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Duncan RJ, Søreide JE, Nielsen DA, Varpe Ø, Wiktor J, Tobin MJ, Pitusi V, Petrou K. Seasonal environmental transitions and metabolic plasticity in a sea-ice alga from an individual cell perspective. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14984. [PMID: 38951587 PMCID: PMC11217269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea-ice microalgae are a key source of energy and nutrient supply to polar marine food webs, particularly during spring, prior to open-water phytoplankton blooms. The nutritional quality of microalgae as a food source depends on their biomolecular (lipid:protein:carbohydrate) composition. In this study, we used synchrotron-based Fourier transform infra-red microspectroscopy (s-FTIR) to measure the biomolecular content of a dominant sea-ice taxa, Nitzschia frigida, from natural land-fast ice communities throughout the Arctic spring season. Repeated sampling over six weeks from an inner (relatively stable) and an outer (relatively dynamic) fjord site revealed high intra-specific variability in biomolecular content, elucidating the plasticity of N. frigida to adjust to the dynamic sea ice and water conditions. Environmental triggers indicating the end of productivity in the ice and onset of ice melt, including nitrogen limitation and increased water temperature, drove an increase in lipid and fatty acids stores, and a decline in protein and carbohydrate content. In the context of climate change and the predicted Atlantification of the Arctic, dynamic mixing and abrupt warmer water advection could truncate these important end-of-season environmental shifts, causing the algae to be released from the ice prior to adequate lipid storage, influencing carbon transfer through the polar marine system.
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Duncan RJ, Nielsen D, Søreide JE, Varpe Ø, Tobin MJ, Pitusi V, Heraud P, Petrou K. Biomolecular profiles of Arctic sea-ice diatoms highlight the role of under-ice light in cellular energy allocation. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycad010. [PMID: 38328449 PMCID: PMC10848308 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Arctic sea-ice diatoms fuel polar marine food webs as they emerge from winter darkness into spring. Through their photosynthetic activity they manufacture the nutrients and energy that underpin secondary production. Sea-ice diatom abundance and biomolecular composition vary in space and time. With climate change causing short-term extremes and long-term shifts in environmental conditions, understanding how and in what way diatoms adjust biomolecular stores with environmental perturbation is important to gain insight into future ecosystem energy production and nutrient transfer. Using synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, we examined the biomolecular composition of five dominant sea-ice diatom taxa from landfast ice communities covering a range of under-ice light conditions during spring, in Svalbard, Norway. In all five taxa, we saw a doubling of lipid and fatty acid content when light transmitted to the ice-water interface was >5% but <15% (85%-95% attenuation through snow and ice). We determined a threshold around 15% light transmittance after which biomolecular synthesis plateaued, likely because of photoinhibitory effects, except for Navicula spp., which continued to accumulate lipids. Increasing under-ice light availability led to increased energy allocation towards carbohydrates, but this was secondary to lipid synthesis, whereas protein content remained stable. It is predicted that under-ice light availability will change in the Arctic, increasing because of sea-ice thinning and potentially decreasing with higher snowfall. Our findings show that the nutritional content of sea-ice diatoms is taxon-specific and linked to these changes, highlighting potential implications for future energy and nutrient supply for the polar marine food web.
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Ranjan S, Ryu M, Morioka R, Kamegaki S, Ng SH, Smith D, Vongsvivut J, Tobin MJ, Juodkazis S, Morikawa J, Takamizawa S. Structural and Thermal Diffusivity Analysis of an Organoferroelastic Crystal Showing Scissor-Like Two-Directional Deformation Induced by Uniaxial Compression. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23027-23036. [PMID: 37824218 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
A two-directional ferroelastic deformation in organic crystals is unprecedented owing to its anisotropic crystal packing, in contrast to isotropic symmetrical packing in inorganic compounds and polymers. Thereby, finding and constructing multidirectional ferroelastic deformations in organic compounds is undoubtedly complex and at once calls for deep comprehension. Herein, we demonstrate the first example of a two-directional ferroelastic deformation with a unique scissor-like movement in single crystals of trans-3-hexenedioic acid by the application of uniaxial compression stress. A detailed structural investigation of the mechanical deformation at the macroscopic and microscopic levels by three distinct force measurement techniques (including shear and three-point bending test), single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques, and polarized synchrotron-FTIR microspectroscopy highlighted that mechanical twinning promoted the deformation. The presence of two crystallographically equivalent faces and the herringbone arrangement promoted the two-directional ferroelastic deformation. In addition, anisotropic heat transfer properties in the parent and the deformed domains were investigated by thermal diffusivity measurement on all three axes using microscale temperature-wave analysis (μ-TWA). A correlation between the anisotropic structural arrangement and the difference in thermal diffusivity and mechanical behavior in the two-directional organoferroelastic deformation could be established. The structural and molecular level information from this two-directional ferroelastic deformation would lead to a more profound understanding of the structure-property relationship in multidirectional deformation in organic crystals.
