The JAK inhibitor tofacitinib suppresses synovial JAK1-STAT signalling in rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The pathways affected by tofacitinib and the effects on gene expression in situ are unknown. Therefore, tofacitinib effects on synovial pathobiology were investigated.

METHODS

A randomised, double-blind, phase II serial synovial biopsy study (A3921073; NCT00976599) in patients with RA with an inadequate methotrexate response. Patients on background methotrexate received tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily or placebo for 28 days. Synovial biopsies were performed on Days -7 and 28 and analysed by immunoassay or quantitative PCR. Clinical response was determined by disease activity score and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response on Day 28 in A3921073, and at Month 3 in a long-term extension study (A3921024; NCT00413699).

RESULTS

Tofacitinib exposure led to EULAR moderate to good responses (11/14 patients), while placebo was ineffective (1/14 patients) on Day 28. Tofacitinib treatment significantly reduced synovial mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3 (p<0.05) and chemokines CCL2, CXCL10 and CXCL13 (p<0.05). No overall changes were observed in synovial inflammation score or the presence of T cells, B cells or macrophages. Changes in synovial phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT3 strongly correlated with 4-month clinical responses (p<0.002). Tofacitinib significantly decreased plasma CXCL10 (p<0.005) at Day 28 compared with placebo.

CONCLUSIONS

Tofacitinib reduces metalloproteinase and interferon-regulated gene expression in rheumatoid synovium, and clinical improvement correlates with reductions in STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation. JAK1-mediated interferon and interleukin-6 signalling likely play a key role in the synovial response.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT00976599.

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and skin ageing in smokers

Smokers look older than non-smokers of the same age. We have compared the concentrations of mRNA for matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) in the buttock skin of smokers and non-smokers with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. MMP-1 degrades collagen, which accounts for at least 70% of the dry weight of dermis. We report significantly more MMP-1 mRNA in the skin of smokers than non-smokers whereas no difference was seen for the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) or the housekeeping gene GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). We suggest that smoking-induced MMP-1 might be important in the skin-ageing effects of tobacco smoking.

Effects of red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Korean herb medicine, has been widely used in China and Japan for fatigue and enhancement of resistance to many diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study is aimed to assess the effects of Korean red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation induced skin aging in hairless mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Red ginseng extracts prepared with ethanol were used in this study. To standardize Korean red ginseng, it was analyzed by HPLC. And inhibitory effects of red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice were determined by the measurement of wrinkle, expression of type I procollagen and MMP-1 and immunohistology.

RESULTS

Based on the HPLC quantitative analysis, ginsenoside Rb1 content in Korean red ginseng was 43.5mg/g of extract. In the result of body weight gain and food efficiency rate, body weights of all groups were increased during experimental periods. In the wrinkle measurement and image analysis of skin replicas, the results showed that the dietary supply containing red ginseng extract significantly inhibited wrinkle formation caused by chronic UVB irradiation. In the changes of expression of procollagen type I and MMP-1 in the skin of UV irradiated hairless mice fed dietary supplement containing 2.5% red ginseng extract, level of mRNA of procollagen type I was decreased. But protein level of that was increased. And in terms of MMP-1, either mRNA or protein levels of MMP-1 were significantly decreased. These results showed anti-wrinkle effect of Korean red ginseng involved the inhibition of collagen degradation rather than increased collagen synthesis.

CONCLUSION

It is shown that Korean red ginseng may be functional food candidate for skin photoaging.

WAVE3 promotes cell motility and invasion through the regulation of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 expression

WAVE3 is a member of the WASP/WAVE family of proteins, which play a critical role in the regulation of actin polymerization, cytoskeleton organization, and cell motility. We show here that knockdown of the WAVE3 protein, using RNA interference in MDA-MB-231 cells, decreases phospho-p38 MAPK levels, but not those of phospho-AKT, phospho-ERK, or phospho-JNK. Knockdown of WAVE3 expression also inhibited the expression levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9, but not MMP-2. MMP production could be restored by PMA treatment, without affecting siRNA-mediated WAVE3 knockdown. The WAVE3-mediated downregulation of p38 activity and MMP production is independent of the presence of both WAVE1 and WAVE2, whose expression levels were not affected by loss of WAVE3. We also show that the downstream effect of the WAVE3 knockdown is the inhibition of cell motility and invasion, coupled with increased actin stress fiber formation, as well as reorganization of focal adhesion complexes. These findings suggest that WAVE3 regulates actin cytoskeleton, cell motility, and invasion through the p38 MAPK pathway and MMP production.

