solutions for Mycotoxin Mitigation: Innovations in Food Safety and Sustainable Agriculture

Mycotoxin contamination poses severe risks to food safety and agricultural sustainability. Probiotic-based interventions offer a promising strategy for mitigating these toxic compounds through adsorption, biodegradation, and gut microbiota modulation. This review examines the mechanisms by which specific probiotic strains inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis, degrade existing toxins, and enhance host detoxification pathways. Emphasis is placed on strain-specific interactions, genetic and metabolic adaptations, and advancements in formulation technologies that improve probiotic efficacy in food matrices. Also, the review explores smart delivery systems, such as encapsulation techniques and biofilm applications, to enhance probiotic stability and functionality. Issues related to regulatory approval, strain viability, and large-scale implementation are also discussed. By integrating molecular insights, applied case studies, and innovative probiotic-based solutions, this review provides a roadmap for advancing safe and sustainable strategies to combat mycotoxin contamination in food and agricultural systems.

Gut metabolomic and microbiota analyses in ALS mice reveal specific metabolites despite the absence of significant gut dysbiosis

OBJECTIVE

Over the past years, interest in the role of gut microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases has emerged. Despite numerous publications over the past decade, both in human and pre-clinical studies, there is no clear consensus on the microbiota's role or involvement in ALS. Few studies on mouse models of ALS highlighted a correlation between specific bacteria species and the prognostic or severity of the disease. Still these results lack reproducibility and remain controverted. In this article we present a study of fecal microbiota in the SOD1G93A mouse model associated with a metabolomic analysis of cecum content, compared to controls.

METHODS

Intestinal metabolomic profile and fecal microbiota were assessed in two cohorts of SODG93A mice compared to wildtype controls at the terminal stage of the ALS disease.

RESULTS

Results showed a significant difference in metabolomic profile in SOD1G93A mice compared to controls but without a marked change in composition and diversity of fecal microbiota. Nevertheless, we observed an increase of Lachnospiraceae family, which are butyrate-producer bacteria, in SOD1G93A mice. Moreover, some metabolites with significantly different intestinal concentrations are partially produced and linked with intestinal bacteria, such as riboflavin, hippurate, and N-acetylputrescine, leaving us convinced of the interest in looking further into the role of the microbiota in ALS.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite an alteration of the intestinal metabolome in SOD1G93A mice, microbiota data did not show significant changes, underlying the need for further research.

Reference Whole Genome Sequence Analyses and Characterization of a Novel Carnobacterium maltaromaticum Distinct Sequence Type Isolated from a North American Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Gastrointestinal Tract

We hypothesize that bacteria isolated from free-ranging animals could potentially be useful for practical applications. To meet this objective a Gram-positive bacterium was isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) using Brucella broth with hemin and vitamin K (BBHK). By small ribosomal RNA (16S) gene sequencing the bacterium was initially identified as a novel Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strain. The bacterium could be propagated both anaerobically and aerobically and was both catalase/oxidase negative and negative by the starch hydrolysis as well as negative using lipase assays. The reference whole genome sequence (WGS) was obtained using both Illumina and Nanopore sequencing. The genome assembly was 3,512,202 bp in length, encoding core bacterial genes with a GC% content of 34.48. No lysogenic bacteriophage genes were detected, although the genome harbors genes for the expression of bacteriocin and other secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial properties. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), WGS phylogenetics, average nucleotide identity (ANI), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses of the isolate's genome indicate this bacterium is a newly identified Carnobacterium maltaromaticum sequence type (ST). Members of the Carnobacteria have anti-listeria activities, highlighting their potential functional properties. Consequently, the isolate could be a potential probiotic for canids and this is the first report on an axenic C. maltaromaticum culture from the genus Canis.

Medical Potential of Insect Symbionts

Insect symbionts and their metabolites are complex and diverse and are gradually becoming an important source of new medical materials. Some culturable symbionts from insects produce a variety of active compounds with medical potential. Among them, fatty acids, antibacterial peptides, polyene macrolides, alkaloids, and roseoflavin can inhibit the growth of human pathogenic bacteria and fungi; lipases, yeast killer toxins, reactive oxygen species, pyridines, polyethers, macrotetrolide nactins, and macrolides can kill human parasites; and peptides and polyketides can inhibit human tumors. However, due to difficulty in the culture of symbionts in vitro, difficulty in targeting bacteria to specific sites in the human body, the limited capability of symbionts to produce active metabolites in vitro, inconsistent clinical research results, adverse reactions on humans, and the development of antibiotic resistance, the application of insect symbionts and their metabolites in the medical field remains in its infancy. This paper summarizes the medical potential of insect symbionts and their metabolites and analyzes the status quo and existing problems with their medical application. Possible solutions to these problems are also proposed, with the aim of hastening the utilization of insect symbionts and their metabolites in the medical field.

