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Petit G, Landau I, Baccam D, Lainson R. Description et cycle biologique d'Hemolivia stellatan. g., n. sp., hémogrégarine de crapauds brésiliens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1990651003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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de Souza AAA, Dos Santos TV, Jennings YLL, Ishikawa EAY, Barata IDR, Silva MDGS, Lima JAN, Shaw J, Lainson R, Silveira FT. Natural Leishmania (Viannia) spp. infections in phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from the Brazilian Amazon region reveal new putative transmission cycles of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:22. [PMID: 27235194 PMCID: PMC4884270 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Amazonian Brazil the etiological agents of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) belong to at least seven Leishmania species but little is known about the putative phlebotomine sand fly vectors in different biomes. In 2002–2003 a survey of the phlebotomine fauna was undertaken in the “Floresta Nacional do Tapajós”, Belterra municipality, in the lower Amazon region, western Pará State, Brazil, where we recently confirmed the presence of a putative hybrid parasite, L. (V.) guyanensis × L. (V.) shawi shawi. Sand flies were collected from Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, Shannon traps and by aspiration on tree bases. Females were dissected and attempts to isolate any flagellate infections were made by inoculating homogenized midguts into Difco B45 medium. Isolates were characterized by monoclonal antibodies and isoenzyme electrophoresis. A total of 9,704 sand flies, belonging to 68 species or subspecies, were collected. Infections were found in the following sand flies: L. (V.) naiffi with Psychodopygus hirsutus hirsutus (1) and Ps. davisi (2); and L. (V.) shawi shawi with Nyssomyia whitmani (3) and Lutzomyia gomezi (1). These results provide strong evidence of new putative transmission cycles for L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) s. shawi.
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Lainson R. Parasitological studies in British Honduras. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1965.11686294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lainson R, Miles MA, Shaw JJ. On the identification of viscerotropic leishmanias. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1981.11687436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lainson R. Parasitological studies in British Honduras. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1965.11686279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Paperna L, Lainson R. Life history and ultrastructure ofEimeria bufomarinin.sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of the giant toad, Bufo marinus (Amphibia: Anura) from Amazonian Brazil. Parasite 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1995022141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lainson R, Paperna I. Light and electron microscope study of aLankesterella petitin. sp., (Apicomplexa: Lankesterellidae) infectingBufo marinus(Amphibia: Anura) in Pará, North Brazil. Parasite 2014. [DOI: 10.1051/parasite/1995023307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Jennings YL, de Souza AAA, Ishikawa EA, Shaw J, Lainson R, Silveira F. Phenotypic characterization of Leishmania spp. causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in the lower Amazon region, western Pará state, Brazil, reveals a putative hybrid parasite, Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis × Leishmania (Viannia) shawi shawi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:39. [PMID: 25083790 PMCID: PMC4118625 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We phenotypically characterized 43 leishmanial parasites from cutaneous leishmaniasis by isoenzyme electrophoresis and the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (23 McAbs). Identifications revealed 11 (25.6%) strains of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, 4 (9.3%) of L. (V.) shawi shawi, 7 (16.3%) of L. (V.) shawi santarensis, 6 (13.9%) of L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) lainsoni, 2 (4.7%) of L. (L.) amazonensis, and 7 (16.3%) of a putative hybrid parasite, L. (V.) guyanensis/L. (V.) shawi shawi. McAbs detected three different serodemes of L. (V.) braziliensis: I-7, II-1, and III-3 strains. Among the strains of L. (V.) shawi we identified two populations: one (7 strains) expressing the B19 epitope that was previously considered to be species-specific for L. (V.) guyanensis. We have given this population sub-specific rank, naming it L. (V.) s. santarensis. The other one (4 strains) did not express the B19 epitope like the L. (V.) shawi reference strain, which we now designate as L. (V.) s. shawi. For the first time in the eastern Brazilian Amazon we register a putative hybrid parasite (7 strains), L. (V.) guyanensis/L. (V.) s. shawi, characterized by a new 6PGDH three-band profile at the level of L. (V.) guyanensis. Its PGM profile, however, was very similar to that of L. (V.) s. shawi. These results suggest that the lower Amazon region – western Pará state, Brazil, represents a biome where L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) s. shawi exchange genetic information.
