Intravitreal drug administration for treatment of noninfectious uveitis

Intravitreal treatment became popular with the discovery of the blood ocular barriers, which significantly limit drug penetration in systemic or topical administration. As the mainstay of treatment in noninfectious uveitis (NOIU) is still corticosteroids, triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was the first intravitreally used agent in this subset of patients. Although it was very effective in controlling inflammation and improving the inflammation related complications, TA was found to have a high rate of intraocular complications and a relatively short half-life necessitating frequent reinjections. Other systemically used therapeutic options such as methotrexate and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents were also tried intravitreally. Additionally anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents that are widely used intravitreally in the management of diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration have become an option to control the uveitis related complications like macular edema, retinal and choroidal neovascularizations. Advances in biotechnology led to the slow release biodegradable implant era. These implants have a longer duration of action, which may help in decreasing the number of reinjections. Today two forms of implants have been approved for use in NOIU, Retisert (0.59 mg flucinolone acetonide, surgical intervention) and Ozurdex (0.7 mg dexamethasone, office based intervention). Studies dealing with newer agents (cyclosporine, LFG31, sirolimus) in the management of chronic NOIU are on the way. The search for ideal effective, safe and biocompatible intravitreal agents in the management of NOIU has not ended yet.

Considerations in the management of single-piece intraocular lenses outside the capsular bag

AIM: To investigate the outcomes of off label single-piece acrylic intraocular lenses (SPA-IOL) ciliary sulcus placement compared to three-piece IOL (3P-IOL).

METHODS: The charts of eight consecutive eyes of patients who received sulcus-placed SPA-IOLs between 2006 and 2009 were reviewed. None of the patients underwent IOL exchange. Charts of six age-matched patients who received sulcus placed 3P-IOLs were reviewed as a control group.

RESULTS: Mean follow up was 16 mo for SPA-IOL and 23 mo for 3P-IOL. Five of 8 patients in the SPA-IOL group required chronic use of IOP lowering medications at final follow up. Of these, one patient needed glaucoma implant surgery for uncontrolled IOP. One patient in the 3P-IOL group used chronic aqueous suppression pre- and postoperatively. Four of eight eyes with SPA-IOL were treated with chronic topical steroids and or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cystoid macula edema, chronic uveitis, pigment dispersion syndrome or a combination of the above, compared to none in the control group. Mean best-corrected visual acuity was 20/35 in the SPA-IOL group and 20/47 in the 3P-IOL group.

CONCLUSION: Sulcus placed SPA-IOLs are associated with increased ocular morbidity. In select cases good visual acuity may be achieved. Due to postoperative rotation of sulcus placed toric SPA-IOLs stable astigmatism correction cannot be achieved. Alternative intraocular lenses should be considered when in-the-bag placement of SPA-IOL is not possible.

Donor cornea quality used for penetrating keratoplasty vs deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty

Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) has recently been introduced as an alternative procedure to penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for corneal pathologies not affecting the corneal endothelium. DALK does not rely on donor endothelium and requires less rigid criteria for donor corneal tissue quality. Therefore, DALK makes it possible to use donor corneas deemed unsuitable for PK. Furthermore, lamellar keratoplasty allows acellular corneal tissue to be transplanted. As a result, long-term preservation techniques are being revisited to increase the availability of donor corneas and subsequently alleviate constraints of availability, cost, storage, and transportation in many countries. The recent alterations in corneal transplantation techniques and hence the type of donor cornea tissues used for each technique, may require corneal surgeons and eye banks to reevaluate their selection criteria. The purpose of this systematic review is to present an updated analysis on the type and quality of donor corneas used for PK and DALK, assess the influence of donor and eye bank factors on the quality of donor corneas, and determine whether any of these donor factors affect clinical outcomes, complications, and graft survivals.

