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Cotoia A, Paradiso R, Ferrara G, Borriello G, Santoro F, Spina I, Mirabella L, Mariano K, Fusco G, Cinnella G, Singer P. Modifications of lung microbiota structure in traumatic brain injury ventilated patients according to time and enteral feeding formulas: a prospective randomized study. Crit Care 2023; 27:244. [PMID: 37344845 PMCID: PMC10283314 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialized diets enriched with immune nutrients could be an important supplement in patients (pts) with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). Omega-3 and arginine may interact with immune response and microbiota. No data are available about the role of the specialized diets in modulating the lung microbiota, and little is known about the influence of lung microbiota structure in development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in TBI pts. The aims of this study are to evaluate the impact of specific nutrients on the lung microbiota and the variation of lung microbiota in TBI pts developing VAP. METHODS A cohort of 31 TBI pts requiring mechanical ventilation in ICU was randomized for treatment with specialized (16pts) or standard nutrition (15pts). Alpha and beta diversity of lung microbiota were analyzed from bronco Alveolar Lavage (BAL) samples collected at admission and 7 days post-ICU admission in both groups. A further analysis was carried out on the same samples retrospectively grouped in VAP or no VAP pts. RESULTS None developed VAP in the first week. Thereafter, ten out of thirty-one pts developed VAP. The BAL microbiota on VAP group showed significant differences in beta diversity and Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter Genera were high. The specialized nutrition had influence on beta diversity that reached statistical significance only in Bray-Curtis distance. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that TBI patients who developed VAP during ICU stay have different structures of BAL microbiota either at admission and at 7 days post-ICU admission, while no correlation has been observed between different enteral formulas and microbiota composition in terms of richness and evenness. These findings suggest that targeting the lung microbiota may be a promising approach for preventing infections in critically ill patients.
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Raphaeli O, Statlander L, Hajaj C, Bendavid I, Singer P. Protein Intake And Clinical Outcomes Of Enterally Fed Critically Ill Patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.09.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Deutz N, Singer P, Wierzchowska-McNew R, Viana M, Ben-David I, Pantet O, Thaden J, Ten Have G, Engelen M, Berger M. Comprehensive Metabolic Amino Acid Flux Analysis In Critically Ill Male And Female Patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Fischer A, Veraar C, Sulz I, Singer P, Barazzoni R, Tarantino S, Hiesmayr M. Does bmi affect ageing? A nutritionday analysis in 178 961 patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Singer P, De Waele E, Sanchez C, Ruiz Santana S, Montejo JC, Laterre PF, Soroksky A, Moscovici E, Kagan I. Erratum to "TICACOS international: A multi-center, randomized, prospective controlled study comparing tight calorie control versus liberal calorie administration study" (1). Clin Nutr 2023; 42:440-441. [PMID: 36690567 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Schwitzgebel E, Cokelet B, Singer P. Students Eat Less Meat After Studying Meat Ethics. REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 14:113-138. [PMID: 34777639 PMCID: PMC8571006 DOI: 10.1007/s13164-021-00583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the first controlled, non-self-report studies to show an influence of university-level ethical instruction on everyday behavior, Schwitzgebel et al. (2020) and Jalil et al. (2020) found that students purchase less meat after exposure to material on the ethics of eating meat. We sought to extend and conceptually replicate this research. Seven hundred thirty students in three large philosophy classes read James Rachels' (2004) "Basic Argument for Vegetarianism", followed by 50-min small-group discussions. Half also viewed a vegetarianism advocacy video containing factory farm footage. A few days after instruction, 54% of students agreed that "eating the meat of factory farmed animals is unethical", compared to 37% before instruction, with no difference between the film and non-film conditions. Also, 39% of students anonymously pledged to avoid eating factory farmed meat for 24 h, again with no statistically detectable difference between conditions. Finally, we obtained 2828 campus food purchase receipts for 113 of the enrolled students who used their Student ID cards for purchases on campus, which we compared with 5033 purchases from a group of 226 students who did not receive the instruction. Meat purchases remained constant in the comparison group and declined among the students exposed to the material, falling from 30% to 23% of purchases overall and from 51% to 42% of purchases of $4.99 or more, with the effect possibly larger in the film condition. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13164-021-00583-0.
