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Gulholm T, Yeang M, Nguyen I, Andrews PI, Balgahom R, Beresford R, Branley J, Briest R, Britton P, Burrell R, Gehrig N, Kesson A, Kok J, Maley M, Newcombe J, Samarasekara H, Van Hal S, Varadhan H, Thapa K, Jones S, Newton P, Naing Z, Stelzer-Braid S, Rawlinson W. Molecular typing of enteroviruses: comparing 5'UTR, VP1 and whole genome sequencing methods. Pathology 2022; 54:779-783. [PMID: 35738943 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) commonly cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and can also cause potentially fatal neurological and systemic complications. In our laboratory, sequencing 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral genome has been the routine method of genotyping EVs. During a recent localised outbreak of aseptic meningitis, sequencing the 5'UTR identified the causative virus as EV-A71, which did not fit with the clinical syndrome or illness severity. When genotyped using a different target gene, VP1, the result was different. This led us to evaluate the accuracy of the two different target genome regions and compare them against whole genome sequencing (WGS). We aimed to optimise the algorithm for detection and characterisation of EVs in the diagnostic laboratory. We hypothesised that VP1 and WGS genotyping would provide different results than 5'UTR in a subset of samples. Clinical samples from around New South Wales which were positive for EV by commercial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were genotyped by targeting three different viral genome regions: the 5'UTR, VP1 and WGS. Sequencing was performed by Sanger and next generation sequencing. The subtyping results were compared. Of the 74/118 (63%) samples that were successfully typed using both the 5'UTR and the VP1 method, the EV typing result was identical for 46/74 (62%) samples compared to WGS as the gold standard. The same EV group but different EV types were found in 22/74 (30%) samples, and 6/74 (8%) samples belonged to different EV groups depending on typing method used. Genotyping with WGS and VP1 is more accurate than 5'UTR. Genotyping by the 5'UTR method is very sensitive, but less specific.
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Singh G, Ferguson C, Davidson P, Newton P. Understanding and Defining Palliative Care in Chronic Heart Failure: A Survey of Cardiovascular Health Professionals. Heart Lung Circ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.06.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Soeng S, Ling C, Cusack TP, Dance D, Hinfonthong P, Lee S, Newton P, Nosten F, Reed T, Roberts T, Sengduangphachanh A, Sihalath S, Wangrangsimakul T, Turner P, Ashley E. Impact of delays to incubation and storage temperature on blood culture results in tropical countries: A multi-centre study. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Thomas DR, Newton P, Lau N, Newton HJ. Interfering with Autophagy: The Opposing Strategies Deployed by Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii Effector Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:599762. [PMID: 33251162 PMCID: PMC7676224 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.599762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental and highly conserved eukaryotic process, responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis and releasing nutrients during times of starvation. An increasingly important function of autophagy is its role in the cell autonomous immune response; a process known as xenophagy. Intracellular pathogens are engulfed by autophagosomes and targeted to lysosomes to eliminate the threat to the host cell. To counteract this, many intracellular bacterial pathogens have developed unique approaches to overcome, evade, or co-opt host autophagy to facilitate a successful infection. The intracellular bacteria Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii are able to avoid destruction by the cell, causing Legionnaires' disease and Q fever, respectively. Despite being related and employing homologous Dot/Icm type 4 secretion systems (T4SS) to translocate effector proteins into the host cell, these pathogens have developed their own unique intracellular niches. L. pneumophila evades the host endocytic pathway and instead forms an ER-derived vacuole, while C. burnetii requires delivery to mature, acidified endosomes which it remodels into a large, replicative vacuole. Throughout infection, L. pneumophila effectors act at multiple points to inhibit recognition by xenophagy receptors and disrupt host autophagy, ensuring it avoids fusion with destructive lysosomes. In contrast, C. burnetii employs its effector cohort to control autophagy, hypothesized to facilitate the delivery of nutrients and membrane to support the growing vacuole and replicating bacteria. In this review we explore the effector proteins that these two organisms utilize to modulate the host autophagy pathway in order to survive and replicate. By better understanding how these pathogens manipulate this highly conserved pathway, we can not only develop better treatments for these important human diseases, but also better understand and control autophagy in the context of human health and disease.
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Kuba M, Neha N, Newton P, Lee YW, Bennett-Wood V, Hachani A, De Souza DP, Nijagal B, Dayalan S, Tull D, McConville MJ, Sansom FM, Newton HJ. EirA Is a Novel Protein Essential for Intracellular Replication of Coxiella burnetii. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00913-19. [PMID: 32205404 PMCID: PMC7240097 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00913-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, a febrile illness which can cause a serious chronic infection. C. burnetii is a unique intracellular bacterium which replicates within host lysosome-derived vacuoles. The ability of C. burnetii to replicate within this normally hostile compartment is dependent on the activity of the Dot/Icm type 4B secretion system. In a previous study, a transposon mutagenesis screen suggested that the disruption of the gene encoding the novel protein CBU2072 rendered C. burnetii incapable of intracellular replication. This protein, subsequently named EirA (essential for intracellular replication A), is indispensable for intracellular replication and virulence, as demonstrated by infection of human cell lines and in vivo infection of Galleria mellonella The putative N-terminal signal peptide is essential for protein function but is not required for localization of EirA to the bacterial inner membrane compartment and axenic culture supernatant. In the absence of EirA, C. burnetii remains viable but nonreplicative within the host phagolysosome, as coinfection with C. burnetii expressing native EirA rescues the replicative defect in the mutant strain. In addition, while the bacterial ultrastructure appears to be intact, there is an altered metabolic profile shift in the absence of EirA, suggesting that EirA may impact overall metabolism. Most strikingly, in the absence of EirA, Dot/Icm effector translocation was inhibited even when EirA-deficient C. burnetii replicated in the wild type (WT)-supported Coxiella containing vacuoles. EirA may therefore have a novel role in the control of Dot/Icm activity and represent an important new therapeutic target.