New treatments for diabetic macular edema

This work comprehensively reviews the latest treatment options for diabetic macular edema (DME) used in its management and presents further work on the topic. Diabetic retinopathy is an important and increasingly prevalent cause of preventable blindness worldwide. To meet this increasing burden there has recently been a proliferation of pharmacological therapies being used in clinical practice. A variety of medical treatment options now exist for DME. These include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as nepafenac, as well as intravitreal steroids like triamcinolone (kenalog). Long-term results up to 7 years after commencing treatment are presented for triamcinolone. Studies are reviewed on the use of dexamethasone (ozurdex) and fluocinolone (Retisert and Iluvien implants) including the FAME studies. A variety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents used in DME are considered in detail including ranibizumab (lucentis) and the RESTORE, RIDE, RISE and Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCR.net) studies. Bevacizumab (avastin) and pegaptinib (macugen) are also considered. The use of aflibercept (eylea) is reviewed including the significance of the DA VINCI, VISTA-DME, VIVID-DME and the DRCR.net studies which have recently suggested potentially greater efficacy when treating DME for aflibercept in patients with more severely reduced visual acuity at baseline. Evidence for the anti-VEGF agent bevasiranib is also considered. Studies of anti-tumour necrosis factor agents like infliximab are reviewed. So are studies of other agents targeting inflammation including minocycline, rapamycin (sirolimus) and protein kinase C inhibitors such as midostaurin and ruboxistaurin. The protein kinase C β inhibitor Diabetic Macular Edema Study is considered. Other agents which have been suggested for DME are discussed including cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib, phospholipase A2 inhibitors, recombinant erythropoietin, and monoclonal anti-interleukin antibodies such as canakinumab. The management of DME in a variety of clinical scenarios is also discussed - in newly diagnosed DME, refractory DME including after macular laser, and postoperatively after intraocular surgery. Results of long-term intravitreal triamcinolone for DME administered up to seven years after commencing treatment are considered in the context of the niche roles available for such agents in modern management of DME. This is alongside more widely used treatments available to the practitioner such as anti-VEGF agents like aflibercept (Eylea) and ranibizumab (Lucentis) which at present are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment of DME.

What is the purpose of launching the World Journal of Ophthalmology?

Welcome to the World Journal of Ophthalmology (WJO), a new general ophthalmology journal from Baishideng Publishing Group. The aim of the journal is to promote high quality research for and from eye-care practitioners all over the world. The WJO is a new member of the World Journal series of peer-reviewed, international English-language, open-access journals that are designed to provide a fast peer review process for all submitted manuscripts. We intended to provide the most up-to-date electronic means of articles in all fields of ophthalmology. New journal that is available on internet for everyone will provide a forum for publication and free access of high quality scientific papers documenting clinical and experimental advances in the areas of ophthalmology. All subspecialties within ophthalmology, visual sciences, pharmacology and drug therapy in eye diseases, primary and secondary eye care, patient safety reports, surgical techniques, and improvements in quality of care will be accepted for publication. We look forward in the future to your fascinating contributions to the WJO.

What is new in central serous chorioretinopathy?

