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van Lijnschoten G, Groener JE, Maas SM, Ben-Yoseph Y, Dingemans KP, Offerhaus GJ. Intrauterine fetal death due to Farber disease: case report. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2000; 3:597-602. [PMID: 11000338 DOI: 10.1007/s100240010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of Farber disease in a fetus who died in utero at a gestational age of 29 weeks. Macroscopic examination showed moderate postmortem changes in a microcephalic female fetus (46,XX) with mild internal hydrops, two vessels in the umbilical cord, and a moderately enlarged, relatively well-preserved spleen. Microscopic examination showed foamy cells in the spleen. Electron microscopic examination revealed the presence of Farber bodies within these foamy cells. Enzyme studies of the fetus were not possible because all tissues were formalin fixed. Lipids were extracted from formalin-fixed tissues and increased levels of ceramide and the presence of hydroxyceramide in tissue of the spleen, liver, and lung were found. Glucosylceramide was not increased excluding saposin-precursor-deficiency. Because of these findings, both parents were tested for acid ceramidase activity in their leukocytes. They both had markedly reduced enzyme activity consistent with heterozygosity for Farber disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published case of Farber disease in Dutch nonconsanguineous parents.
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Krivit W, Peters C, Dusenbery K, Ben-Yoseph Y, Ramsay NK, Wagner JE, Anderson R. Wolman disease successfully treated by bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 26:567-70. [PMID: 11019848 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wolman disease is characterized by severe diarrhea and malnutrition leading to death during infancy. Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency is the cause of the symptoms and signs. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. All Wolman disease patients have adrenal gland calcification. Previous therapeutic attempts have failed to provide remission. We report successful long-term bone marrow engraftment in a patient with Wolman disease resulting in continued normalization of peripheral leukocyte lysosomal acid lipase enzyme activity. Diarrhea is no longer present. Now, at 4 years of age, this patient is gaining developmental milestones. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels are normal. Liver function is normal. This is the first long-term continued remission reported for Wolman disease.
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Choy FY, Humphries ML, Ben-Yoseph Y. Gaucher type 2 disease: identification of a novel transversion mutation in a French-Irish patient. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 78:92-3. [PMID: 9637431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Mitchell DA. Discrimination between metachromatic leukodystrophy and pseudo-deficiency of arylsulfatase A by restriction digest of amplified gene fragments. Am J Med Sci 1995; 309:88-91. [PMID: 7847447 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199502000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mutations causing metachromatic leukodystrophy and pseudo-deficiency were detected in the arylsulfatase A gene by methods based on different wild-type and mutant restriction sites. After polymerase chain reaction amplification of fragments of the arylsulfatase A gene and digestion by the appropriate endonuclease, the mixtures were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The common splice mutation in intron 2 (459 + 1G-->A) causing, in homozygosity, late-infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy and the common missense mutation in exon 8 (P426L) causing, in homozygosity, adult or juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy were found to abolish Bst NI and Aci I sites, respectively. The polyadenylation pseudo-deficiency mutation (1619A-->G) was found to create a Mae III restriction site. The N-glycosylation pseudo-deficiency mutation (N350S) does not produce or destroy any known restriction site, and in this case, introduction of a single nucleotide mismatch in one of the primers enabled the authors to create a Bfa I site in the mutant allele.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Mitchell DA. Rapid detection of common metachromatic leukodystrophy mutations by restriction analysis of arylsulfatase A gene amplimers. Clin Chim Acta 1994; 226:77-82. [PMID: 7915220 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(94)90104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Mitchell DA, Yager RM, Wei JT, Chen TH, Shih LY. Mucolipidoses II and III variants with normal N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphotransferase activity toward alpha-methylmannoside are due to nonallelic mutations. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 50:137-44. [PMID: 1309624 PMCID: PMC1682514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphotransferase activity toward mono- and oligosaccharide acceptor substrates was detected in cultured skin fibroblasts from mucolipidoses II and III patients who were designated as variants (one of four mucolipidosis II and three out of six mucolipidosis III patients examined). The activity toward natural lysosomal protein acceptors was absent or deficient in cell preparations from all patients with classical as well as variant forms of mucolipidoses II and III. Complementation analysis, using fused and cocultivated mutant fibroblast combinations, revealed that, while cell lines with variant mucolipidosis III constituted a complementation group distinct from that of classical forms of mucolipidoses II and III, the variant mucolipidosis II cell line belonged to the same complementation group as did the classical forms. In contrast to the mutant enzyme from variant mucolipidosis III patients that failed to recognize lysosomal proteins as the specific acceptor substrates, the activity toward alpha-methylmannoside in the variant mucolipidosis II patient could be inhibited by exogenous lysosomal enzyme preparations (bovine beta-glucuronidase and human hexosaminidase A). These findings suggest that N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphotransferase is composed of at least two distinct polypeptides: (1) a recognition subunit that is defective in the mucolipidosis III variants and (2) a catalytic subunit that is deficient or altered in the classical forms of mucolipidoses II and III as well as in the mucolipidosis II variant.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Mitchell DA, Yager RM, Pretzlaff RK. Stimulation of GM3 ganglioside sialidase activity by an activator protein in patients with mucolipidosis IV and controls. ENZYME 1991; 45:23-9. [PMID: 1806363 DOI: 10.1159/000468861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An activator protein that stimulates the enzymic hydrolysis of sialic acid from gangliosides by ganglioside sialidase was fractionated from human liver. This fraction was distinct from those stimulating the hydrolysis of galactose from GM1 ganglioside by beta-galactosidase and the hydrolysis of N-acetylgalactosamine from GM2 ganglioside by hexosaminidase A. This fraction was highly specific for the hydrolysis of sialic acid from GM3 ganglioside, and was equally effective in fibroblasts from patients with mucolipidosis IV and in fibroblasts from controls.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Mitchell DA. Detection of kinetically abnormal argininosuccinate synthase in neonatal citrullinemia by conversion of citrulline to arginine in intact fibroblasts. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 183:125-33. [PMID: 2791302 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(89)90328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The apparent Km values of argininosuccinate synthase toward citrulline and aspartate were significantly increased in cultured skin fibroblasts from one patient with neonatal citrullinemia, whereas, those determined in cells from three other patients were within the normal range. The abnormal apparent Km of the mutant enzyme toward aspartate was determined by a ureagenesis assay system (0.14 mmol/l as compared with 0.010-0.018 mmol/l for the normal enzyme), and the abnormal values toward citrulline were measured by both arginine synthesis (6.1 mmol/l as compared with 0.21-0.26 mmol/l for the normal enzyme) and ureagenesis (0.63 as compared with 0.043-0.067) assay systems.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Gagné R, Parvathy MR, Mitchell DA, Momoi T. Leukocyte and plasma N-laurylsphingosine deacylase (ceramidase) in Farber disease. Clin Genet 1989; 36:38-42. [PMID: 2504515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1989.tb03364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Severe deficiency of acid ceramidase activity (4-5% of normal) was demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts, leukocytes and plasma from a 1-year-old boy who was diagnosed as being affected with Farber disease. Determination of ceramidase activity in plasma was achieved by a highly sensitive assay employing a ceramide substrate containing radiolabeled C12 N-acyl moiety (N-lauryl). The enzyme activity in the parents' leukocytes and plasma was found to be reduced to 18-47% of the respective normal values, and that determined in a plasma specimen from a patient with I-cell disease was about 4 times elevated above the normal level.
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Parvathy MR, Mitchell DA, Ben-Yoseph Y. Prenatal diagnosis of I-cell disease in the first and second trimesters. Am J Med Sci 1989; 297:361-4. [PMID: 2544090 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-198906000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
First trimester prenatal diagnosis of I-cell disease (1 case) was based on demonstration of profound deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphotransferase in chorionic villi and in cultured trophoblasts derived from the chorionic villus specimen. Deficiency of this enzyme in cultured amniotic fluid cells obtained via amniocentesis was the basis for prenatal diagnosis of I-cell disease in the second trimester (2 cases). In both procedures, the diagnosis was corroborated by the finding of intracellular deficiency and extracellular elevation of multiple lysosomal enzymes in the fetal cell cultures (trophoblasts and amniotic fluid cells), as well as a significant increase in several lysosomal enzyme activities in the maternal serum.