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Lima LVR, Carneiro LA, Campos MB, Chagas EJ, Laurenti MD, Corbett CEP, Lainson R, Silveira FT. Canine visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in Amazonian Brazil: comparison of the parasite density from the skin, lymph node and visceral tissues between symptomatic and asymptomatic, seropositive dogs. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2011; 52:259-66. [PMID: 21049230 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652010000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is recognizable by characteristic signs of disease and is highly lethal. The infection, however, may be quite inapparent in some seropositive dogs, and this has raised the polemic question as to whether or not such animals can be a source of infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). In this study we have examined 51 dogs with acute CVL from an AVL area in Pará State, northern Brazil, and compared the parasite density, amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi, in the skin, lymph node and viscera of symptomatic with that of nine asymptomatic but seropositive dogs (IFAT-IgG). Post-mortem biopsy fragments of these tissues were processed by immunohistochemistry, using a polyclonal antibody against Leishmania sp. The X² and Mann Whitney tests were used to evaluate the means of infected macrophage density (p < 0.05). There was no difference (p > 0.05) in the skin (10.7/mm² x 15.5/mm²) and lymph node (6.3/mm² x 8.3/mm²), between asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs, respectively. It was higher (p < 0.05), however, in the viscera of symptomatic (5.3/mm²) than it was in asymptomatic (1.4/mm²) dogs. These results strongly suggest that asymptomatic or symptomatic L. (L.) i. chagasi-infected dogs can serve as a source of infection, principally considering the highest (p < 0.05) parasite density from skin (10.7/mm² x 15.5/mm²), the place where the vetor L. longipalpis takes its blood meal, compared with those from lymph node (6.3/mm² x 8.3/mm²) and viscera (1.4/mm²x 5.3/mm²).
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Garnham PC, Bray RS, Cooper W, Lainson R, Awad FI, Williamson J. Pre-erythrocytic Stages of Human Malaria: Plasmodium Ovale. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 2011; 1:257. [PMID: 20788195 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4856.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lainson R, Franco CM, Da Matta R. Plasmodium carmelinoi n. sp. (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) of the lizard Ameiva ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) in Amazonian Brazil. Parasite 2010; 17:129-32. [PMID: 20597439 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2010172129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium carmelinoi n. sp. is described in the teiid lizard Ameiva ameiva from north Brazil. Following entry of the merozoites into the erythrocyte, the young, uninucleated trophozoites are at first tear-shaped and already possess a large vacuole: with growth, they may assume an irregular shape, but eventually become spherical or broadly ovoid. The vacuole reduces the cytoplasm of the parasite to a narrow peripheral band in which nuclear division produces a schizont with 8-12 nuclei. At first the dark, brownish-black pigment granules are restricted to this rim of cytoplasm but latterly become conspicuously concentrated within the vacuole. The mature schizonts are spherical to ovoid and predominantly polar in their position in the erythrocyte. They average 5.4 x 4,9 microm (4.4 x 4.4 - 6.6 x 5,9 microm), shape index 1.1, n = 50: 8-12 merozoites are produced and measure approximately 2.0 x 1,0 microm. Mature gametocytes are also polar in position, and spherical to subspherical. The macrogametocytes measure 5.7 x 5,2 microm (4.4 x 4.0- 5.9 x 5,1 microm), shape index 1.1, n = 50 and, following staining by Giemsa's method, possess a compact, pink-staining nucleus and a clear blue, faintly stained cytoplasm. Microgametocytes are slightly larger, 6.0 x 5,0 microm (5.2 x 4.4 - 6.2 x 5,2 microm), shape index 1.2, n = 45. They stain an over-all pink colour due to the dispersed nuclear chromatin. The vacuoles in both the macro- and microgametocytes are considerably smaller than those of the schizonts and of ovoid or spindle shape: they contain most of the pigment granules. The sex ratio, as seen in an inicial intense infection, was 1 male to 2.2 females. Prevalence of infection was low (5%) but, due to the very low parasitaemia which may result in a failure to detect parasites, it is probably higher than this.