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is considered a benign, self-limiting disease. However, as many as third of the patients have recurrent episodes or chronic disease that may cause significant functional impairment. New diagnostic tools and new treatment modalities are emerging in order to improve the functional outcomes of these patients. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has the ability to image individual layers of the retina and choroid. SD-OCT images in CSCR patients have demonstrated increased subfoveal thickness measurements, high reflective deposits in areas of subretinal precipitates and changes in the Retinal pigment epithelium layers of the asymptomatic eyes of patients with supposedly unilateral CSCR. A positive correlation was found between the level of distribution to the layer of inner segment/outer segment junction of the photoreceptors and the visual impairment. Fundus autoflouresence images show a wide variety during different stages of the disease in CSCR patients. Minimal abnormalities during the early stages are followed by hyperautofluoresence in the detached area in later stages, often in a manner of inferior gravitation and at the borders of the detachments. The chronic phase is characterized by varying degrees of atrophy and areas of decreased autofluorescence surrounding areas of chronic leaks. These changes help differentiate an active disease from an inactive state. Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) has the ability to demonstrate a persistent depression despite the resolution of subretinal detachments. It is therefore being investigated as a follow up tool for patients with chronic CSCR. An excellent correlation was found between changes in mfERG and visual function. Macular microperimetry, measuring retinal sensitivity within the central visual field, is intended to compensate for the underestimation of visual impairment in patients with macular diseases. Reduced retinal sensitivity was found in areas of previous subretinal fluids in CSCR patients. The device can also serve as a follow up tool in these patients. Regarding treatment in CSCR patients, focal argon laser photocoagulation treatment may be applied to small extrafoveal leaks. However, the main purpose of this treatment is to shorten disease duration, with no advantage over observation regarding final visual outcome, rate of progression to chronic CSCR or number of recurrences. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin has been shown to completely resolve serous detachment in 60%-80% of patients and to have a partial affect in the remaining patients. Reduced-fluence treatment is replacing full-fluence therapy in order to minimize side effects with no accompanying reduced effectiveness. Visual acuity is also improved following reduced-fluence PDT compared to placebo. It has also been found that patients with intense hyperfluorescence are more likely to show resolution of accumulating fluid compared to patients with mild or no leakage observed on indocyanine-green angiography prior to treatment. Regarding newer treatment modalities, intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents have a limited effect in patients with CSCR. Recent reports have not demonstrated an advantage for this treatment in regards to anatomic and functional outcome. Micropulse diode laser was not proven to be safer or more effective than argon laser or PDT. Corticosteroid antagonists, not tested in controlled trials, may have a beneficial effect in patients with CSCR. Aspirin may also play a role in treating these patients, with rapid recovery of visual acuity and reduced number of recurrences observed. In conclusion, imaging is evolving rapidly while the clinical implications of these new imaging modalities are less clear. Large randomized trials investigating different treatment modalities are still lacking.

Advances in surgery procedures for convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia

Intermittent exotropia with convergence insufficiency is defined as a greater exodeviation measured at near than at distance of at least 10 prism diopters and it is harmful to binocular vision at earlier time. This paper mainly introduces three operation patterns including lateral rectus recession(s) with or without a slanting procedure, unilateral lateral rectus recession with medial rectus resection, and medial rectus resection(s) with or without a slanting procedure.

Endoscope-assisted vitrectomy

Ocular endoscopes enable ophthalmologists to observe any part of the retina without any limitations, including those caused by corneal opacities, the rim of the intraocular lens, cortical remnants, capsular opacities, a small pupil, and vitreous opacities. Moreover, ocular endoscopes enable the management of peripheral lesions without scleral indentation and are compatible with microincision vitrectomy surgery. The enlarged view under the endoscope, as obtained by drawing towards the lesion, appears to be another advantage. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with undetectable retinal breaks, trauma, endophthalmitis, scleral wounds with incarceration of the vitreous, and microcornea are indications for endoscopic vitrectomy. The combination of endoscopy and a wide-angle viewing system could compensate for the deficiencies of each technique and achieve more effective and safer surgical maneuvers. Endoscopy skills appear to be a great advantage for vitreoretinal surgeons; however, because endoscopies require a learning curve, becoming familiar with the handling of the endoscope through step-by-step learning is necessary.

Current evidence of pathophysiology of diabetic macular edema: A review

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is an important cause of vision loss in patients with diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology of DME can be described as a process whereby hyperglycaemia leads to overlapping and inter-related pathways that play a role not only in the initial vascular events, but also in the events that cause the edema to become chronic. On a macrocellular level, DME is believed to be in part caused by alterations in hydrostatic and oncotic pressures and shear stress. Angiogenic factor expression, inflammation and oxidative stress constitute the key components of microvascular pathways. The interactions, signalling events and feedback loops between the various molecules are complicated and are not completely understood. These molecular mediators, acting in conjunction with macrocellular factors, which are all stimulated in part by the hyperglycaemia and hypoxia, can have a direct endothelial effect leading to hyperpermeability, disruption of vascular endothelial cell junctions, and leukostasis. Macular edema is thought to be caused as a result of these consequences.

