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Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF, Smith DB, Delgado-Escueta AV, Browne TR, Williamson PD, Treiman DM, McNamara JO, McCutchen CB. Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:145-51. [PMID: 3925335 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198507183130303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a 10-center, double-blind trial to compare the efficacy and toxicity of four antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in 622 adults. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, or primidone and were followed for two years or until the drug failed to control seizures or caused unacceptable side effects. Overall treatment success was highest with carbamazepine or phenytoin, intermediate with phenobarbital, and lowest with primidone (P less than 0.002). Differences in failure rates of the drugs were explained primarily by the fact that primidone caused more intolerable acute toxic effects, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and sedation. Decreased libido and impotence were more common in patients given primidone. Phenytoin caused more dysmorphic effects and hypersensitivity. Control of tonic-clonic seizures did not differ significantly with the various drugs. Carbamazepine provided complete control of partial seizures more often than primidone or phenobarbital (P less than 0.03). Overall, carbamazepine and phenytoin are recommended drugs of first choice for single-drug therapy of adults with partial or generalized tonic-clonic seizures or with both.
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Clinical Trial |
40 |
725 |
2
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Cramer JA, Perrine K, Devinsky O, Bryant-Comstock L, Meador K, Hermann B. Development and cross-cultural translations of a 31-item quality of life in epilepsy inventory. Epilepsia 1998; 39:81-8. [PMID: 9578017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report the development of a questionnaire to assess health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) in people with epilepsy and the process of cross-cultural translations of the questionnaire. METHODS A sample of 304 adults with epilepsy from 25 seizure clinics in the United States was used to derive an abbreviated questionnaire focusing on epilepsy-related issues from a longer, 89-item instrument (QOLIE-89). A rigorous forward-backward-forward system was used for cross-cultural translation. RESULTS A 31-item questionnaire (QOLIE-31, version 1.0) resulted, comprising seven subscales covering general and epilepsy-specific domains. Subscale and total scores can be calculated. The subscales were grouped into two factors: Emotional/Psychological Effects (seizure worry, overall QOL, emotional well-being, energy/fatigue subscales) and Medical/Social Effects (medication effects, work-driving-social limits, cognitive function subscales). Cross-cultural translations were made from U.S.-English into Danish, Dutch, German, Canadian French, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and U.K. English Versions 1.1. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the reliability and validity of the QOLIE-31 (U.S.-English version 1.0) as a measure of HRQOLIE. Cross-cultural translations into nine other languages make it feasible to use the QOLIE-31 (version 1.1) in multinational clinical trials after validation in each population or concurrent with the clinical trial.
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525 |
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Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF. A comparison of valproate with carbamazepine for the treatment of complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults. The Department of Veterans Affairs Epilepsy Cooperative Study No. 264 Group. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:765-71. [PMID: 1298221 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199209103271104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproate is approved for use primarily in patients with absence seizures, but the drug has a broad spectrum of activity against seizures of all types. Partial or secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures are often difficult to control adequately with standard treatment, usually carbamazepine or phenytoin. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, double-blind trial that compared valproate with carbamazepine in the treatment of 480 adults with complex partial seizures (206 patients) or secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures (274 patients). The patients were randomly assigned to treatment with carbamazepine or divalproex sodium (valproate) at doses adjusted to achieve blood levels in the middle of the therapeutic range. Patients were followed for one to five years or until seizures became uncontrollable, treatment had unacceptable adverse effects, or both these events occurred. RESULTS For the control of secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, carbamazepine and valproate were comparably effective (in 136 patients and 138 patients, respectively). For complex partial seizures, four of five outcome measures favored carbamazepine (100 patients) over valproate (106 patients): the total number of seizures (2.7 vs. 7.6, P = 0.05), the number of seizures per month (0.9 vs. 2.2, P = 0.01), the time to the first seizure (P less than 0.02), and the seizure-rating score (P = 0.04). Carbamazepine was also superior according to a composite score that combined scores for the control of seizures and for adverse effects (P less than 0.001). Valproate was associated more frequently than carbamazepine with a weight gain of more than 5.5 kg (12 lb) (20 percent vs. 8 percent, P less than 0.001), with hair loss or change in texture (12 percent vs. 6 percent, P = 0.02), and with tremor (45 percent vs. 22 percent, P less than 0.001). Rash was more often associated with carbamazepine (11 percent vs. 1 percent, P less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Valproate is as effective as carbamazepine for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, but carbamazepine provides better control of complex partial seizures and has fewer long-term adverse effects.