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Gassner C, Vongsvivut J, Ng SH, Ryu M, Tobin MJ, Juodkazis S, Morikawa J, Wood BR. Linearly Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Biological Materials. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:977-1008. [PMID: 37464791 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231180233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples with polarized infrared spectroscopy (p-IR) has long been a widely practiced method for the determination of sample orientation and structural properties. In contrast to earlier works, which employed this method to investigate the fundamental chemistry of biological systems, recent interests are moving toward "real-world" applications for the evaluation and diagnosis of pathological states. This focal point review provides an up-to-date synopsis of the knowledge of biological materials garnered through linearly p-IR on biomolecules, cells, and tissues. An overview of the theory with special consideration to biological samples is provided. Different modalities which can be employed along with their capabilities and limitations are outlined. Furthermore, an in-depth discussion of factors regarding sample preparation, sample properties, and instrumentation, which can affect p-IR analysis is provided. Additionally, attention is drawn to the potential impacts of analysis of biological samples with inherently polarized light sources, such as synchrotron light and quantum cascade lasers. The vast applications of p-IR for the determination of the structure and orientation of biological samples are given. In conclusion, with considerations to emerging instrumentation, findings by other techniques, and the shift of focus toward clinical applications, we speculate on the future directions of this methodology.
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Chakkumpulakkal Puthan Veettil T, Duffin RN, Roy S, Vongsvivut J, Tobin MJ, Martin M, Adegoke JA, Andrews PC, Wood BR. Synchrotron-Infrared Microspectroscopy of Live Leishmania major Infected Macrophages and Isolated Promastigotes and Amastigotes. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3986-3995. [PMID: 36787387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is advancing at an alarming rate. The NTD leishmaniasis is now endemic in over 90 tropical and sub-tropical low socioeconomic countries. Current diagnosis for this disease involves serological assessment of infected tissue by either light microscopy, antibody tests, or culturing with in vitro or in vivo animal inoculation. Furthermore, co-infection by other pathogens can make it difficult to accurately determine Leishmania infection with light microscopy. Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate the potential of combining synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy with powerful discrimination tools, such as partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine-discriminant analysis (SVM-DA), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN), to characterize the parasitic forms of Leishmania major both isolated and within infected macrophages. For measurements performed on functional infected and uninfected macrophages in physiological solutions, the sensitivities from PLS-DA, SVM-DA, and KNN classification methods were found to be 0.923, 0.981, and 0.989, while the specificities were 0.897, 1.00, and 0.975, respectively. Cross-validated PLS-DA models on live amastigotes and promastigotes showed a sensitivity and specificity of 0.98 in the lipid region, while a specificity and sensitivity of 1.00 was achieved in the fingerprint region. The study demonstrates the potential of the FTIR technique to identify unique diagnostic bands and utilize them to generate machine learning models to predict Leishmania infection. For the first time, we examine the potential of infrared spectroscopy to study the molecular structure of parasitic forms in their native aqueous functional state, laying the groundwork for future clinical studies using more portable devices.
