Improvement of model simulation for summer PM2.5 and O3 through coupling with two new potential HONO sources in the North China Plain

A large fraction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) in the troposphere originates from secondary formation through photochemical processes, which remarkably contributes to the deterioration of regional air quality in China. The photochemical reactions initiated by hydroxyl radicals (OH) play vital roles in secondary PM2.5 and O3 formation. In contrast, the OH levels in polluted areas are underestimated by current chemical transport models (CTMs) because of the strongly unknown daytime sources of tropospheric nitric acid (HONO), which has been recognized as the dominant source of primary OH in polluted areas of China. In this study, the atmospheric HONO levels at two urban sites were found to be significantly underestimated by the WRF-Chem model based on available information on HONO sources. The HONO levels could be well reproduced by the WRF-Chem model after incorporating two new potential HONO sources from the photochemical reactions of NOx, as proposed in our previous study based on chamber experiment results. Comparing the simulations with available information of HONO sources, the simulated levels of atmospheric OH, secondary inorganic and organic aerosols (SIA and SOA), PM2.5 and daily maximum 8-h average (MDA8) O3 were evidently elevated or were closer to the observations over the North China Plain (NCP), with elevation percentages of 0.48-20.1 %, and a decrement percentage of -5.79 % for pNO3-. Additionally, the compensating errors in modeling PM2.5 and the gap in MDA8 O3 levels between observation and simulation in 2 + 26 cities became evidently smaller. The results of this study indicated that the empirical parameterization of two new potential HONO sources through photochemical reactions of NOx improved the model performance in modeling PM2.5 and O3 by narrowing the gap in daytime HONO levels between simulation and observation, although their detailed chemical mechanisms are still unknown and should be further investigated and explicitly parameterized.

Differences in PCV13 Recommendation Practices between Pediatric Care Providers and Primary Care Providers in China: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Behavior and Social Drivers

Objectives: This study examines the recommendation behaviors and influencing factors for the 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) among 3579 Chinese healthcare workers (HCWs), including 1775 pediatric care providers (Peds-PCPs) and 1804 primary care providers (PCPs). Data were collected from May to July 2023 through a national cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire, distributed across hospitals providing pediatric services in five provincial-level administrative divisions. Methods: The sociodemographic data, vaccine knowledge, and recommendation practices were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test, Wilcoxson rank-sum test, and multivariate logistic regression. Results show that while PCPs are more likely to recommend PCV13, vaccine hesitancy persists among Peds-PCPs. Logistic regression revealed that higher influenza vaccination intention, salary, vaccine consultation frequency, familiarity with immunization, work ethic, and flexible schedules positively impacted HCWs' recommendation behavior. Results: Factors influencing Peds-PCPs' recommendations include vaccine training (OR: 1.470, CI: 1.049-2.509), safety recognition (OR: 1.986, CI: 1.163-3.391), concern over rejection (OR = 1.274, CI: 1.076-1.508) and vaccine cost (OR = 1.203, CI: 1.023-1.414). For PCPs, influencing factors were the perceived susceptibility of children to pneumonia (OR = 2.185, CI: 1.074-4.445), acceptance of herd immunity (OR: 1.717, CI: 1.101-2.677), and belief that parents with better family conditions are more likely to accept vaccine recommendations (OR = 1.229, CI: 1.024-1.477). Conclusion: This survey underscores the need for tailored interventions to address differing perceptions and enhance confidence in the safety and efficacy of vaccines among HCWs, particularly Peds-PCPs.

Accurately Predicting Spatiotemporal Variations of Near-Surface Nitrous Acid (HONO) Based on a Deep Learning Approach

Gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) is identified as a critical precursor of hydroxyl radicals (OH), influencing atmospheric oxidation capacity and the formation of secondary pollutants. However, large uncertainties persist regarding its formation and elimination mechanisms, impeding accurate simulation of HONO levels using chemical models. In this study, a deep neural network (DNN) model was established based on routine air quality data (O3, NO2, CO, and PM2.5) and meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, solar zenith angle, and season) collected from four typical megacity clusters in China. The model exhibited robust performance on both the train sets [slope = 1.0, r2 = 0.94, root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.29 ppbv] and two independent test sets (slope = 1.0, r2 = 0.79, and RMSE = 0.39 ppbv), demonstrated excellent capability in reproducing the spatiotemporal variations of HONO, and outperformed an observation-constrained box model incorporated with newly proposed HONO formation mechanisms. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was identified as the most impactful features for HONO prediction using the SHapely Additive exPlanation (SHAP) approach, highlighting the importance of NO2 conversion in HONO formation. The DNN model was further employed to predict the future change of HONO levels in different NOx abatement scenarios, which is expected to decrease 27-44% in summer as the result of 30-50% NOx reduction. These results suggest a dual effect brought by abatement of NOx emissions, leading to not only reduction of O3 and nitrate precursors but also decrease in HONO levels and hence primary radical production rates (PROx). In summary, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using deep learning approach to predict HONO concentrations, offering a promising supplement to traditional chemical models. Additionally, stringent NOx abatement would be beneficial for collaborative alleviation of O3 and secondary PM2.5.