Current understanding and management of aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity

Aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), previously referred to as “Rush disease”, is a rapidly progressive form of ROP. This form of ROP typically presents in very low birth weight babies of early gestational age. Historically, anatomical and functional outcomes have been poor with standard treatment. This review is designed to discuss current knowledge and treatment regarding this aggressive form of ROP. Recommendations regarding management of these difficult cases are detailed.

Keratoconus therapeutics advances

Keratoconus is a progressive, usually bilateral disease of the cornea that significantly diminishes visual acuity, secondary to a progressive corneal deformity which is characterized by corneal thinning, variable degrees of irregular astigmatism and specific abnormal topographic patterns. Normally it initiates during puberty and is progressive until the third or fourth decade of life, when normally the progression rate is diminished or waned. There are multiple scales to clinically classify keratoconus. One of the most commonly used is Amsler-Krumeich and recently with the development of morphometric and aberrometric techniques, additional scales have been created that allow keratoconus to be classified according to its severity. Despite certain etiology of keratoconus remains unknown, current treatment options are available in patients with ectatic corneas and they vary depending on the severity of the disease and they include spectacles, contact lenses, intrastromal rings, keratoplasty both penetrant or lamellar, cross-linking, refractive lens exchange with intraocular lens implant, phakic intraocular lenses and the combination of these alternatives. Some authors have been using excimer laser in patients with keratoconus but the safety of the procedure is controversial. Currently, the techniques for the management of keratoconus can be classified in 3 types: corneal strengthening techniques, optical optimization techniques and combined techniques.

Paired arcuate and modified circular keratotomy in keratoconus

AIM: To reduce astigmatism, increase corneal volume and improve visual acuity.

METHODS: A retrospective, single-surgeon, single-center, clinic-based study of a surgical procedure on twenty-four eyes of fourteen patients diagnosed with stage III or stage IV keratoconus. Paired arcuate keratotomy coupled with modified circular keratotomy was performed at a single center by a single surgeon as an outpatient procedure with local anaesthetic in a minor surgery room. Modified circular keratotomy was performed 7 mm from the pupillary center with depth of incision ranging between 70% and 90% of corneal thickness. Arcuate keratotomy was performed 2.5 mm from the pupillary center with the depth of incision at 90% of corneal thickness. Angular length of the arcs ranged between 60° and 120° depending on the astigmatic power of the cornea.

RESULTS: Astigmatism decreased in 87.5% of the 24 treated eyes, increased in 8.33% and did not change in 4.17%. Corneal volume increased in 91.66% of the 24 eyes and decreased in 8.34%. Visual acuity improved in 100% of the eyes; there was a mean improvement of 59% from preoperative visual acuity, 8.34% of the treated eyes reaching a visual acuity of 1.0 (20/20) with correction. No complications occurred during or after surgery. No suturing was performed and there was no rupturing at incision sites. There was statistical significance difference between pre.sph against post.sph (P = 0.001). Also between pre.cyl against post.cyl (P = 0.005), there was no significance difference between pre.axis against post.axis (P = 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Paired arcuate keratotomy coupled with modified circular keratotomy should be considered as an intervention before performing keratoplasty.

Orthokeratology lens related infections

Orthokeratology is a reversible technique that temporarily changes the curvature of the cornea with the aim of addressing refractive errors. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted approval for using reverse geometry contact lenses to correct myopia without any age restriction. Information from the pre-market applications to the FDA was rated as level II evidence. Another unapproved use of overnight orthokeratology is for the prevention of myopic progression. Although orthokeratology is advocated to reduce myopic progression, there are limited long-term studies with substantial evidence of its benefits. Much of this evidence comes from non-robust experimental studies using historical or self-selected controls with relative high dropout rates. Although some positive results have been published in temporarily reducing the myopic refractive error and its progression, the use of these lenses can be associated with serious complications such as microbial keratitis. Microbial keratitis is a potentially vision-threatening adverse response associated with contact lens wear. In fact, contact lens wear has been shown to be the predominant risk factor of microbial keratitis in some developed countries. Most of the published cases on overnight orthokeratology related microbial keratitis occurred in children or adolescents. Parents considering orthokeratology must make an informed decision about its temporary benefit and its potential for permanent loss of vision. The ophthalmic community should be reminded of the potential complications of orthokeratology.

