The Effect of a Deproteinizing Pretreatment on the Bonding Performance and Acid Resistance of a Two-step Self-etch Adhesive on Eroded Dentin

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluated how deproteinization using sodium hypochlorite (6% NaOCl) or hypochlorous acid (50 ppm HOCl) with or without the subsequent use of an arylsulfinate salt-containing agent (Clearfil DC Activator; DCA; Kuraray Noritake Dental) affects the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) and formation of an acid-base resistant zone (ABRZ) of a two-step self-etch adhesive on eroded dentin.

METHODS

Coronal dentin surfaces of sound human molars were exposed to 48 cycles of demineralization (1% citric acid; 5 minutes) and remineralization (buffer solution with pH=6.4; 3.5 hours). They were then assigned to experimental groups according to the pretreatment used: none (negative control), NaOCl, NaOCl+DCA, HOCl, and HOCl+DCA. Sound dentin surfaces with no pretreatment were used as a positive control. The dentin surfaces were bonded with Clearfil SE Bond 2 (Kuraray Noritake Dental), and μTBS was measured either after 24 hours or 20,000 thermal cycles (TC). The μTBS data were statistically analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests with Bonferroni correction. Failure mode was determined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which was also used for the observation of ABRZ.

RESULTS

Among experimental groups, there was no significant difference between the negative control, HOCl, and HOCl+DCA after 24 hours, but the HOCl-pretreated groups exhibited significantly higher μTBS than the negative control after TC (p<0.01). Pretreatment with NaOCl and NaOCl+DCA resulted in significantly higher μTBS (p<0.001), but the highest μTBS was measured on sound dentin (p<0.001). TC decreased μTBS significantly in all groups (p<0.001) except for sound dentin and NaOCl+DCA (p>0.05). Adhesive failures prevailed in eroded groups, whereas cohesive failures were predominant on sound dentin. ABRZ was recognized in all groups but marked morphological differences were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

The combined use of 6% NaOCl and the arylsulfinate salt-containing agent partially reversed the compromised bonding performance on eroded dentin, while the effect of 50 ppm HOCl was negligible.

Restoration of a Microdont Using the Resin Composite Injection Technique With a Fully Digital Workflow: A Flexible 3D-printed Index With a Stabilization Holder

Direct composite restorations are accepted as a treatment option for microdontia, which is a relatively prevalent condition that poses esthetic concerns. While free-hand composite placement is technique-sensitive and time-consuming, the resin composite injection technique is more straightforward and predictable. A fully digital workflow has been recently introduced, but the 3D-printed resin index is rigid and challenged by undercuts, as opposed to the silicone index. This case report presents a flexible 3D-printed resin index, which can accurately transfer the digitally simulated functional and esthetic form to the final restoration. In addition, a rigid stabilization holder was designed to stabilize the flexible index.

Paraganglioma with High Levels of Dopamine, Dopa Decarboxylase Suppression, Dopamine β-hydroxylase Upregulation and Intra-tumoral Melanin Accumulation: A Case Report with a Literature Review

Object Exclusively dopamine-producing pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) is an extremely rare subtype. In this condition, intratumoral dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), which controls the conversion of norepinephrine from dopamine, is impaired, resulting in suppressed norepinephrine and epinephrine production. However, the rarity of this type of PPGL hampers the understanding of its pathophysiology. We therefore conducted genetic and immunohistological analyses of a patient with an exclusively dopamine-producing paraganglioma. Methods Paraganglioma samples from a 52-year-old woman who presented with a 29.6- and 41.5-fold increase in plasma and 24-h urinary dopamine, respectively, but only a minor elevation in the plasma norepinephrine level was subjected to immunohistological and gene expression analyses of catecholamine synthases. Three tumors carrying known somatic PPGL-related gene variants (HRAS, EPAS1) were used as controls. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was also performed using the patient's blood and tumor tissue. Results Surprisingly, the protein expression of DBH was not suppressed, and its mRNA expression was clearly higher in the patient than in the controls. Furthermore, dopa decarboxylase (DDC), which governs the conversion of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) to dopamine, was downregulated at the protein and gene levels. In addition, melanin, which is synthesized by L-DOPA, accumulated in the tumor. WES revealed no PPGL-associated pathogenic germline variants, but a missense somatic variant (c.1798G>T) in CSDE1 was identified. Conclusion Although pre-operative plasma L-DOPA was not measured, our histological and gene expression analyses suggest that L-DOPA, rather than dopamine, might have been overproduced in the tumor. This raises the possibility of pathophysiological heterogeneity in exclusively dopamine-producing PPGL.