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430 |
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors reviewed research on medication compliance in psychiatric treatment and compared compliance rates with compliance rates in treatment of physical disorders. METHODS MEDLINE was used to locate reports in the literature on medication compliance in psychiatric treatment for the years 1975 through 1996. These reports and studies cited in the reports were reviewed to determine the methods used to assess compliance and the compliance rates reported. Ten reports describing assessment methods and including medication compliance rates for antidepressant medication and 24 reports for antipsychotic medication were selected. They were compared with 12 reports that used microelectronic monitoring to assess medication compliance of patients with a range of nonpsychiatric disorders. RESULTS Studies of psychiatric patients used various methods of estimating medication compliance, including interviews with patients, clinicians' judgment, and pill counts, but overall showed low rates of compliance. Patients receiving antipsychotics took an average of 58 percent of the recommended amount of the medications, with a range from 24 to 90 percent. Patients receiving antidepressants took 65 percent of the recommended amount, with a range from 40 to 90 percent. The mean compliance rate for patients with physical disorders was 76 percent, with a range from 60 to 92 percent, although the microelectronic monitoring showed frequent omission of doses and discontinuation of medication. CONCLUSIONS Compliance with medication regimens among patients with psychiatric disorders may be lower than among patients with physical disorders. However, the difference may be largely attributable to the methods used for estimating compliance. The findings suggest the need for new and improved methods for monitoring compliance and increasing patients' compliance with pharmacotherapy.
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Review |
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413 |
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although naltrexone, an opiate-receptor antagonist, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of alcohol dependence, its efficacy is uncertain. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of naltrexone as an adjunct to standardized psychosocial treatment. We randomly assigned 627 veterans (almost all men) with chronic, severe alcohol dependence to 12 months of naltrexone (50 mg once daily), 3 months of naltrexone followed by 9 months of placebo, or 12 months of placebo. All patients were offered individual counseling and programs to improve their compliance with study medication and were encouraged to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. RESULTS There were 209 patients in each group; all had been sober for at least five days before randomization. At 13 weeks, we found no significant difference in the number of days to relapse between patients in the two naltrexone groups (mean, 72.3 days) and the placebo group (mean, 62.4 days; 95 percent confidence interval for the difference between groups, -3.0 to 22.8). At 52 weeks, there were no significant differences among the three groups in the percentage of days on which drinking occurred and the number of drinks per drinking day. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support the use of naltrexone for the treatment of men with chronic, severe alcohol dependence.
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Clinical Trial |
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372 |
6
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Cramer JA, Benedict A, Muszbek N, Keskinaslan A, Khan ZM. The significance of compliance and persistence in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: a review. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62:76-87. [PMID: 17983433 PMCID: PMC2228386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review studies of patient compliance/persistence with cardiovascular or antidiabetic medication published since the year 2000; to compare the methods used to measure compliance/persistence across studies; to compare reported compliance/persistence rates across therapeutic classes and to assess whether compliance/persistence correlates with clinical outcomes. METHODS English language papers published between January 2000 and November 2005 investigating patient compliance/persistence with cardiovascular or antidiabetic medication were identified through searches of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Definitions and measurements of compliance/persistence were compared across therapeutic areas using contingency tables. RESULTS Of the 139 studies analysed, 32% focused on hypertension, 27% on diabetes and 13% on dyslipidaemia. The remainder covered coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in general. The most frequently reported measure of compliance was the 12-month medication possession ratio (MPR). The overall mean MPR was 72%, and the MPR did not differ significantly between treatment classes (range: 67-76%). The average proportion of patients with an MPR of >80% was 59% overall, 64% for antihypertensives, 58% for oral antidiabetics, 51% for lipid-lowering agents and 69% in studies of multiple treatments, again with no significant difference between treatment classes. The average 12-month persistence rate was 63% and was similar across therapeutic classes. Good compliance had a positive effect on outcome in 73% of the studies examining clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Non-compliance with cardiovascular and antidiabetic medication is a significant problem, with around 30% of days 'on therapy' not covered by medication and only 59% of patients taking medication for more than 80% of their days 'on therapy' in a year. Good compliance has a positive effect on clinical outcome, suggesting that the management of CVD may be improved by improving patient compliance.