Histological evaluation of cardiac remodelling in equine athletes

Approximately 1-2 per 100,000 young athletes die from sudden cardiac death (SCD) and extreme exercise may be associated with myocardial scar and arrhythmias. Racehorses have a high prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and SCD but the presence of myocardial scar and inflammation has not been evaluated. Cardiac tissues from the left (LAA) and right (RAA) atrial appendages, left ventricular anterior (LVAPM) and posterior (LVPPM) papillary muscles, and right side of the interventricular septum (IVS-R) were harvested from racehorses with sudden cardiac death (SCD, n = 16) or other fatal injuries (OFI, n = 17), constituting the athletic group (ATH, n = 33), and compared to sedentary horses (SED, n = 10). Horses in the ATH group had myocyte hypertrophy at all sites; increased fibrosis at all sites other than the LAA; increased fibroblast infiltration but a reduction in the overall extracellular matrix (ECM) volume in the RAA, LVAPM, and IVS-R compared to SED horses. In this horse model, athletic conditioning was associated with myocyte hypertrophy and a reduction in ECM. There was an excess of fibrocyte infiltration and focal fibrosis that was not present in non-athletic horses, raising the possibility of an exercise-induced pro-fibrotic substrate.

Radical chemistry and VOCs-NOx-O3-nitrate sensitivity in the polluted atmosphere of a suburban site in the North China Plain

In this study, the chemical mechanisms of O3 and nitrate formation as well as the control strategy were investigated based on extensive observations in Tai'an city in the NCP and an observation-constrained box model. The results showed that O3 pollution was severe with the maximum hourly O3 concentration reaching 150 ppb. Higher O3 concentration was typically accompanied by higher PM2.5 concentrations, which could be ascribed to the common precursors of VOCs and NOx. The modeled averaged peak concentrations of OH, HO2, and RO2 were relatively higher compared to previous observations, indicating strong atmospheric oxidation capacity in the study area. The ROx production rate increased from 2.8 ppb h-1 to 5 ppb h-1 from the clean case to the heavily polluted case and was dominated by HONO photolysis, followed by HCHO photolysis. The contribution of radical-self combination to radical termination gradually exceeded NO2 + OH from clean to polluted cases, indicating that O3 formation shifted to a more NOx-limited regime. The O3 production rate increased from 14 ppb h-1 to 22 ppb h-1 from clean to heavily polluted cases. The relative incremental reactivity (RIR) results showed that VOCs and NOx had comparable RIR values during most days, which suggested that decreasing VOCs or NOx was both effective in alleviating O3 pollution. In addition, HCHO, with the largest RIR value, made important contribution to O3 production. The Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach (EKMA) revealed that synergistic control of O3 and nitrate can be achieved by decreasing both NOx and VOCs emissions (e.g., alkenes) with the ratio of 3:1. This study emphasized the importance of NOx abatement for the synergistic control of O3 and nitrate pollution in the Tai'an area as the sustained emissions control has shifted the O3 and nitrate formation to a more NOx-limited regime.

Reducing Soil-Emitted Nitrous Acid as a Feasible Strategy for Tackling Ozone Pollution

Severe ozone (O3) pollution has been a major air quality issue and affects environmental sustainability in China. Conventional mitigation strategies focusing on reducing volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides (NOx) remain complex and challenging. Here, through field flux measurements and laboratory simulations, we observe substantial nitrous acid (HONO) emissions (FHONO) enhanced by nitrogen fertilizer application at an agricultural site. The observed FHONO significantly improves model performance in predicting atmospheric HONO and leads to regional O3 increases by 37%. We also demonstrate the significant potential of nitrification inhibitors in reducing emissions of reactive nitrogen, including HONO and NOx, by as much as 90%, as well as greenhouse gases like nitrous oxide by up to 60%. Our findings introduce a feasible concept for mitigating O3 pollution: reducing soil HONO emissions. Hence, this study has important implications for policy decisions related to the control of O3 pollution and climate change.

Positively Charged Amino Acid-Modulated Interfacial Chemistry and Deposition Textures for Highly Reversible Zinc Anodes

Interfacial active water molecule-induced parasitic reactions and stochastic Zn2+ transport-caused dendrite issue significantly impede the implementation of aqueous Zn-ion batteries. Herein, three positively charged amino acids, namely arginine, histidine, and lysine, were utilized as adsorption-type electrolyte additives to enhance the stability and reversibility of Zn anodes. Combined theoretical and experimental analyses verified that these amino acid cations can synergistically modulate the interfacial microenvironment and promote orientational Zn deposition. The adsorbed amino acid cations reconfigured the interfacial electric double layer structure, forming SO42-- and H2O-poor interfaces, thereby retarding hydrogen evolution and corrosion side reactions. Simultaneously, the preferential adsorption of the amino acid cations at specific facets induced crystallographic orientational Zn deposition along unterminated facets. Three deposition architectures, namely planar texture, subvertical alignment, and vertical erection, were obtained, all effectively inhibiting dendrite formation. Consequently, symmetric cells with the three amino acid cations exhibited high stripping/plating reversibility of over 2000 cycles at 5 mA cm-2. Moreover, MnO2-based full cells exhibited markedly improved stabilities compared with their additive-free counterparts.

