Development and evaluation of a lateral flow-based portable optical system for determination of the pregnancy status of dairy cows

Our objectives were to develop and evaluate an integrated system consisting of a lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) and an electronic portable imaging device for determination of pregnancy status of cows based on plasma concentrations of pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB). Experiment 1 was conducted to test the performance of the LFIA for PSPB (PSPB-LFIA) whereas experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the performance of the integrated system including both the LFIA and imaging device. The PSPB-LFIA strips were made of nitrocellulose membrane with polystreptavidin, anti-mouse antibody, Europium-anti-PSPB conjugates, and biotin-PSPB. After adding buffer and plasma in a 96-well plate, strips were dipped to initiate flow and were read in a fluorescence microscope to estimate PSPB concentrations based on the test-to-control line signal (T/C ratio). The T/C ratio of standards was linearly associated with PSPB (R2 = 0.99 in both experiments) concentrations. To test the ability to identify pregnant cows of the PSPB-LFIA only or the integrated system, plasma samples were collected and transrectal ultrasonography (TUS) was conducted 29 to 35 d post AI in lactating Holstein cows (Experiment 1: n = 83; Experiment 2: n = 205). A cow was considered pregnant (Preg) if concentrations of PSPB in plasma obtained by ELISA were ≥2 ng/mL or if an embryo was visible by TUS. In Experiment 1, the accuracy of the PSPB-LFIA compared with ELISA was 92.7% (91.2% Se; 96.1% Sp; 98.1% PPV; 83.3% NPV) and compared with TUS was 90.4% (100% Se; 78.9% Sp; 84.9% PPV; 100% NPV). The agreement between LFIA and ELISA (kappa = 0.84; 95%CI 0.71-0.96) or LFIA and TUS (kappa = 0.80; 95%CI 0.67-0.93) as methods to classify cows as Preg or Non-Preg was high. In Experiment 2, the accuracy of the PSPB-LFIA compared with ELISA was 96.1% (93.8% Se; 100% Sp; 100% PPV; 90.5% NPV) and compared with TUS was 92.2% (99.0% Se; 84.7% Sp; 87.6% PPV; 98.8% NPV). The agreement between LFIA and ELISA (kappa = 0.92; 95%CI 0.86-0.97) or LFIA and TUS (kappa = 0.84; 95%CI 0.77-0.92) as methods to classify cows as Preg or Non-Preg was high. We conclude that a system integrating a fluorescence-based LFIA and an optical reader was effective for classifying cows as pregnant or not pregnant based on estimations of plasma concentrations of PSPB. This novel system serves as a platform for further development of on-farm pregnancy testing tools based on measurement of biomarkers of pregnancy in bodily fluids of cattle.

Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Ionic Liquids for Defect Passivation via Molecular Interactions for High-Quality Perovskite Films and Stable Solar Cells

The high photoelectric conversion efficiency and low cost of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have further inspired people's determination to push this technology toward industrialization. The high-quality perovskite films and high-efficiency and stable PSCs are the crucial factors. Ionic liquids have been proven to be an effective strategy for regulating high-quality perovskite films and high-performance PSCs. However, the regulation mechanism between ionic liquids and perovskites still needs further clarification. In this study, a novel sulfonic acid-functionalized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (BSO3HMImOTf), was used as an effective additive to regulate high-quality perovskite films and high-performance devices. Microscopic mechanism studies revealed strong interactions between BSO3HMImOTf and Pb2+ ions as well as halogens in the perovskite. The perovskite film is effectively passivated with the controlled crystal growth, suppressed ion migration, facilitating to the greatly improved photovoltaic performance, and superior long-term stability. This article reveals the regulatory mechanism of sulfonic acid type ionic liquids through testing characterization and mechanism analysis, providing a new approach for the preparation of high-quality perovskite devices.