A case of juvenile-onset pheochromocytoma with KIF1B p.V1529M germline mutation

In 2008, a familial noradrenergic pheochromocytoma (PCC) with a KIF1B germline mutation in exon 41 was reported in a 24-year-old female proband and her family. However, in 2020, the same research group reported that the cause of PCC in this family was a MAX germline mutation and was not due to the KIF1B mutation. In this study, we investigated the pathogenicity of a KIF1B germline mutation detected in a 26-year-old woman with juvenile-onset noradrenergic PCC. She was surgically treated and did not have a family history of PCC. We performed whole-exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, and immunohistochemical and gene expression analyses of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. Three tumors with associated somatic mutations were used as the control group. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a p.V1529M KIF1B germline mutation in exon 41 in our patient, and no other associated germline and somatic mutations, including MAX, were detected. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of both mutant and wild-type alleles in the tumor. Among the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, the expression of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase was suppressed. An in silico analysis of the p.V1529M mutation showed a score suggestive of pathogenicity. After evaluation with the international guideline for sequence variants, p.V1529M mutation was still classified as a variant with uncertain significance; however, our data, including the in silico analysis data, provided certain evidences that met the criteria supporting its pathogenicity. Therefore, this study can support future studies in proving the pathogenicity of the KIF1B p.V1529M mutation.

Hysterangiales revisited: expanded phylogeny reveals new genera and two new suborders

Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) is a diverse, nearly cosmopolitan order of predominantly hypogeous, sequestrate, ectomycorrhizal fungi. Expanding on previously published phylogenies, we significantly increased sampling of Hysterangiales specimens, emphasizing representatives from Australia. Using protein-coding genes atp6 (adenosine triphosphate synthase subunit 6) and tef1 (translation elongation factor 1-á), we recovered 26 provisional novel genera, and corroborated existing genera and families. Further, two new suborders (Phallogastrineae subord. nov. and Hysterangineae subord. nov.) and a new family (Phallogastraceae fam. nov.) are described, and three new combinations made to Phallogaster. Aspects of classification and biogeography are presented.

Effect of Time and Temperature of Air Jet on the Mechanical and Biological Behavior of a Universal Adhesive System

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the influence of heat application on the degree of conversion (DC) of the 3M Single Bond Universal Adhesive System, as well as its transdentinal cytotoxicity and microtensile bond strength to dentin.

METHODS

Experimental groups were established according to the time and temperature of the air jet: G1: 5 seconds-25°C; G2: 10 seconds-25°C; G3: 20 seconds-25°C; G4: 5 seconds-50°C; G5: 10 seconds-50°C; G6: 20 seconds-50°C. In control group (G7), no treatment was performed. The DC was assessed using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) technique. For the transdentinal cytotoxicity test, dentin discs fitted in artificial pulp chambers (APC) received the application of the adhesive system and the air jets. For the microtensile bond strength, healthy molars were restored and submitted to the microtensile test after 24 hours and 6 months, respectively.

RESULTS

Significant reduction in viability of Mouse Dental Papilla Cell-23 (MDPC-23), which exhibited morphological changes, was observed in all experimental groups compared to control (p<0.05). Although all tested protocols resulted in transdentinal diffusion of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), the group G6 presented the highest degree of monomeric conversion and the lowest cytotoxic effect, with higher dentin bond strength values in comparison to group G1 (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Applying an air blast at 50°C for 20 seconds increases the DC and microtensile bond strength of the 3M Single Bond Universal Adhesive System to dentin, as well as reduces the transdentinal cytotoxicity of the material to pulp cells.