Selection, Comparative Genomics, and Potential Probiotic Features of Escherichia coli 5C, a pks-Negative Strain Isolated from Healthy Infant Donor Feces

Among the emerging issues in probiotic safety, the possible presence of pks, a gene cluster synthetizing a genotoxin known as colibactin, is one of the most alarming. Indeed, indigenous E. coli strain pks-positive are found in 60% of patients with colorectal cancer, and the most widely used E. coli-based probiotic, known as E. coli Nissle 1917 (DSM 6601), is pks-positive. Starting from 25 potential candidates selected by screening 25 infant stool samples, we have selected an E. coli strain (named 5C, deposited as LMG S-33222) belonging to the phylotype A and having the serovar O173:H1. Having been previously completely sequenced by our group, we have further characterized this strain, demonstrating that it is (i) devoid of the most known potential pathogenic-related genes, (ii) devoid of possible plasmids, (iii) antibiotic-sensitive according to the EFSA panel, (iv) resistant in gastric and enteric juice, (v) significantly producing acetate, (vi) poorly producing histamine, (vii) endowed with a significant in vitro antipathogenic profile, (viii) promoting a significant in vitro immunological response based on IL-10 and IL-12, and (ix) devoid of the pks genes. A comparative genomics versus E. coli Nissle 1917 is also provided. Considering that the other two most commonly used E. coli-based probiotics (E. coli DSM 17252 and E. coli A0 34/86) are respectively pks-positive and alpha-hemolysin-(hly) and cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1-(cnf1) positive, this novel strain (E. coli 5C) is likely the probiotic E. coli strain with the best safety profile available to date for human use.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Weissella cibaria SDS2.1 Against Klebsiella pneumoniae-Induced Mammary Gland Inflammation

Dairy cows are highly susceptible to mastitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, and treating these infections poses a challenge due to the resistance of the bacterium to common antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of W. cibaria SDS2.1 and investigate its protective effects against K. pneumoniae-induced mastitis. The safety of W. cibaria SDS2.1 was assessed through comprehensive analyses, including antibiotic resistance profiling, hemolysis assays, cell cytotoxicity tests, and whole-genome sequencing. Furthermore, its ability to protect against cellular and tissue damage caused by K. pneumoniae-induced mastitis was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo models. Our results revealed that W. cibaria SDS2.1 was non-hemolytic, non-cytotoxic, and significantly inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae (p < 0.05). Additionally, W. cibaria SDS2.1 effectively reduced the adhesion and invasion of K. pneumoniae. In the K. pneumoniae-induced mouse mastitis model, W. cibaria SDS2.1 significantly reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, mammary tissue damage, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) (p < 0.05). In K. pneumoniae-infected bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs), W. cibaria SDS2.1 significantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, indicating reduced cellular damage. These findings demonstrate that W. cibaria SDS2.1 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in experimental models, suggesting its potential role in mitigating K. pneumoniae-induced mastitis.

Dextran from human feces-derived Weissella cibaria facilitates intestinal mucosal barrier function by modulating gut bacteria and propionate levels

The disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier is strongly associated with the onset of various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) support the functionality of the intestinal barrier. Weissella Cibaria (W. cibaria), belonging to the lactic acid bacteria, exhibits a significant capacity for EPS production. However, the specific mechanisms by which the EPS produced by W. cibaria confers intestinal barrier protection remain unexplored. Here, we characterized the polysaccharide, EPS-2, produced by W. cibaria isolated from the feces of healthy infants. EPS-2 was a novel dextran composed of α-(1 → 6) and α-(1 → 3,6) glycosidic linkages with a molecular weight of 845 kDa. EPS-2 alleviates intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction in a mouse model of colitis, via a mechanism specifically reliant on the gut microbiota and their metabolic products, which is different from the well-known direct protective effects of other EPS on the intestinal barrier. EPS-2 reversed colitis-induced reductions in Muribaculaceae and propionate levels, thereby enhancing colonic goblet cell function and mucin content. Additionally, EPS-2 decreased the number of LPS-producing bacteria, such as Escherichia_Shigella. EPS-2 alleviated dextran sulfate sodium-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier damage. Therefore, EPS-2 shows promise as a postbiotic treatment for diseases associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction.