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Review |
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333 |
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Cramer JA, Gold DT, Silverman SL, Lewiecki EM. A systematic review of persistence and compliance with bisphosphonates for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18:1023-31. [PMID: 17308956 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fourteen reports utilizing data from de-identified administrative databases were reviewed. Studies contained at least one measure of patient persistence or compliance with bisphosphonates or bisphosphonates and other anti-osteoporosis medications. These studies confirm that women with osteoporosis have suboptimal persistence and compliance rates with bisphosphonate therapy. INTRODUCTION This review summarizes patient persistence and compliance with bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteoporosis. METHODS We conducted a MEDLINE search for the period from January 1998 to May 2006, using a detailed list of terms related to persistence and compliance with anti-osteoporosis medications. Studies were included if they contained at least one measure of persistence or compliance derived from de-identified administrative databases containing patient demographics and prescription information. RESULTS We reviewed 14 reports, which described 14 databases. The percentage of patients persisting with therapy for 1 year ranged from 17.9% to 78.0%. Compliance, assessed as mean medication possession ratio (MPR), ranged from 0.59 to 0.81. When comparing compliance with weekly and daily bisphosphonates, the mean MPR was consistently higher for weekly versus daily therapy (0.58 to 0.76 versus 0.46 to 0.64 for patients receiving weekly and daily bisphosphonate therapy respectively). Persistence was also improved in patients receiving weekly bisphosphonates, assessed by both length of persistence (194 to 269 days [weekly] and 134 to 208 days [daily]) and percentage of persistent patients at the end of the follow-up period (35.7% to 69.7% [weekly] and 26.1% to 55.7% [daily]). CONCLUSION Although patients using weekly bisphosphonate medication follow their prescribed dosing regimens better than those using daily therapy, overall compliance and persistence rates were suboptimal.
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Review |
18 |
323 |
8
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Cramer JA, Perrine K, Devinsky O, Meador K. A brief questionnaire to screen for quality of life in epilepsy: the QOLIE-10. Epilepsia 1996; 37:577-82. [PMID: 8641236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate a brief questionnaire to screen aspects of health-related quality of life for persons with epilepsy. METHODS A study of 304 adults with epilepsy was undertaken at 25 seizure clinics in the United States. It was used for derivation of a brief screening tool from a longer instrument (QOLIE-89). RESULTS The 10-item questionnaire (QOLIE-10) covers general and epilepsy-specific domains, grouped into three factors: Epilepsy Effects (memory, physical effects, and mental effects of medication), Mental Health (energy, depression, overall quality of life), and Role Functioning (seizure worry, work, driving, social limits). Scale scores were significantly different among seizure groups (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The QOLIE-10 can be completed by a patient in several minutes and reviewed rapidly by the physician. This screening tool could provide potentially useful information for initial assessment or follow-up of problem areas that are not commonly evaluated during routine clinical visits with patients with epilepsy.
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253 |
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Perrine K, Hermann BP, Meador KJ, Vickrey BG, Cramer JA, Hays RD, Devinsky O. The relationship of neuropsychological functioning to quality of life in epilepsy. ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 1995; 52:997-1003. [PMID: 7575228 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540340089017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of objectively assessed cognitive functioning to self-reported quality of life. DESIGN Correlational, multiple regression, and factor analytic comparisons of a new self-report quality of life inventory with neuropsychological tests of cognition and mood. SUBJECTS Two hundred fifty-seven patients with epilepsy. SETTING Twenty-five epilepsy centers and neurology clinics across the United States. MEASURES A recently developed self-report (ie, Quality of Life in Epilepsy-89 inventory) and objective tests of memory, verbal abilities, spatial functions, psychomotor and cognitive processing speed, cognitive flexibility, and mood. RESULTS Factors that assessed mood, psychomotor speed, verbal memory, and language correlated significantly with selected scales of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-89 inventory (P < .0001) and were predictive of overall quality of life (P < .002 to P < .0001). The mood factor showed the highest correlations (r = -.20 to r = -.73) and was the strongest predictor of quality of life in regression analyses (46.7% explained variance, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Mood may be adversely affected by diminished quality of life, or perceived quality of life may be affected by mood disturbance. Quantitative quality of life assessments can be used in conjunction with formal neuropsychological testing of mood and cognition when evaluating patients with epilepsy.