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Han M, Smith D, Ng SH, Katkus T, John Francis Rajeswary AS, Praveen PA, Bambery KR, Tobin MJ, Vongsvivut J, Juodkazis S, Anand V. Single Shot Lensless Interferenceless Phase Imaging of Biochemical Samples Using Synchrotron near Infrared Beam. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1073. [PMID: 36551040 PMCID: PMC9775640 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase imaging of biochemical samples has been demonstrated for the first time at the Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) beamline of the Australian Synchrotron using the usually discarded near-IR (NIR) region of the synchrotron-IR beam. The synchrotron-IR beam at the Australian Synchrotron IRM beamline has a unique fork shaped intensity distribution as a result of the gold coated extraction mirror shape, which includes a central slit for rejection of the intense X-ray beam. The resulting beam configuration makes any imaging task challenging. For intensity imaging, the fork shaped beam is usually tightly focused to a point on the sample plane followed by a pixel-by-pixel scanning approach to record the image. In this study, a pinhole was aligned with one of the lobes of the fork shaped beam and the Airy diffraction pattern was used to illuminate biochemical samples. The diffracted light from the samples was captured using a NIR sensitive lensless camera. A rapid phase-retrieval algorithm was applied to the recorded intensity distributions to reconstruct the phase information. The preliminary results are promising to develop multimodal imaging capabilities at the IRM beamline of the Australian Synchrotron.
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Royce SG, Licciardi PV, Beh RC, Bourke JE, Donovan C, Hung A, Khurana I, Liang JJ, Maxwell S, Mazarakis N, Pitsillou E, Siow YY, Snibson KJ, Tobin MJ, Ververis K, Vongsvivut J, Ziemann M, Samuel CS, Tang MLK, El-Osta A, Karagiannis TC. Sulforaphane prevents and reverses allergic airways disease in mice via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and epigenetic mechanisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:579. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Weng ZH, Van Zwieten L, Tavakkoli E, Rose MT, Singh BP, Joseph S, Macdonald LM, Kimber S, Morris S, Rose TJ, Archanjo BS, Tang C, Franks AE, Diao H, Schweizer S, Tobin MJ, Klein AR, Vongsvivut J, Chang SLY, Kopittke PM, Cowie A. Microspectroscopic visualization of how biochar lifts the soil organic carbon ceiling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5177. [PMID: 36056025 PMCID: PMC9440262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil carbon (C) saturation concept suggests an upper limit to the storage of soil organic carbon (SOC). It is set by the mechanisms that protect soil organic matter from mineralization. Biochar has the capacity to protect new C, including rhizodeposits and microbial necromass. However, the decadal-scale mechanisms by which biochar influences the molecular diversity, spatial heterogeneity, and temporal changes in SOC persistence, remain unresolved. Here we show that the soil C storage ceiling of a Ferralsol under subtropical pasture was raised by a second application of Eucalyptus saligna biochar 8.2 years after the first application—the first application raised the soil C storage ceiling by 9.3 Mg new C ha−1 and the second application raised this by another 2.3 Mg new C ha−1. Linking direct visual evidence from one-, two-, and three-dimensional analyses with SOC quantification, we found high spatial heterogeneity of C functional groups that resulted in the retention of rhizodeposits and microbial necromass in microaggregates (53–250 µm) and the mineral fraction (<53 µm). Microbial C-use efficiency was concomitantly increased by lowering specific enzyme activities, contributing to the decreased mineralization of native SOC by 18%. We suggest that the SOC ceiling can be lifted using biochar in (sub)tropical grasslands globally. A decadal-scale field trial revealed 1.01 Mg of rhizodeposit and necromass C was stored in soil microaggregate and mineral fractions per Mg biochar-C applied. Microspectroscopic analyses visualize mechanisms for this elevated soil C storage ceiling.
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Al-Qatatsheh A, Capricho JC, Vongsvivut JP, Tobin MJ, Juodkazis S, Hameed N. Magnetic field induced alignment of macroradical epoxy for enhanced electrical properties. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5194-5203. [PMID: 35195649 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01731d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Improving the electrical performance of macroradical epoxy thermosets to surpass the semiconductor threshold requires a comprehensive understanding of the electrical charge transport mechanisms and characteristics. In this study, we investigate the electrical properties of a non-conjugated radical thermoset in a rigid, three-dimensional (3D) motif cured under an external magnetic field. The outcomes of the four-angle analysis of the synchrotron IRM beamline provide for the first time quantitative insights into the molecular orientation at the atomic-scale level. These insights, in turn, were utilized to apply Quantum Computational modeling theories and Monte Carlo simulation to study the effect of the magnetic field-induced molecular alignment on tuning electrical charge transport characteristics. The results explored the impact of radical density on forming percolation networks, showing a robust protocol for designing polymers with high electrical/thermal conductivity.