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Rao A, Zecchin R, Denniss A, Hickman L, DiGiacomo M, Phillips J, Newton P. 018 Do Social, Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Predict Dropout from Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs? A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Newton P, Smith D. Learning from patients' experiences: the case of Travellers and their experiences of using health services for skin complaints. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1290-1291. [PMID: 31157442 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rao A, Zecchin R, Newton P, Phillips J, DiGiacomo M, Denniss A, Hickman L. The Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Population and its Impact on Adherence: A Cohort Study. Heart Lung Circ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.06.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kage K, Papish K, Newton P, Norby K, Hamilton J. Actual vs. Perceived Body Composition and How it Impacts Body Image. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.06.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Barkham T, Dance D, Vongsouvath M, Newton P, Chen S. Streptococcus agalactiae ST283 has been present in Laos for over 18 years. Int J Infect Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Offen S, Jha S, Connellan M, Dhital K, Granger E, Harkness M, Hayward C, Jabbour A, Jansz P, Kotlyar E, Montgomery E, Muthiah K, Newton P, Smith A, Spratt P, Macdonald. P. Frailty Predicts Mortality After Heart Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Montgomery E, Macdonald P, Newton P, Jha S, Hannu M, Thomson C, Glanville A, Havryk A, Plit M, Pearson R, Benzimra M, Harkess M, Malouf M. Frailty as a Predictor of Prognostic Outcomes in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease Referred for Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Chaw K, Newton P, Botes J, Tominez G, Merif J. Evaluation of Xpert® norovirus assay performance in comparison with easyscreen™ enteric viral RT-PCR for rapid detection of norovirus genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII) in hospitalised patients with acute gastroenteritis. Pathology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.12.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Paull G, Newton P, Davidson P. Supporting Self-Care Across the Heart Failure Illness Trajectory: Exploring the Clinical Practice of Specialist Heart Failure Nurses Across Metropolitan and Regional New South Wales. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Atherton J, Branagan M, Sindone A, Abhayaratna W, Driscoll A, De Pasquale C, Hopper I, MacDonald P, Kistler P, Newton P, Audehm R, Briffa T, Wong J, O’Loughlin J, Thomas L. The National Heart Foundation of Australia and Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Guidelines for the Prevention, Detection, and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in Australia 2018. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Paull G, Newton P, Davidson P. Self-Care Support Needs of Patients and their Carers Across the Heart Failure Illness Trajectory: A Mixed-Methods Longitudinal Study. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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McDonagh J, Prichard R, Jha S, Ferguson C, MacDonald P, Newton P. Frailty Prevalence in Heart Failure According to Three Frailty Assessment Instruments. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hickman L, Phillips J, Davidson P, Macdonald P, Newton P. Screening for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Heart Failure Identifies Increase Healthcare Utilisation and Activities of Daily Living: A Cross-Sectional Study. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Prichard R, Goodall S, Davidson P, Macdonald P, Mcdonagh J, Newton P, Hayward C. Estimating Quality of Life Among Advanced Heart Failure Patients: What Could Formal Screening Add to Clinical Assessments. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ferguson C, Shaikh F, Pasch L, Newton P, Inglis S, Bajorek B, Macdonald P, Davidson P. Medication Regimen Complexity in Individuals With Heart Failure and Concomitant Atrial Fibrillation: A Secondary Analysis. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Allida S, Hayward C, Shehab S, Inglis S, Davidson P, Newton P. Patients’ Opinion on the Usefulness of Chewing Gum as a Strategy to Relieve Thirst (RELIEVE-CHF Trial). Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Newton P. Rickettsial neurological infections. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang X, Lupon J, Vidan M, Ferguson C, Gastelurrutia P, Newton P, Bueno H, Bayes-Genis A, Woo J, Fung E. P4379Risks of mortality and hospitalisation in patients with frailty and chronic heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Newton P, Smith DM. Factors influencing uptake of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunization in site-dwelling Gypsy, Roma and Traveller (G&T) communities: a qualitative study of G&T parents' beliefs and experiences. Child Care Health Dev 2017; 43:504-510. [PMID: 28271558 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing immunization in the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller (G&T) community is a key priority for improving health outcomes in this community. This study aimed to explore G&T parents: (1) beliefs about childhood immunization; (2) beliefs about the risks of immunization and non-immunization; (3) perceived obstacles to, and facilitators of, immunization and (4) views on increasing immunization levels. METHOD A cross-sectional, qualitative study was conducted comprising of five focus groups with 16 site-dwelling G&T women with pre-school aged children. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. RESULTS Five main themes were identified: Lay understandings of causation and risk; Timing of immunization; Children being perceived as vulnerable; The fit between lifestyle and healthcare provision; The impact of living with a high burden of disease. CONCLUSION Understanding of the risks and benefits of measles, mumps and rubella immunization did not differ significantly from the wider population or those promoted by the health service. The majority of barriers stemmed from living with the effects of long-standing health inequalities, which posed further barriers to accessing immunization, and shaped beliefs about immunization. Factors facilitating uptake occurred where access to immunization services was made flexible, e.g. immunization on traveller sites.
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Chaw K, Newton P, Botes J, Miyakis S. Swimming pool associated urinary tract infection due to Aeromonas species – a case report. Pathology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.12.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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