Free fatty acids: potential proinflammatory mediators in rheumatic diseases

OBJECTIVES

Due to their role in inflammatory metabolic diseases, we hypothesised that free fatty acids (FFA) are also involved in inflammatory joint diseases. To test this hypothesis, we analysed the effect of FFA on synovial fibroblasts (SF), human chondrocytes and endothelial cells. We also investigated whether the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which can contribute to driving arthritis, is involved in FFA signalling.

METHODS

Rheumatoid arthritis SF, osteoarthritis SF, psoriatic arthritis SF, human chondrocytes and endothelial cells were stimulated in vitro with different FFA. Immunoassays were used to quantify FFA-induced protein secretion. TLR4 signalling was inhibited extracellularly and intracellularly. Fatty acid translocase (CD36), responsible for transporting long-chain FFA into the cell, was also inhibited.

RESULTS

In rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASF), FFA dose-dependently enhanced the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, the chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1, as well as the matrix-degrading enzymes pro-MMP1 and MMP3. The intensity of the response was mainly dependent on the patient rather than on the type of disease. Both saturated and unsaturated FFA showed similar effects on RASF, while responses to the different FFA varied for human chondrocytes and endothelial cells. Extracellular and intracellular TLR4 inhibition as well as fatty acid transport inhibition blocked the palmitic acid-induced IL-6 secretion of RASF.

CONCLUSIONS

The data show that FFA are not only metabolic substrates but may also directly contribute to articular inflammation and degradation in inflammatory joint diseases. Moreover, the data suggest that, in RASF, FFA exert their effects via TLR4 and require extracellular and intracellular access to the TLR4 receptor complex.

Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induce chemokine and matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts

BACKGROUND

Colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts may play a role in the inflammatory responses and in extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha on chemokine (IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1) and ECM turnover (proliferation of subepithelial myofibroblasts, and secretion of ECM and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)) in colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts.

METHODS

Human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts were isolated using the method described by Mahida et al. Chemokine and MMP expressions were determined by ELISA and Northern blotting. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and NF-IL6 DNA binding activities were evaluated by electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays (EMSA).

RESULTS

IL-1beta and TNF-alpha did not affect the proliferation of subepithelial myofibroblasts, but stimulated the secretion of types I and IV collagens weakly. Unstimulated subepithelial myofibroblasts secreted a large amount of MMP-2, but a small amount of IL-8, MCP-1 and MMP-1. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha both induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in IL-8, MCP-1 and MMP-1 secretion, and weakly stimulated MMP-2 secretion. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha both rapidly evoked NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity. The inhibition of NF-kappaB activation markedly blocked both IL-1beta- and TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 and MCP-1 mRNA expression, but did not affect MMP-1 mRNA expression.

CONCLUSIONS

These observations indicate that chemokine secretion and ECM metabolism are collectively regulated by the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, in colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts. Thus, colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts may play an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammation in the colon.

Fluvastatin inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), also called interstitial collagenase, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. We investigated the effects of fluvastatin on MMP-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs). The addition of fluvastatin decreased the basal MMP-1 levels in the culture media of ECs in a time-dependent (0 to 48 hours) and dose-dependent (10(-)(8) to 10(-)(5) mol/L) manner. On the other hand, fluvastatin did not affect tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels. Collagenolytic activity in conditioned media of ECs was also dose-dependently reduced by fluvastatin. The effect of fluvastatin on MMP-1 expression was completely reversed in the presence of mevalonate or geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate, but not in the presence of squalene. Inhibition of Rho by C3 exoenzyme also significantly decreased MMP-1 expression in ECs. Our findings revealed that fluvastatin decreases MMP-1 expression in human vascular ECs through inhibition of Rho.

The effects of interferon-beta treatment of synovial inflammation and expression of metalloproteinases in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

Interferon-beta (IFNbeta) treatment is emerging as a potentially effective form of therapy in various immune-mediated conditions. This study evaluated the effects of IFNbeta therapy on the cell infiltrate, cytokine profile, and expression of metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To further assess the mechanism of action, in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the effects of IFNbeta on the production of MMP-1, MMP-3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS).