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Khambatta K, Hollings A, Sauzier G, Sanglard LMVP, Klein AR, Tobin MJ, Vongsvivut J, Gibberd MR, Payne AD, Naim F, Hackett MJ. "Wax On, Wax Off": In Vivo Imaging of Plant Physiology and Disease with Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance Microspectroscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101902. [PMID: 34338438 PMCID: PMC8498906 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the epicuticular wax layer on the surface of plant leaves can provide a unique window into plant physiology and responses to environmental stimuli. Well-established analytical methodologies can quantify epicuticular wax composition, yet few methods are capable of imaging wax distribution in situ or in vivo. Here, the first report of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflectance spectroscopic imaging as a non-destructive, in situ, method to investigate variation in epicuticular wax distribution at 25 µm spatial resolution is presented. The authors demonstrate in vivo imaging of alterations in epicuticular waxes during leaf development and in situ imaging during plant disease or exposure to environmental stressors. It is envisaged that this new analytical capability will enable in vivo studies of plants to provide insights into how the physiology of plants and crops respond to environmental stresses such as disease, soil contamination, drought, soil acidity, and climate change.
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Anand V, Ng SH, Katkus T, Maksimovic J, Klein AR, Vongsvivut J, Bambery KR, Tobin MJ, Juodkazis S. Exploiting spatio-spectral aberrations for rapid synchrotron infrared imaging. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1616-1619. [PMID: 34475308 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521007104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Infrared Microspectroscopy Beamline at the Australian Synchrotron is equipped with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, which is coupled with an infrared (IR) microscope and a choice of two detectors: a single-point narrow-band mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector and a 64 × 64 multi-pixel focal plane array (FPA) imaging detector. A scanning-based point-by-point mapping method is commonly used with a tightly focused synchrotron IR beam at the sample plane, using an MCT detector and a matching 36× IR reflecting objective and condenser (NA = 0.5), which is time consuming. In this study, the beam size at the sample plane was increased using a 15× objective and the spatio-spectral aberrations were investigated. A correlation-based semi-synthetic computational optical approach was applied to assess the possibilities of exploiting the aberrations to perform rapid imaging rather than a mapping approach.
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Wood BR, Kochan K, Bedolla DE, Salazar‐Quiroz N, Grimley SL, Perez‐Guaita D, Baker MJ, Vongsvivut J, Tobin MJ, Bambery KR, Christensen D, Pasricha S, Eden AK, Mclean A, Roy S, Roberts JA, Druce J, Williamson DA, McAuley J, Catton M, Purcell DFJ, Godfrey DI, Heraud P. Infrared Based Saliva Screening Test for COVID‐19. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wood BR, Kochan K, Bedolla DE, Salazar-Quiroz N, Grimley SL, Perez-Guaita D, Baker MJ, Vongsvivut J, Tobin MJ, Bambery KR, Christensen D, Pasricha S, Eden AK, Mclean A, Roy S, Roberts JA, Druce J, Williamson DA, McAuley J, Catton M, Purcell DFJ, Godfrey DI, Heraud P. Infrared Based Saliva Screening Test for COVID-19. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17102-17107. [PMID: 34043272 PMCID: PMC8222893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has resulted in an unprecedented need for diagnostic testing that is critical in controlling the spread of COVID‐19. We propose a portable infrared spectrometer with purpose‐built transflection accessory for rapid point‐of‐care detection of COVID‐19 markers in saliva. Initially, purified virion particles were characterized with Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron infrared (IR) and AFM‐IR. A data set comprising 171 transflection infrared spectra from 29 subjects testing positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 by RT‐qPCR and 28 testing negative, was modeled using Monte Carlo Double Cross Validation with 50 randomized test and model sets. The testing sensitivity was 93 % (27/29) with a specificity of 82 % (23/28) that included positive samples on the limit of detection for RT‐qPCR. Herein, we demonstrate a proof‐of‐concept high throughput infrared COVID‐19 test that is rapid, inexpensive, portable and utilizes sample self‐collection thus minimizing the risk to healthcare workers and ideally suited to mass screening.
