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Tatar M. The role of Aβ in Alzheimer's Disease as an Evolutionary Outcome of Optimized Innate Immune Defense. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2022; 9:580-588. [PMID: 36281662 PMCID: PMC10535726 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2022.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive manifestation of aging associated with accumulated Amyloid β. It remains frustratingly unclear why this protein accumulates and how it contributes to Alzheimer's Disease pathology. In one recent hypothesis, Amyloid β is suggested to function as an antimicrobial peptide in innate immune defense within the brain, where Amyloid β gains toxicity when it becomes abundant. This essay proposes an evolutionary explanation for why Amyloid β expression is regulated at an optimum based on its function as a defense and how this leads to disease. Among its potential physiological functions, Amyloid β confers benefits to reduce direct pathogen damage while this simultaneously entails cellular cost of defense. Optimal Amyloid β expression occurs when the gain in fitness from an incremental increase is balanced by the marginal cost of this increase. It proposes that natural selection acting upon the young favored systems to maintain Amyloid β at an optimal level through mechanisms that induce the defense and repress its expression. With age, the force of natural selection declines and permits mechanisms of negative feedback repression to degenerate. Consequently, Amyloid β is expressed beyond its optimum. Age also elevates cumulative pathogen exposure, reduces pathogen barriers and reactivates latent pathogens. The net effect is elevated, chronic induction of Amyloid β in the brain. The model recommends attention to innate immune negative regulation in the brain to discover ways to restore these functions toward a youthful state in the elderly.
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Kunc P, Fabry J, Zatko T, Grendar M, Tatar M, Pecova R. Cough reflex sensitivity and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma. Physiol Res 2021; 69:S455-S461. [PMID: 33471545 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual studies have suggested the utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement in detecting cough-variant asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis in patients with chronic cough. The aim of this study was to clarify a correlation of cough reflex sensitivity and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthmatic children. 25 children with asthma and 15 controls were submitted to cough reflex sensitivity measurement - capsaicin aerosol in doubling concentrations (from 0.61 to 1250 micromol/l) was inhaled by a single breath method. Concentrations of capsaicin causing two (C2) and five coughs (C5) were reported. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement was included. Asthmatic children' (11 boys and 14 girls, mean age 9+/-1 years) and control group (unconfirmed diagnosis of asthma) (6 boys and 9 girls, mean age 8+/-1 years) were included into the study. FeNO vs. C2 in asthma (Spearman´s rank correlation: -0.146, p=0.49); FENO vs. C5 in asthma (Spearman´s rank correlation: -0.777, p=0.71). We found that there is no correlation between cough reflex sensitivity and fractional exhaled nitric oxide either in children with asthma or in the control group.
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Pecova R, Sojak J, Durdik P, Zatko T, Omar Mohamedova E, Grendar M, Tatar M. Relationship between cough reflex sensitivity and body mass index in children with chronic cough - a pilot study. Physiol Res 2020; 69:S463-S470. [PMID: 33471546 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation. Obesity may also be associated with chronic cough. The aim of this pilot study was to clarify relation of cough reflex sensitivity and body mass index (BMI) in children with chronic cough. Altogether 41 children having symptoms of chronic cough were submitted to cough reflex sensitivity measurement. We assessed the relation of cough reflex sensitivity (CKR) due to BMI. Cough reflex sensitivity was defined as the lowest capsaicin concentration which evoked two (C2) or five (C5) coughs. Capsaicin aerosol in doubling concentrations (from 0.61 to 1250 micromol/l) was inhaled by a single breath method (KoKo DigiDoser; nSpire heath Inc, Louisville, CO, USA), modified by the addition of an inspiratory flow regulator valve (RIFR; nSpire heath Inc, Louisville, CO, USA). BMI was calculated. Pulmonary function was within normal range. Concentrations of capsaicin causing two (C2) and five coughs (C5) were reported. Children (22 boys and 19 girls, mean age 6.8 years) cough reflex sensitivity (median, with the Inter-Quartile Range) for C2 was 19.5 (73.4) micromol/l; for C5 it was 78.1 (605.5) micromol/l. We have noticed statistically significant relation of the cough reflex sensitivity (C5) and body mass index (P<0.0001); however, the effect size was small, R2=0.03. Increase of body mass index in one unit is associated with -34.959 micromol/l decrease of C5. We did not find a statistically significant relation between C2 and BMI (P=0.41). The median value of CKR (C2) in boys is not statistically significantly different than the median value of CKR (C2) in girls (P-value 0.5). The median value of CKR (C5) in boys is not statistically significantly different than the median value of CKR (C5) in girls (P-value 0.5). Increase of body mass index in children suffering from chronic cough relates to decrease of cough reflex sensitivity (C5 value).