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194 |
10
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Cramer JA, Westbrook LE, Devinsky O, Perrine K, Glassman MB, Camfield C. Development of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory for Adolescents: the QOLIE-AD-48. Epilepsia 1999; 40:1114-21. [PMID: 10448825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report the development of an instrument to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents with epilepsy. METHODS A sample of 197 English-speaking adolescents (aged 11-17 years) with epilepsy completed a test questionnaire of 88 items. Also included were mastery and self-esteem scales to assess external validity. A parent simultaneously completed an 11-item questionnaire to evaluate the child's HRQOL. Both adolescent and parent questionnaires were repeated in 2-4 weeks. Demographic information and information pertaining to seizures were collected at baseline along with assessment of systemic and neurologic toxicity. RESULTS The QOLIE-AD-48 contains 48 items in eight subscales: epilepsy impact (12 items), memory/concentration (10), attitudes toward epilepsy (four), physical functioning (five), stigma (six), social support (four), school behavior (four), health perceptions (three), and a total summary score, with higher scores indicating better HRQOL. Internal construct validity was demonstrated in a single-factor solution for the eight dimensions. All correlations were statistically significant at p < 0.05 level. Internal consistency reliability estimated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.74 for the summary score and ranged from a low of 0.52 (three-item Health Perceptions Scale) to 0.73-0.94 for the other individual scales. Good test-retest reliability was found for the overall measure (0.83). Summary score correlations with the two external validity scales, self-efficacy and self-esteem were 0.65 and 0.54, respectively. Statistically significant differences in summary scores indicating that HRQOL was increasingly better for adolescents as seizure severity decreases (no seizures = 77+/-13, low = 70+/-17, high = 63+/-17) were found among seizure-severity groups. CONCLUSIONS These data describe the development of a robust instrument to evaluate HRQOL in adolescents with epilepsy. Empiric analyses provide strong evidence that the QOLIE-AD-48 is both a reliable and valid measure for adolescents with epilepsy.
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Multicenter Study |
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192 |
11
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Rigsby MO, Rosen MI, Beauvais JE, Cramer JA, Rainey PM, O'Malley SS, Dieckhaus KD, Rounsaville BJ. Cue-dose training with monetary reinforcement: pilot study of an antiretroviral adherence intervention. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15:841-7. [PMID: 11119180 PMCID: PMC1495713 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility and efficacy of two interventions for improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy regimens in HIV-infected subjects compared with a control intervention. DESIGN Randomized, controlled, pilot study. SETTING Department of Veterans Affairs HIV clinic and community-based HIV clinical trials site. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-five HIV-infected subjects on stable antiretroviral therapy regimens. Subjects were predominantly male (89%) and African American (69%), and had histories of heroin or cocaine use (80%). INTERVENTIONS Four weekly sessions of either nondirective inquiries about adherence (control group, C), cue-dose training, which consisted of the use of personalized cues for remembering particular dose times, and feedback about medication taking using Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) pill bottle caps, which record time of bottle opening (CD group), or cue-dose training combined with cash reinforcement for correctly timed bottle opening (CD+CR). MEASUREMENTS Opening of the pill bottle within 2 hours before or after a predetermined time was measured by MEMS. RESULTS Adherence to the medication as documented by MEMS was significantly enhanced during the 4-week training period in the CD+CR group, but not in the CD group, compared with the control group. Improvement was also seen in adherence to antiretroviral drugs that were not the object of training and reinforcement. Eight weeks after training and reinforcement were discontinued, adherence in the cash-reinforced group returned to near-baseline levels. CONCLUSIONS Cue-dose training with cash reinforcement led to transient improvement in adherence to antiretroviral therapy in a population including mostly African Americans and subjects with histories of drug abuse. However, we were not able to detect any sustained improvement beyond the active training period, and questions concerning the timing and duration of such an intervention require further study. Randomized, controlled clinical studies with objective measures of adherence can be conducted in HIV-infected subjects and should be employed for further evaluation of this and other adherence interventions.