The Asymmetry Observed between the Effects of Photon-Phonon Coupling and Crystal Field on the Fine Structure of Fluorescence and Spontaneous Four-Wave Mixing in Ion-Doped Microcrystals

In this paper, we explore the asymmetry observed between the effects of photon-phonon coupling (nested-dressing) and a crystal field (CF) on the fine structure of fluorescence (FL) and spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in Eu3+: BiPO4 and Eu3+: NaYF4. The competition between the CF and the strong photon-phonon dressing leads to dynamic splitting in two directions. The CF leads to static splitting in one direction under weak phonon dressing. The evolution from strong dressing to weak dressing results in spectral asymmetry. This spectral asymmetry includes out-of-phase FL and in-phase SFWM. Further, the large ratio between the dressing Rabi frequency and the de-phase rate leads to strong FL and SFWM asymmetry due to photon-phonon constructive dressing. Moreover, the experimental results suggest the analogy of a spectra asymmetry router with a channel equalization ratio of 96.6%.

Salicylic Acid and Gemma-Aminobutyric Acid Mediated Regulation of Growth, Metabolites, Antioxidant Defense System and Nutrient Uptake in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Under Arsenic Stress

Background

Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic pollutant commonly found in soil and water, posing significant risks to human health and plant growth.

Objective

The objectives of this study to evaluate morphological, biochemical, and physiological markers, as well as ion homeostasis, to alleviate the toxic effects of As in sunflowers through the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their combination.

Methods

A pot experiment was conducted using two sunflower genotypes, FH-779 and FH-773, subjected to As stress (60 mg kg-1) to evaluate the effects of SA at 100 mg L-1, GABA at 200 mg L-1, and their combination on growth and related physiological and biochemical attributes under As stress.

Results

The study revealed that As toxicity had a detrimental effect on various growth parameters, chlorophyll pigments, relative water content, total proteins, and nutrient uptake in sunflower plants. It also led to increased oxidative stress, as indicated by higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), along with As accumulation in the roots and leaves. However, the application of SA and GABA protected against As-induced damage by enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant defense system. This was achieved through the activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities, as well as an increase in osmolytes. They also improved nutrient acquisition and plant growth under As toxicity.

Conclusions

We investigated the regulatory roles of SA and GABA in mitigating arsenic-induced phytotoxic effects on sunflower. Our results revealed a significant interaction between SA and GABA in regulating growth, photosynthesis, metabolites, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake in sunflower under As stress. These findings provide valuable insights into plant defense mechanisms and strategies to enhance stress tolerance in contaminated environments. In the future, SA and GABA could be valuable tools for managing stress in other important crops facing abiotic stress conditions.

Postcardiac Injury Syndrome After Cardiac Surgery: An Evidence-Based Review

Postcardiac injury syndrome (PCIS) serves as a comprehensive term encompassing a spectrum of conditions, namely postpericardiotomy syndrome, postmyocardial infarction (MI) related pericarditis (Dressler syndrome), and post-traumatic pericarditis stemming from procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention or cardiac implantable electronic device placement. These conditions collectively give rise to PCIS, triggered by cardiac injury affecting pericardial or pleural mesothelial cells, leading to subsequent inflammation syndromes spanning from uncomplicated pericarditis to substantial pleural effusion. A thorough literature search conducted on MEDLINE/PubMed utilizing search terms including "postacute cardiac injury syndrome," "postcardiac injury syndrome," "postcardiotomy syndrome," "postpericardiotomy syndrome," and "post-MI pericarditis" was instrumental in collating pertinent studies. To encapsulate the amassed evidence, relevant full-text materials were meticulously selected and amalgamated narratively. The pathophysiology of PCIS is proposed to manifest through an autoimmune-mediated process, particularly in predisposed individuals. This process involves the development of anti-actin and antimyosin antibodies after a cascade of cardiac injuries in diverse forms. Treatment strategies aimed at preventing recurrent PCIS episodes have shown efficacy, with colchicine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen, demonstrating positive outcomes. Conversely, corticosteroids have exhibited no discernible benefit concerning prognosis or recurrence rates for this ailment. In summary, PCIS serves as a unifying term encompassing a spectrum of cardiac injury-related syndromes. A comprehensive review of relevant literature underscores the autoimmune-mediated pathophysiology in susceptible individuals. The therapeutic landscape involves the proficient use of colchicine and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to deter recurrent PCIS episodes, while corticosteroids do not appear to contribute to improved prognosis or reduced recurrence rates. This nuanced understanding contributes to an enhanced comprehension of PCIS and its multifaceted clinical manifestations, potentially refining its diagnosis and management.