HIF-1α signaling: Essential roles in tumorigenesis and implications in targeted therapies

The hypoxic microenvironment is an essential characteristic of most malignant tumors. Notably, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is a key regulatory factor of cellular adaptation to hypoxia, and many critical pathways are correlated with the biological activity of organisms via HIF-1α. In the intra-tumoral hypoxic environment, HIF-1α is highly expressed and contributes to the malignant progression of tumors, which in turn results in a poor prognosis in patients. Recently, it has been indicated that HIF-1α involves in various critical processes of life events and tumor development via regulating the expression of HIF-1α target genes, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, immune response, therapeutic resistance, etc. Apart from solid tumors, accumulating evidence has revealed that HIF-1α is also closely associated with the development and progression of hematological malignancies, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Targeted inhibition of HIF-1α can facilitate an increased sensitivity of patients with malignancies to relevant therapeutic agents. In the review, we elaborated on the basic structure and biological functions of HIF-1α and summarized their current role in various malignancies. It is expected that they will have future potential for targeted therapy.

Engineered hydrochar from waste reed straw for peroxymonosulfate activation to degrade quinclorac and improve solanaceae plants growth

Hydrochar from agricultural wastes is regarded as a prospective and low-cost material to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degrading pollutants. Herein, a novel in-situ N-doped hydrochar composite (RHCM4) was synthesized using montmorillonite and waste reed straw rich in nitrogen as pyrolysis catalyst and carbon source, respectively. The fabricated RHCM4 possessed excellent PMS activation performance for decomposing quinclorac (QC), a refractory herbicide, with a high removal efficiency of 100.0% and mineralization efficiency of 75.1%. The quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) detection disclosed free radicals (•OH, •SO4-, and •O2-) and non-radicals (1O2) took part in the QC degradation process. Additionally, the catalytic mechanisms were analyzed in depth with the aid of various characterizations. Moreover, the QC degradation intermediates and pathways were clarified by density functional theory calculations and HPLC-MS. Importantly, phytotoxicity experiments showed that RHCM4/PMS could efficaciously mitigate the injury of QC to Solanaceae crops (pepper, tomato, and tobacco). These findings give a new idea for enhancing the catalytic activity of hydrochar from agricultural wastes and broaden its application in the field of agricultural environment.

Influencing factors of two-way social support for the old adults in China: A cross-sectional study

This study aims to investigate the status and influencing factors of two-way social support among old adults. A cross-sectional study of 408 convenient samples of old adults was conducted using socio-demographic questionnaire, Brief 2-Way Social Support Scale, Modified Barthel index, General Well-being Schedule, Family APGAR Index, and Lubben Social Network Scale 6. The two-way social support score for old adults in China was (43.74±7.86), with the receiving and giving social support scoring (22.80±4.06) and (20.94±4.52), respectively. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that family care, residence place, socioeconomic status, and social network were associated with both receiving and giving social support. Chronic diseases and religious beliefs were related to receiving social support, while gender, general well-being, and residence form were related to giving social support. Tailored interventions based on the distinct influencing factors are needed to enhance old adults' social support both as recipients and providers.

Suppresses of LIM kinase 2 promotes radiosensitivity in radioresistant non-small cell lung cancer cells

Radiation resistance has always been one of the main obstacles to tumor radiotherapy. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying radiotherapy resistance is a focus of research. In this study, we induced two radiation-resistant cell lines to mimic the radiation resistance of NSCLC and investigated the mechanisms of radiotherapy resistance. Cell radiosensitivity was analyzed by single-cell gel electrophoresis, colony formation and tumor sphere formation assays. A wound healing assay was used to analyze cell migration. Western blotting and siRNA were used to identify the potential mechanism. In animal model experiments, xenograft tumors were used to verify the difference between radiotherapy-resistant and nonresistant NSCLC models after radiotherapy. Our results showed that NSCLC radiation-resistant cells exhibited more radioresistance and migratory abilities under low-dose irradiation. The expression of LIMK2 and p-CFL1 were upregulated in NSCLC radiation-resistant cells. Knockdown of LIMK2 significantly enhanced the radiosensitivity of NSCLC-resistant cells. In vivo, low-dose radiotherapy suppressed tumor growth, induced apoptosis and upregulated the expression of LIMK2 in xenograft tumors. However, radiotherapy had little effect on the NSCLC radiation resistance model. In conclusion, NSCLC radiation-resistant cells exhibit more radioresistance and migratory ability under low-dose irradiation. Strikingly, knockdown of LIMK2 enhanced the radiosensitivity of NSCLC-resistant cells.