Effect of oxybutynin patch versus mirabegron on nocturia-related quality of life in female overactive bladder patients: A multicenter randomized trial

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effect of oxybutynin patch versus β3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron on nocturia-related quality of life in female overactive bladder patients.

METHODS

In the present study, female overactive bladder patients were enrolled. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups: the oxybutynin patch group and the mirabegron group. Each of the drugs was given for 8 weeks. The changes in the total Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire score were evaluated. Parameters on a frequency volume chart were also evaluated.

RESULTS

In total, 100 patients (51 oxybutynin patch, 49 mirabegron) were treated with oxybutynin patch or mirabegron. The changes in the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire score 4 weeks after administration were 3.8 ± 18.6 and 8.7 ± 13.1 with the oxybutynin patch group and the mirabegron group, respectively, which were significantly higher than those at the baseline. Furthermore, the changes in the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire score 8 weeks after administration were 4.3 ± 16.5 and 7.7 ± 12.3, respectively. A statistical difference was seen only in the mirabegron group. Regarding the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire subscores, oxybutynin patch and mirabegron significantly improved the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire bother/concern subscore 4 and 8 weeks after administration, whereas the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire sleep/energy subscore was not significantly improved in each period. Eight weeks after administration, 24-h frequency, 24-h urinary urgency and mean voided urine volume were improved in both groups statistically.

CONCLUSIONS

The oxybutynin patch improves quality of life, focusing mainly on nocturia by improving the bother/concern subscores of the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire in the short term.

Genomic Profiling Identified ERCC2 E606Q Mutation in Helicase Domain Respond to Platinum-Based Neoadjuvant Therapy in Urothelial Bladder Cancer

Genomic profiling of tumors enables therapeutic decisions, and identifying drug-matched mutations will prolong survival and prognosis. Here, we generated a custom panel for detecting genetic alterations in 19 patients with urothelial bladder cancer. This panel targeted 71 genes associated with urological cancer. Targeted sequencing was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues. Paired patient-matched tumor and blood samples were subjected to this analysis. A total of 142 somatic mutations were detected in 19 tumor tissues. At least one non-synonymous mutation was detected in all tumor tissues, and KDM6A, KMT2D, TP53, KMT2C, PIK3CA, and ERCC2 were recurrently mutated. Chromatin remodeling and epigenetic modifier genes are frequently mutated. Of 142 mutations, 69 mutations (49%) were annotated to have oncogenic potential. Furthermore, 74% of patients were expected to receive targeted therapy due to drug-matched mutations being identified in their tumors. Among this cohort, a patient harbored an ERCC2 helicase domain mutation and would be expected to respond to platinum-based therapy. As expected, the patient received carboplatin-containing neoadjuvant therapy with a remarkable response. Furthermore, tumor-derived mutations in urine were rapidly decreased after neoadjuvant therapy. These results suggested targeted sequencing could help to detect drug-matched somatic mutations and indicate single or combination therapy for cancer patients.

Degree of Conversion Contributes to Dentin Bonding Durability of Contemporary Universal Adhesives

Clinical Relevance

The degree of conversion of contemporary universal adhesives positively correlates with the bond strength to dentin. The correlation is more marked after thermocycling, suggesting that a high degree of conversion is required for long-term dentin bonding durability.

SUMMARY

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) of five contemporary universal adhesives to dentin after 24 hours and thermocycling (TC), to measure their degrees of conversion (DC) and to test the correlation between μTBS and DC.

Methods and Materials: Four commercially available universal adhesives, Prime&Bond universal (PBU), Ecosite Bond (EB), G-Premio Bond (GPB), and Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (UBQ), and one experimental adhesive, UBQ without an amide monomer (UBQ-A), were used in this study. For the μTBS test, midcoronal dentin of 50 human molars was exposed, ground using 600-grit SiC paper, and the adhesives were applied according to the manufacturers’ instructions. After resin-composite buildup and 24-hour water storage, one-half of the specimens were subjected to 15,000 thermal cycles. The specimens were sectioned into beams and stressed in tension at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure. The DC of adhesives applied to dentin was evaluated using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy immediately after light-curing. All data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of 0.05.