Development and utility of SSR markers based on Brassica sp. whole-genome in triangle of U

Introduction

Simple sequence repeats (SSR), also known as microsatellites, are crucial molecular markers in both animals and plants. Despite extensive previous research on SSRs, the development of microsatellite markers in Brassica crops remains limited and inefficient.

Methods

Krait software was used to identify microsatellites by genome-wide and marker development based on three recently sequenced basic species of Brassica crops in the triangle of U (Brassica rapa, B. nigra and B. oleracea), as well as three allotetraploids (B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata) using public databases. Subsequently, the primers and the characteristics of microsatellites for most of them were accordingly designed on each chromosome of each of the six Brassica species, and their physical locations were identified,and the cross-transferability of primers have been carried out. In addition, a B-genome specific SSR marker was screened out.

Results

A total of 79341, 92089, 125443, 173964, 173604, and 222160 SSR loci have been identified from the whole genome sequences of Brassica crops within the triangle of U crops, B. rapa (AA), B. nigra (BB), B. oleracea (CC), B. napus (AACC), B. juncea (AABB) and B. carinata (BBCC), respectively. Comparing the number distribution of the three allotetraploid SSR loci in the three subgenomes AA, BB and CC, results indicate that the allotetraploid species have significant reduction in the number of SSR loci in the genome compared with their basic diploid counterparts. Moreover, we compared the basic species with their corresponding varieties, and found that the microsatellite characters between the allotetraploids and their corresponding basic species were very similar or almost identical. Subsequently, each of the 40 SSR primers was employed to investigate the polymorphism potential of B. rapa (85.27%), B. nigra (81.33%) and B. oleracea (73.45%), and B. rapa was found to have a higher cross-transfer rate among the basic species in the triangle of U. Meanwhile, a B-genome specific SSR marker, BniSSR23228 possessing the (AAGGA)3 sequence characteristics was obtained, and it located in chromosome B3 with a total length of 97 bp.

Discussion

In this study, results suggest that the pattern of distribution may be highly conserved during the differentiation of basic Brassica species and their allotetraploid counterparts. Our data indicated that the allotetraploidization process resulted in a significant reduction in SSR loci in the three subgenomes AA, BB and CC. The reasons may be partial gene dominated chromosomal homologous recombination and rearrangement during the evolution of basic diploid species into allotetraploids. This study provides a basis for future genomics and genetic research on the relatedness of Brassica species.

Antibiotic resistance pattern and pathological features of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O78:K80 in chickens

Abstract Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) induces colibacillosis, an acute and systemic disease, resulting in substantial economic losses in the poultry sector. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern associated with frequent virulence gene distribution in APEC O78:K80 that may cause pathological alterations in chickens. The antibiogram profile showed high resistance to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, and co-trimoxazole, followed by intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and doxycycline hydrochloride, and sensitive to amikacin, streptomycin, gentamicin, and colistin. Virulence gene distribution identifies eight (irp-2, iutA, ompT, iss, iucD, astA, hlyF, iroN) genes through a conventional polymerase chain reaction. APEC O78:K80 caused significantly high liver enzyme concentrations, serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in experimental birds. Also, infected birds have hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperglobulinemia. Necropsy examination revealed fibrinous perihepatitis and pericarditis, congested lungs, intestinal ecchymotic hemorrhages and necrotizing granulomatosis of the spleen. Histopathological examination depicted hepatocellular degeneration, myocardial necrosis, interstitial nephritis, intestinal hemorrhages and lymphopenia in the spleen. This study is the first evidence to assess the antibiotic resistance profile linked with virulence genes and clinicopathological potential of APEC O78:K80 in chickens in Pakistan, which could be a useful and rapid approach to prevent and control the disease by developing the control strategies.