Progress in Probiotic Science: Prospects of Functional Probiotic-Based Foods and Beverages

This comprehensive review explores the evolving role of probiotic-based foods and beverages, highlighting their potential as functional and "future foods" that could significantly enhance nutrition, health, and overall well-being. These products are gaining prominence for their benefits in gut health, immune support, and holistic wellness. However, their future success depends on addressing critical safety concerns and navigating administrative complexities. Ensuring that these products "do more good than harm" involves rigorous evaluations of probiotic strains, particularly those sourced from the human gastrointestinal tract. Lactic acid bacteria (LABs) serve as versatile and effective functional starter cultures for the development of probiotic foods and beverages. The review emphasizes the role of LABs as functional starter cultures and the development of precision probiotics in advancing these products. Establishing standardized guidelines and transparent practices is essential, requiring collaboration among regulatory bodies, industry stakeholders, and the scientific community. The review underscores the importance of innovation in developing "friendly bacteria," "super probiotics," precision fermentation, and effective safety assessments. The prospects of functional probiotic-based foods and beverages rely on refining these elements and adapting to emerging scientific advancements. Ultimately, empowering consumers with accurate information, fostering innovation, and maintaining stringent safety standards will shape the future of these products as trusted and beneficial components of a health-conscious society. Probiotic-based foods and beverages, often infused with LABs, a "friendly bacteria," are emerging as "super probiotics" and "future foods" designed to "do more good than harm" for overall health.

Safety Assessment of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GUANKE Based on Whole-Genome Sequencing, Phenotypic, and Anti-Inflammatory Capacity Analysis

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GUANKE (L. plantarum GUANKE) is a Gram-positive bacterium isolated from the feces of healthy volunteers. Whole-genome sequencing analysis (WGS) revealed that the genome of L. plantarum GUANKE consists of one chromosome and two plasmids, with the chromosome harbors 2955 CDS, 66 tRNAs, and 5 rRNAs. The genome is devoid of virulence factors and Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems. It contains three intact prophage regions and bacteriocin biosynthesis genes (plantaricins K, F, and E), as well as seventeen genomic islands lacking antibiotic resistance or pathogenicity determinants. Functional prediction outcomes identified that the genome of L. plantarum GUANKE is closely related to transcription, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and amino acid transport and metabolism. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) analysis and GutSMASH analysis revealed that the genome of L. plantarum GUANKE contained 100 carbohydrate-active enzyme genes and two specialized metabolic gene clusters. Safety assessments confirmed that L. plantarum GUANKE neither exhibited β-hemolytic activity nor harbored detectable transferable drug resistance genes. The strain exhibited remarkable acid tolerance and bile salt resistance. Cellular adhesion assays demonstrated moderate binding capacity to Caco-2 intestinal epithelium (4.3 ± 0.007)%. In vitro analyses using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage models demonstrated that L. plantarum GUANKE significantly suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), exhibiting dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. In vivo experiments showed that L. plantarum GUANKE was involved in the regulation of the apical junction pathway and interferon pathway in colon tissue of normal mice.

Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiota and Probiotics in Acute Pancreatitis: A Comprehensive Review

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common and potentially severe gastrointestinal condition characterized by acute inflammation of the pancreas. The pathophysiology of AP is multifactorial and intricate, involving a cascade of events that lead to pancreatic injury and systemic inflammation. The progression of AP is influenced by many factors, including genetic predispositions, environmental triggers, and immune dysregulation. Recent studies showed a critical involvement of the gut microbiota in shaping the immune response and modulating inflammatory processes during AP. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the emerging role of gut microbiota and probiotics in AP. We analyzed the implication of gut microbiota in pathogenesis of AP and the modification during an acute attack. The primary goals of microbiome-based therapies, which include probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and enteral nutrition, are to alter the composition of the gut microbial community and the amount of metabolites derived from the microbiota. By resetting the entire flora or supplementing it with certain beneficial organisms and their byproducts, these therapeutic approaches aim to eradicate harmful microorganisms, reducing inflammation and avoiding bacterial translocation and the potential microbiota-based therapeutic target for AP from nutrition to pre- and probiotic supplementation to fecal transplantation.

Odoribacter splanchnicus-A Next-Generation Probiotic Candidate

As an important intestinal microorganism, Odoribacter splanchnicus frequently appears in high-throughput sequencing analyses, although pure culture research on this microorganism is not as advanced. It is widely present in the mammalian gut and is closely associated with the health status of the host and the incidence of various diseases. In recent years, changes in the abundance of O. splanchnicus have been found to be positively or negatively correlated with health issues, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and intestinal inflammation. It may exhibit a dual protective or promotional role in specific diseases. Thus, it may play an important role in regulating host metabolism, immune response, and intestinal homeostasis. Additional research has revealed that O. splanchnicus can synthesize various metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which play a key role in promoting intestinal health, enhancing energy metabolism, improving insulin resistance, and regulating immune responses in the host. Therefore, O. splanchnicus is a strong candidate for "next-generation probiotics", and its potential probiotic function provides novel ideas for the development of functional foods and the prevention and treatment of metabolic and intestinal inflammatory diseases. These findings can help develop new biological treatment strategies and optimize health management plans.