Results: The highest μTBSs were obtained with UBQ, UBQ-A, and PBU, which were not significantly different from each other both after 24 hours and TC. The μTBS of GPB was lower compared with the aforementioned adhesives, but significantly only after TC, and the lowest μTBSs were obtained with EB. TC did not affect the μTBSs of UBQ, UBQ-A, and PBU significantly, but a significant decrease was observed with GPB and EB. The highest DC was obtained with PBU and UBQ, followed by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate–rich adhesives UBQ-A and EB, which exhibited significantly lower DCs. The DC of GPB could not be determined because the reference peak at 1608 cm−1 was not detected in its spectra. A significant positive correlation was shown between μTBS and DC after 24 hours (r=0.716) and TC (r=0.856).

Conclusion: μTBS and DC were positively correlated, more markedly after TC, which suggests that DC may be an important factor for bond durability.

Genomic profile of urine has high diagnostic sensitivity compared to cytology in non-invasive urothelial bladder cancer

Cytology is widely conducted for diagnosis of urothelial bladder cancer; however, its sensitivity is still low. Recent studies show that liquid biopsies can reflect tumor genomic profiles. We aim to investigate whether plasma or urine is more suitable for detecting tumor‐derived DNA in patients with early‐stage urothelial bladder cancer. Targeted sequencing of 71 genes was carried out using a total of 150 samples including primary tumor, urine supernatant, urine precipitation, plasma and buffy coat from 25 patients with bladder cancer and five patients with cystitis and benign tumor. We compared mutation profiles between each sample, identified tumor‐identical mutations and compared tumor diagnostic sensitivities between urine and conventional cytology. We identified a total of 168 somatic mutations in primary tumor. In liquid biopsies, tumor‐identical mutations were found at 53% (89/168) in urine supernatant, 48% (81/168) in urine precipitation and 2% (3/168) in plasma. The high variant allele fraction of urine was significantly related to worse clinical indicators such as tumor invasion and cytological examination. Although conventional cytology detected tumor cells in only 22% of non‐invasive tumor, tumor diagnostic sensitivity increased to 67% and 78% using urine supernatant and precipitation, respectively. Urine is an ideal liquid biopsy for detecting tumor‐derived DNA and more precisely reflects tumor mutational profiles than plasma. Genomic analysis of urine is clinically useful for diagnosis of superficial bladder cancer at early stage.

Santiago A, de Oliveira L, de Souza C, Déniel F, Dima B, Dong G, Edwards J, Félix C, Fournier J, Gibertoni T, Hosaka K, Iturriaga T, Jadan M, Jany JL, Jurjević Ž, Kolařík M, Kušan I, Landell M, Leite Cordeiro T, Lima D, Loizides M, Luo S, Machado A, Madrid H, Magalhães O, Marinho P, Matočec N, Mešić A, Miller A, Morozova O, Neves R, Nonaka K, Nováková A, Oberlies N, Oliveira-Filho J, Oliveira T, Papp V, Pereira O, Perrone G, Peterson S, Pham T, Raja H, Raudabaugh D, Řehulka J, Rodríguez-Andrade E, Saba M, Schauflerová A, Shivas R, Simonini G, Siqueira J, Sousa J, Stajsic V, Svetasheva T, Tan Y, Tkalčec Z, Ullah S, Valente P, Valenzuela-Lopez N, Abrinbana M, Viana Marques D, Wong P, Xavier de Lima V, Groenewald J. Fungal Planet description sheets: 716-784