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Hartnell D, Hollings A, Ranieri AM, Lamichhane HB, Becker T, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Pushie MJ, Watkin E, Bambery KR, Tobin MJ, Kelly ME, Massi M, Vongsvivut J, Hackett MJ. Mapping sub-cellular protein aggregates and lipid inclusions using synchrotron ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:3516-3525. [PMID: 33881057 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visualising direct biochemical markers of cell physiology and disease pathology at the sub-cellular level is an ongoing challenge in the biological sciences. A suite of microscopies exists to either visualise sub-cellular architecture or to indirectly view biochemical markers (e.g. histochemistry), but further technique developments and innovations are required to increase the range of biochemical parameters that can be imaged directly, in situ, within cells and tissue. Here, we report our continued advancements in the application of synchrotron radiation attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (SR-ATR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to study sub-cellular biochemistry. Our recent applications demonstrate the much needed capability to map or image directly sub-cellular protein aggregates within degenerating neurons as well as lipid inclusions within bacterial cells. We also characterise the effect of spectral acquisition parameters on speed of data collection and the associated trade-offs between a realistic experimental time frame and spectral/image quality. Specifically, the study highlights that the choice of 8 cm-1 spectral resolutions provide a suitable trade-off between spectral quality and collection time, enabling identification of important spectroscopic markers, while increasing image acquisition by ∼30% (relative to 4 cm-1 spectral resolution). Further, this study explores coupling a focal plane array detector with SR-ATR-FTIR, revealing a modest time improvement in image acquisition time (factor of 2.8). Such information continues to lay the foundation for these spectroscopic methods to be readily available for, and adopted by, the biological science community to facilitate new interdisciplinary endeavours to unravel complex biochemical questions and expand emerging areas of study.
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Silva DM, Dos Reis LG, Tobin MJ, Vongsvivut J, Traini D, Sencadas V. Co-delivery of inhalable therapies: Controlling active ingredients spatial distribution and temporal release. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 122:111831. [PMID: 33641884 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The management of respiratory diseases relies on the daily administration of multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), leading to a lack of patient compliance and impaired quality of life. The frequency and dosage of the APIs result in increased side effects that further worsens the overall patient condition. Here, the manufacture of polymer-polymer core-shell microparticles for the sequential delivery of multiple APIs by inhalation delivery is reported. The microparticles, composed of biodegradable polymers silk fibroin (shell) and poly(L-lactic acid) (core), incorporating ciprofloxacin in the silk layer and ibuprofen (PLLA core) as the antibiotic and anti-inflammatory model APIs, respectively. The polymer-polymer core-shell structure and the spatial distribution of the APIs have been characterized using cutting-edge synchrotron macro ATR-FTIR technique, which was correlated with the respective API sequential release profiles. The APIs microparticles had a suitable size and aerosol properties for inhalation therapies (≤4.94 ± 0.21μm), with low cytotoxicity and immunogenicity in healthy lung epithelial cells. The APIs compartmentalization obtained by the microparticles not only could inhibit potential actives interactions but can provide modulation of the APIs release profiles via an inhalable single administration.