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Kaufmann RA, Drugan A, Evans MI, Mitchell D, Ben-Yoseph Y, Moghissi KS. First trimester maternal serum lysosomal enzymes: implications for carrier testing and prenatal diagnosis. FETAL THERAPY 1989; 4:161-5. [PMID: 2518706 DOI: 10.1159/000263445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carrier detection for lysosomal storage diseases is sometimes possible by evaluating maternal serum levels of specific enzymes. However, lysosomal enzymes (LE) can be modified by maternal hormonal changes in pregnancy or embryonic contributions. Maternal serum was obtained prospectively in the follicular phase and at 2-5 and 7-11 weeks after conception from 13 infertility patients with precisely known ovulation dates. Eleven enzyme activities were determined fluorimetrically using 4-methylumbelliferyl substrates. Using repeated measures ANOVA, alpha-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (p less than 0.05), hexosaminidase A (p less than 0.005) and hexosaminidase A and B (p less than 0.005) increased during the first trimester, and 8 enzymes did not change significantly. Our data show differing patterns of LE in the first trimester. These may be explained by: (1) variability of maternal reaction to hormonal changes of pregnancy, or (2) variable embryonic contributions suggesting differential ontogeny and placental transfer of these enzymes. The increase in levels of the 3 specific LE in maternal serum may interfere with the accuracy of carrier testing in early pregnancy, but pregnancy should not interfere with the other 8.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Pack BA, Thomas PM, Nadler HL, Kaback MM, Optiz JM, Reynolds JF. Maternal serum hexosaminidase A in pregnancy: effects of gestational age and fetal genotype. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1988; 29:891-9. [PMID: 2969680 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320290421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic usefulness of sulfated fluorogenic substrates in carrier detection of Tay-Sachs disease in serum during pregnancy was assessed by testing coded samples. Gradual increase in serum hexosaminidase activities toward these substrates was observed throughout pregnancy in both carrier and non-carriers of the Tay-Sachs gene, but absolute discrimination between the 2 genotypes could not be achieved even when values were compared within the same gestational age. Examination of isolated isozyme fractions with the sulfated substrates showed that the increased activities during pregnancy were due to a genuine increase in hexosaminidase A and not associated with the elevation of hexosaminidase I (or P), which was evident only with unsulfated substrates. The extent of the increase was influenced by the genotype of the fetus as indicated by higher values in pregnant carriers who carried non-carrier fetuses. We conclude that determination of serum hexosaminidase A during pregnancy by sulfated fluorogenic substrates may have a prenatal diagnostic value when used in obligate heterozygotes for Tay-Sachs disease, but is unreliable for screening purposes.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Mitchell DA, Nadler HL. First trimester prenatal evaluation for I-cell disease by N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphotransferase assay. Clin Genet 1988; 33:38-43. [PMID: 2830069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1988.tb04262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
First trimester prenatal diagnosis was offered to a couple at risk for having a child with I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II). The prenatal evaluation was based for the first time on examination of N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphotransferase activity, deficiency of which is the primary biochemical defect in both I-cell disease and pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy (mucolipidosis III). Heterozygote levels of this enzyme activity were determined in chorionic villi obtained at 9 weeks of gestation, as well as in cultured trophoblasts derived from this specimen, and led to the diagnosis of an unaffected fetus. This procedure has advantages over that based on detection of abnormal intracellular-extracellular distribution of lysosomal enzyme activities, which is expressed only in homozygotes and fully expressed only in cell culture specimens.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Potier M, Mitchell DA, Pack BA, Melançon SB, Nadler HL. Altered molecular size of N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphotransferase in I-cell disease and pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy. Biochem J 1987; 248:697-701. [PMID: 2829837 PMCID: PMC1148605 DOI: 10.1042/bj2480697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The size of the mutant N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphotransferase in Golgi membranes from fibroblasts of patients with I-cell disease and classical pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy, which comprised one complementation group characterized by deficiency towards both artificial and natural acceptor substrates, was significantly smaller than the normal enzyme, 151-174 kDa compared with 225-278 kDa. The size of the mutant enzyme from cell lines of patients with variant forms of pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy, which comprised another complementation group characterized by normal activity towards mono- and oligo-saccharide substrates, was significantly larger than the normal enzyme, ranging from 321 to 356 kDa in two families and from 528 to 547 kDa in a third family. These findings suggest that the mutations in I-cell disease and classical pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy result in a missing enzyme component, which renders the enzyme catalytically inefficient toward any type of acceptor substrate. In contrast, the mutations in the variant forms of pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy produce a larger enzyme molecule which is active toward small substrates but is incapable of binding natural lysosomal glycoprotein substrates.