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Clinical Trial |
25 |
165 |
12
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Smith DB, Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF, Novelly RA, Craft B. Results of a nationwide Veterans Administration Cooperative Study comparing the efficacy and toxicity of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone. Epilepsia 1987; 28 Suppl 3:S50-8. [PMID: 3319543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1987.tb05778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In 1985 a 5-year multicenter Veterans Administration Cooperative Study was completed that compared the efficacy and toxicity of phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and primidone in a double-blind prospective study design. A total of 622 patients, either previously untreated or undertreated, were entered into the study. Strict exclusion criteria limited confounding factors such as drug or alcohol abuse. Results showed that each of the four drugs used as monotherapy were similarly effective in the treatment of generalized tonic clonic seizures, but carbamazepine was significantly more effective in the treatment of complex partial seizures as measured by 100% control. When the results for all four drugs were combined, the data showed that approximately 80% of the patients were adequately managed on monotherapy. Differences in toxicity were the most significant factor that discriminated between these four drugs. Both carbamazepine and phenytoin were associated with significantly lower incidences of intolerable side effects than were primidone or phenobarbital. A behavioral toxicity battery was performed whenever possible prior to administration of any antiepileptic drug and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after initiation of monotherapy. Significant differences in performance on all subtests of the battery were found between patients with epilepsy and a control group matched by age, sex, and education. When the differential effects of all four drugs on behavioral toxicity were compared, few statistically significant differences emerged. However, carbamazepine consistently produced fewer adverse effects on tests of attention/concentration and motor performance than did the other three antiepileptic drugs.
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Clinical Trial |
38 |
163 |
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Lyons WA, Nelson TE, Williams ER, Cramer JA, Turner TR. Enhanced positive cloud-to-ground lightning in thunderstorms ingesting smoke from fires. Science 1998; 282:77-80. [PMID: 9756479 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5386.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Smoke from forest fires in southern Mexico was advected into the U.S. southern plains from April to June 1998. Cloud-to-ground lightning (CG) flash data from the National Lightning Detection Network matched against satellite-mapped aerosol plumes imply that thunderstorms forming in smoke-contaminated air masses generated large amounts of lightning with positive polarity (+CGs). During 2 months, nearly half a million flashes in the southern plains exhibited +CG percentages that were triple the climatological norm. The peak currents in these +CGs were double the expected value. These thunderstorms also produced abnormally high numbers of mesospheric optical sprites.
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145 |
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French J, Edrich P, Cramer JA. A systematic review of the safety profile of levetiracetam: a new antiepileptic drug. Epilepsy Res 2001; 47:77-90. [PMID: 11673023 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-1211(01)00296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This report provides detailed review of safety information on levetiracetam (LEV) (Keppra), a new antiepileptic drug. METHODS The integrated summary of safety report submitted for regulatory review was examined to collate information about abnormal laboratory tests values and adverse event reports collected during the overall LEV development program. Analyses included 3347 patients exposed to LEV in clinical trials for epilepsy, cognition, and anxiety disorders. RESULTS Safety data from all studies depict a similar pattern of adverse effects, predominantly somnolence, asthenia, and dizziness that occurred most frequently during the first month of LEV treatment. Changes in laboratory test values from placebo-controlled trials that were statistically significant remained in the normal range (red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and neutrophils). Reports of the coding term 'infection' (common cold, upper respiratory infection) were not preceded by low neutrophil counts that might suggest impaired immunological status. Selection of adverse event coding terms probably contributed to the high rate of adverse effects termed 'infection.' Higher incidences of adverse effects, particularly behavioral effects, were found among epilepsy patients than in elderly patients with cognitive disorders or patients with anxiety disorders given lower doses. CONCLUSIONS This review of patients evaluated during the clinical development program suggests that LEV was well tolerated and safe for patients with seizure, cognitive and anxiety disorders. Overall incidence of adverse effects in the LEV groups was little higher than reports from the placebo groups. Of course, this data was derived from clinical trials that are of relatively short duration, and provide data on only several thousand patients. Therefore, long-term side effects, and/or rare side effects cannot be ruled out on the basis of this analysis.