METHODS

Eleven patients were treated for 12 weeks with purified natural fibroblast IFNbeta (Frone; Ares-Serono, Geneva, Switzerland) subcutaneously 3 times weekly with the following dosages: 6 million IU (n = 4), 12 million IU (n = 3), and 18 million IU (n = 4). Synovial biopsy specimens were obtained by needle arthroscopy at 3 time points: directly before and at 1 month and 3 months after initiation of treatment. Immunohistologic analysis was performed using monoclonal antibodies specific for the following phenotypic markers and mediators of joint inflammation and destruction: CD3, CD38, CD68, CD55, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, MMP-1, and TIMP-1. In addition, we measured the production of MMP-1, MMP-3, TIMP-1, and PGE2 by RA FLS and dermal fibroblasts in the presence and absence of IFNbeta.

RESULTS

A statistically significant reduction in the mean immunohistologic scores for CD3+ T cells and the expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 at 1 month, CD38+ plasma cells and the expression of IL-6 at 3 months, and the expression of IL-1beta at both 1 and 3 months was observed in synovial tissue after IFNbeta treatment. The scores for CD68+ macrophages and TNFalpha expression also tended to decrease, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. The in vitro experiments revealed inhibition of MMP-1, MMP-3, and PGE2 production by RA FLS, whereas TIMP-1 production was only slightly decreased. These effects were more consistent in RA FLS than in dermal fibroblasts.

CONCLUSION

The changes in synovial tissue after IFNbeta treatment and the in vitro data support the view that IFNbeta therapy has immunomodulating effects on rheumatoid synovium and might help to diminish both joint inflammation and destruction. Larger well-controlled studies are warranted to show the efficacy of IFNbeta treatment for RA.

Subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline modulates gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers of periodontitis in postmenopausal osteopenic women

BACKGROUND

We recently demonstrated that a 2-year subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline (SDD) regimen (double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial) in postmenopausal (PM) women exhibiting mild systemic bone loss (osteopenia) and local bone loss (periodontitis) reduced the progression of periodontal attachment loss (intent-to-treat analysis) and the severity of gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss (subgroups) without producing antibiotic side effects. We now describe SDD effects on biomarkers of collagen degradation and bone resorption in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of the same vulnerable subjects.

METHODS

GCF was collected from SDD- and placebo-treated PM subjects (n=64 each) at the baseline and 1- and 2-year appointments; the volume was determined; and the samples were analyzed for collagenase activity (using a synthetic peptide as substrate), relative levels of three genetically distinct collagenases (Western blot), a type-1 collagen breakdown product/bone resorption marker (a carboxyterminal telopeptide cross-link fragment of type I collagen [ICTP]; radioimmunoassay), and interleukin-1beta (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Statistical analyses were performed using generalized estimating equations; primary analyses were intent-to-treat.

RESULTS

Collagenase activity was significantly reduced by SDD treatment relative to placebo based on intent-to-treat (P=0.01). ICTP showed a similar pattern of change during SDD treatment, and GCF collagenase activity and ICTP were positively correlated at all time periods (P<0.001). Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 accounted for approximately 80% of total collagenase in GCF, with much less MMP-1 and -13, and SDD reduced the odds of elevated MMP-8 by 60% compared to placebo (P=0.006).

CONCLUSION

These observations support the therapeutic potential of long-term SDD therapy to reduce periodontal collagen breakdown and alveolar bone resorption in PM women; effects on serum biomarkers of systemic bone loss in these subjects are being analyzed.

Effect of transforming growth factor-beta1, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma on the expression of type I collagen, heat shock protein 47, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-2 by fibroblasts from normal gingiva and hereditary gingival fibromatosis

BACKGROUND

Increased collagen and extracellular matrix deposition within the gingiva is the main characteristic feature of hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF). To date, it is not well established if these events are a consequence of alterations in the collagen and other extracellular matrix molecules synthesis or disturbances in the homeostatic equilibrium between synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix molecules. Cytokines are important regulators of expression of the profibrogenic genes, including type I collagen and its molecular chaperone heat shock protein (Hsp)47 and proteolytic enzymes degrading extracellular matrix such as matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -2 (MMP-1 and MMP-2).

METHODS

In this study, we analyzed the expression and production of type I collagen, Hsp47, MMP-1, and MMP-2 in normal gingiva (NG) and HGF fibroblasts, and investigated the effects of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on the expression of these genes by NG and HGF fibroblasts.

RESULTS

Our results obtained from semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR), Western blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and enzymographies clearly demonstrated that the expression and production of type I collagen and Hsp47 were significantly higher in fibroblasts from HGF than from NG, whereas MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression and production were lower in fibroblasts from HGF patients. Addition of TGF-beta1 and IL-6, which are produced in greater amounts by HGF fibroblasts, promoted an increase in type I collagen and Hsp47 and a decrease in MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression. IFN-gamma reduced both type I collagen and Hsp47 expression, whereas it had a slight effect on the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2.