[Analysis of short-term efficacy of perioperative fecal microbiota transplantation combined with nutritional support in patients with radiation-induced enteritis complicated by intestinal obstruction]

Objective: To explore the short-term efficacy of perioperative fecal microbiota transplantation combined with nutritional support in patients with radiation-induced enteritis complicated by intestinal obstruction. Methods: The cohort of this prospective cohort study comprised 45 patients (nine men and 36 women) with radiation-induced enteritis complicated by intestinal obstruction admitted to Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University from January 2022 to October 2022. The median age was 53 (42-65) years. Thirty-five of the patients had gynecological tumors and 10 colorectal malignancies. The patients were randomly allocated to a fecal microbiota transplantation group of 20 patients who underwent fecal microbiota transplantation starting 2 weeks before surgery for 6 days, in addition to receiving conventional perioperative treatment, and a conventional treatment group of 25 patients who only received nutritional support during the perioperative period. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics (sex, age, preoperative nutritional indices, and surgical procedure) between the two groups (all P>0.05). Postoperative recovery (time to passing flatus or a bowel movement, length of stay) and complications were compared between the two groups. Postoperative complications within 30 days after surgery classified in accordance with the international Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications (I-V) were statistically analyzed. Improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms, namely abdominal pain, distension, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding) and gastrointestinal quality of life scores (which include 36 problems rated 0-144 points related to physical, psychological, social activities and family life; the lower the score, the more severe the symptoms) were compared between the two groups. Nutritional recovery was assessed by body mass, body mass index, total protein, albumin, prealbumin, and hemoglobin. Results: Compared with the conventional treatment group, the postoperative hospital stay was shorter in the fecal microbiota transplantation group (8.0±4.3 days vs. 11.2±5.4 days, t=2.157, P=0.037) and the time to passage of flatus or having a bowel movement was earlier (2.2±3.2 days vs. 3.9±2.3 days, t=2.072, P=0.044). There were 26 postoperative complications in the fecal microbiota transplantation group and 59 in the conventional treatment group. There were 20 and 36 Grade I to II complications and no and three Grade III to V complications in the transplantation and conventional treatment group, respectively. The overall grade of complication did not differ significantly between the two groups (P=0.544). However, the incidence of postoperative intestinal inflammatory obstruction was lower in the fecal microbiota transplantation than the conventional treatment group (10.0% [2/20] vs. 40.0% [10/25], P=0.040). One patient in the conventional treatment group died. This patient had complete intestinal obstruction complicated by severe malnutrition preoperatively, and an intestinal fistula complicated by abdominal infection postoperatively, and died despite active treatment. Nineteen and 23 patients in the transplantation and conventional treatment group, respectively, attended for follow-up 1 month after surgery; 19 and 21, respectively, attended for follow-up 3 months after surgery, and 17 and 20, respectively, attended for follow-up 6 months after surgery. There were no significant differences between the two groups in abdominal pain or rectal bleeding 1, 3, or 6 months after surgery (all P>0.05). One month after surgery, the incidence of abdominal distension and diarrhea was lower in the fecal microbiota transplantation than in the conventional treatment group (3/19 vs. 48.0% [11/23], P=0.048; 3/19 vs. 52.2% [12/23], P=0.023). However, at the 3 and 6 month follow-ups the incidence of abdominal distension and diarrhea had gradually decreased in both groups and the differences between the groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05 for all). Scores for gastrointestinal quality of life improved significantly in both treatment groups compared with preoperative values (F=71.250, P<0.001; F=79.130, P<0.001, respectively). Scores for gastrointestinal quality of life were higher in the fecal microbiota transplantation than the conventional treatment group at all follow-up time points (P<0.05). One-way ANOVA showed that body mass, body mass index, and total protein, albumin and hemoglobin concentrations improved in both groups compared with preoperative values (all P<0.05). Prealbumin concentration improved significantly in the transplantation (F=5.514, P=0.002), but not in the conventional, group (F=1.535, P=0.211). The improvements in body mass, body mass index, total protein, and albumin were better in the fecal microbiota transplantation than conventional treatment group at 3 and 6 months of follow-up (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Perioperative fecal microbiota transplantation combined with nutritional support is effective in improving early postoperative nutritional status and quality of life in patients with radiation-induced enteritis complicated by intestinal obstruction.