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Comparative Study |
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139 |
15
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Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Caldwell BV, Siconolfi BC. Treatment of seizures with medroxyprogesterone acetate: Preliminary report. Neurology 1984; 34:1255-8. [PMID: 6540415 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.34.9.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a synthetic progesterone, was added to the antiepileptic drug regimen of 14 women who had uncontrolled seizures. Of the 11 women who developed amenorrhea, 7 reported fewer seizures during MPA therapy. Overall reductions in seizure frequency averaged 30% (n = 11), declining from a baseline 8.3 +/- 5.8 seizures per month to 5.1 +/- 4.1 seizures per month (p = 0.02). No serious side effects were encountered, but spotting was common. These preliminary data suggest further evaluation of MPA for catamenial seizures.
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132 |
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Seeman E, Compston J, Adachi J, Brandi ML, Cooper C, Dawson-Hughes B, Jönsson B, Pols H, Cramer JA. Non-compliance: the Achilles' heel of anti-fracture efficacy. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18:711-9. [PMID: 17245547 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
About 50% of patients fail to comply or persist with anti-osteoporosis treatment regimens within 1 year. Poor compliance is associated with higher fracture rates. Causes of poor compliance are unknown. As it is not possible to predict poor compliance, close monitoring of compliance is needed. Despite evidence supporting the anti-fracture efficacy of several pharmacological agents, approximately 50% of patients do not follow their prescribed treatment regimen and/or discontinue treatment within 1 year. Poor compliance is associated with higher fracture rates and increased morbidity, mortality and cost. However, as poor compliance, even to placebo, is associated with adverse outcomes, the higher morbidity appears to be only partly the result of lack of treatment: as yet, undefined characteristics place poor compliers at higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Only a small proportion (e.g., 6%) of the variability in compliance is explained by putative causal factors such as older age, co-morbidity or greater number of medications. Regimens with longer dosing intervals, such as weekly dosing, improve compliance, persistence and outcomes, but only modestly. As it is not possible to predict poor compliance, close monitoring of compliance should be an obligatory duty in clinical care. How this is best achieved has yet to be established, but poor persistence occurs as early as 3 months of starting treatment, indicating the need for early monitoring.
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Review |
18 |
123 |
17
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Cramer JA, Fisher R, Ben-Menachem E, French J, Mattson RH. New antiepileptic drugs: comparison of key clinical trials. Epilepsia 1999; 40:590-600. [PMID: 10386528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb05561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Data accrued from clinical trials of five new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are compared for efficacy in reducing seizures and self-reported adverse events as a basis of selection among new AEDs. Drawbacks to use of these data also are demonstrated. METHODS A review of double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of a new AED or placebo added to a standard AED provided data on reduction of complex partial seizures (CPSs). Success is > or =50% fewer CPSs with a new AED or placebo; Overall Improvement is the success rate with drug minus the success rate with placebo. Adverse events were tabulated from product-labeling lists of COSTART items (incidence, > or =5%). The Summary Complaint score is the total number of reports of individual events for each AED. RESULTS Efficacy data demonstrate differences in Overall Improvement rates among five new AEDs and placebos (p = 0.001). However, rates of response to placebo also differed significantly among trials (p = 0.01). Adverse events predominantly affect central nervous system, psychiatric, and general body systems. However, patients in the placebo control groups did not consistently report adverse effects. Summary Complaint scores differ among the five new AEDs, but variability in use of COSTART terms nullifies comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Comparisons of data for five new AEDs provide information for selection among treatments when a second drug is needed to improve control of CPSs. However, significant differences among the control groups and other problems make comparisons between trials problematic. The final choice should be based on the need of the individual patient for superior seizure control versus minimal adverse effects.