CONCLUSION

These patterns of expression and production suggest that enhanced TGF-beta1 and IL-6 production simultaneously increase the synthesis and reduce the proteolytic activities of fibroblasts from patients with HGF, which may favor the accumulation of extracellular matrix observed in patients with this condition.

Thrombin-enhanced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression: a mechanism linking placental abruption with premature rupture of the membranes

OBJECTIVE

Given the strong clinical association between the decidual hemorrhage of placental abruption and subsequent preterm premature rupture of the membranes, we assessed the effects of thrombin on the expression of the potent interstitial collagenase, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), in cultured endometrial stromal and decidual cells.

STUDY DESIGN

Stromal cells derived from predecidualized cycling endometrium and decidual cells from term decidua were cultured in a defined medium containing estradiol, to mimic the hormonal milieu of the non-pregnant proliferative phase, or estradiol plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), to mimic the hormonal milieu of pregnancy, in the presence and absence of thrombin. Culture media were examined for MMP-1 protein levels and cell lysates were examined for steady-state MMP-1 mRNA levels.

RESULTS

MPA strongly inhibited MMP-1 levels in endometrial stromal and term decidual cells. However, thrombin overcame this suppression, producing MMP-1 levels that were several-fold higher than control levels.

CONCLUSION

Extrapolation of thrombin-enhanced MMP-1 expression in cultured endometrial stromal and decidual cells to the in vivo pregnant state provides an explanation for the strong association between placental abruption and preterm membrane rupture.

Basic calcium phosphate crystals activate human osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts and induce matrix metalloproteinase-13 (collagenase-3) in adult porcine articular chondrocytes

OBJECTIVE

To determine the ability of basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals to induce (a) mitogenesis, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-13 in human osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts (HOAS) and (b) MMP-13 in cultured porcine articular chondrocytes.

METHODS

Mitogenesis of HOAS was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation assay and counts of cells in monolayer culture. MMP messenger RNA (mRNA) accumulation was determined either by northern blot analysis or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of RNA from chondrocytes or HOAS treated with BCP crystals. MMP-13 secretion was identified by immunoprecipitation and MMP-1 secretion by western blot of conditioned media.

RESULTS

BCP crystals caused a 4.5-fold increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation by HOAS within 20 hours compared with untreated control cultures (p< or =0.05). BCP crystals induced MMP-13 mRNA accumulation and MMP-13 protein secretion by articular chondrocytes. In contrast, in HOAS, MMP-13 mRNA induced by BCP crystals was detectable only by RT-PCR, and MMP-13 protein was undetectable. BCP crystals induced MMP-1 mRNA accumulation and MMP-1 protein secretion by HOAS. MMP-1 expression was further augmented when HOAS were co-incubated with either BCP and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha; threefold) or BCP and interleukin 1alpha (IL1alpha; twofold).

CONCLUSION

These data confirm the ability of BCP crystals to activate HOAS, leading to the induction of mitogenesis and MMP-1 production. MMP-13 production in response to BCP crystals is substantially more detectable in porcine articular chondrocytes than in HOAS. These data support the active role of BCP crystals in osteoarthritis and suggest that BCP crystals act synergistically with IL1alpha and TNFalpha to promote MMP production and subsequent joint degeneration.

The inhibition of MAPK pathway is correlated with down-regulation of MMP-9 secretion induced by TNF-alpha in human keratinocytes

MMP-9 (92 kDa) is the major gelatinase able to degrade collagen IV, secreted by keratinocytes that are actively involved in wound-healing or tumorigenesis. Since the invasive phenotype of cancers is dependent on MMP-9 expression, it appeared of interest to precisely characterize which signal transduction pathways activated by TNF-alpha are involved in MMP-9 up-regulation induced by TNF-alpha. In HaCaT cells, activation of MMP-9 occurs at the transcriptional level. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway using specific inhibitors of the Ras, Raf, MEK1/2, and Erk1/2 cascade was correlated with a marked inhibition of MMP-9 activity, as determined by gene and protein expression. MAPK pathway activation via TNF-alpha was confirmed by marked AP-1 activation detected in EMSA. Under our experimental conditions, p38 MAPK and SAPK/JNK pathways were not activated. Gene and protein expression of other MMPs that regulate MMP-9, such as MMP-1 and MMP-13, were also up-regulated by TNF-alpha and inhibited by UO126, providing evidence that the MAPK pathway plays a fundamental role in the regulation of MMP-9 secretion by keratinocytes. As TNF-alpha is known to be a main activator of NF-kappaB pathway, the effects of campthothecin and caffeic acid were investigated, such as, TNF-alpha campthothecin up-regulated MMP-9 activity but caffeic acid only weakly inhibited MMP-9 activation induced by TNF-alpha. However, NF-kappaB is activated as shown from immunostaining data, a nuclear staining and higher Western blotting expression of p50 and p65 NF-kappaB subunits were detected after TNF-alpha treatment. A higher specific signal was also detected in EMSA for TNF-alpha-treated cells.