Omnichannel Retailing in Light of Psychological Factors: A Mediated Model

Purpose

Retail businesses have been seeing dramatic changes in the last decades. It has evolved from single-channel retailing to omnichannel retailing, providing a seamless shopping experience to customers. Customers armed with modern technology are creating challenges for retailers and forcing them to create an omnichannel environment. So, implementing an omnichannel retailing strategy is a big challenge for retail managers in the age of modern technologies. Retailers could evaluate consumers' usage intention of omnichannel retailing based on technological and psychological factors. However, research based on psychological factors is limited in the prevailing literature on omnichannel retailing. Based on the Motivational Model (MM) and Big-Five Factors (BFF) of personality traits, the study tried to fill the gap regarding the influence of psychological factors on omnichannel usage intention.

Methods

A sample of 724 respondents through a structured questionnaire from a developing economy. The target population of the current study was internet users, as they might be prospective Omni shoppers in the near future. Relationships were tested through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS 23.

Results

Results revealed that personality traits directly correlate with omnichannel usage intention, while motivations (intrinsic and extrinsic) partially mediate these relationships. Moreover, the results of the current study also revealed that the personality traits extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are vital antecedents of behavioral intention. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations positively impact consumers' usage intention, while extrinsic motivation partially mediates intrinsic motivation and consumers' usage intention. Additionally, full mediation prevails in the association of consumers' usage intention and personality traits (emotional stability and Openness to experiences).

Originality

The domino effects provide a solid theoretical milestone in understanding the phenomenon of omnichannel retailing strategy and facilitates marketing managers to design channel strategies for emerging economics.

Unraveling the Complexity of Apert Syndrome: Genetics, Clinical Insights, and Future Frontiers

Apert syndrome (AS), also known as type I acrocephalosyndactyly, is a rare congenital condition characterized by craniosynostosis resulting from missense mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. This comprehensive review delves into AS, covering its clinical manifestations, genetics, diagnosis, medical management, psychosocial considerations, and future research directions. AS presents with distinct features, including a brachycephalic skull, midface hypoplasia, and limb anomalies such as syndactyly. It follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with mutations in the FGFR2 gene. Prenatal diagnosis is possible through advanced imaging techniques and molecular testing. The multidisciplinary approach to AS management involves surgical interventions, orthodontics, and psychological support. Although no curative treatment exists, early interventions can significantly improve function and aesthetics. The quality of life for AS patients is influenced by psychosocial factors, necessitating comprehensive support for both patients and their families. Future research directions include gene therapy, understanding cellular responses to FGFR2 mutations, and addressing genetic heterogeneity. Collaborative efforts are vital to advancing knowledge about AS and its genetic underpinnings. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, educators, and researchers, contributing to a deeper understanding of AS and facilitating advancements in diagnosis and treatment.

Estimation of genetic components, heterosis and combining ability of elite Pakistani wheat varieties for yield attributing traits and stripe rust response

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food and major source of dietary calories in Pakistan. Improving wheat varieties with higher grain yield and disease resistance is a prime objective. The knowledge of genetic behaviour of germplasm is key. To achieve this objective, elite wheat varieties were crossed in 4 by 3, line × tester design, and tested in 2019 in a triplicate yield trial to estimate genetic variance, general and specific combining ability, mid-parent heterosis and stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis L.). High grain 3358 kg·ha-1 was recorded in F1 hybrid (ZRG-79 × PAK-13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant genotypic variance in grain yield. Broad sense heritability (H2) was recorded in the range of 28 to 100 %. General combining ability (GCA) significant for grain yield in parents except FSD-08 and PS-05 was recorded, while specific combining ability (SCA) was recorded to be highly significant for grain yield only in two crosses (ZRG-79 × NR-09 and ZRG-79 × PAK-13). Mid-parent heterosis was estimated in the range of -28 to 62.6 %. Cross combinations ZRG-79 × PAK-13 depicted highly significant mid-parent heterosis (62.6 %). Highly significant correlation was observed among spike length, spikelets per spike, plant height and 1000-grain weight. Rust resistance index was recorded in the range of 0 to 8.5. These findings suggest exploitation of GCA for higher grain yield is important due to the presence of additive gene action and selection in the filial generations will be effective with improved rust resistance, while cross combinations ZRG-79 × PAK-13 high GCA are best suited for hybrid development.