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Gules O, Yildiz M, Naseer Z, Tatar M. Effects of folic acid on testicular toxicity induced by bisphenol-A in male Wistar rats. Biotech Histochem 2018; 94:26-35. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1493222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Banovcin P, Halicka J, Halickova M, Duricek M, Hyrdel R, Tatar M, Kollarik M. Studies on the regulation of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) by acid in the esophagus and stomach. Dis Esophagus 2016; 29:484-9. [PMID: 25873206 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) is the major mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux, but the regulation of TLESR by stimuli in the esophagus is incompletely understood. We have recently reported that acid infusion in the esophagus substantially (by 75%) increased the number of meal-induced TLESR in healthy subjects. We concluded that the TLESR reflex triggered by gastric distention with meal was enhanced by the stimulation of esophageal nerves by acid. However, the possibilities that the acid infused into the esophagus acts after passing though lower esophageal sphincter in stomach to enhance TLESR, or that the acid directly initiates TLESR from the esophagus were not addressed. Here, we evaluated the effect of acid infusion into the proximal stomach on meal-induced TLESR (study 1) and the ability of acid infusion into the esophagus to initiate TLESR without prior meal (study 2). We analyzed TLESRs by using high-resolution manometry in healthy subjects in paired randomized studies. In study 1, we found that acid infusion into the proximal stomach did not affect TLESRs induced by standard meal. The number of meal-induced TLESRs following the acid infusion into the proximal stomach was similar to the number of meal-induced TLESRs following the control infusion. In study 2, we found that acid infusion into the esophagus without prior meal did not initiate TLESRs. We conclude that the increase in the meal-induced TLESRs by acid in the esophagus demonstrated in our previous study is not attributable to the action of acid in the stomach or to direct initiation of TLESR from the esophagus by acid. Our studies are consistent with the concept that the stimuli in the esophagus can influence TLESRs. The enhancement of TLESR by acid in the esophagus may contribute to pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux in some patients.
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El Assil O, Tatar M, Uzel AP. Floating forearm with pure dislocations. HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2016; 35:225-228. [PMID: 27740467 DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brozmanova M, Mazurova L, Ru F, Tatar M, Hu Y, Yu S, Kollarik M. Mechanisms of the adenosine A2A receptor-induced sensitization of esophageal C fibers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G215-23. [PMID: 26564719 PMCID: PMC4971813 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00350.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that adenosine contributes to esophageal mechanical hypersensitivity in some patients with pain originating in the esophagus. We have previously reported that the esophageal vagal nodose C fibers express the adenosine A2A receptor. Here we addressed the hypothesis that stimulation of the adenosine A2A receptor induces mechanical sensitization of esophageal C fibers by a mechanism involving transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1). Extracellular single fiber recordings of activity originating in C-fiber terminals were made in the ex vivo vagally innervated guinea pig esophagus. The adenosine A2A receptor-selective agonist CGS21680 induced robust, reversible sensitization of the response to esophageal distention (10-60 mmHg) in a concentration-dependent fashion (1-100 nM). At the half-maximally effective concentration (EC50: ≈3 nM), CGS21680 induced an approximately twofold increase in the mechanical response without causing an overt activation. This sensitization was abolished by the selective A2A antagonist SCH58261. The adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin mimicked while the nonselective protein kinase inhibitor H89 inhibited mechanical sensitization by CGS21680. CGS21680 did not enhance the response to the purinergic P2X receptor agonist α,β-methylene-ATP, indicating that CGS21680 does not nonspecifically sensitize to all stimuli. Mechanical sensitization by CGS21680 was abolished by pretreatment with two structurally different TRPA1 antagonists AP18 and HC030031. Single cell RT-PCR and whole cell patch-clamp studies in isolated esophagus-specific nodose neurons revealed the expression of TRPA1 in A2A-positive C-fiber neurons and demonstrated that CGS21682 potentiated TRPA1 currents evoked by allylisothiocyanate. We conclude that stimulation of the adenosine A2A receptor induces mechanical sensitization of nodose C fibers by a mechanism sensitive to TRPA1 antagonists indicating the involvement of TRPA1.