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Watson DLB, Giboreau A, Coveney J, Kelly C, Bensafi M, Braud A, Bruyas A, Carrouel F, Cartner H, Cunha L, Deary V, Dougkas A, Monteleone E, Mourier V, Singer P, Spinelli S. I-eAT, a consortium addressing gastronomic solutions for altered taste: A research and development manifesto. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Giboreau A, Watson DLB, Coveney J, Singer P. Editorial Special section “Sensory troubles and altered eating: towards gastronomic solutions for patients, caregivers and professionals. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Kozhevnikova M, Singer P. “We Need to Think of Future Generations and of Non-human Animals” An Interview with Peter Singer, Australian Philosopher, World-Famous Animal Ethicist. ZOOPHILOLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.31261/zoophilologica.2022.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Interview with Peter Singer, Australian philosopher, world-famous animal ethicist
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Coghlan S, Coghlan BJ, Capon A, Singer P. A bolder One Health: expanding the moral circle to optimize health for all. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2021; 3:21. [PMID: 34872624 PMCID: PMC8650417 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One Health is a ground-breaking philosophy for improving health. It imaginatively challenges centuries-old assumptions about wellbeing and is now widely regarded as the 'best solution' for mitigating human health problems, including pandemic zoonotic diseases. One Health's success is imperative because without big changes to the status quo, great suffering and ill-health will follow. However, even in its more ambitious guises, One Health is not radical enough. For example, it has not embraced the emerging philosophical view that historical anthropocentrism is an unfounded ethical prejudice against other animals. This paper argues that One Health should be more imaginative and adventurous in its core philosophy and ultimately in its recommendations and activities. It must expand the circle of moral concern beyond a narrow focus on human interests to include nonhuman beings and the environment. On this bolder agenda, progressive ethical and practical thinking converge for the benefit of the planet and its diverse inhabitants-human and nonhuman.
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Singer P, Bendavid I, Stadtlander L, Benarye I, Kagan I. Feasibility of achieving different protein targets using a high-protein enteral formula in critically ill patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Theilla M, Tadmor B, Bendavid I, Kagan I, Hellerman M, Singer P. Community optimized management for better eating after hospital stay-com eat. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Statlender L, Hellerman M, Fishman G, Kagan I, Bendavid I, Makalde M, Raphaeli O, Singer P. Correlation between nutrition, phosphate level and length of ventilation in critically ill patients who need renal replacement therapy. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Singer P, Mesalati-Stahzi R, Bendavid I, Theilla M, Ariel A, Kagan I. Supplemental parenteral nutrition enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in intensive care patients – a randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Singer P, Richter V, Singer K, Löhlein I. Analyses and Declarations of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Canned Seafood May Help to Quantify Their Dietary Intake. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092970. [PMID: 34578847 PMCID: PMC8471815 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Heart Association (AHA) recently confirmed common recommendations of one to two fish dishes per week in order to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, the natural fluctuations of lipids and fatty acids (FA) in processed seafood caught little public attention. Moreover, consumers of unprocessed seafood in general do not know how much omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) within servings they actually ingest. The few studies published until today considering this aspect have been re-evaluated in today’s context. They included four observational studies with canned fatty coldwater fish (mackerel and herring from the same region, season, producer and research group). Their outcomes were similar to those conducted in the following years using supplements. Cans containing seafood (especially fatty coldwater fish) with declared content of omega-3 FA are ready-to-use products. Human studies have shown a higher bioavailability of omega-3 FA by joint uptake of fat. Canned fatty coldwater fish contain omega-3 FA plus plenty of fat in one and the same foodstuff. That suggests a new dietary paradigm with mixed concepts including several sources with declared content of omega-3 FA for reducing the cardiovascular risk and other acknowledged indications.
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Kuhse H, Singer P. 3. Debate: Severely Handicapped Newborns: For Sometimes Letting—and Helping—Die. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.1986.tb00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is often said that all human life, irrespective of its quality or kind, is equally valuable and that our life-and-death decisions for seriously ill or handicapped infants must not be based on the quality or kind of life in question. As the Protestant theologian Paul Ramsey has put it:
[T]here is no reason for saying that [six months in the life of a baby born with the invariably fatal Tay Sachs disease] are a life span of lesser worth to God than living seventy years before the onset of irreversible degeneration.… All our days and years are of equal worth whatever the consequence; death is no more a tragedy at one time than at another time.The view that all human life—irrespective of its quality or kind—has equal worth may well be the simplest answer to the difficult issues raised about the treatment of infants born seriously ill or with major handicaps; but there are two questions that need to be asked about this simple answer.