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor enhances the invasion of mesothelioma cell lines and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a multifunctional factor involved both in development and tissue repair, as well as pathological processes such as cancer and metastasis. It has been identified in vivo in many types of tumours together with its tyrosine kinase receptor, Met. We show here that exogenous HGF/SF acts as a strong chemoattractant for human mesothelioma cell lines. The factor also enhanced cell adhesion to and invasion into Matrigel. The mesothelioma cell lines synthesized a panel of matrix metalloproteinases critical for tumour progression such as MMP-1, 2, 3, 9 and membrane-bound MT1-MMP. HGF/SF stimulated the expression of MMP-1, 9 and MT1-MMP and had a slight effect on expression of the MMP inhibitor TIMP-1 but not TIMP-2. However, there was no simple correlation between the levels of MMPs and TIMPs of the cell lines and their different invasion properties or between HGF/SF stimulatory effects on MMP expression and invasion. In addition, effects of protease inhibitors on invasion suggested that serine proteases were also expressed in human mesothelioma cell lines and were involved in HGF/SF-induced invasion. The results show a predominant role for HGF/SF in mesothelioma cell invasion, stimulating simultaneously adhesion, motility, invasion and regulation of MMP and TIMP levels.

Serum-dependent effects of IGF-I and insulin on proliferation and invasion of human first trimester trophoblast cell models

Extravillous cytotrophoblasts are specialised epithelial cells of the placenta that proliferate or invade the maternal decidua. Little is known about the mechanisms that regulate these processes. Here the effects of several insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) doses, either singly or in synergy with serum, on human chorionic gonadotropin-beta (hCG-beta) secretion (RIA), proliferation (cell counting, cyclin B(1) levels) and invasion [Matrigel invasion assay, secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9] were investigated. The choriocarcinoma cell lines BeWo, JAR and JEG-3 served as models for first trimester human trophoblasts. Both growth factors altered hCG-beta secretion and proliferation dependent on the cell line. Insulin stimulated proliferation in JAR cells and, to a lesser extent, in JEG-3 cells, and when cultured in serum-free medium, BeWo was not affected. Invasion was not affected although proMMP-2 levels in culture medium were altered under some conditions. A strong synergistic effect with serum was noted. In the presence of serum both growth factors reduced proliferation and invasion in a similar fashion. Since the cell models differ by their degree of differentiation, the data demonstrate that the effects of insulin and IGF-I strongly depend on serum and the degree of differentiation. It can be speculated that IGF-I can take on tasks of insulin in the regulation of trophoblast functions under conditions of insulinopenia.

Sarpogrelate HCl, a selective 5-HT2A antagonist, retards the progression of atherosclerosis through a novel mechanism

Although sarpogrelate HCl is widely used for the prevention of arterial thrombosis, its effect on atherosclerosis is unknown. Accordingly, we here investigated the effects of sarpogrelate HCl on a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Male rabbits were fed a 0.5% cholesterol diet (HCD) (Gp 1), HCD with vitamin E (Gp 2), HCD with vitamin E and sarpogrelate (Gp 3), or HCD with sarpogrelate alone (Gp 4) for 8 weeks. The atherosclerotic area was decreased by feeding of vitamin E and sarpogrelate (16.9+/-2.0% in Gp 1 vs. 8.2+/-2.0% in Gp 3). Tone-related basal NO release was higher in Gps 3 and 4. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation tended to be improved in Gp 3. The amount of eNOS mRNA was increased in Gp 4, and aortic cyclic GMP concentration showed the same tendency. O(2)(-) release tended to be decreased in Gps 2 and 3. The matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)-positive area was decreased, and the percentage ratio of cell numbers of smooth muscle cells/macrophages in the plaque was increased in Gp 3. The results demonstrated that sarpogrelate HCl retards the progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits, and that this effect is enhanced by concomitant administration of vitamin E. Although upregulation of eNOS may play a role as one of the underlying mechanisms, our results suggest that an additional mechanism-possibly involving the antiproliferative effects of sarpogrelate HCl on smooth muscle cells and macrophages-may also play an important role.

Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on the human skin of Japanese subjects: the rationale for chemical peeling

Alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) agents, such as glycolic acid and lactic acid, have been used as therapeutic agents for more than a quarter of a century. Recently, they have been used as agents to rejuvenate photo-aged skin. It is believed that these AHA agents induce the epidermis to remodel and accelerate desquamation, thus exerting their therapeutic effects. In this study, we investigated the histological differences in skin treated with glycolic, lactic, citric and acetic acids once daily for 6 weeks. The melanin pigments in the basal layer were less prominent in the glycolic and lactic acid-treated skin than in the citric and acetic acid-treated skin. The melanin deposits in the horny layers were equal for all AHA. However, the melanin deposits in the squamous layers were less prominent in the glycolic and lactic acid-treated skins than in the citric and acetic acid-treated skins; this was analogous to observations of the basal layers. Collagen I and procollagen I were increased after treatment with glycolic, lactic and citric acid in the upper dermis, but were not increased with acetic acid treatment. However, the staining of the epidermis and dermis for matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) after treatment was not significantly different among the agents. Our data suggest that longer treatment intervals with glycolic and lactic acid can cause improvements in both the epidermal and dermal components and support the usefulness of AHA for rejuvenating photo-damaged skin.

Effects of scaling and root planing and sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline on oral and systemic biomarkers of disease in patients with both chronic periodontitis and coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluated the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) +/- sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -1, -8, -13 and on serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP) and lipid fractions in patients with both chronic periodontitis (CP) and coronary artery disease (CAD).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty-six patients were randomly distributed into two groups (Placebo or SDD; 6 weeks) and both received two regimens of SRP. At baseline and 6 weeks, GCF and blood were collected and clinical indices were recorded. MMPs, HsCRP and lipid fractions were assayed.

RESULTS

There were statistically significant improvements for all clinical parameters, GCF volumes, GCF MMPs and serum levels of HsCRP, apolipoprotein-A (APO-A), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and lipoprotein-a between pre- and post-treatment in both groups. Between groups, there were statistically significant greater improvements in pocket depth (PD), gingival index (GI), APO-A and HDL, favouring the group receiving SDD adjunctive to SRP (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Greater improvement was detected for PD and GI, and for serum levels of APO-A and HDL cholesterol when using SRP+SDD compared with SRP+placebo in this study. An investigation with larger numbers of patients and a longer duration of drug treatment is needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

Induction of dental pulp fibroblast matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 gene expression by interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha through a prostaglandin-dependent pathway

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix in many inflammatory diseases. Little is known regarding the expression of these mediators in dental pulp fibroblasts. The effects of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on pulp fibroblast MMP-1 and TIMP-1 gene expression were investigated. Northern hybridization showed that IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha induced significant MMP-1 gene expression, with only little effect on TIMP-1 gene. Exogenous PGE2, however, upregulated TIMP-1 mRNA synthesis but not MMP-1. Concomitant addition of IL-1alpha and PGE2 or TNF-alpha and PGE2 suppressed MMP-1 mRNA production, compared with the groups treated with IL-1alpha or TNF-alpha alone. In contrast, PGE2 enhanced the upregulatory effects of TIMP-1 mRNA by IL-1alpha or TNF-alpha. Furthermore, cytokine stimulation of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 gene expressions can be enhanced or blocked by indomethacin, respectively, and reversed by exogenous PGE2. These results suggested that cytokine-stimulated MMP-1 and TIMP-1 gene expression in dental pulp fibroblasts was mediated, at least in part, by a prostaglandin-dependent pathway. The differential regulation of IL-1alpha or TNF-alpha-induced MMP-1 and TIMP-1 mRNA synthesis, as well as the direct upregulation of TIMP-1 gene expression by PGE2, also implied that prostaglandin may serve as a protective mechanism from excessive tissue breakdown during pulpitis.