Increased ascorbic acid synthesis by overexpression of AcGGP3 ameliorates copper toxicity in kiwifruit

The widespread application of copper (Cu) -based fertilizers and pesticides could increase the accumulation of Cu in kiwifruit. According to a global survey, red- and yellow-fleshed kiwifruit contained more elevated amounts of Cu than green-fleshed kiwifruit due to weaker disease resistance and higher use of Cu pesticides. Intriguingly, our research revealed that external and endogenous ascorbic acid (AsA) reduced the phenotypic and physiological injury of Cu toxicity in kiwifruit. Cu stress assays and transcriptional analysis have shown that Cu treatment for 12 h significantly increased the AsA content in kiwifruit leaves and up-regulated key genes involved in AsA biosynthesis, such as GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase3 (GGP3) and GDP-mannose-3',5'-epimerase (GME). Overexpressing GGP3 in transgenic kiwifruit significantly increased the endogenous AsA content of kiwifruit, which was beneficial in mitigating Cu toxicity by decreasing levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage, as well as reducing damage to the chloroplast structure and photosystem II. This study presented a novel strategy to ameliorate plant Cu stress by increasing the endogenous antioxidant (AsA) content through transgenesis.

A live-cell image-based machine learning strategy for reducing variability in PSC differentiation systems

The differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into diverse functional cell types provides a promising solution to support drug discovery, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. However, functional cell differentiation is currently limited by the substantial line-to-line and batch-to-batch variabilities, which severely impede the progress of scientific research and the manufacturing of cell products. For instance, PSC-to-cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation is vulnerable to inappropriate doses of CHIR99021 (CHIR) that are applied in the initial stage of mesoderm differentiation. Here, by harnessing live-cell bright-field imaging and machine learning (ML), we realize real-time cell recognition in the entire differentiation process, e.g., CMs, cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), PSC clones, and even misdifferentiated cells. This enables non-invasive prediction of differentiation efficiency, purification of ML-recognized CMs and CPCs for reducing cell contamination, early assessment of the CHIR dose for correcting the misdifferentiation trajectory, and evaluation of initial PSC colonies for controlling the start point of differentiation, all of which provide a more invulnerable differentiation method with resistance to variability. Moreover, with the established ML models as a readout for the chemical screen, we identify a CDK8 inhibitor that can further improve the cell resistance to the overdose of CHIR. Together, this study indicates that artificial intelligence is able to guide and iteratively optimize PSC differentiation to achieve consistently high efficiency across cell lines and batches, providing a better understanding and rational modulation of the differentiation process for functional cell manufacturing in biomedical applications.

Aging of pollution air parcels acts as the dominant source for nocturnal HONO

Atmospheric HONO acts as a major source for OH radicals in polluted areas, playing an important role in formation of secondary pollutants. However, the atmospheric HONO sources remain unclear. Here we propose that the heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ on aerosols during aging processes acts as the dominant source for nocturnal HONO. Based on the nocturnal variations of HONO and related species in Tai'an city of China, we firstly developed new method to estimate the localized HONO dry deposition velocity (v(HONO)). The estimated v(HONO) of 0-0.077 m/s was in a good agreement with the reported ranges. Additionally, we set up a parametrization to reflect the HONO formation from the aged air parcels based on the variation of HONO/NO₂ ratio. The detailed variation of nocturnal HONO could be well reproduced by a complete budget calculation coupled with above parameterizations, with the difference between the observed and calculated HONO levels being <5 %. The results also revealed the average contribution of HONO formation from aged air parcels to atmospheric HONO could achieve to be ~63 % in average.

BP‑1‑102 exerts antitumor effects on T‑cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by suppressing the JAK2/STAT3/c‑Myc signaling pathway

Drug resistance and relapse of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) remain significant concerns for physicians; hence, the development and screening of effective targeted drugs remain important. Considering that STAT3 is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for T-ALL, T-ALL cell lines (MOLT-4 and CUTLL1) were treated with BP-1-102, a small-molecule inhibitor that blocks STAT3 phosphorylation. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and colony formation assay results showed that BP-1-102 inhibited T-ALL cell proliferation and colony formation. Flow cytometry and morphological results demonstrated that BP-1-102 dramatically induced apoptosis and caused cell cycle arrest at the G₀/G₁ phase in T-ALL cell lines. Western blotting results indicated that BP-1-102 suppressed the JAK2/STAT3/c-Myc pathway activity in T-ALL cell lines. In conclusion, BP-1-102 suppressed the JAK2/STAT3/c-Myc signaling pathway in T-ALL cells and exerted various antitumor effects, representing a promising targeted antitumor inhibitor.