Probiotics as a possible novel therapeutic option to mitigate perioperative neurocognitive disorders: A review exploring the latest research findings

Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) refer to a constellation of symptoms that primarily affect the elderly and typically manifest as common complications after exposure to surgery and anesthesia. PND is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and progression to neurodegenerative diseases, thus exerting significant financial strains on families as well as the healthcare system. Given that an ageing global population is an inevitable trend and, with the latest advances in the healthcare system, an ever-growing number of elderly people present for surgery and anesthesia, PND is of prominent concern. The two-way communication between the intestinal flora and the brain, also known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis, plays an important role in central nervous system development, and multiple studies have highlighted the influence exerted by gut microbiome in both health and disease. Pertinent studies have corroborated the fact that anesthesia and surgery disrupt the harmony of the gut ecology, which sets off a cascade of events that initiate neuroinflammation, eventually leading to PND. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms that promote the host's health, have been shown as a viable option to restore or minimise the disruption of gut flora. Evidence exists that probiotics exhibit immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory benefits. Given the effectiveness of probiotics in reducing neuroinflammation, research has also focused on their impact on the development of PND. This review aims to compile the data from relevant clinical trials focusing on the influence of probiotics on PND to determine whether the derived findings might be applied for the prevention and treatment of PND.

Exploring the Probiotic Potential of Bacteroides spp. Within One Health Paradigm

Probiotics are pivotal in maintaining or restoring the balance of human intestinal microbiota, a crucial factor in mitigating diseases and preserving the host's health. Exploration into Bacteroides spp. reveals substantial promise in their development as next-generation probiotics due to their profound interaction with host immune cells and capability to regulate the microbiome's metabolism by significantly impacting metabolite production. These beneficial bacteria exhibit potential in ameliorating various health issues such as intestinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, behavioral disorders, and even cancer. Though it's important to note that a high percentage of them are as well opportunistic pathogens, posing risks under certain conditions. Studies highlight their role in modifying immune responses and improving health conditions by regulating lymphocytes, controlling metabolism, and preventing inflammation and cancer. The safety and efficacy of Bacteroides strains are currently under scrutiny by the European Commission for authorization in food processing, marking a significant step towards their commercialization. The recent advancements in bacterial isolation and sequencing methodologies, coupled with the integration of Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs) binning from metagenomics data, continue to unveil the potential of Bacteroides spp., aiding in the broader understanding and application of these novel probiotics in health and disease management.

Exploring the dark side of probiotics to pursue light: Intrinsic and extrinsic risks to be opportunistic pathogens

Probiotics, live microorganisms with multiple health benefits, have gained popularity for their roles in maintaining daily health and treating a variety of diseases. However, they have the potential to be opportunistic pathogens in some conditions. This review delves into the intrinsic and extrinsic risks associated with probiotics. Intrinsic risks involve the production of harmful substances, such as toxins and invasive factors, biofilm formation, bacteria emboli, antibiotic resistance with relevant genetic materials, genetic plasticity, and metabolic issues, while extrinsic risks include problems in regulatory oversight and public awareness, host health status and appropriately administration. It emphasizes the need for a balanced view of their therapeutic benefits and potential hazards, advocating for further research to understand the complex interactions between probiotics and the human microbiome, to optimize the safety and efficacy of probiotics.

Unlocking the power of probiotics, postbiotics: targeting apoptosis for the treatment and prevention of digestive diseases

Digestive diseases are becoming an increasingly serious health burden, creating an urgent need to develop more effective treatment strategies. Probiotics and postbiotics have been extensively studied for their potential to prevent and treat digestive diseases. Growing evidence suggests that programmed cell death, especially apoptosis, is a critical mechanism influencing the molecular and biological aspects of digestive diseases, contributing to disease progression. Understanding the mechanisms and signaling pathways by which probiotics and postbiotics regulate apoptosis could reveal new therapeutic targets for treating digestive diseases. This review focuses on the beneficial effects of probiotics and postbiotics in regulating apoptosis across a range of liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver injury, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. It also explores their effects on gastrointestinal diseases, such as colorectal cancer, colitis, gastrointestinal injury, and infectious diarrhea. Furthermore, some probiotics help balance the gut microbiota, enhance intestinal barrier function, and regulate the immune system, all of which are closely associated with apoptosis. Moreover, emerging technologies, such as encapsulation methods, have been developed to stabilize probiotics, primarily based on experimental findings from rodent and human studies.