Inverse dose- and time-dependent effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the gene expression of collagen type I and matrix metalloproteinase-1 by periodontal ligament cells in culture

BACKGROUND

Growth factors are known to play a major role in the regeneration of the periodontium. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a polypeptide growth factor considered to have a role in chemotaxis and mitogenesis of periodontal ligament cells (PLC). The aim of this study was to assess the dose-dependent effect of bFGF administration on the levels of gene expression of collagen type I (a1) (col I), collagen type III (col III), and collagenase-1 (MMP-1) in PLC.

METHODS

PLC were cultured in different concentrations of bFGF (0.1 to 10 ng of bFGF) for 14 and 21 days. At each time point, the gene expression of the examined molecules was assessed semi-quantitatively by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay.

RESULTS

The results indicated that bFGF exhibits an inverse time- and dose-dependent effect on the gene expression of col I and MMP-1: it simultaneously downregulates the gene expression of col I and upregulates the gene expression of MMP-1. On the other hand, bFGF had no dose-dependent effect on col III gene expression. The effect of bFGF on the expression of the three genes was modulated by the time of incubation with bFGF.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that bFGF is one of the important regulators involved in the active remodeling of col I in the periodontal ligament and possibly in other connective tissues.

Resveratrol oligomers from Vatica albiramis

Five new stilbenoids, vatalbinosides A-E (1-5), and 13 known compounds (6-18) were isolated from the stem of Vatica albiramis. The effects of these new compounds on interleukin-1β-induced production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in human dermal fibroblasts were examined. Three resveratrol tetramers, (-)-hopeaphenol (6), vaticanol C (13), and stenophyllol C (14), were identified as strong inhibitors of MMP-1 production.

Sildenafil promotes smooth muscle preservation and ameliorates fibrosis through modulation of extracellular matrix and tissue growth factor gene expression after bilateral cavernosal nerve resection in the rat

INTRODUCTION

It has been shown that phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors preserve smooth muscle (SM) content and ameliorate the fibrotic degeneration normally seen in the corpora cavernosa after bilateral cavernosal nerve resection (BCNR). However, the downstream mechanisms by which these drugs protect the corpora cavernosa remain poorly understood.

AIM

To provide insight into the mechanism, we aimed to determine the gene expression profile of angiogenesis-related pathways within the penile tissue after BCNR with or without continuous sildenafil (SIL) treatment.

METHODS

Five-month-old Fisher rats were subjected to BCNR or sham operation and treated with or without SIL (20 mg/kg/BW drinking water) for 3 days or 45 days (N = 8 rats per group). Total RNAs isolated from the denuded penile shaft and prostate were subjected to reverse transcription and to angiogenesis real-time-polymerase chain reaction arrays (84 genes). Changes in protein expression of selected genes such as epiregulin (EREG) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were corroborated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.

MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES

Genes modulated by BCNR and SIL treatment.

RESULTS

A decreased expression of genes related to SM growth factors such as EREG, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), extracellular matrix regulators such as metalloproteinases 3 and 9, endothelial growth factors, together with an upregulation of pro-fibrotic genes such as CTGF and transforming growth factor beta 2 were found at both time points after BCNR. SIL treatment reversed this process by upregulating endothelial and SM growth factors and downregulating pro-fibrotic factors. SIL did not affect the expression of EREG, VEGF, and PDGF in the ventral prostate of BCNR animals.

CONCLUSIONS

SIL treatment after BCNR activates genes related to SM preservation and downregulates genes related to fibrosis in the corpora cavernosa. These results provide a mechanistic justification for the use of SIL and other PDE5 inhibitors as protective therapy against corporal SM loss and fibrosis after radical prostatectomy.

Production of exopolysaccharide from mycelial culture ofGrifola frondosaand its inhibitory effect on matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in UV-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts

Exopolysaccharide (EPS) was prepared by submerged mycelial culture of a newly isolated mushroom Grifola frondosa HB0071 in a 5-l stirred-tank fermenter. This fungus produced a high concentration of biomass (24.8 gl(-1) at day 4), thereby achieving high EPS concentration (7.2 gl(-1) at day 4). EPS was proven to be a proteoglycan consisting of 85.6% carbohydrates (mostly glucose) and 7.3% proteins with a molecular weight of 1.0 x 10(6) Da. The photoprotective potential of EPS was tested in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) exposed to ultraviolet-A (UVA) light. It was revealed that EPS had an inhibitory effect on human interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase, MMP-1) expression in UVA-irradiated HDF without any significant cytotoxicity. The treatment of UVA-irradiated HDF with EPS resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the expression level of MMP-1 mRNA (by maximum 61.1% at an EPS concentration 250 microgml(-1)). These results suggest that EPS obtained from mycelial culture of G. frondosa HB0071 may contribute to inhibitory action in photoaging skin by reducing the MMP 1-related matrix degradation system.