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Singer P, De Waele E, Sanchez C, Ruiz Santana S, Montejo JC, Laterre PF, Soroksky A, Moscovici E, Kagan I. TICACOS international: A multi-center, randomized, prospective controlled study comparing tight calorie control versus Liberal calorie administration study. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:380-387. [PMID: 32534949 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the first TICACOS study, 3 additional studies have been published comparing a medical nutrition therapy guided by indirect calorimetry to a regimen prescribed on the basis of predictive equations. A recent guidelines document included a meta-analysis including these 4 papers and found a trend for improvement (OR 0.98-1.48) in favor of medical nutrition therapy guided by indirect calorimetry in terms of survival. The aim of our study was to perform a multicenter prospective, randomized, controlled non blinded study in critically patients to assess the added value for measuring daily resting energy expenditure as a guide for nutritional support. The primary objective was to decrease infectious rate of these critically ill patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS This phase III, multi-center, randomized, controlled non blinded study was planned to include 580 newly-admitted, adult ventilated ICU patients that were planned to stay more than 48 h in the ICU departments. The nutritional support was aimed to meet 80-100% of energy requirement measured by indirect calorimetry. The calorie needs were determined by IC in the Study group and by an equation (20-25 kcal/kg ideal body weight/day) in the Control Group. The ICU staff was trained to strive to supply 80-100% of a patient's energy requirements through artificial nutrition, preferably enteral feeding. Primary endpoint was infection rate and secondary endpoints included other morbidities and mortality during ICU, at 90 and 180 days. Comparison between the study and the control group was performed using T test for equality of means (independent samples test). Correlations were performed using the Pearson correlation test. A p level of 0.05 or below was considered as significant. Cross tabs procedure used Chi-square test for testing differences in complication rates, length of stay and length of ventilation. Correlations between energy balances and complications was also be tested using one way analysis as well as ANOVA analysis between groups and within groups. Kaplan Meir curves assessed the proportion of surviving patients in the 2 groups. RESULTS Seven centers with a calorimeter available participated to the study. Due to slow inclusion rate, the study was stopped after 6 years and after inclusion of 417 patients only. From the 417 intended to treat patients, 339 followed the protocol. There was no differences between control and study groups in terms of age, sex BMI, SOFA (7.1 ± 3.1 vs 7.4 ± 3.3) and APACHE II scores (22.4 ± 7.9 vs 22.2 ± 7.4). The rate of infection (40 vs 31), including pneumonia rate, need for surgery, dialysis requirement, length of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay were not different between groups. Mortality (30 in the control vs 21 in the study group) was not significantly different between groups. The decreased mortality observed in the study group when added to previous studies may have a positive effect on the meta-analysis previously published. CONCLUSION Tight Calorie Control guided by indirect calorimetry decreased the rate of infection and mortality but not significantly. This may be explained by the not relatively small sample size. There results together with the previous 4 prospective randomized studies, may improve the results of the meta-analysis exploring the effects of IC guided nutrition on mortality.