Atmospheric ammonia in the rural North China Plain during wintertime: Variations, sources, and implications for HONO heterogeneous formation

Atmospheric ammonia (NH₃) plays an important role in secondary inorganic aerosol formation. Understanding the temporal variations, sources, and environmental influences of NH₃ is conducive to better formulate PM_2.5 pollution control strategies for policy-makers. Here, we performed a comprehensive field campaign with the measurements of NH₃ and related parameters at a rural site of the North China Plain (NCP) in winter of 2017. The results showed that residential coal combustion contributed dominantly to NH₃ during the entire observation period, resulting in the obviously high average concentration of NH₃ (31.2 ± 24.6 ppbv). The sensitivity tests of pH-NH_x during the three different pollution periods suggested that the rural site was always in the NH_x-rich atmosphere where high levels of NH_x increased the particle pH inefficiently. Nevertheless, the particle pH still elevated by 1.5-2.2 units at the excessive NH_x levels during the three pollution periods. In addition, the HONO/NO₂ ratios were found to correlate linearly with NH₃ concentrations, implying the acceleration effect of NH₃ on HONO production from NO₂ heterogeneous reactions. After considering the NH₃-enhanced uptake coefficient of NO₂ in the nocturnal HONO budget, the unknown source of HONO could be fully explained. Therefore, more attentions should be given for effective emission control of NH₃ to improve air quality throughout the NCP, especially in the rural areas.

[Genetic variations in four geographical isolates of Gohieria fusca based on cytochrome b and internal transcribed spacer genes]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of different geographical isolates of Gohieria fusca.

METHODS

G. fusca isolates were sampled from Wuhu (WH), Bengbu (BB) and Bozhou cities (BZ) of Anhui Province and Jiaxing City of Zhejiang Province (JX). Mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genes were amplified in WH, BB, BZ and JX isolates of G. fusca using PCR assay. The gene sequences were edited and aligned using the software Chromas 2 and DNASTAR 1.00, and the haplotype, haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide polymorphism (Pi) of each isolate were calculated using the software DnaSP 5.10.00. The genetic differentiation among isolates (F_st) and gene flow value (N_m) were estimated using the software MEGA 10.2, and a phylogenetic tree was built. Tests of neutrality and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were performed using the software Arlequin 3.1 and a haplotype network was built based on the Median-Joining network using the software Network 10.2.

RESULTS

PCR assay showed that the sizes of the Cytb and ITS genes were 372 bp and 1 301 to 1 320 bp, respectively. All four isolates of G. fusca presented high genetic diversity based on mitochondrial Cytb and ITS genes (Hd = 0.804, Pi = 0.006 91). AMOVA showed genetic differentiation among geographical isolates of G. fusca (F_st = 0.202 40, P < 0.05), and the genetic variation was mainly caused by intra-population variations (79.76%). Gene flow analysis showed a high level of gene flow among G. fusca isolates (N_m > 1). Tests of neutrality based on Cytb gene measured a Tajima's D value of -1.796 31 (P < 0.05) and a Fu's FS value of -3.293 98 (P < 0.05) in WH isolate of G. fusca, indicating population expansion in WH isolate of G. fusca. Haplotype network analysis and phylogenetic analysis revealed no remarkable geographical distribution pattern among different geographical isolates of G. fusca. All four isolates of G. fusca presented high genetic diversity (Hd = 0.985, Pi = 0.011 97). AMOVA showed moderate level of genetic differentiation between four isolates (F_st = 0.104 62, P < 0.05). The tests of neutrality based on ITS genes measured a Tajima's D value of -6.088 20 and a Fu's FS value of -1.935 99 (both P > 0.05) in the whole isolate of G. fusca, indicating no obviously population expansion.

CONCLUSIONS

The four geographical isolates of G. fusca have high genetic diversity and remarkable genetic differentiation. Since a high level of gene flow is detected among different geographical isolates of G. fusca, no obvious geographical distribution pattern of G. fusca is found.

The Lack of HONO Measurement May Affect the Accurate Diagnosis of Ozone Production Sensitivity

Recently, deteriorating ozone (O₃) pollution in China brought the precise diagnosis of O₃ sensitive chemistry to the forefront. As a dominant precursor of OH radicals, atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) plays an important role in O₃ production. However, its measurement unavailability in many regions especially for second- and third-tier cities may lead to the misjudgment of the O₃ sensitivity regime derived from observation-based models. Here, we systematically assess the potential impact of HONO on diagnosing the sensitivity of O₃ production using a 0-dimension box model based on a comprehensive summer urban field campaign. The results indicated that the default mode (only the NO + OH reaction is included) in the model could underestimate ∼87% of observed HONO levels, leading to an obvious decrease (∼19%) of net O₃ production in the morning, which was in line with the previous studies. The unconstrained HONO in the model was found to significantly push O₃ production toward the VOC-sensitive regime. Additionally, it is unrealistic to change NO _x but constrain HONO in the model due to the dependence of HONO formation on NO _x . Assuming that HONO varied proportionally with NO _x , a stronger NO _x -sensitive condition could be achieved. Therefore, effective reduction of NO _x should be given more attention together with VOC emission control for O₃ mitigation.