Peptides of type II collagen can induce the cleavage of type II collagen and aggrecan in articular cartilage

The objective of this study was to determine whether a fragment(s) of type II collagen can induce cartilage degradation. Fragments generated by cyanogen bromide (CB) cleavage of purified bovine type II collagen were separated by HPLC. These fragments together with selected overlapping synthetic peptides were first analysed for their capacity to induce cleavage of type II collagen by collagenases in chondrocyte and explant cultures of healthy adult bovine articular cartilage. Collagen cleavage was measured by immunoassay and degradation of proteoglycan (mainly aggrecan) was determined by analysis of cleavage products of core protein by Western blotting. Gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-13 and MMP-1 was measured using Real-time PCR. Induction of denaturation of type II collagen in situ in cartilage matrix with exposure of the CB domain was identified with a polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that only react with this domain in denatured but not native type II collagen. As well as the mixture of CB fragments and peptide CB12, a single synthetic peptide CB12-II (residues 195-218), but not synthetic peptide CB12-IV (residues 231-254), potently and consistently induced in explant cultures at 10 microM and 25 microM, in a time, cell and dose dependent manner, collagenase-induced cleavage of type II collagen accompanied by upregulation of MMP-13 expression but not MMP-1. In isolated chondrocyte cultures CB12-II induced very limited upregulation of MMP-13 as well as MMP-1 expression. Although this was accompanied by concomitant induction of cleavage of type II collagen by collagenases, this was not associated by aggrecan cleavage. Peptide CB12-IV, which had no effect on collagen cleavage, clearly induced aggrecanase specific cleavage of the core protein of this proteoglycan. Thus these events involving matrix molecule cleavage can importantly occur independently of each other, contrary to popular belief. Denaturation of type II collagen with exposure of the CB12-II domain was also shown to be much increased in osteoarthritic human cartilage compared to non-arthritic cartilage. These observations reveal that peptides of type II collagen, to which there is increased exposure in osteoarthritic cartilage, can when present in sufficient concentration induce cleavage of type II collagen (CB12-II) and aggrecan (CB12-IV) accompanied by increased expression of collagenases. Such increased concentrations of denatured collagen are present in adult and osteoarthritic cartilages and the exposure of chondrocytes to the sequences they encode, either in soluble or more likely insoluble form, may therefore play a role in the excessive resorption of matrix molecules that is seen in arthritis and development.

Medroxyprogesterone acetate versus norethisterone: effect on estradiol-induced changes of markers for endothelial function and atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in human female coronary endothelial cell cultures

OBJECTIVE

Progestin addition to estradiol (E(2)) replacement therapy may lead to a deterioration of beneficial effects on the vasculature. The effect of the two clinically most common progestins, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and norethisterone (NET), during continuous combination with E(2) on the synthesis of markers for coronary endothelial function, atherosclerotic plaque initiation, and plaque formation was investigated in human female vascular cell cultures and compared with that of E(2) alone.

DESIGN

Endothelial cell cultures from human female coronary arteries were used to evaluate the effect of progestin addition to E(2) on the production of the following endothelial markers: prostacyclin, endothelin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and the precursor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (pro-MMP-1). E(2) was tested at 0.1 microM, 1 microM, and 10 microM alone and in equimolar combinations with MPA or NET. The markers were determined by enzyme immunoassays in the cell supernatant.

RESULTS

E(2) induced a significant increase of endothelial prostacyclin production and was able to significantly decrease the synthesis of endothelin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, E-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Neither MPA nor NET addition negatively interfered with these E(2)-induced benefits. However, MPA antagonized the E(2)-induced significant reduction of MCP-1 synthesis, with the difference between both progestins being significant (p < 0.01). Interestingly, an enhancement of the positive E(2)-effect on pro-MMP-1 production was observed by the addition of both MPA and NET (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

E(2) can positively influence various markers of endothelial function. Addition of MPA or NET can elicit different effects, which has been demonstrated for the first time in human coronary cell cultures. No impact was found on markers representing primarily vasotonus and thrombogenicity. In terms of MMP-1, which is crucial for atherosclerotic plaque stability, an enhancement of the beneficial E(2) effect was observed. However, regarding MCP-1, contrary effects of progestins cannot be excluded. This indicates that progestins may differ in their effects, particularly in the early stages of atherosclerosis, which has also been supported by other studies.