Presenting clinical features of patients with vitreoretinal lymphoma

AIM: To assess the presenting clinical features, time from presentation to diagnosis and association with central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma in patients with vitreoretinal lymphoma.

METHODS: Retrospective case series of patients diagnosed with vitreoretinal lymphoma between 2009 and 2011 at a single center.

RESULTS: Fifteen eyes in 9 patients were included. Common presenting ocular symptoms included blurred vision (78%) and worsening floaters (44%) with an average symptom duration prior to presentation of 88.4 d (range 7-365 d). Common ophthalmic exam findings were vitreous haze (89%) and subretinal lesions (56%). The average time from presentation to diagnosis was 56.3 d (range 16-180 d). All patients were diagnosed with large B-cell lymphoma according to pathology results. Lymphoma was restricted to the eye in 33%, while 67% of patients had CNS involvement. Of the patients with secondary vitreoretinal lymphoma, 67% initially presented with CNS lymphoma while 33% initially presented with vitreoretinal lymphoma. Of the patients with CNS involvement, memory loss (67%) was the most common presenting symptom.

CONCLUSION: Vitreoretinal lymphoma most commonly presents with symptoms of blurred vision and/or worsening floaters and vitreous haze on exam. The average time from presentation to diagnosis may be decreasing with increased awareness among clinicians.

Preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab and silicone oil tamponade for vitrectomy in diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To evaluate the outcomes and complications of vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy using preoperative bevacizumab and silicone oil (SO) tamponade.

METHODS: Eighty-four eyes (64 patients) that underwent vitrectomy to treat severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy were enrolled in this retrospective, interventional, serial case study. All patients provided signed informed consent preoperatively and the off-label use of bevacizumab was discussed with the patients and confirmed in the signed consent forms. Bevacizumab injections and SO tamponades were used in all cases and intraoperative complications, postoperative complications and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. The primary outcome was the occurrence of intraoperative and postoperative bleeding during and after vitrectomy and SO removal. The secondary outcomes were other complications that occurred during the two surgeries, the surgical time and the postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in logMAR scale compared with the preoperative BCVA in logMAR. The statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA) using a column analysis (column statistics and frequency distribution) for the noncomparative analysis and a paired t-test for the comparative study; P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

RESULTS: Eighty-four eyes of 64 patients were included in the study. Of the 88 eyes initially recruited, 4 eyes (0.45%) developed phthisis bulbi and were excluded from the statistical analysis. Bevacizumab was injected between 1 and 10 d before surgery, with a mean of 3.7 ± 2.2 d. Forty-six eyes (54.8%) had no complications during the surgery; 6 eyes (7.1%) had vitreous hemorrhage; 21 (25%) had a single retinal tear; 7 (8.3%) had two or more retinal tears, one of which was in the posterior pole, temporal to the fovea; 2 (2.4%) had retinal tears associated with hemorrhage; 1 (1.2%) had choroidal detachment; and 1 eye (1.2%) had dialysis in the temporal entrance of the trocar. After the surgery and SO removal, 60 eyes (71.4%) had no complications, 8 (9.5%) had vitreous hemorrhage, 2 (2.4%) had a macular hole, 2 (2.4%) had an epiretinal membrane, 7 (8.3%) had rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, 2 (2.4%) had neovascular glaucoma, 2 (2.4%) had a corneal trophic ulcer, and 1 (1.2%) had central venous occlusion. The surgical time ranged from 40 to 120 min, with a mean of 77.8 ± 20.7 min. The final status of the lens was 34 phakic eyes (40.5%) and 24 pseudophakic eyes (28.5%); in 26 eyes (31%), the lens was extracted via phacoemulsification combined with vitrectomy or SO removal. The preoperative BCVA in logMAR ranged from 0.1 to 3.0, with a mean of 1.6 ± 0.9; the postoperative BCVA in logMAR ranged from 0.0 to 3.0, with a mean of 0.9 ± 0.7; the preoperative and postoperative BCVA values were significantly different (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION: Bevacizumab may diminish intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, thus possibly facilitating intraoperative maneuvers, diminishing the complications and playing a role in the final outcomes of these eyes.