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Turgay S, Aksu K, Dokuyucu O, Ertenli A, Gul A, Karaaslan Y, Kasapcopur O, Kiraz S, Onat AM, Ozdogan H, Ozen S, Saylan M, Senturk A, Sevgi S, Cavusoglu SS, Tatar M, Tuna E, Turanlı M, Yalcinkaya F. Epidemiology of colchicine resistant Familial Mediterranean Fever disease (CrFMF) in Turkey. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015. [PMCID: PMC4599952 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-13-s1-p90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Yenilmez FB, Tuna E, Atikeler K, Kockaya G, Tatar M. Value of Life And Cost of Pre-Mature Deaths With The Perspective Of Productivity As Net Tax Revenue: A Comparison In Usa, Canada, Japan and Australia. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A423. [PMID: 27201083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Tatar M, Senturk A, Dalgali Y. Cost-Effectiveness of Use of Barricaid® In Lumbar Discectomy Surgery in Turkey. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A380. [PMID: 27200843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Saylan M, Safak YE, Yenilmez FB, Kockaya G, Tatar M, Hilal VE, Vural IM, Akbulat A, Gursoz H, Artiran G, Kerman S. Impact Of Health Policy Changes on Unit Sales of 5 Top Selling Atc1 Phramaceutical Groups In Turkey. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A411. [PMID: 27201012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Tuna E, Tatar M, Ergin G, Senturk A, Atikeler K. Availability of Risk Sharing Agreements in the Turkish Pharmaceutical Sector. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A415. [PMID: 27201036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Atikeler K, Tuna E, Yenilmez FB, Tatar M, Kockaya G. Value of Life And Cost of Pre-Mature Deaths With The Perspective Of Productivity As Net Tax Revenue: A Comparison In Argentina, Brazil And Mexico. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A425. [PMID: 27201093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Kockaya G, Yenilmez FB, Saylan M, Safak YE, Tatar M, Hilal VE, Vural IM, Akbulat A, Gursoz H, Artiran G, Kerman S. Impact of Health Policy Changes on the Growth Locally Manufactured and Imported Pharmaceutical Markets of Top Selling Atc1 Phramaceutical Group (Alimentary and Metabolism (A0) In Turkey. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A410-A411. [PMID: 27201004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Tatar M, Sezen S, Senturk A, Balp MM, Saylan M, Keskinaslan A. Cost-Effectiveness of Omalizumab in Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria Refractory to H1-Antihistamines in Turkey. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A604. [PMID: 27202092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Hilal VE, Kockaya G, Yenilmez FB, Saylan M, Safak YE, Tatar M, Vural IM, Akbulat A, Gursoz H, Artiran G, Kerman S. Impact of Health Policy Changes on the Growth Locally Manufactured and Imported Pharmaceutical Markets In Turkey. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A410. [PMID: 27201006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Yenilmez FB, Kockaya G, Saylan M, Safak YE, Tatar M, Hilal VE, Vural IM, Akbulat A, Gursoz H, Artiran G, Kerman S. Impact of Health Policy Changes on the Cost Sales of 5 Top Selling ATC1 Phramaceutical Groups in Turkey. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A410. [PMID: 27201009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Safak YE, Kockaya G, Yenilmez FB, Saylan M, Tatar M, Hilal VE, Vural IM, Akbulat A, Gursoz H, Artiran G, Kerman S. Impact of Health Policy Changes on Trends of Pharmaceutical Market in Turkey. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A408. [PMID: 27200995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Tuna E, Yenilmez FB, Atikeler K, Kockaya G, Tatar M. Value of Life and Cost of Pre-Mature Deaths With The Perspective of Productivity As Net Tax Revenue: A Comparison in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A424. [PMID: 27201087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Tatar M, Senturk A, Ergin G, Tuna E, Mat C, Bulbul BE, Artuz F, Gurer MA, Atakan N, Inaloz S, Sezen S, Keskinaslan A, Saylan M. Cost-Analysis of Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria Disease. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A606. [PMID: 27202104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Tuna E, Tatar M, Ergin G, Senturk A, Atikeler K. Development of Hta in Turkey. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A445. [PMID: 27201206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Kockaya G, Tuna E, Yenilmez FB, Atikeler K, Tatar M. Value of Life And Cost of Pre-Mature Deaths With the Perspective of Productivity As Net Tax Revenue for Turkey. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A424-A425. [PMID: 27201085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Halicka J, Banovcin P, Halickova M, Demeter M, Hyrdel R, Tatar M, Kollarik M. Acid infusion into the esophagus increases the number of meal-induced transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) in healthy volunteers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1469-76. [PMID: 25155416 PMCID: PMC4177286 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) is the major mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) but the regulation of TLESR by stimuli in the esophagus is incompletely understood. If stimuli in the esophagus can influence TLESR, then such regulation may perpetuate or limit GER. We addressed the hypothesis that acid in the esophagus enhances TLESRs. METHODS We evaluated the effect of acid infusion into the distal esophagus on TLESRs evoked by a standard meal in a paired randomized study in healthy subjects. TLESRs were evaluated by using high resolution manometry (HRM). KEY RESULTS We found that acid in the esophagus enhanced meal-induced TLESRs. Compared to control infusion the number of TLESRs (median [interquartile range]) was increased during 2 h following the acid infusion (11 [9-14] vs 17 [12.5-20], p < 0.01). The average duration of individual TLESRs was not affected. The time-course analysis revealed that a robust increase in TLESRs occurred already in the first hour when the number of TLESRs nearly doubled (6 [5.5-7.5] vs 11 [7.5-12.5], p < 0.05). In contrast to the enhancement of TLESRs, the number of swallows was not changed. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The acid infusion into the esophagus increases the number of meal-induced TLESRs in healthy subjects. Our results provide evidence for the concept that the stimuli in the esophagus can influence TLESRs. The regulation of TLESR by stimuli in the esophagus may contribute to pathogenesis of GER in some patients.
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Biringerova Z, Gavliakova S, Brozmanova M, Tatar M, Hanuskova E, Poliacek I, Plevkova J. The effects of nasal irritant induced responses on breathing and cough in anaesthetized and conscious animal models. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 189:588-93. [PMID: 23994043 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is little evidence to support the down-regulation of coughing from the nose. The cough response to citric acid (CA) was studied in anesthetized and conscious guinea pigs after nasal pretreatment with saline, 1% DMSO, allylisothiocyanate (TRPA1 agonist) and allylisothiocyanate +AP-18 (TRPA1 antagonist). Cough was induced by adding citric acid (CA) to the tracheal perfusion in anaesthetized animals, or by inhaling 0.4M CA in conscious animals. The cough response was counted from the dose response curves, airflow traces and cough sound analysis. In conscious animals, nasal allylisothiocyanate induced reproducible, dose dependent nasal symptoms and a significant drop in respiratory rate. Cough induced by CA was suppressed after nasal allylisothiocyanate (p<0.05), and this effect was prevented by AP-18 (1mM). In anaesthetized animals, nasal allylisothiocyanate induced a significant drop in respiratory rate. Cough induced subsequently by CA was suppressed when compared to baseline and vehicle responses (p<0.05). The reasons for the suppression of CA induced cough by TRPA1 agonist applied to the nose are not clear and remain to be elucidated.
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Plevkova J, Kollarik M, Poliacek I, Brozmanova M, Surdenikova L, Tatar M, Mori N, Canning BJ. The role of trigeminal nasal TRPM8-expressing afferent neurons in the antitussive effects of menthol. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:268-74. [PMID: 23640596 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01144.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cold-sensitive cation channel TRPM8 is a target for menthol, which is used routinely as a cough suppressant and as an additive to tobacco and food products. Given that cold temperatures and menthol activate neurons through gating of TRPM8, it is unclear how menthol actively suppresses cough. In this study we describe the antitussive effects of (-)-menthol in conscious and anesthetized guinea pigs. In anesthetized guinea pigs, cough evoked by citric acid applied topically to the tracheal mucosa was suppressed by menthol only when it was selectively administered as vapors to the upper airways. Menthol applied topically to the tracheal mucosa prior to and during citric acid application or administered continuously as vapors or as an aerosol to the lower airways was without effect on cough. These actions of upper airway menthol treatment were mimicked by cold air delivered to the upper airways but not by (+)-menthol, the inactive isomer of menthol, or by the TRPM8/TRPA1 agonist icilin administered directly to the trachea. Subsequent molecular analyses confirmed the expression of TRPM8 in a subset of nasal trigeminal afferent neurons that do not coincidently express TRPA1 or TRPV1. We conclude that menthol suppresses cough evoked in the lower airways primarily through a reflex initiated from the nose.
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