Evidence of novel Treponema phylotypes implicated in contagious ovine digital dermatitis and association of treponemes with major lameness causing foot pathogens

In this study 269 swabs collected from 254 ovine foot lesions and 15 apparently healthy ovine feet were screened by PCR for the presence of major lameness causing foot pathogens viz. Treponema species, D. nodosus, F. necrophorum and T. pyogenes with the presumption that ovine foot lesion positive for Treponema species alone or in association with other three pathogens were categorized as contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD). While samples positive for D. nodosus alone or its combination with F. necrophorum and T. pyogenes were considered as footrot (FR) and samples in which F. necrophorum or T. pyogenes was found either alone or in combination were considered as interdigital dermatitis (ID). The overall occurrence of Treponema sp. in ovine foot lesions was 48.0%, and ranged from 33 to 58%. In Treponema positive samples D. nodosus, F. necrophorum and T. pyogenes were present in 34 (27.4%), 66 (54.4%) and 84 (68.5%) in contrast to Treponema negative samples in which these were present in 15 (11.1%), 20 (14.12%) and 17 (12.6%) samples, respectively. The data signifies that Treponema sp. are significantly associated with these foot pathogens and their different combinations with Treponema sp. influence the severity of CODD lesion. The identification of Treponema phylotypes was done by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene fragment of ten representative samples. Out of ten sequences, four (Trep-2, Trep-4, Trep-7 and Trep-10) were identical to Treponema sp. phylotype 1 (PT1) that belongs to phylogroup T. refringens-like, one sequence (Trep-1) was genetically close (90% sequence homology) to Treponema brennaborense while five sequences (Trep-3, Trep-5, Trep-6, Trep-8 and Trep-9) matched with uncultured bacterium clones of treponemes forming separate monophyletic group in phylogenetic tree and could represent new digital dermatitis phylogroup presently containing five ovine specific phylotypes. This is the first report on the presence of Treponema phylotypes other than three digital dermatitis (DD) Treponema phylogroups viz. T. phagedenis-like, T. medium/T. vincentii-like, and T. pedis-like that are frequently detected in CODD lesions. Metagenomic analysis of two representative samples revealed the abundance of genus Treponema in CODD lesion while this genus was absent in swab collected from clinically healthy foot suggesting that it might play primary role in producing CODD. These findings may further aid in understanding the etiopathogenesis of CODD and could help to develop appropriate treatment and mitigation strategies to combat the disease.

Arterial Tortuosity Syndrome: Unraveling a Rare Vascular Disorder

Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal twists and turns of arteries, leading to cardiovascular complications. This syndrome, first reported around 55 years ago, is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and affects both genders. ATS manifests primarily in childhood, with arterial abnormalities disrupting blood circulation, increasing shear stress, and causing complications, such as atherosclerosis and strokes. This article reviews the genetics, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, associated conditions, management, and challenges of ATS. The syndrome's genetic cause is linked to mutations in the SLC2A10 gene, affecting collagen and elastin synthesis. Arterial tortuosity, a complex phenomenon, arises from factors such as vessel elongation, anatomic fixation, and vessel diameter. ATS is one of many conditions associated with arterial tortuosity, including Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Recent studies highlight arterial tortuosity's potential as a prognostic indicator for adverse cardiovascular events. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach, and surveillance and prevention play key roles. Despite challenges, advancements in understanding ATS offer hope for targeted therapies and improved patient care.