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Review |
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120 |
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Cramer JA, Smith DB, Mattson RH, Delgado Escueta AV, Collins JF. A method of quantification for the evaluation of antiepileptic drug therapy. Neurology 1983; 33:26-37. [PMID: 6681889 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.33.3_suppl_1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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115 |
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Cramer JA. Microelectronic systems for monitoring and enhancing patient compliance with medication regimens. Drugs 1995; 49:321-7. [PMID: 7774509 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199549030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Review |
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115 |
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Abstract
Many factors associated with hormone function have an impact on the course of epilepsy. Patients with epilepsy may have disturbances in sexual function such as anovulatory cycles in women and decreased libido and potency in men. Data indicate seizures, especially those arising in the limbic system, may influence the hypothalamic pituitary axis. Antiepileptic drugs also influence sexual function through direct brain effects as well as through induced changes in pharmacokinetics of the sex steroid hormones. Pregnancy has been reported to be a time of increased seizures; however, this has often been associated with low drug levels, for reasons that include inadequate drug dose, possible changes in pharmacokinetics, and noncompliance. Some evidence suggests that hormones affect seizure frequency. Changes in seizures during the menstrual cycle (catamenial epilepsy) have been found in some women: seizures were fewer during the luteal phase but increased when progesterone levels declined. Some improvement in seizure frequency has been shown in pilot studies using medroxyprogesterone acetate, a synthetic progesterone. Current concepts of the interrelationship among epilepsy, sex hormones, and antiepileptic drugs are discussed.
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Review |
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Baker GA, Camfield C, Camfield P, Cramer JA, Elger CE, Johnson AL, Martins da Silva A, Meinardi H, Munari C, Perucca E, Thorbecke R. Commission on Outcome Measurement in Epilepsy, 1994-1997: final report. Epilepsia 1998; 39:213-31. [PMID: 9578003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Review |
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110 |
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Shah LM, Cramer JA, Ferguson MA, Birn RM, Anderson JS. Reliability and reproducibility of individual differences in functional connectivity acquired during task and resting state. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00456. [PMID: 27069771 PMCID: PMC4814225 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Application of fMRI connectivity metrics as diagnostic biomarkers at the individual level will require reliability, sensitivity and specificity to longitudinal changes in development, aging, neurocognitive, and behavioral performance and pathologies. Such metrics have not been well characterized for recent advances in BOLD acquisition. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Analysis of multiband BOLD data from the HCP 500 Subjects Release was performed with FIX ICA and with WM, CSF and motion parameter regression. Analysis with ROIs covering the gray matter at 5 mm resolution was performed to assess functional connectivity. ROIs in key areas were used to demonstrate statistical differences between specific connections. Reproducibility of group-mean functional connectivity and for single connections for individuals was evaluated for both resting state and task acquisitions. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS Systematic differences in group-mean connectivity were demonstrated during task and rest and during different tasks, although individual differences in connectivity were maintained. Reproducibility of a single connection for a subject and across subjects for resting and task acquisition was demonstrated to be a linear function of the square root of imaging time. Randomly removing up to 50% of time points had little effect on reliability, while truncating an acquisition was associated with decreased reliability. Reliability was highest within the cortex, and lowest for deep gray nuclei, gray-white junction, and near large sulci. CONCLUSIONS This study found systematic differences in group-mean connectivity acquired during task and rest acquitisions and preserved individual differences in connectivity due to intrinsic differences in an individual's brain activity and structural brain architecture. We also show that longer scan times are needed to acquire data on single subjects for information on connections between specific ROIs. Longer scans may be facilitated by acquisition during task paradigms, which will systematically affect functional connectivity but may preserve individual differences in connectivity on top of task modulations.
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
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Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Williamson PD, Novelly RA. Valproic acid in epilepsy: clinical and pharmacological effects. Ann Neurol 1978; 3:20-5. [PMID: 350128 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The antiepileptic drug valproic acid was studied in an open clinical trial as adjunct medication for 23 patients with uncontrolled seizures of a generalized or partial type. Two-thirds of the patients experienced reduction in seizure frequency ranging from 25 to 100%. Extensive testing revealed no evidence of serious systemic toxicity due to the drug. Minor side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, or sedation) were usually transient. Sodium valproate syrup and valproic acid in capsules gave equivalent mean low (23.3 microgram/ml) and maximum (42.5 microgram/ml) serum concentrations. The drug had a relatively short half-life of 8.7 hours, necessitating administration in divided daily doses. During initiation of valproate therapy there was evidence of a decline in total serum phenytoin concentration (16.5 to 10.2 microgram/ml; p less than 0.001) while the percentage of free phenytoin increased (10.9 to 20%). The quantity of unbound phenytoin was relatively stable throughout. This observation was interpreted as a drug interaction: valproic acid competed with phenytoin for access to plasma protein binding sites.