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Silveira FT, Lainson R, Crescente JÂ, de Souza AA, Campos MB, Gomes CM, Laurenti MD, Corbett CE. A prospective study on the dynamics of the clinical and immunological evolution of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in the Brazilian Amazon region. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104:529-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Bonadiman SF, Miranda FJB, Ribeiro MLS, Rabelo G, Lainson R, Silva EO, DaMatta RA. Hematological parameters of Ameiva ameiva (Reptilia: Teiidae) naturally infected with hemogregarine: Confirmation of monocytosis. Vet Parasitol 2010; 171:146-50. [PMID: 20409641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Souza AAAD, Silveira FT, Lainson R, Barata IDR, Silva MDGS, Lima JAN, Pinheiro MSB, Silva FMMD, Vasconcelos LDS, Campos MB, Ishikawa EAY. Fauna flebotomínica da Serra dos Carajás, Estado do Pará, Brasil, e sua possível implicação na transmissão da leishmaniose tegumentar americana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5123/s2176-62232010000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Lainson R. The Neotropical Leishmania species: a brief historical review of their discovery, ecology and taxonomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5123/s2176-62232010000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Silveira FT, Lainson R, De Castro Gomes CM, Laurenti MD, Corbett CEP. Immunopathogenic competences of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:423-31. [PMID: 19646206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immunopathogenic competences of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis were reviewed in the light of more recent features found in the clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. It was shown a dichotomy in the interaction between these Leishmania species and human T-cell immune response; while L. (V.) braziliensis shows a clear tendency to lead infection from the localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), a moderate T-cell hypersensitivity form at the centre of the spectrum, toward to the mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) at the T-cell hypersensitivity pole and with a prominent Th1-type immune response, L. (L.) amazonensis shows an opposite tendency, leading infection to the anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL) at the T-cell hyposensitivity pole and with a marked Th2-type immune response. Between the central LCL and the two polar MCL and ADCL, the infection can present an intermediary form known as borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by an incomplete inhibition of T-cell hypersensitivity but with a evident supremacy of Th1 over Th2 immune response (Th1 > or = Th2). These are probably the main immunopathogenic competences of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis regarding the immune response dichotomy that modulates human infection outcome by these Leishmania parasites.
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Silveira FT, Lainson R, De Souza AAA, Campos MB, Carneiro LA, Lima LVR, Ramos PKS, de Castro Gomes CM, Laurenti MD, Corbett CEP. Further evidences on a new diagnostic approach for monitoring human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in Amazonian Brazil. Parasitol Res 2009; 106:377-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rangel EF, Lainson R. Proven and putative vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: aspects of their biology and vectorial competence. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:937-54. [PMID: 20027458 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Crescente JAB, Silveira FT, Lainson R, Gomes CMC, Laurenti MD, Corbett CEP. A cross-sectional study on the clinical and immunological spectrum of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in the Brazilian Amazon region. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:1250-6. [PMID: 19615710 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to identify individuals with symptomatic and/or asymptomatic infection due to Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi; to study the two types of infection, both clinically and immunologically, and to determine the prevalence rate of infection at the beginning of the study. This was a cross-sectional study with a cohort of 946 individuals, of both genders, from the age of 1 year, living in the municipality of Barcarena, PA, Brazil, an area endemic for American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). The leishmanin skin test (LST) and the indirect fluorescent test (IFAT), were used for the diagnosis of infection. One hundred and twenty cases of infection were diagnosed, with a prevalence rate of 12.6%; eight cases showed high seroreactivity (1280-10240, IgG) in IFAT and no LST reaction; four of these cases were typical AVL and four had subclinical oligosymptomatic infection. Using two immunological methods with a clinical examination of the infected individuals enabled the identification of five clinical-immunological profiles which may promote a better understanding of the interaction between L. (L.) i. chagasi and the human immune response: asymptomatic infection (AI) 73.4%; subclinical resistant infection (SRI) 15%; subclinical oligosymptomatic infection (SOI) 3%; symptomatic infection (AVL) 3% and indeterminate initial infection (III) 5%.