Marine-Derived Enterococcus faecalis HY0110 as a Next-Generation Functional Food Probiotic: Comprehensive In Vitro and In Vivo Bioactivity Evaluation and Synergistic Fermentation of Periplaneta americana Extract Powder

Addressing the escalating global burdens of inflammatory bowel disease and antimicrobial resistance demanded innovative food-based approaches to fortify gut health and suppress pathogens. We introduced a novel edible probiotic, Enterococcus faecalis HY0110, isolated from marine Thunnus thynnus. Through comprehensive in vitro, in vivo, and metabolomic analyses, we demonstrated its superior antibacterial effects compared to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, along with significantly enhanced antioxidant and free-radical scavenging capacities. Notably, elevated acetic acid production strongly correlated with its antimicrobial efficacy (R ≥ 0.999). HY0110 also exerted antiproliferative effects on HT-29 colorectal cancer cells by attenuating β-catenin and BCL-2 expression while upregulating pro-apoptotic markers P62 and c-PARP. In a DSS-induced colitis model, HY0110 alleviated inflammation, restored gut microbial homeostasis, and enhanced deterministic processes in community assembly dynamics. Furthermore, fermenting Periplaneta americana powder with HY0110 triggered extensive metabolic remodeling, notably a 668.73-fold rise in astragaloside A, plus increases in L-Leucyl-L-Alanine, S-lactoylglutathione, and 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin A1. These shifts diminished harmful components and amplified essential amino acids and peptides to bolster immune modulation, redox balance, and anti-inflammatory responses. This work established a transformative paradigm for utilizing marine probiotics and novel entomological substrates in functional foods, presenting strategic pathways for precision nutrition and inflammatory disease management.

Preferred Reporting Items for Microbiotherapy (PRIM) Guidelines Across Medical Disciplines: An International Delphi Consensus

Microbiotherapy has opened new avenues for managing dysbiosis-related diseases. However, many studies did not cover all the necessary reporting items for microbiotherapy making the interpretation of results, safety assessment, technology extension, and even the transparency of legitimacy difficult. This project consisted of 2 phases. First, we proposed an initial preferred reporting items for microbiotherapy (PRIM) checklist and applied it to oncology studies from 2011 to 2023 according to Meta-Analyses guideline. Only 39.3% (n = 64) of these studies (n = 163) met all PRIM checklist items. The culture-based microbiotherapy (CMT) studies had higher score than non-culture-based (NMT) ones (p = 0.018). In the second phase, the expert panel consisting of 22 specialists from eight countries across Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America refined and finalized the PRIM guidelines (named as PRIM 2024) through Delphi consensus. The PRIM 2024 guidelines conclude 10 statements and 18 points on diagnosis, delivery route, source, classification, preparation, dosage, state, concomitant treatment, efficacy, and safety. The panel defined less than 80% of all PRIM points (14 points) as low-quality reports. These guidelines are recommended for reporting on microbiotherapy in clinical studies and reports on compassionate use, including but not limited to fecal microbiota transplantation, phage therapy, probiotics, and synbiotics. These consistent and transparent reporting items can help researchers and practitioners better evaluate, compare, implement research findings in microbiotherapy.

Gut Microbiota Modulation in IBD: From the Old Paradigm to Revolutionary Tools

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders primarily comprising two main conditions: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The gut microbiota's role in driving inflammation in IBD has garnered significant attention, yet the precise mechanisms through which the microbiota influences IBD pathogenesis remain largely unclear. Given the limited therapeutic options for IBD, alternative microbiota-targeted therapies-including prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and symbiotics-have been proposed. While these approaches have shown promising results, microbiota modulation is still mainly considered an adjunct therapy to conventional treatments, with a demonstrated impact on patients' quality of life. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), already approved for treating Clostridioides difficile infection, represents the first in a series of innovative microbiota-based therapies under investigation. Microbial biotherapeutics are emerging as personalized and cutting-edge tools for IBD management, encompassing next-generation probiotics, bacterial consortia, bacteriophages, engineered probiotics, direct metabolic pathway modulation, and nanotherapeutics. This review explores microbial modulation as a therapeutic strategy for IBDs, highlighting current approaches and examining promising tools under development to better understand their potential clinical applications in managing intestinal inflammatory disorders.

The Role of Notch Signaling and Gut Microbiota in Autoinflammatory Diseases: Mechanisms and Future Views

Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved, multifunctional pathway involved in cell fate determination and immune modulation and contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases. Emerging evidence reveals a bidirectional interaction between Notch and the gut microbiota (GM), whereby GM composition is capable of modulating Notch signaling through the binding of microbial elements to Notch receptors, leading to immune modulation. Furthermore, Notch regulates the GM by promoting SCFA-producing bacteria while suppressing proinflammatory strains. Beneficial microbes, such as Lactobacillus and Akkermansia muciniphila, modulate Notch and reduce proinflammatory cytokine production (such as IL-6 and TNF-α). The interaction between GM and Notch can either amplify or attenuate inflammatory pathways in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), Behçet's disease, and PAPA syndrome. Together, these findings provide novel therapeutic perspectives for autoinflammatory diseases by targeting the GM via probiotics or inhibiting Notch signaling. This review focuses on Notch-GM crosstalk and how GM-based and/or Notch-targeted approaches may modulate immune responses and promote better clinical outcomes.