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Clinical Trial |
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Qiu S, Miller MI, Joshi PS, Lee JC, Xue C, Ni Y, Wang Y, De Anda-Duran I, Hwang PH, Cramer JA, Dwyer BC, Hao H, Kaku MC, Kedar S, Lee PH, Mian AZ, Murman DL, O'Shea S, Paul AB, Saint-Hilaire MH, Alton Sartor E, Saxena AR, Shih LC, Small JE, Smith MJ, Swaminathan A, Takahashi CE, Taraschenko O, You H, Yuan J, Zhou Y, Zhu S, Alosco ML, Mez J, Stein TD, Poston KL, Au R, Kolachalama VB. Multimodal deep learning for Alzheimer's disease dementia assessment. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3404. [PMID: 35725739 PMCID: PMC9209452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, there are nearly 10 million new cases of dementia annually, of which Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common. New measures are needed to improve the diagnosis of individuals with cognitive impairment due to various etiologies. Here, we report a deep learning framework that accomplishes multiple diagnostic steps in successive fashion to identify persons with normal cognition (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD, and non-AD dementias (nADD). We demonstrate a range of models capable of accepting flexible combinations of routinely collected clinical information, including demographics, medical history, neuropsychological testing, neuroimaging, and functional assessments. We then show that these frameworks compare favorably with the diagnostic accuracy of practicing neurologists and neuroradiologists. Lastly, we apply interpretability methods in computer vision to show that disease-specific patterns detected by our models track distinct patterns of degenerative changes throughout the brain and correspond closely with the presence of neuropathological lesions on autopsy. Our work demonstrates methodologies for validating computational predictions with established standards of medical diagnosis.
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Grants
- R01 AG054076 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 AG016495 NIA NIH HHS
- U19 AG065156 NIA NIH HHS
- P30 AG066515 NIA NIH HHS
- RF1 AG062109 NIA NIH HHS
- RF1 AG072654 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 NS115114 NINDS NIH HHS
- R01 HL159620 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R56 AG062109 NIA NIH HHS
- P30 AG013846 NIA NIH HHS
- R21 CA253498 NCI NIH HHS
- K23 NS075097 NINDS NIH HHS
- U19 AG068753 NIA NIH HHS
- P30 AG066546 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 AG033040 NIA NIH HHS
- The Karen Toffler Charitable Trust, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Lewy Body Dementia Association, the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, the American Heart Association (20SFRN35460031), and the National Institutes of Health (R01-HL159620, R21-CA253498, RF1-AG062109, RF1-AG072654, U19-AG065156, P30-AG066515, R01-NS115114, K23-NS075097, U19-AG068753 and P30-AG013846).
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
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99 |
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Cramer JA, Arrigo C, Van Hammée G, Gauer LJ, Cereghino JJ. Effect of levetiracetam on epilepsy-related quality of life. N132 Study Group. Epilepsia 2000; 41:868-74. [PMID: 10897159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the short-term effect of levetiracetam (LEV; UCB L059) as add-on therapy on health-related quality of life in the treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures. METHODS Patients were enrolled in protocol UCB N132 if they had >/=12 partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalization during the 12-week baseline period with a minimum of two seizures every 4 weeks. Randomization was made to placebo, LEV 1,000 mg, or LEV 3,000 mg, with sample size based on seizure frequency reduction. The 31-item Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31) questionnaire was completed by 246 patients at the end of baseline and at 18-week follow-up, or earlier if withdrawn. RESULTS Significant differences were found among the three treatment groups for Seizure Worry (p = 0. 0003), Overall Quality of Life (p = 0.04), and Cognitive Functioning domains (p = 0.01), as well as the Total Score (p = 0.009). Responders (>/=50% partial onset seizure reduction) had significant improvements in all areas, except Medication Effect, compared with nonresponders (all p > 0.006). Clinically noticeable improvement (>/=10% change from baseline to follow-up) was perceived by LEV 3, 000 mg responders in all areas, except Emotional Well-Being, by LEV 1,000 mg responders in 5 of 9 areas, and by placebo responders in 2 of 9 areas. CONCLUSIONS Addition of LEV to standard medication seems to have a positive impact on health-related quality of life, particularly among responders in this short-term study. These exploratory analyses require additional studies to evaluate long-term changes in a larger population.
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Clinical Trial |
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