Epidemiology of children and adolescent eye injuries in British Columbia

AIM

To quantify and characterize children and adolescent eye injuries treated in trauma department.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted of children and adolescent patients (0-19 years of age) with eye injuries using the British Columbia Trauma Registry (BCTR) data. BCTR data was obtained from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2008. The BCTR provides the most detailed information on severe injuries throughout the province of BC. There are 12 trauma-receiving facilities in BC from which BCTR collects data.

RESULTS

A total of 162 patients with eye injuries were registered in BCTR during the data collection period. The highest number of injuries occurred in the 15-19 age group, followed by 10-14 and 5-9 age groups. Seventy-one point six percent of all patients were male. The mean age for all patients was 12.9 (SD = 5.8) years. Vehicular crash was by far the most common mechanism of injury among all patients (42.0%) followed by blunt injury (14.2%) and cuts (12.3%). The child and adolescent eye injury data set we used for our study indicated that there were in total, 50 patients that were tested for alcohol and drug use. The majority of them were 15-19 years of age (n = 38). Among the tested eye injury patients in the 15-19 age group, 47% (18/38) tested positive for alcohol. There were approximately 30 cases of physical fighting (assault) and fighting-related injury among adolescents. Some injuries were caused by use of fire arms and knife during the assaults. Out of all patients, 62 (38%) were seen by an Ophthalmologist on admission, whereas 100 (62%) patients were not seen by an eye specialist on admission. The most common injury diagnosis among the patients not consulted by ophthalmologist was conjunctiva injury (53%), whereas almost 9 out of 10 patients with ophthalmological consultation had laceration of cornea injury diagnoses. Using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)-based classification of brain injury severity, 3.7% of all patients were classified with severe brain injury (GCS ≤ 8), while more than 64% had diagnosed with a mild brain injury (GCS ≥ 13).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that most child and adolescent eye injuries in BC occur at street/highway locations followed by incidents at home. Vehicular crash was by far the most common mechanism of injury among all patients (42%). Sixty-four point two percent of child and adolescent eye injury patients also had mild brain injuries. Further, the child and adolescent eye injury data set we used for our study indicated that there were in total, 50 patients tested for alcohol and drug use. There is an urgent need for a child and adolescent eye injury prevention plan in our province.

Multifocal granulomata in presumed Toxocara canis infection in adult

Human infection of Toxocara canis in eye is usually an outcome of accidental ingestion of the embryonated eggs. The average age at diagnosis of ocular Toxocariasis is 7.5 years, ranging from 2 to 31 years. It constitutes 1%-2% of uveitis in children. Diagnosis is based upon the clinical features observed in a young patient and confirmed by the presence of specific IgG in the serum or aqueous humor by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. We report a case of Presumed Toxocara infection in 45-year-old male which is unique in presentation with multifocal granulomata in retina. Our PubMed search could not produce case with similar presentation. Probably this is the first reported case of multifocal granulomata in presumed ocular Toxocara in any age group

Approved pharmacotherapy for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: A review of randomized controlled trials in dexamethasone implants, ranibizumab, and aflibercept

There are three approved pharmacotherapies for treating macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), including corticosteroids (dexamethasone implants) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (ranibizumab and aflibercept). They all show superior ability to improve vision and reduce macular thickness, comparing with sham injections or macular grid laser treatment. There is no severe ocular or systemic adverse reaction reported in studies associated with anti-VEGF for macular edema after BRVO. Intraocular pressure elevation and cataract aggravation should be addressed after intravitreal dexamethasone implants. Single intravitreal dexamethasone implant had effective duration as long as four to six months. Intravitreal anti-VEGF requires six monthly injections as loading doses, and then PRN regimen needed according to functional and anatomical changes. Ozurdex and ranibizumab reduce not only macular edema, but also the probability of retinal ischemia and neovascularization in patient s with BRVO. Prompt treatment with these agents can lead to a better outcome.