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Chaetopsina eucalypti on Eucalyptus leaf litter, Colletotrichum cobbittiense from Cordyline stricta × C. australis hybrid, Cyanodermella banksiae on Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha, Discosia macrozamiae on Macrozamia miquelii, Elsinoë banksiigena on Banksia marginata, Elsinoë elaeocarpi on Elaeocarpus sp., Elsinoë leucopogonis on Leucopogon sp., Helminthosporium livistonae on Livistona australis, Idriellomyces eucalypti (incl. Idriellomyces gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Lareunionomyces eucalypti on Eucalyptus sp., Myrotheciomyces corymbiae (incl. Myrotheciomyces gen. nov., Myrotheciomycetaceae fam. nov.), Neolauriomyces eucalypti (incl. Neolauriomyces gen. nov., Neolauriomycetaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus sp., Nullicamyces eucalypti (incl. Nullicamyces gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus leaf litter, Oidiodendron eucalypti on Eucalyptus maidenii, Paracladophialophora cyperacearum (incl. Paracladophialophoraceae fam. nov.) and Periconia cyperacearum on leaves of Cyperaceae, Porodiplodia livistonae (incl. Porodiplodia gen. nov., Porodiplodiaceae fam. nov.) on Livistona australis, Sporidesmium melaleucae (incl. Sporidesmiales ord. nov.) on Melaleuca sp., Teratosphaeria sieberi on Eucalyptus sieberi, Thecaphora australiensis in capsules of a variant of Oxalis exilis. Brazil, Aspergillus serratalhadensis from soil, Diaporthe pseudoinconspicua from Poincianella pyramidalis, Fomitiporella pertenuis on dead wood, Geastrum magnosporum on soil, Marquesius aquaticus (incl. Marquesius gen. nov.) from submerged decaying twig and leaves of unidentified plant, Mastigosporella pigmentata from leaves of Qualea parviflorae, Mucor souzae from soil, Mycocalia aquaphila on decaying wood from tidal detritus, Preussia citrullina as endophyte from leaves of Citrullus lanatus, Queiroziella brasiliensis (incl. Queiroziella gen. nov.) as epiphytic yeast on leaves of Portea leptantha, Quixadomyces cearensis (incl. Quixadomyces gen. nov.) on decaying bark, Xylophallus clavatus on rotten wood. Canada, Didymella cari on Carum carvi and Coriandrum sativum. Chile, Araucasphaeria foliorum (incl. Araucasphaeria gen. nov.) on Araucaria araucana, Aspergillus tumidus from soil, Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil. Colombia, Corynespora pseudocassiicola on Byrsonima sp., Eucalyptostroma eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus pellita, Neometulocladosporiella eucalypti (incl. Neometulocladosporiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Tracylla eucalypti (incl. Tracyllaceae fam. nov., Tracyllalales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus urophylla. Cyprus, Gyromitra anthracobia (incl. Gyromitra subg. Pseudoverpa) on burned soil. Czech Republic, Lecanicillium restrictum from the surface of the wooden barrel, Lecanicillium testudineum from scales of Trachemys scripta elegans. Ecuador, Entoloma yanacolor and Saproamanita quitensis on soil. France, Lentithecium carbonneanum from submerged decorticated Populus branch. Hungary, Pleuromyces hungaricus (incl. Pleuromyces gen. nov.) from a large Fagus sylvatica log. Iran, Zymoseptoria crescenta on Aegilops triuncialis. Malaysia, Ochroconis musicola on Musa sp. Mexico, Cladosporium michoacanense from soil. New Zealand , Acrodontium metrosideri on Metrosideros excelsa, Polynema podocarpi on Podocarpus totara, Pseudoarthrographis phlogis (incl. Pseudoarthrographis gen. nov.) on Phlox subulata. Nigeria, Coprinopsis afrocinerea on soil. Pakistan, Russula mansehraensis on soil under Pinus roxburghii. Russia, Baorangia alexandri on soil in deciduous forests with Quercus mongolica. South Africa, Didymocyrtis brachylaenae on Brachylaena discolor. Spain, Alfaria dactylis from fruit of Phoenix dactylifera, Dothiora infuscans from a blackened wall, Exophiala nidicola from the nest of an unidentified bird, Matsushimaea monilioides from soil, Terfezia morenoi on soil. United Arab Emirates, Tirmania honrubiae on soil. USA, Arxotrichum wyomingense (incl. Arxotrichum gen. nov.) from soil, Hongkongmyces snookiorum from submerged detritus from a fresh water fen, Leratiomyces tesquorum from soil, Talaromyces tabacinus on leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Vietnam, Afroboletus vietnamensis on soil in an evergreen tropical forest, Colletotrichum condaoense from Ipomoea pes-caprae. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided.