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Miszkiewicz JJ, Valentin F, Vrahnas C, Sims NA, Vongsvivut J, Tobin MJ, Clark G. Bone loss markers in the earliest Pacific Islanders. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3981. [PMID: 33597553 PMCID: PMC7889909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Kingdom of Tonga in Polynesia is one of the most obese nations where metabolic conditions, sedentary lifestyles, and poor quality diet are widespread. These factors can lead to poor musculoskeletal health. However, whether metabolic abnormalities such as osteoporosis occurred in archaeological populations of Tonga is unknown. We employed a microscopic investigation of femur samples to establish whether bone loss afflicted humans in this Pacific region approximately 3000 years ago. Histology, laser confocal microscopy, and synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy were used to measure bone vascular canal densities, bone porosity, and carbonate and phosphate content of bone composition in eight samples extracted from adult Talasiu males and females dated to 2650 BP. Compared to males, samples from females had fewer vascular canals, lower carbonate and phosphate content, and higher bone porosity. Although both sexes showed evidence of trabecularised cortical bone, it was more widespread in females (35.5%) than males (15.8%). Our data suggest experiences of advanced bone resorption, possibly as a result of osteoporosis. This provides first evidence for microscopic bone loss in a sample of archaeological humans from a Pacific population widely afflicted by metabolic conditions today.
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Vongsvivut J, Pérez-Guaita D, Wood BR, Heraud P, Khambatta K, Hartnell D, Hackett MJ, Tobin MJ. Correction: Synchrotron macro ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy for high-resolution chemical mapping of single cells. Analyst 2021; 146:4709. [PMID: 34136888 DOI: 10.1039/d1an90049h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for 'Synchrotron macro ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy for high-resolution chemical mapping of single cells' by Jitraporn Vongsvivut et al., Analyst, 2019, 144, 3226-3238, DOI: 10.1039/C8AN01543K.
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Silva DM, Liu R, Gonçalves AF, da Costa A, Castro Gomes A, Machado R, Vongsvivut J, J Tobin M, Sencadas V. Design of polymeric core-shell carriers for combination therapies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 587:499-509. [PMID: 33388652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Particle engineering for co-delivery of drugs has the potential to combine multiple drugs with different pharmaceutical mechanisms within the same carrier, increasing the therapeutic efficiency while improving patient compliance. This work proposes a novel approach for producing polymer-polymer core-shell microparticles by multi-step processing of emulsion and spray drying. The particle core was obtained by an oil-in-water emulsion of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) loaded with curcumin (CM), followed by the resuspension in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing ciprofloxacin (CPx) forming the shell layer by spray-drying. The obtained core-shell particles showed an average size of 3.8 ± 1.2 μm, which is a suitable size for inhalation therapies. The spatial distribution of the drugs was studied using synchrotron-based macro attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (macro ATR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to map the chemical distribution of the components within the particles and supported the presence of CM and CPx in the core and shell layers, respectively. The formation of the core-shell structure was further supported by the differences in the release profile of CM from these particles, when compared to the release profile observed for the single particle structure (PCL-CM). Both empty and drug-loaded carriers (up to 100 μg.mL-1) showed no cytotoxic effects on A549 cells while exhibiting the antibacterial activity of CPx against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These polymer core-shell microparticles provide a promising route for the combination and sequential drug release therapies, with the potential to be used in inhalation therapies.
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Miszkiewicz JJ, Rider C, Kealy S, Vrahnas C, Sims NA, Vongsvivut J, Tobin MJ, Bolunia MJLA, De Leon AS, Peñalosa AL, Pagulayan PS, Soriano AV, Page R, Oxenham MF. Asymmetric midshaft femur remodeling in an adult male with left sided hip joint ankylosis, Metal Period Nagsabaran, Philippines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2020; 31:14-22. [PMID: 32877865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated microstructural changes of the right and left midshaft femur in an archaeological individual afflicted with left-sided hip joint ankylosis to assess whether increased cortical porosity was present as a result of leg disuse. MATERIALS The individual is a middle-aged adult male excavated from the Metal Period (∼2000 BP) Nagsabaran, Luzon Island, Philippines. METHODS Following standard examination of femur gross anatomy and differential diagnosis of the hip joint fusion, ∼1 cm thick posterior midshaft femur samples were removed for microstructural examination. Using static histomorphometry, bone multi-cellular unit activity from Haversian canal (vascular pore) density, area, and circularity was reconstructed. Spatial positioning of Haversian canals was mapped using Geographic Information Systems software. Phosphate, carbonate, and carbonate:phosphate ratios were obtained using synchrotron-sourced Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. RESULTS The left femur had greater cortical pore density, with smaller and rounder vascular canals, in addition to lower matrix levels of phosphate and carbonate, when compared to the right femur. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate compromised bone tissue in the left femur, and conform to expected bone functional adaptation paradigms of remodeling responses to pathological and biomechanical changes. SIGNIFICANCE The preservation of this individual's hip abnormality created a unique opportunity to evaluate intra-skeletal bone health asymmetry, which may help other researchers evaluate the presence of limb disuse in archaeological samples. LIMITATIONS A lack of lower limb data limits our interpretations to femur remodeling only. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Future research efforts should aim to examine the presence of remodeling changes in all bones of the lower limb. LAYUNIN Gamit ang buto ng magkabilang pemur ng isang taong natagpuan sa isang archaeological site na may sakit na ankylosis sa kaliwang balakang, pinag-aralan ang iba't-ibang microstructures galing sa gitnang bahagi o midshaft ng pemur upang malaman kung may makikitang mataas na cortical porosity ang buto dahil hindi ito malimit gamitin. GAMIT Ang pinag-aaralang buto ay galing sa isang indibidwal na tinatayang middle-age na lalaki na namuhay noong Panahon ng Metal (∼2000 BP) sa Nagsabaran, Cagayan, Republika ng Pilipinas. PAMAMARAAN Matapos ang unang pagkilatis sa femur at ang pagkilala ng sakit sa balakang, kumuha ng ∼1 sentimetro ng buto galing sa midshaft ng pemur upang lalong mapag-aralan ang kanyang microstructure. Gamit ang static histomorphometry, napag-aralan ang mga naiwang bakas ng multi-cellular unit activity ayon sa kapal, laki at pagkakabilog ng Haversian canal (vascular pore). Gumamit din ng Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software upang mapag-aralan ang kaugnayan ng posisyon ng Haversian canal. Panghuli, gumamit din ng synchroton-sourced Fourier transform infrared (sFTIR) microspectroscopy upang makuha ang bilang ng phosphate, carbonate, at carbonate:phosphate ratio. RESULTA Napag-alaman na ang kaliwang pemur ay mayroong higit na maraming cortical pores, maliit at mabilog na vascular canals, at mababang bilang ng phosphate, carbonate kung ihahambing sa kanang pemur. KONKLUSYON Ayon sa aming datos, ang kaliwang pemur ay umaayon sa mga katangian ng isang butong may sakit. Sumunod din ito sa inaasahang bone functional adaptation paradigms of remodeling ng buto dahil may sakit at hindi nagamit. KAHALAGAHAN Dahil maganda ang pagkakalibing ng buto ng balakang, nagkaroon ng pagkakataong makilatis ang kalusugan ng sinaunang-tao sa pamamagitan ng pag-aaral ng kalusugan ng buto. Dagdag pa, makakatulong din ito upang malaman kung ibang mananaliksik ang pag-aaral ng ibang butong hindi nagagamit mula sa archaeological site. LIMITASYON Dahil walang nakuhang ibang buto mula sa binti at paa, ang pemur lang ang naimbestigahan. MUNGKAHI PARA SA MGA SUSUNOD NA PAG-AARAL Kung magkakaroon ng pagkakataon sa susunod, dapat maimbistigahan ang lahat ng buto ng binti (lower limb).
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Ong L, Pax AP, Ong A, Vongsvivut J, Tobin MJ, Kentish SE, Gras SL. The effect of pH on the fat and protein within cream cheese and their influence on textural and rheological properties. Food Chem 2020; 332:127327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mazarakis N, Vongsvivut J, Bambery KR, Ververis K, Tobin MJ, Royce SG, Samuel CS, Snibson KJ, Licciardi PV, Karagiannis TC. Investigation of molecular mechanisms of experimental compounds in murine models of chronic allergic airways disease using synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11713. [PMID: 32678217 PMCID: PMC7366655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovalbumin-induced (OVA) chronic allergic airways murine model is a well-established model for investigating pre-clinical therapies for chronic allergic airways diseases, such as asthma. Here, we examined the effects of several experimental compounds with potential anti-asthmatic effects including resveratrol (RV), relaxin (RLN), l-sulforaphane (LSF), valproic acid (VPA), and trichostatin A (TSA) using both a prevention and reversal model of chronic allergic airways disease. We undertook a novel analytical approach using focal plane array (FPA) and synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared (S-FTIR) microspectroscopic techniques to provide new insights into the mechanisms of action of these experimental compounds. Apart from the typical biological effects, S-FTIR microspectroscopy was able to detect changes in nucleic acids and protein acetylation. Further, we validated the reduction in collagen deposition induced by each experimental compound evaluated. Although this has previously been observed with conventional histological methods, the S-FTIR technique has the advantage of allowing identification of the type of collagen present. More generally, our findings highlight the potential utility of S-FTIR and FPA-FTIR imaging techniques in enabling a better mechanistic understanding of novel asthma therapeutics.