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Lainson R, Da Silva FMM, Franco CM, De Souza MC. New species of Eimeria and Isospora (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) in Geochelone spp. (Chelonia: Testudinidae) from Amazonian Brazil. Parasite 2009; 15:531-8. [PMID: 19202760 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2008154531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrasporocystic, dizoic oocysts of reptiles have been separated by some authors into the genera Eimeria, Choleoeimeria and Acroeimeria (Protozoa: Eimeriidae), based on the site and mode of development of their endogenous stages. The majority of Eimeria species have been, and still are, however, described on oocyst morphology alone. Four different oocysts with this basic morphology were encountered in the faeces of Brazilian tortoises, Geochelone carbonaria Spix, 1824 and are assigned to the genus Eimeria, with the view that they can readily be transferred to the genus Choleoeimeria or Acroeimeria if this is indicated by a future examination of their endogenous development. A morphological comparison distinguishes the oocysts from those of Eimeria spp., previously described in chelonids of the family Testudinidae, and the names E. amazonensis, E. carbonaria, E. carajasensis and E. wellcomei n. spp. are proposed. Coccidial infection appears to be common in G. carbonaria, with three of seven animals examined passing oocysts. Oocysts of Isospora rodriguesae n. sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) are described in the faeces of Geochelone denticulata Linnaeus, 1766. They are morphologically very different from those of Isospora testudae, Davronov, 1985 in Testudo horsfieldi. Eimeria motelo Hůrková et al., 2000, previously described in Geochelone denticulata from Peru, is here recorded in the some chelonid from Amazonian Brazil.
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Silveira FT, Lainson R, Gomes CM, Laurenti MD, Corbett CE. Reviewing the role of the dendritic Langerhans cells in the immunopathogenesis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:1075-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Silveira FT, Lainson R, Pereira EA, de Souza AAA, Campos MB, Chagas EJ, Gomes CMC, Laurenti MD, Corbett CEP. A longitudinal study on the transmission dynamics of human Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi infection in Amazonian Brazil, with special reference to its prevalence and incidence. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:559-67. [PMID: 18936975 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This was a longitudinal study carried out during a period over 2 years with a cohort of 946 individuals of both sexes, aged 1 year and older, from an endemic area of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in Pará State, Brazil. The object was to analyze the transmission dynamics of human Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi infection based principally on the prevalence and incidence. For diagnosis of the infection, the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and leishmanin skin test (LST) were performed with amastigote and promastigote antigens of the parasite, respectively. The prevalence by LST (11.2%) was higher (p < 0.0001) than that (3.4%) by IFAT, and the combined prevalence by both tests was 12.6%. The incidences by LST were also higher (p < 0.05) than those by IFAT at 6 (4.7% x 0.6%), 12 (4.7% x 2.7%), and 24 months (2.9% x 0.3%). Moreover, there were no differences (p > 0.05) between the combined incidences by both tests on the same point surveys, 5.2%, 6.3%, and 3.6%. During the study, 12 infected persons showed high IFAT IgG titers with no LST reactions: five children and two adults developed AVL (2,560-10,120), and two children and three adults developed subclinical oligosymptomatic infection (1280-2560). The combined tests diagnosed a total of 231 cases of infection leading to an accumulated prevalence of 24.4%.
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