The impact of probiotic supplementation on gastric motility and nutrient absorption in elderly patients with Gastrointestinal disorders

BACKGROUND

Gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) in the elderly often lead to impaired gastric motility and nutrient absorption, exacerbating malnutrition. Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), may enhance gastric motility and nutrient absorption. This study evaluates the impact of LGG supplementation on gastric motility and nutrient absorption in elderly patients with GIDs.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 231 elderly patients with GIDs, divided into a probiotic supplementation (PS) group (n = 110) and a NPS group (n = 121). The PS group received LGG (1 × 1010 CFU, twice daily) for at least 7 days. Baseline and post-treatment measurements included gastric motility via ultrasonography, gastrointestinal hormone levels using radioimmunoassay, and nutrient absorption markers through ELISA and calorimetry.

RESULTS

Post-treatment, the PS group exhibited significantly improved gastric motility, with increased antral contraction amplitude (58.65 mm vs. 56.53 mm; P = 0.004), frequency (4.06 vs. 3.81 times/min; P = 0.009), and reduced gastric half-emptying time (28.15 min vs. 29.77 min; P = 0.007). Hormone analyses showed elevated motilin and neuropeptide Y levels and decreased vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in the PS group (P < 0.05). Nutrient absorption markers indicated decreased stool fat, protein, and carbohydrate content, enhanced intestinal permeability, increased weight and digestibility of energy, fat, and protein in the PS group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

PS with LGG significantly enhances gastric motility and nutrient absorption in elderly patients with GIDs, indicating potential therapeutic benefits for addressing digestive dysfunction and malnutrition in this demographic.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Moderating Effect on Autoimmune Celiac Disease Triggers

The only approved preventive treatment option GFD remains insufficient to manage Celiac Disease (CeD). A cohort of probiotic bacteria recently indicated that probiotic bacteria such as L. plantarum (LP) have a protective effect on CeD. LP has been a prominent probiotic, studied for numerous modulating properties. This review highlights and summarizes LP's ameliorating effect on various triggers/drivers of CeD. Probiotic LP potential for CeD is noticeable, mainly involving gut microbiota modulation, gluten digestion, intestinal homeostasis, CeD-associated pathogens reduction, and CD4 + T cell regulation. LP supplementation maintains intestinal physiology by improving the ratio of intestinal villus height to crypt depth. Gut microbiota modulation also improves tight junction proteins and the intestinal barrier. LP increases the digestibility of immunoreactive 33-mer gliadin peptides and regulates immune triggers such as CD4 + T cells. LP supplementation may minimize the gastrointestinal symptoms of CeD. Nevertheless, the therapeutic applicability of LP is subjected to significant clinical and nonclinical studies.

Gut commensal Alistipes shahii improves experimental colitis in mice with reduced intestinal epithelial damage and cytokine secretion

The commensal bacterium Alistipes shahii is a core microbe of the human gut microbiome and its abundance is negatively correlated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). However, its fundamental role in regulating inflammatory response remains unknown. Using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, we examined the effect of A. shahii strain As360 intervention on host inflammatory response and found that A. shahii As360 alleviated disease activity index, colon shortening, and colonic histopathological lesion. The levels of tight junction proteins (mainly ZO1 and claudin-1) were decreased in DSS-induced colitis mice, whereas the levels of these proteins were elevated in colitis mice with A. shahii As360 treatment. In addition, A. shahii As360 treatment led to alterations in cytokine release, especially an increase of IL10. It also led to reduced expressions of mtor and Nlrp3 and increased expression of mTOR inhibitor Ddit4 at the transcriptional level. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing found that Bacteroides, a producer of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), was enriched in the fecal samples of mice with A. shahii treatment. Metabolic analyses found that, following A. shahii As360 treatment, the SCFAs in the fecal content was increased whereas lactic acid was decreased in the cecal content. These findings suggest that supplementation with A. shahii As360 is a promising strategy to prevent colitis.IMPORTANCEAs one of the core microbes and keystone species in the human gut, Alistipes shahii has the potential to inhibit inflammation and improve inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) conditions. In this study, we experimentally demonstrated that oral administration of A. shahii As360 alleviated symptoms of colitis, altered the release of cellular inflammatory factors, reduced the intestinal epithelial barrier damage, and changed gut microbiota and fecal metabolites. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the beneficial effects of A. shahii and its perspective for better strategies to prevent IBD.

Hydrogel-Transformable Probiotic Powder for Targeted Eradication of Helicobacter pylori with Enhanced Gastric Mucosal Repair and Microbiota Preservation

Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) therapies represent a potentially effective approach to eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). However, the difficulty in bacterial viability preservation and harsh gastric environment compromises the survival and on-target delivery of L. reuteri. This study presents a novel bacterium-mediated bacterial elimination strategy using an edible L. reuteri@HTP probiotic powder for targeted bacterial elimination. The probiotic powder is obtained by grinding a lyophilized hydrogel composed of L. reuteri, hyaluronic acid (HA), tannic acid (TA), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Upon contact with water, the powder quickly transforms into a hydrogel, enhancing L. reuteri's survival in the harsh gastric environment and ensuring selective release at H. pylori-infected inflammatory sites. L. reuteri targets and reduces H. pylori colonization while secreting reuterin to eliminate the bacteria. Additionally, TA's antioxidant properties help alleviate inflammation, and HA supports gastric mucosal repair. L. reuteri@HTP powder preserves the integrity of the gut microbiota, facilitating the restoration of a healthy microbiome. In particular, the probiotic powder remains stable at room temperature for at least six months, providing a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics for H. pylori treatment. This strategy combines targeted eradication, mucosal healing, and microbiome restoration, offering a new approach to treating gastric infections.