Introducing a Novel Method of Intravascular Adeno-associated Virus-mediated Gene Delivery

INTRODUCTION

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has shown therapeutic potential as a viral vector in various studies of gene therapy. However, research on its use in targeting intravascular cells in a localized manner is lacking. We introduce a novel method to deliver various AAV serotypes intravascularly and examine their efficiency in transducing cells of the murine carotid artery.

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to examine the transduction efficiency of AAV-mediated gene delivery in cells of the murine carotid artery both with and without a fully-formed aneurysm. Results of infection were visualized with green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter gene.

METHODS

Naïve murine carotid artery or experimentally-induced murine carotid aneurysm was ligated distally and proximally. A small incision was made and 5 uL AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, or AAV9 was microsurgically injected and allowed to incubate for 30 min. Incision was closed and tissue was excised three weeks following AAV injection. Carotid artery or aneurysm tissue was excised and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution. On both naïve carotid artery tissue and aneurysm tissue, GFP was visualized by immunofluorescence using antibody against GFP.

RESULTS

Three out of four serotypes of AAV successfully transduced cells within both the murine aneurysm tissue and the naïve carotid artery tissue. AAV5- and AAV9-transduced aneurysm tissue showed the greatest presence of GFP, with AAV8 showing less overall fluorescence. AAV2 showed no fluorescence.

CONCLUSION

AAV-mediated gene delivery is an effective way to transduce cells intravascularly with a transgene of interest. Our method can be generalized across a wide variety of studies to further research or treat other vascular disease.

VT, Wiederhold N, Wrzosek M, Zothanzama J, Groenewald J. Fungal Planet description sheets: 558-624

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia: Banksiophoma australiensis (incl. Banksiophoma gen. nov.) on Banksia coccinea, Davidiellomycesaustraliensis (incl. Davidiellomyces gen. nov.) on Cyperaceae, Didymocyrtis banksiae on Banksia sessilis var. cygnorum, Disculoides calophyllae on Corymbia calophylla, Harknessia banksiae on Banksia sessilis, Harknessia banksiae-repens on Banksia repens, Harknessia banksiigena on Banksia sessilis var. cygnorum, Harknessia communis on Podocarpus sp., Harknessia platyphyllae on Eucalyptus platyphylla, Myrtacremonium eucalypti (incl. Myrtacremonium gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtapenidiella balenae on Eucalyptus sp., Myrtapenidiella eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus sp., Myrtapenidiella pleurocarpae on Eucalyptuspleurocarpa, Paraconiothyrium hakeae on Hakea sp., Paraphaeosphaeria xanthorrhoeae on Xanthorrhoea sp., Parateratosphaeria stirlingiae on Stirlingia sp., Perthomyces podocarpi (incl. Perthomyces gen. nov.) on Podocarpus sp., Readeriella ellipsoidea on Eucalyptus sp., Rosellinia australiensis on Banksia grandis, Tiarosporella corymbiae on Corymbia calophylla, Verrucoconiothyriumeucalyptigenum on Eucalyptus sp., Zasmidium commune on Xanthorrhoea sp., and Zasmidium podocarpi on Podocarpus sp. Brazil: Cyathus aurantogriseocarpus on decaying wood, Perenniporia brasiliensis on decayed wood, Perenniporia paraguyanensis on decayed wood, and Pseudocercospora leandrae-fragilis on Leandrafragilis.Chile: Phialocephala cladophialophoroides on human toe nail. Costa Rica: Psathyrella striatoannulata from soil. Czech Republic: Myotisia cremea (incl. Myotisia gen. nov.) on bat droppings. Ecuador: Humidicutis dictiocephala from soil, Hygrocybe macrosiparia from soil, Hygrocybe sangayensis from soil, and Polycephalomyces onorei on stem of Etlingera sp. France: Westerdykella centenaria from soil. Hungary: Tuber magentipunctatum from soil. India: Ganoderma mizoramense on decaying wood, Hodophilus indicus from soil, Keratinophyton turgidum in soil, and Russula arunii on Pterigota alata.Italy: Rhodocybe matesina from soil. Malaysia: Apoharknessia eucalyptorum, Harknessia malayensis, Harknessia pellitae, and Peyronellaea eucalypti on Eucalyptus pellita, Lectera capsici on Capsicum annuum, and Wallrothiella gmelinae on Gmelina arborea.Morocco: Neocordana musigena on Musa sp. New Zealand: Candida rongomai-pounamu on agaric mushroom surface, Candida vespimorsuum on cup fungus surface, Cylindrocladiella vitis on Vitis vinifera, Foliocryphia eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus sp., Ramularia vacciniicola on Vaccinium sp., and Rhodotorula ngohengohe on bird feather surface. Poland: Tolypocladium fumosum on a caterpillar case of unidentified Lepidoptera.Russia: Pholiotina longistipitata among moss. Spain: Coprinopsis pseudomarcescibilis from soil, Eremiomyces innocentii from soil, Gyroporus pseudocyanescens in humus, Inocybe parvicystis in humus, and Penicillium parvofructum from soil. Unknown origin: Paraphoma rhaphiolepidis on Rhaphiolepsis indica.USA: Acidiella americana from wall of a cooling tower, Neodactylaria obpyriformis (incl. Neodactylaria gen. nov.) from human bronchoalveolar lavage, and Saksenaea loutrophoriformis from human eye. Vietnam: Phytophthora mekongensis from Citrus grandis, and Phytophthora prodigiosa from Citrus grandis. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided.