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Takkalkar P, Tobin MJ, Vongsvivut J, Mukherjee T, Nizamuddin S, Griffin G, Kao N. Structural, thermal, rheological and optical properties of poly(lactic acid) films prepared through solvent casting and melt processing techniques. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Boseley RE, Dorakumbura BN, Howard DL, de Jonge MD, Tobin MJ, Vongsvivut J, Ho TTM, van Bronswijk W, Hackett MJ, Lewis SW. Revealing the Elemental Distribution within Latent Fingermarks Using Synchrotron Sourced X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10622-10630. [PMID: 31322860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fingermarks are an important form of crime-scene trace evidence; however, their usefulness may be hampered by a variation in response or a lack of robustness in detection methods. Understanding the chemical composition and distribution within fingermarks may help explain variation in latent fingermark detection with existing methods and identify new strategies to increase detection capabilities. The majority of research in the literature describes investigation of organic components of fingermark residue, leaving the elemental distribution less well understood. The relative scarcity of information regarding the elemental distribution within fingermarks is in part due to previous unavailability of direct, micron resolution elemental mapping techniques. This capability is now provided at third generation synchrotron light sources, where X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) provides micron or submicron spatial resolution and direct detection with sub-μM detection limits. XFM has been applied in this study to reveal the distribution of inorganic components within fingermark residue, including endogenous trace metals (Fe, Cu, Zn), diffusible ions (Cl-, K+, Ca2+), and exogeneous metals (Ni, Ti, Bi). This study incorporated a multimodal approach using XFM and infrared microspectroscopy analyses to demonstrate colocalization of endogenous metals within the hydrophilic organic components of fingermark residue. Additional experiments were then undertaken to investigate how sources of exogenous metals (e.g., coins and cosmetics) may be transferred to, and distributed within, latent fingermarks. Lastly, this study reports a preliminary assessment of how environmental factors such as exposure to aqueous environments may affect elemental distribution within fingermarks. Taken together, the results of this study advance our current understanding of fingermark composition and its spatial distribution of chemical components and may help explain detection variation observed during detection of fingermarks using standard forensic protocols.
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Ryu M, Honda R, Cernescu A, Vailionis A, Balčytis A, Vongsvivut J, Li JL, Linklater DP, Ivanova EP, Mizeikis V, Tobin MJ, Morikawa J, Juodkazis S. Nanoscale optical and structural characterisation of silk. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:922-929. [PMID: 31165019 PMCID: PMC6541335 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale composition of silk defining its unique properties via a hierarchial structural anisotropy needs to be analysed at the highest spatial resolution of tens of nanometers corresponding to the size of fibrils made of β-sheets, which are the crystalline building blocks of silk. Nanoscale optical and structural properties of silk have been measured from 100 nm thick longitudinal slices of silk fibers with ca. 10 nm resolution, the highest so far. Optical sub-wavelength resolution in hyperspectral mapping of absorbance and molecular orientation were carried out for comparison at IR wavelengths of 2-10 μm using synchrotron radiation. A reliable distinction of transmission changes by only 1-2% as the anisotropy of amide bands was obtained from nanometer-thin slices of silk.
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Timilsena YP, Vongsvivut J, Tobin MJ, Adhikari R, Barrow C, Adhikari B. Investigation of oil distribution in spray-dried chia seed oil microcapsules using synchrotron-FTIR microspectroscopy. Food Chem 2019; 275:457-466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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