Unraveling Intravascular Lobular Capillary Hemangioma: A Comprehensive Scoping Review

This scoping review focuses on intravascular lobular capillary hemangioma (ILCH), a rare and distinct subset of lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH). This study provides a comprehensive overview of ILCH, delving into its clinical characteristics, origins, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and outcomes. Despite its rarity, ILCH presents unique diagnostic and management challenges due to its intravascular origin. The review emphasizes the importance of accurate differentiation from other vascular lesions and underscores the need for histopathological confirmation. This article discusses the presentation of ILCH in the reported literature. The pathogenesis remains uncertain, with factors such as trauma, inflammation, hormonal changes, and medications being considered potential contributors. Histopathological features, imaging techniques, and diagnostic tools are discussed, highlighting the distinct histological architecture of ILCHs and the importance of immunohistochemical staining for accurate diagnosis. Surgical excision is the primary approach for managing ILCH due to its potential complications, including superior vena cava (SVC) occlusion and thrombosis. This review concludes by outlining potential directions for future research, including investigating genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying ILCH development, developing targeted therapies, building patient registries for collaborative efforts, and exploring minimally invasive surgical techniques. The importance of long-term patient outcome studies and international collaborations is emphasized to enhance our understanding of this rare vascular anomaly.

Effect of seed priming by taurine on growth and chromium (Cr) uptake in canola (Brassica napus L.) under Cr stress

Taurine is a recently recognized plant growth regulator under abiotic stress. However, the information on taurine-mediated plant defense responses is scarce, particularly on taurine-mediated regulation of the glyoxalase system. There is currently no report available on the use of taurine as seed priming under stress. Chromium (Cr) toxicity considerably subsided growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, and relative water content. Furthermore, plants encountered intensified oxidative injury due to a significant increase in relative membrane permeability, H2O2, O2•‒, and MDA production. The amount of antioxidant compounds and the functioning of antioxidant enzymes rose, but imbalance due to over ROS generation frequently depleted antioxidant compounds. Taurine seed priming (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L‒1) notably diminished oxidative injury, strengthened the antioxidant system, and conspicuously subsided methylglyoxal levels through enhanced activities of glyoxalase enzymes. The accumulation of Cr content was minimal in plants administered taurine as seed priming. In conclusion, our research demonstrates that taurine priming effectively mitigated the adverse effects of Cr toxicity on canola. Taurine reduced oxidative damage, leading to improved growth, enhanced chlorophyll levels, optimized ROS metabolism, and enhanced methylglyoxal detoxification. These findings highlight the potential of taurine as a promising strategy to enhance the tolerance of canola plants to Cr toxicity.

Effect of exogenous taurine on growth, oxidative defense, and nickel (Ni) uptake in canola (Brassica napus L.) under Ni stress

Nickel (Ni) contamination and its associated hazardous effects on human health and plant growth are ironclad. However, the potential remedial effects of taurine (TAU) on Ni-induced stress in plants remain obscure. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of TAU seed priming (100 and 150 mg L‒1) as an alleviative strategy to circumvent the phytotoxic effects of Ni (150 mg kg‒1) on two canola cultivars (Ni-tolerant cv. Shiralee and Ni-sensitive cv. Dunkeld). Our results manifested an apparent decline in growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigments, leaf relative water content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total soluble proteins, nitrate reductase activity, and nutrient acquisition (N, P, K, Ca) under Ni toxicity. Further, Ni toxicity led to a substantial increase in oxidative stress reflected as higher levels of superoxide radicals (O2•‒) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) alongside increased relative membrane permeability, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and Ni accumulation in leaves and roots. However, TAU protected canola plants from Ni-induced oxidative damage through the amplification of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production that intensified the antioxidant system to avert O2•‒, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Further, TAU-mediated increase in H2S levels maintained membrane integrity that might have improved ionomics and bettered plant growth under Ni toxicity.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01359-9.