Gut microbiota as a new target for anticancer therapy: from mechanism to means of regulation

In order to decipher the relationship between gut microbiota imbalance and cancer, this paper reviewed the role of intestinal microbiota in anticancer therapy and related mechanisms, discussed the current research status of gut microbiota as a biomarker of cancer, and finally summarized the reasonable means of regulating gut microbiota to assist cancer therapy. Overall, our study reveals that the gut microbiota can serve as a potential target for improving cancer management.

The Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Short Course of Sauerkraut Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota of Active Athletes: A Pilot Follow-Up Study

Objectives: The application of whole fermented foods in sports nutrition for gut microbiota personalization is a promising area of investigation. Sauerkraut, a traditional fermented food, has not been extensively studied in this context. This study aimed to replicate earlier findings of a proof-of-concept study on the potential of sauerkraut for gut microbiota personalization in active athletes. Methods: A pilot follow-up study was conducted on active recreational athletes who consumed 250 g of organic pasteurized sauerkraut daily for 10 days. Changes in gut microbiota composition and functionality were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolic pathway analysis across three time points: pre-intervention, postintervention, and one-month postintervention. Laboratory parameters, bowel function, and side effects were monitored throughout the study. Results: In total, 11 male participants with an average age of 30 years completed the study. The pilot follow-up study did not replicate the original study's findings on sauerkraut's short-term effects on β-diversity and taxonomic and functional groups. However, long-term effects of sauerkraut supplementation were demonstrated, including a significant reduction in α-diversity variance and increased gut microbiota composition similarity (β-diversity) as well as several significant changes in bacterial taxa and metabolic pathways after a washout period. The intervention also induced a transient decrease in B12 vitamin levels and a short- and long-term increase in leukocyte concentrations. The probability for physiological types of stools increased after one week of sauerkraut supplementation as well as the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects, such as bloating, diarrhea, pain, nausea, and constipation. Conclusions: This study suggests that the short-term effects on the gut microbiota of sauerkraut supplementation depend on its baseline status, but it can induce long-term effects. Sauerkraut supplementation requires a seven-day adaptation period. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms behind the short- and long-term effects of sauerkraut supplementation.

Preclinical Safety Assessment of the Oral Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum GUANKE in Animal Models

Probiotics have a long history as fermented food or food supplements. The health benefits and safety profiles of probiotics are strain-specific and should be evaluated individually. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of the Lactobacillus plantarum GUANKE (GUANKE) strain by conducting pharmacological studies, oral toxicity assessments, and investigating the colonization and translocation of GUANKE in experimental animal models. Three pharmacological studies were conducted to examine the effects of oral administration of GUANKE on gastric emptying, bile secretion, and gastric juice secretion. In an acute toxicity study, rats were orally administrated with different doses of GUANKE and monitored for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity study, both rats and beagles were administrated with varying doses of GUANKE for 28 consecutive days to evaluate hematologic, biochemical, and histological effects. The results showed that GUANKE administration did not result in any adverse effect on hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, urinary parameters, and organ indices. Importantly, no translocation of GUANKE to extra-intestinal organs or blood was observed following administration of the CFDA-SE labeled strain. In summary, this study demonstrated the safety of GUANKE intake, which encourages its potential application as a probiotic in clinical trials.

Gerobiotics: Exploring the Potential and Limitations of Repurposing Probiotics in Addressing Aging Hallmarks and Chronic Diseases

As unhealthy aging continues to rise globally, there is a pressing need for effective strategies to promote healthy aging, extend health span, and address aging-related complications. Gerobiotics, an emerging concept in geroscience, offers a novel approach to repurposing selective probiotics, postbiotics, and parabiotics to modulate key aging processes and enhance systemic health. This review explores recent advancements in gerobiotics research, focusing on their role in targeting aging hallmarks, regulating longevity-associated pathways, and reducing risks of multiple age-related chronic conditions. Despite their promise, significant challenges remain, including optimizing formulations, ensuring safety and efficacy across diverse populations, and achieving successful clinical translation. Addressing these gaps through rigorous research, well-designed clinical trials, and advanced biotechnologies can establish gerobiotics as a transformative intervention for healthy aging and chronic disease prevention.