Recent advances in management of retinoblastoma: A review

The management of retinoblastoma has evolved significantly over recent years. Current treatment options aim to preserve the globe as well as vision with minimum morbidity. High resolution imaging has improved tumor detection and is useful for prognosticating cases and monitoring response to treatment. Targeted chemotherapy such as intra-arterial and intra-vitreal chemotherapy has shown promising results and these routes are being increasingly employed world-wide for globe preservation. The advent of new radiotherapy techniques has led to improved radiation delivery to the target and more conformal treatment plans with better normal tissue sparing. This review aims to highlight newer advancements in the field of diagnosis and management of retinoblastoma that have been introduced in recent times, with a special emphasis on globe-preserving therapy.

Diabetic macular edema: Efficacy and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the prominent causes of vision impairment in the working-age population in industrialized countries and is related to 1%-5% of cases of blindness in the world. Among patients with diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema (DME) is the major reason of vision impairment and represents a significant public health problem. Previous studies demonstrated the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in diabetic retinopathy and DME pathogenesis, and also revealed the efficacy of anti-VEGF agents for the management of these disorders. This review summarizes the outcomes of clinical studies that evaluated the anti-VEGF therapy including pegaptanib, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept for the management of DME. A significant number of clinical trials indicated favorable functional and anatomical results of anti-VEGF therapy for DME. Therefore, these agents should be considered an option in the treatment of DME in routine clinical practice.

Series of cataract surgeries with I-ring pupil expansion ring

BACKGROUND

The retrospective review of I-ring pupil expansion ring use is designed to examine the patient characteristics and associated surgical challenges in a clinical practice. The hypothesis is that I-ring provides a necessary additive tool in dealing with challenging cataract surgeries with small pupils.

AIM

To document the safety profile and use of I-ring pupil expansion ring in a clinical practice.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of 12 consecutive cases within the same year (2016) of cataract surgeries employing I-ring pupil expansion ring (Beaver-Visitec, International) by a single surgeon at the same ambulatory surgical center was conducted. Demographic, pre-op, intra-op, and post-op data were recorded. Total number of cataract cases performed was also recorded.

RESULTS

8 of 12 cases were planned I-ring cases. 1 case was decided intraoperatively when femtosecond laser caused the pupil to shrink. The other 3 cases were also decided upon intraoperatively when pupil was deemed to be small. 7 patients had IFIS from Flomax use. 2 patients had pseudoexfoliation syndrome as the cause of small pupil. 2 patients had narrow angles with brunescent cataracts. 2 patients had pre-op partial zonular dehiscence. 1 patient had 360^o of posterior synechiae. 2 cases had ruptured posterior capsule that required anterior vitrectomy. No complications were attributed to the pupil expansion ring. A total of 296 cataract surgeries were performed that year by the surgeon, making the rate of pupil ring use 4.1%.

CONCLUSION

Small pupil requiring pupil expansion ring during cataract surgery is often associated with other challenges, such as brunescent cataract, zonular weakness, and posterior synechiae in this series. I-ring helped to reduce at least one challenge in these difficult cases.

Melatonin and derivatives as promising tools for glaucoma treatment

Neurohormones melatonin and its analogues are present with an important physiological and pharmacological ability to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP); thus, they are suitable for the treatment of ocular hypertension often associated with glaucoma. It is demonstrated that two of its analogues, 5-MCA-NAT and IIK7, are more effective than melatonin to reduce IOP for a longer period of time. The research for the discovery of better compounds resulted in the development of newer and improved analogues compared to 5-MCA-NAT and IIK7. Furthermore, already commercially available drugs currently used as treatment for other pathologies, presenting a resemblance to the melatonin structure, are being tested as potential glaucoma drugs. In this sense, agomelatine, which is already used as an anti-depressant medicine, is recognized as a worthy candidate since it reduces IOP, even under hypertensive conditions. To sum up, the use of melatonin and its analogues as promising anti-glaucomatous substances is of great importance and should be given serious consideration.

Changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma after deep sclerectomy

AIM: To assess changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and visual field (VF) in patients with glaucoma after reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP).

METHODS: Thirty-five consecutive patients with bilateral high tension glaucoma were included in the study. Thirty-five eyes underwent monocular deep sclerectomy (surgery group) and the medically treated fellow eyes served as controls (control group). Quantitative analyses of the peripapillary RNFL thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and global VF indices by automated perimetry were performed before surgery and six months after surgery in both eyes. The changes in RNFL thickness overall and by quadrant were evaluated and studied with respect to age, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), preoperative global VF indices, postoperative IOP changes, and postoperative changes in global VF indices. Changes observed in RNFL thickness and VF indices were compared between eyes after surgery and fellow eyes.

RESULTS: Six months after surgery, the overall IOP decreased from a baseline mean of 24.5 ± 3.2 mmHg to 11.5 ± 2.7 mmHg (P < 0.001) at the time of OCT testing. A significant increase in the overall mean RNFL thickness was observed after surgery (P < 0.001). The preoperative VF mean deviation was significantly correlated with a postoperative increase in the RNFL thickness (P < 0.075). No correlation was found between RNFL thickness changes and age, BCVA, or changes in the global VF indices. There was no significant difference between eyes with an IOP reduction of more than 50% and those with a reduction in IOP less than 30% (P = 0.312).

CONCLUSION: A significant increase in the peripapillary RNFL thickness was associated with IOP reduction by glaucoma filtration surgery as measured by OCT.

Optimal screening interval for intraocular pressure measurement for Asian glaucoma patients

AIM: To explore the optimal interval of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement for screening glaucoma in healthy people.

METHODS: From January to December 2005, we consecutively enrolled all participants (> 20 years old) attending the Center for Preventive Medicine at St. Luke’s International Hospital in Tokyo, Japan, for the annual health check program. The program promoted the early detection of chronic diseases and their risk factors. We excluded people who had glaucoma or a high IOP (≥ 22 mmHg) at baseline. The annual health check-ups collected all demographic information and medical history with an initial evaluation, including IOP measurement. IOP was measured in both eyes with a full auto-tonometer TX-F (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Participants with an IOP ≥ 22 mmHg in either eye were considered to require additional evaluation for glaucoma. We divided the participants into two groups based on age: under 65 years old and over 65 years old. The United States Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services guideline was used as a reference.

RESULTS: From January 2005 to July 2008, 12 385 participants underwent check-ups each year. The mean ± SD IOP in the higher eye at baseline was 13.4 (2.6) in 2005, 13.2 (2.7) in 2006, 13.3 (2.6), and 12.8 (2.6) in 2008. In addition, we analyzed the differences with an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and additional analysis was performed with Bonferroni’s correction. The difference between the 4 years was significant (P < 0.01) with ANOVA. Bonferroni analysis revealed significant differences between 2005 and 2006 (P < 0.01), 2005 and 2008 (P < 0.01), 2006 and 2007 (P < 0.01), 2006 and 2008 (P < 0.01), and 2007 and 2008 (P < 0.01). Only the difference between 2005 and 2007 was not significant (P = 0.1). Logistic regression suggested that only age (P < 0.01) and baseline IOP (P < 0.01) were associated with high IOP; the presence of diabetes, HgbA1c level, gender, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein and family history were non-significant.

CONCLUSION: Annual IOP check-ups may be recommended for participants aged ≥ 65 years with baseline IOPs of 17-21 mmHg. A check-up every 3 years or more may be recommended for patients with IOPs < 17 mmHg.