Allantoin alleviates chromium phytotoxic effects on wheat by regulating osmolyte accumulation, secondary metabolism, ROS homeostasis and nutrient acquisition

Allantoin is a nitrogen metabolite with significant potential to mediate plant defense responses under salinity. However, the impact of allantoin on ions homeostasis and ROS metabolism has yet to be established in plants under Cr toxicity. In the current study, chromium (Cr) notably diminished growth, photosynthetic pigments, and nutrient acquisition in two wheat cultivars (Galaxy-2013 and Anaj-2017). Plants subjected to Cr toxicity displayed excessive Cr accumulation. Chromium produced substantial oxidative stress reflected as higher levels of O₂^•, H₂O₂, MDA, methylglyoxal (MG) and lipoxygenase activity. Plants manifested marginally raised antioxidant enzyme activities due to Cr stress. Further, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels diminished with a concurrent rise in oxidized glutathione levels (GSSG). Plants exhibited a considerable abridge in GSH:GSSG due to Cr toxicity. Allantoin (200 and 300 mg L¹) subsided metal phytotoxic effects by strengthening the activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of antioxidant compounds. Plants administered allantoin displayed a considerable rise in endogenous H₂S and nitric oxide (NO) levels that, in turn, lessened oxidative injury in Cr-stressed plants. Allantoin diminished membrane damage and improved nutrient acquisition under Cr stress. Allantoin markedly regulated the uptake and distribution of Cr in wheat plants, abridging the degree of metal phytotoxic effect.

The impact of Cu-polluted and organic soil on the fibrous plant; insights into plant growth promotion, antioxidant defences system, and oxidative stress

Copper (Cu) is an abundant essential micronutrient element in various rocks and minerals and is required for a variety of metabolic processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, excess Cu can disturb normal development by adversely affecting biochemical reactions and physiological processes in plants. However, organic soil is rich in micronutrients and can assist plants to tolerate toxicity by promoting growth and biomass. This study explored the potential of organic and Cu-contaminated soil on fibrous jute (Corchorus capsularis). Plants were grown in the organic soil, natural soil (normal soil) and Cu-contaminated soil for 60days, and we studied different growth, physiological and ultra-structure alterations in the plant. Results showed that the addition of organic acid in the soil showed a remarkable increase in seed germination, plant height, fresh biomass, photosynthetic pigment and gas exchange parameters, and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the tissues when compared to the plants grown in the natural soil. In contrast, plants grown in the Cu-contaminated soil significantly (P<0.05) decreased the seed germination, plant height, fresh biomass, photosynthetic pigment and gas exchange parameters, and increased MDA content, proline concentration and the activities of various antioxidant compounds; i.e. peroxidase (POD) and superoxidase dismutase (SOD). In addition, Cu toxicity also destroyed many membrane bounded organelles especially the chloroplast, which was revealed from transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We concluded that Cu toxicity affected growth and physiological attributes in C. capsularis, while addition of organic soil increased plant growth and biomass.

Effect of exogenous taurine on pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants under salinity and iron deficiency stress

Soil salinity and Fe deficiency affect plant growth and survival by changing nutrient availability and disrupting water balance. Natural and human activities, such as evaporation and deforestation, can intensify these soil conditions. Taurine, a novel growth regulator, holds promise in mediating plant defense responses. Its effects on defense responses are still unclear. Previously, taurine showed potential in improving clover tolerance to alkaline stress and manganese toxicity. Taurine impact on plant growth under Fe deficiency and salinity stress remains uninvestigated. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of taurine on pea plant growth, ion uptake, and defense strategies in response to salt stress and Fe deficiency. Iron deficiency was established by substituting 0.1 mM FeSO4 for 0.1 mM Fe-EDTA in the nutrient solution. Salinity stress was induced by incorporating a mixture of NaCl, MgCl2, KCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and CaCl2 in a 1:1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio to produce a salinity concentration of 100 mM. The simultaneous imposition of salinity and Fe deficiency significantly exacerbated oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated levels of relative membrane permeability, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radical (O2•-), methylglyoxal (MG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased activity of lipoxygenase (LOX). Salinity stress alone and the combination of salinity and Fe deficiency resulted in substantial accumulation of Na+ ions that impeded acquisition of essential nutrients. Taurine (100 and 200 mg L-1) notably improved osmotic adjustment and oxidative defense to diminish water imbalance and oxidative injury in plants under stress. These results suggest that exogenous taurine may serve as a promising means of mitigating the detrimental effects of salt stress and Fe deficiency in plants.