A critical review of sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during winter polluted periods

Sulfate aerosol contributes to particulate matter pollution and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing, impacting human health and climate change. Atmospheric models tend to substantially underestimate sulfate concentrations during haze episodes, indicating that there are still missing mechanisms not considered by the models. Despite recent good progress in understanding the missing sulfate sources, knowledge on different sulfate formation pathways during polluted periods still involves large uncertainties and the dominant mechanism is under heated debate, calling for more field, laboratory, and modeling work. Here, we review the traditional sulfate formation mechanisms in cloud water and also discuss the potential factors affecting multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation. Then recent progress in multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation mechanisms is summarized. Sulfate formation rates by different prevailing oxidation pathways under typical winter-haze conditions are also calculated and compared. Based on the literature reviewed, we put forward control of the atmospheric oxidation capacity as a means to abate sulfate aerosol pollution. Finally, we conclude with a concise set of research priorities for improving our understanding of sulfate formation mechanisms during polluted periods.

Strong impacts of biomass burning, nitrogen fertilization, and fine particles on gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry as an indicator of the atmospheric oxidizing capacity. It is also a vital oxidant of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in the aqueous phase, resulting in the formation of acid precipitation and sulfate aerosol. However, sources of H₂O₂ are not fully understood especially in polluted areas affected by human activities. In this study, we reported some high H₂O₂ cases observed during one summer and two winter campaigns conducted at a polluted rural site in the North China Plain. Our results showed that agricultural fires led to high H₂O₂ concentrations up to 9 ppb, indicating biomass burning events contributed substantially to primary H₂O₂ emission. In addition, elevated H₂O₂ and O₃ concentrations were measured after fertilization as a consequence of the enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity by soil HONO emission. Furthermore, H₂O₂ exhibited unexpectedly high concentration under high NO_x conditions in winter, which are closely related to multiphase reactions in particles involving organic chromophores. Our findings suggest that these special factors (biomass burning, fertilization, and ambient particles), which are not well considered in current models, are significant contributors to H₂O₂ production, thereby affecting the regional atmospheric oxidizing capacity and the global sulfate aerosol formation.

Infection Characteristics and Physical Prevention Strategy of Panax notoginseng Round Spot Disease Caused by Mycocentrospora acerina

Panax notoginseng round spot disease (PRSD), caused by Mycocentrospora acerina, is the main leaf disease occurring in cultured P. notoginseng. Aiming to find a safe and efficient control method for PRSD, we studied the disease characteristics of PRSD and the optimal growth conditions of M. acerina and evaluated the efficacy of rain-shelter cultivation in PRSD control. Moreover, we described M. acerina based on morphological characterization and molecular analyses (ITS, ACT, LSU, and TEF-1α). The optimum temperature for M. acerina conidial germination was found to be 14 to 22°C. Furthermore, leaf surface wetness for at least 4 h is required for conidial germination, and conidia can successfully infect P. notoginseng when the leaf wetness lasts for more than 8 h. Additionally, rainwater splashing determines the conidial transfection distance, which is less than 2 m. Finally, our study revealed that rain-shelter cultivation is an effective and simple physical prevention strategy to control PRSD, with an average efficacy of up to 100%.

[Long-term outcomes of 328 patients with of autism spectrum disorder after fecal microbiota transplantation]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted. Clinical data from ASD patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and who underwent FMT in the Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University or Jinling Hospital between May 2012 to May 2021 were retrospectively collected. Scores derived from the autism behavior checklist (ABC), the childhood autism rating scale (CARS), the Bristol stool form scale (BSFS), and the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) were analyzed at baseline and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th and 60th month after FMT. Records of any adverse reactions were collected. Generalized estimating equations were used for analysis of data on time points before and after FMT. Results: A total of 328 patients met the inclusion criteria for this study. Their mean age was 6.1±3.4 years old. The cohort included 271 boys and 57 girls. The percentage of patients remaining in the study for post-treatment follow-up at the 1st, 3rd, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th and 60th month were as follows: 303 (92.4%), 284 (86.7%), 213 (64.9%), 190 (57.9%), 143 (43.6%), 79 (24.1%), 46 (14.0%), 31 (9.5%). After FMT, the average ABC score was significantly improved in the first 36 months and remained improved at the 48th month. However, the average score was not significantly different from baseline by the 60th month (1st-36th month, P<0.001; 48th month, P=0.008; 60th month, P=0.108). The average CARS score improved significantly during the first 48 months and remained improved at the 60th month (1st-48th month, P<0.001; 60th month, P=0.010). The average BSFS score was also significantly improved in the first 36 months (with an accompanying stool morphology that resembled type 4). This improvement was maintained at the 48th month. However, the average score was similar to baseline at the 60th month (1st-36th month, P<0.001; 48th month, P=0.008; 60th month, P=0.109). The average GSRS score was significantly improved during the first 24 months, but not afterwards (1st-24th month, P<0.001; 36th month, P=0.209; 48th month, P=0.996; 60th month, P=0.668). The adverse events recorded during treatment included abdominal distension in 21 cases (6.4%), nausea in 14 cases (4.3%), vomiting in 9 cases (2.7%), abdominal pain in 15 cases (4.6%), diarrhea in 18 cases (5.5%), fever in 13 cases (4.0%), and excitement in 24 cases (7.3%). All adverse reactions were mild to moderate and improved immediately after suspension of FMT or on treatment of symptoms. No serious adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion: FMT has satisfactory long-term efficacy and safety for the treatment of ASD with gastrointestinal symptoms.