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Delsoglio M, Bagnoud G, Dupertuis Y, Oshima T, De Waele E, Singer P, Berger M, Pichard C. Clinical evaluation of the ease of use of a new indirect calorimeter in canopy mode for energy expenditure measurement: the icalic2 international multicentric study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ezeh A, Kissling F, Singer P. Why sub-Saharan Africa might exceed its projected population size by 2100. Lancet 2020; 396:1131-1133. [PMID: 32679113 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moick S, Hiesmayr M, Mouhieddine M, Kiss N, Bauer P, Sulz I, Singer P, Simon J. Reducing the knowledge to action gap in hospital nutrition care - Developing and implementing nutritionDay 2.0. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:936-945. [PMID: 32747205 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In hospital nutrition care the difficulty of translating knowledge to action often leads to inadequate management of patients with malnutrition. nutritionDay, an annual cross-sectional survey has been assessing nutrition care in healthcare institutions in 66 countries since 2006. While initial efforts led to increased awareness of malnutrition, specific local remedial actions rarely followed. Thus, reducing the Knowledge-to-action (KTA) gap in nutrition care requires more robust and focused strategies. This study describes the strategy, methods, instruments and experience of developing and implementing nutritionDay 2.0, an audit and feedback intervention that uses quality and economic indicators, feedback, benchmarking and self-defined action strategies to reduce the KTA gap in hospital nutrition care. METHODS We used an evidence based multi-professional mixed-methods approach to develop and implement nutritionDay 2.0 This audit and feedback intervention is driven by a Knowledge-to-Action framework complemented with robust stakeholder analysis. Further evidence was synthesized from the literature, online surveys, a pilot study, World Cafés and individual expert feedback involving international health care professionals, nutrition care scientists and patients. RESULTS The process of developing and implementing nutritionDay 2.0 over three years resulted in a new audit questionnaire based on 36 nutrition care quality and economic indicators at hospital, unit and patient levels, a new action-oriented feedback and benchmarking report and a unit-level personalizable action plan template. The evaluation of nutritionDay 2.0 is ongoing and will include satisfaction and utility of nutritionDay 2.0 tools and short-, mid- and long-term effects on the KTA gap. CONCLUSION In clinical practice, nutritionDay 2.0 has the potential to promote behavioural and practice changes and improve hospital nutrition care outcomes. In research, the data generated advances knowledge about institutional malnutrition and quality of hospital nutrition care. The ongoing evaluation of the initiative will reveal how far the KTA gap in hospital nutrition care was addressed and facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms needed for successful audit and feedback. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration in clinicaltrials.gov: Identifier: NCT02820246.
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Schwitzgebel E, Cokelet B, Singer P. Do ethics classes influence student behavior? Case study: Teaching the ethics of eating meat. Cognition 2020; 203:104397. [PMID: 32721655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Do university ethics classes influence students' real-world moral choices? We aimed to conduct the first controlled study of the effects of ordinary philosophical ethics classes on real-world moral choices, using non-self-report, non-laboratory behavior as the dependent measure. We assigned 1332 students in four large philosophy classes to either an experimental group on the ethics of eating meat or a control group on the ethics of charitable giving. Students in each group read a philosophy article on their assigned topic and optionally viewed a related video, then met with teaching assistants for 50-minute group discussion sections. They expressed their opinions about meat ethics and charitable giving in a follow-up questionnaire (1032 respondents after exclusions). We obtained 13,642 food purchase receipts from campus restaurants for 495 of the students, before and after the intervention. Purchase of meat products declined in the experimental group (52% of purchases of at least $4.99 contained meat before the intervention, compared to 45% after) but remained the same in the control group (52% both before and after). Ethical opinion also differed, with 43% of students in the experimental group agreeing that eating the meat of factory farmed animals is unethical compared to 29% in the control group. We also attempted to measure food choice using vouchers, but voucher redemption rates were low and no effect was statistically detectable. It remains unclear what aspect of instruction influenced behavior.
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Abstract
There is too much that we do not know about COVID-19. The longer we take to find it out, the more lives will be lost. In this paper, we will defend a principle of risk parity: if it is permissible to expose some members of society (e.g. health workers or the economically vulnerable) to a certain level of ex ante risk in order to minimize overall harm from the virus, then it is permissible to expose fully informed volunteers to a comparable level of risk in the context of promising research into the virus. We apply this principle to three examples of risky research: skipping animal trials for promising treatments, human challenge trials to speed up vaccine development, and low-dose controlled infection or “variolation.” We conclude that if volunteers, fully informed about the risks, are willing to help fight the pandemic by aiding promising research, there are strong moral reasons to gratefully accept their help. To refuse it would implicitly subject others to still graver risks.
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Singer P, Minerva F, Savulescu J. The Global Kidney Exchange programme - Authors' reply. Lancet 2020; 395:1485-1486. [PMID: 32386586 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cederholm T, Singer P. Reply letter to the Editor–Malnutrition according to the European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) definition and falls in general older population. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:1302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cederholm T, Singer P. WITHDRAWN: Reply - Letter to the Editor - Malnutrition according to the ESPEN definition and falls in general older population: findings in the EPIDOS study-Toulouse cohort. Clin Nutr 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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