Curvature and turning point of the environmental Kuznets curve in a global economy: the role of governance

This study explores the role of governance in shaping the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), especially focusing on its curvature and turning point. The study highlights the role of various governance indicators in the formulation, implementation, and enforcement of environmental regulations. However, the study asserts that since in developing countries poverty, infrastructure, and human development are valued above a clean environment, good governance is less likely to contribute to mitigating pollution in developing countries. Using a panel of 160 countries, the study finds that better governance helps bring down the critical level of per capita income at which the relationship between income and pollution turns negative. Furthermore, the EKC can be shifted downward by improving governance in the respective countries. The study, however, reveals that the dividends of better governance are more pronounced at higher income levels. Since good governance works only when the desired regulations are in place, it is recommended that for poor countries aid packages for governance reforms need to emphasize the enactment of specific environmental regulations. Investment in institutions is expected to yield maximum dividends in such countries that have gained high-income status but are still lacking in institutional development.

Insights on Phytohormonal Crosstalk in Plant Response to Nitrogen Stress: A Focus on Plant Root Growth and Development

Nitrogen (N) is a vital mineral component that can restrict the growth and development of plants if supplied inappropriately. In order to benefit their growth and development, plants have complex physiological and structural responses to changes in their nitrogen supply. As higher plants have multiple organs with varying functions and nutritional requirements, they coordinate their responses at the whole-plant level based on local and long-distance signaling pathways. It has been suggested that phytohormones are signaling substances in such pathways. The nitrogen signaling pathway is closely associated with phytohormones such as auxin (AUX), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ETH), brassinosteroid (BR), strigolactones (SLs), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA). Recent research has shed light on how nitrogen and phytohormones interact to modulate physiology and morphology. This review provides a summary of the research on how phytohormone signaling affects root system architecture (RSA) in response to nitrogen availability. Overall, this review contributes to identifying recent developments in the interaction between phytohormones and N, as well as serving as a foundation for further study.

Extra-modification of zirconium dioxide for potential photocatalytic applications towards environmental remediation: A critical review

Photocatalytic degradation is a valuable direction for eliminating organic pollutants in the environment because of its exceptional catalytic activity and low energy requirements. As one of the prospective photocatalysts, zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) is a promising candidate for photoactivity due to its favorable redox potential and higher chemical stability. ZrO₂ has a high rate of electron-hole recombination and poor light-harvesting capabilities. Still, modification has demonstrated enhancements, especially extra-modification, and is therefore worthy of investigation. This present review provides a comprehensive overview of the extra-modifications of ZrO₂ for enhanced photocatalytic performance, including coupling with other semiconductors, doping with metal, non-metal, and co-doping with metal and non-metal. The extra-modified ZrO₂ showed superior performance in degrading the organic pollutant, particularly dyes and phenolic compounds. Interestingly, this review also briefly highlighted the probable mechanisms of the extra-modification of ZrO₂ such as p-n heterojunction, type II heterojunction, and Z-scheme heterojunction. The latter heterojunction with excellent electron-hole space separation improved the photoactivity. Extensive research on ZrO₂'s photocatalytic potential is presented, including the removal of heavy metals, the redox of heavy metals and organic pollutants, and the evolution of hydrogen. Modified ZrO₂'s photocatalytic effectiveness depends on its band position, oxygen vacancy concentration, and metal defect sites. The opportunities and future problems of the extra-modified ZrO₂ photocatalyst are also discussed. This review aims to share knowledge regarding extra-modified ZrO₂ photocatalysts and inspire new environmental remediation applications.