Probiotics and the Risk of Infection

Probiotic use has increased in preterm infants and may reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Probiotic-associated infection is a concern for infants receiving probiotic supplementation in the neonatal intensive care unit, as highlighted by a recent case and subsequent action by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Based on reports to date, invasive infection is an infrequent but known risk of probiotic supplementation. In this article, we discuss the epidemiology and pathophysiology of invasive infection in preterm infants, review the benefits and risks of probiotic as regulations and available products continue to evolve.

Expert Opinion on the Use of Probiotics in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) involves multiple consecutive miscarriages in early pregnancy, affecting a significant number of Indian women and placing substantial physical and emotional stress on expecting couples. This expert consensus aims to highlight probiotics as a promising option for enhancing fertility and supporting successful pregnancy outcomes, offering hope to individuals and couples affected by RPL. A group of fourteen experts with diverse expertise in gynecology, obstetrics, and fertility from across India gathered between June 29 and June 30, 2024. According to the experts, advanced maternal age emerges as an independent risk factor for miscarriage, with increased risks among older Indian women. The major contributors to RPL include thyroid disease and polycystic ovarian disease. Experts emphasize that the vaginal microbiome dysbiosis, characterized by the reduced dominance of Lactobacilli, is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, such as preterm birth, early pregnancy loss, and increased events of RPL. Oral probiotic supplementation, particularly strains like L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus, may improve embryo implantation, reduce miscarriage risk, and support pregnancy maintenance. A healthy lifestyle choice and minimal use of antibiotics are important in creating a positive reproductive outcome. The present expert opinion supports the potential benefits of probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus species, in managing RPL and improving reproductive outcomes. By promoting a balanced microbiota, reducing inflammation, and modulating immune responses, probiotics may play a critical role in enhancing reproductive success.

Living Bacteria: A New Vehicle for Vaccine Delivery in Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer vaccines, aimed at evolving the human immune system to eliminate tumor cells, have long been explored as a method of cancer treatment with significant clinical potential. Traditional delivery systems face significant challenges in directly targeting tumor cells and delivering adequate amounts of antigen due to the hostile tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that certain bacteria naturally home in on tumors and modulate antitumor immunity, making bacterial vectors a promising vehicle for precision cancer vaccines. Live bacterial vehicles offer several advantages, including tumor colonization, precise drug delivery, and immune stimulation, making them a compelling option for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of action behind living bacteria-based vaccines, recent progress in popular bacterial chassis, and strategies for specific payload delivery and biocontainment to ensure safety. These approaches will lay the foundation for developing an affordable, widely applicable cancer vaccine delivery system. This review also discusses the challenges and future opportunities in harnessing bacterial-based vaccines for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment.

Gut microbiota: A new window for the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disease

Under normal physiological conditions, gut microbiota and host mutually coexist. They play key roles in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, absorption, and metabolism, as well as promoting the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and emotional regulation. The dysregulation of gut microbiota homeostasis has attracted significant research interest, specifically in its impact on neurological and psychiatric disorders. Recent studies have highlighted the important role of the gut- brain axis in conditions including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), and depression. This review aims to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms by which gut microbiota affect the progression of CNS disorders via the gut-brain axis. Additionally, we discuss the current research landscape, identify gaps, and propose future directions for microbial interventions against these diseases. Finally, we provide a theoretical reference for clinical treatment strategies and drug development for AD, PD, and depression.

Advancements related to probiotics for preventing and treating recurrent respiratory tract infections in children

Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs) are a common condition in pediatrics and significantly impact children's quality of life; however, their pathogenesis and contributing factors are not yet fully elucidated. Probiotics have recently emerged as promising agents for modulating intestinal microecology and have gained considerable attention in clinical research on preventing and treating RRTIs in children. This article provides an initial overview of the concept, classification, and mechanisms underlying probiotics. It emphasizes their beneficial effects on respiratory health by modulating intestinal microbial equilibrium, augmenting immune system functionality, and attenuating inflammatory responses. Subsequently, we examine existing research regarding the use of probiotics in pediatric RRTIs. Numerous clinical trials have unequivocally demonstrated that supplementing with probiotics can significantly reduce both the frequency and severity of RRTIs in children while also simultaneously decreasing antibiotic usage. However, there are ongoing controversies and challenges in current research concerning the influence of probiotic type, dosage, duration of use, and other factors on efficacy. Furthermore, variations have been observed across different studies. Additionally, it is crucial to further evaluate the safety and potential long-term side effects associated with probiotic use in children with RRTIs. In conclusion, we propose future research directions including conducting more high-quality randomized controlled trials to optimize application strategies for probiotics alongside other treatments while considering variations based on age and health conditions among pediatric populations. Finally, in summary although probiotics exhibit promising benefits in preventing and treating RRTIs in children; additional studies are necessary to refine their application strategies ensuring both safety and effectiveness.