All-optical control and visualization of ultrafast two-dimensional atomic motions in a single crystal of bismuth

In a bulk solid, optical control of atomic motion provides a better understanding of its physical properties and functionalities. Such studies would benefit from active control and visualization of atomic motions in arbitrary directions, yet, so far, mostly only one-dimensional control has been shown. Here we demonstrate a novel method to optically control and visualize two-dimensional atomic motions in a bulk solid. We use a femtosecond laser pulse to coherently superpose two orthogonal atomic motions in crystalline bismuth. The relative amplitudes of those two motions are manipulated by modulating the intensity profile of the laser pulse, and these controlled motions are quantitatively visualized by density functional theory calculations. Our control-visualization scheme is based on the simple, robust and universal concept that in any physical system, two-dimensional particle motion is decomposed into two orthogonal one-dimensional motions, and thus it is applicable to a variety of condensed matter systems.

Controlling the motion of atoms in solids with light allows for a deeper understanding of their fundamental properties, yet most studies only deal with one spatial dimension. Katsuki et al. extend this approach to two-dimensional control and use it to visualize atomic motion in bismuth.

Malignant mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney: report of the first male case

Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney is a rare benign tumor that consists of both epithelial and stromal cells. To date, eight malignant cases have previously been reported in female patients only. We report the first case of malignant mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney in a male patient. A 67-year-old Japanese man receiving hormonal therapy for prostatic cancer was found to have a right renal cystic tumor and underwent right nephrectomy. Histologically, the tumor was composed of benign epithelial and stromal cells in addition to malignant undifferentiated stromal cells. Immunohistochemically, the malignant stromal component was positive for cluster of differentiation 99 and B-cell lymphoma 2, but no chimeric transcripts for synovial sarcoma were identified. Finally, a diagnosis of malignant mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney was recorded. Urologists and pathologists should recognize that malignant mixed epithelial and stromal tumors of the kidney might occur in male patients receiving hormonal therapy for prostatic cancer.