[Clinical effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation combined with nutritional support and psychological intervention in patients with "Tetralogy of Tongji"]

Objective: To summarize and analyze the clinical effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) combined with nutritional support and psychotherapy in patients with "Tetralogy of Tongji" (comprising chronic gastrointestinal dysfunction, mental and psychological disorders, malnutrition, and endocrine disorders). Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients were under 70 years of age; (2) patients exhibited chronic gastrointestinal dysfunction (in accordance with the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for irritable bowel syndrome ie. chronic functional constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain and abdominal distention) with onset occurring more than one year previously; (3) patients exhibited malnutrition (body mass index ≤ 18.5 kg/m²); (4) patients exhibited depression, anxiety, or state as diagnosed by a psychologist using the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAMA) and the Hamilton depression scale (HAMD); (5) patients were women of childbearing age with amenorrhea or menstrual disorder with a duration ≥6 months. Patients were excluded if they exhibited gastrointestinal bleeding, short bowel syndrome, radiation-induced intestinal injury, intestinal obstruction or inflammatory bowel disease, recurrent/metastatic tumors, systemic infectious diseases, life-threatening systemic comorbidities, intorlerate to nasojejunal, percutaneous gastrostomy / jejunostomy or FMT. The clinical data of 43 patients at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital exhibiting the "Tetralogy of Tongji" and who received microflora transplantation combined with nutritional support and psychotherapy from June 2017 to June 2021 was prospectively collected. There were 12 males and 31 females with a mean age of 35.2±16.7 years. All 43 patients had chronic gastrointestinal dysfunction. Of these, 24 patients had depression and 19 had anxiety. There were 26 women of reproductive age, including 13 cases of menstrual disorder and 9 cases of amenorrhea. The treatment intervention was a combination of FMT (microflora solution or microflora capsule), nutritional support (enteral nutrition) and psychological intervention. The following were assessed before treatment and 1, 3, 6 months after treatment: (1) gastrointestinal function was assessed using the gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale (GSRS), where a higher score is indicative of more serious gastrointestinal symptoms, and the gastrointestinal quality of life index (GIQLI), where a higher score is indicative of higher quality of life; (2) psychological status was assessed using HAMA and HAMD scores, where a lower score is indicative of reduced severity of anxiety or depression symptoms, respectively; (3) nutritional status was assessed by measurements of total blood protein, albumin, fibrinogen and prealbumin, as well as measurements of body mass and body mass index (BMI); (4) neuroendocrine function was assessed by measurement of blood levels of cortisol, dopamine and noradrenaline, as well as menstruation in women of reproductive age. Results: The follow-up rates at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment were 90.7% (39/43), 72.1% (31/43) and 55.8% (24/43), respectively. The total effective rate for chronic gastrointestinal dysfunction was 81.4% (35/43), of which the average GSRS score decreased from 29.35±3.56 before treatment to 18.25±2.56 in the sixth month (P<0.001). The average GIQLI score increased from 56.23±10.34 before treatment to 91.04±20.39 in the sixth month (P<0.001). All patients had malnutrition before treatment. After 6 months, their body weight had increased from 40.61±8.88 kg to 50.45±6.23 kg (P<0.001), and BMI had increased from 15.17±1.87 kg/m² to 19.58±1.42 kg/m² (P<0.001). The average total protein level was 60.99± 5.99 g/L before treatment. After 6 months, this had increased to 64.21±4.23 g/L (F=2.715, P=0.022). The average prealbumin level increased from 150.14±56.04 mg/L before treatment to 258.17±86.94 mg/L after 6 months (F=15.124, P<0.001). In this study, 24 patients with depression/depressed state were included. After treatment, the average HAMD score in these patients decreased from 22.79±6.63 before treatment to 9.92±7.24 after 6 months (P<0.001). There were 19 patients with anxiety disorder/anxiety state. After treatment, the average HAMA score in these patients decreased from 17.15±4.34 before treatment to 7.73±4.10 after 6 months (P<0.001). Observing the endocrine efficacy of 26 women of childbearing age, it was found that the effective rate of this treatment on endocrine regulation was 69.2% (18/26). Although there was no significant change in blood cortisol levels after 6 months, average blood dopamine levels decreased from 32.91±10.65 nmol/L before treatment to 13.02±5.58 nmol/L after 6 months (P<0.001). Average blood norepinephrine levels decreased from 49.75±15.23 ng/L before treatment to 19.21±9.58 ng/L after 6 months (P<0.001). Conclusion: The strategy of FMT combined with nutritional support and psychological intervention is effective in improving the symptoms of the "Tetralogy of Tongji".