Durability of resin-dentin bonds to water- vs. ethanol-saturated dentin

Higher 24-hour resin-dentin bond strengths are created when ethanol is used to replace water during wet bonding. This in vitro study examined if ethanol-wet-bonding can increase the durability of resin-dentin bonds over longer times. Five increasingly hydrophilic experimental resin blends were bonded to acid-etched dentin saturated with water or ethanol. Following composite build-ups, the teeth were reduced into beams for 24-hour microtensile bond strength evaluation, and for water-aging at 37 degrees C for 3, 6, or 12 months before additional bond strength measurements. Although most bonds made to water-saturated dentin did not change over time, those made to ethanol-saturated dentin exhibited higher bond strengths, and none of them fell over time. Decreased collagen fibrillar diameter and increased interfibrillar spacing were seen in hybrid layers created with ethanol-wet-bonding. Increases in bond strength and durability in ethanol-wet-bonding may be due to higher resin uptake and better resin sealing of the collagen matrix, thereby minimizing endogenous collagenolytic activities.

[Case report: instillation of povidone iodine for the treatment of idiopathic chyluria]

A 77-year-old woman who had never lived in a tropical area was referred to our hospital in November 2006 because of hypoproteinemia and chyluria. Cystoscopy revealed milky urine flowing from left ureteral orifice. Computed tomography showed small lymph nodes around the left side of the aorta but no carcinoma could be seen. We diagnosed her with idiopathic chyluria and recommended low fatty meals, but chyluria did not disappear. In March 2007 povidone iodine was instilled retrogradedly and chyluria disappeared immediately. As of December 2007, chyluria has not recurred.

Bladder metastasis of renal cell carcinoma; a case study

A 78-year-old man underwent left total nephroureterectomy, and histopathological examination revealed renal cell carcinoma (RCC) of clear cell subtype. Multiple lung metastases were observed, and immunotherapy using IFN-alpha was introduced after the operation. Gross hematuria was seen 1 year after the operation, and cystoscopy revealed a submucosal tumor in the bladder. Transurethral resection of the tumor was performed, and pathological diagnosis was metastasis from the RCC. Six months later, he died because of multiple metastases of the tumor. Thirty cases of metastasis of RCC to the bladder, including our case, have been reported in Japan.

Indometacin up-regulates TFF2 expression in gastric epithelial cells

BACKGROUND

Trefoil factor family peptides are expressed in gastrointestinal epithelial cells and play a critical role in maintaining mucosal integrity. Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are important causative agents of gastric mucosal lesions, few data are available about the effect of NSAIDs on trefoil family peptides in gastric mucosa.

AIM

To examine whether indometacin, a widely used NSAID, affects trefoil factor family expression in gastric epithelial cells.

METHODS

MKN45, a cell line derived from human gastric cancer, was used. TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 mRNA expression was assessed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). TFF2 gene transcription was also examined by luciferase reporter gene assay.

RESULTS

Relative expression level of TFF1, TFF2, TFF3 mRNA was 616: 12: 1 in unstimulated MKN45 cells. Although indometacin (1-250 micro mol/L) had no significant effect on the expression of TFF1 and TFF3 mRNA, it up-regulated TFF2 mRNA expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed the up-regulation of TFF2 gene transcription by indometacin. Indometacin-induced up-regulation of TFF2 expression was not antagonized by externally applied prostaglandin E2.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that indometacin up-regulates gastric epithelial cell TFF2 expression through a COX-independent mechanism. Since TFF peptides play an important role in gastric mucosal protection, indometacin-induced TFF2 may reduce the degree of gastric mucosal damage induced by indometacin.

Shape-resonance-enhanced vibrational effects in the angular distributions of C 1s photoelectrons from fixed-in-space CO molecules

Angular distributions of C 1s photoelectrons from fixed-in-space CO molecules have been measured with vibrational resolution. A strong dependence of the angular distributions on the vibrational states of the residual molecular ion has been found for the first time in the region of the shape resonance. Calculations in the relaxed core Hartree-Fock approximation have reproduced the angular distributions fairly well in the general shapes of the angular distributions due to the correct description of nuclear motion as an average of the internuclear-distance-dependent dipole amplitudes.