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Parvathy MR, Ben-Yoseph Y, Mitchell DA, Nadler HL. Detection of Krabbe disease using tritiated galactosylceramides with medium-chain fatty acids. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1987; 110:740-6. [PMID: 3681116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Galactocerebrosidase (galactosylceramidase) assays using tritiated galactosylceramides with saturated, medium-chain fatty acids (C6-C11) were found to be more sensitive and more reliable than the commonly used assays with long-chain and very long-chain substrates (C16-C26). Galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) was tritiated by a modification of the galactose oxidase-sodium borohydride method, and 19 galactosylceramides were synthesized by the direct coupling of galactosylsphingosine with fatty acids of varying lengths (C6 to C24). The highest specific activities of normal prenatal and postnatal enzyme preparations were obtained with the C6 and C8 derivatives, which were six and five times more sensitive, respectively, than the C16 substrate. The residual activities in enzyme preparations from fetuses and children with Krabbe disease were proportionally increased. Our experience indicates that these substrates can provide a sensitive and reliable means for the prenatal and postnatal detection of Krabbe disease.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Evans MI, Bottoms SF, Pack BA, Mitchell DA, Koppitch FC, Nadler HL. Lysosomal enzyme activities in fresh and frozen chorionic villi and in cultured trophoblasts. Clin Chim Acta 1986; 161:307-13. [PMID: 3802537 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(86)90015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen lysosomal enzyme activities were compared in 14 presumed normal chorionic villus specimens that were each divided, processed and analyzed as fresh tissue, tissue frozen for 1 week, and cultures established from minced whole villi. Most of the activities determined in the chorionic villus tissue were not affected significantly by freezing. However, activities for most enzymes were significantly different from those determined in the cultured cells. Our experience with first trimester prenatal evaluations for several lysosomal disorders showed that the limited amount of tissue obtained is not always sufficient for thorough analysis and thus, cultured trophoblasts derived from the tissue specimen should also be examined. The results of this study stress the importance of using appropriate tissue-type and cell-type controls to establish the normal range in the respective analyses.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Potier M, Pack BA, Mitchell DA, Melançon SB, Nadler HL. Molecular size of N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase and alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphodiesterase as determined in situ in Golgi membranes by radiation inactivation. Biochem J 1986; 235:883-6. [PMID: 3019310 PMCID: PMC1146769 DOI: 10.1042/bj2350883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The radiation inactivation method was used to determine the molecular size of the two enzymes that participate in the synthesis of the phosphomannosyl recognition marker of lysosomal proteins. The determinations were carried out in situ, in Golgi membranes isolated from normal human placenta and cultured skin fibroblasts. A molecular size of 228 +/- 29 kDa was found for placental N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphotransferase, and 129 +/- 11 kDa for placental alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphodiesterase. The values for the fibroblast enzymes were about 20% higher, 283 +/- 27 kDa and 156 +/- 14 kDa for the transferase and phosphodiesterase respectively. Triton X-100 had no effect on the molecular size of these enzymes.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Pack BA, Mitchell DA, Elwell DG, Potier M, Melançon SB, Nadler HL. Characterization of the mutant N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase in I-cell disease and pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy: complementation analysis and kinetic studies. ENZYME 1986; 35:106-16. [PMID: 3017692 DOI: 10.1159/000469330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Complementation was examined among various types of I-cell disease and pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy by monitoring N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase activity in multinucleated cells produced by fusing pair combinations of cultured skin fibroblasts. Patients with the classical forms of these disorders (5 I-cell disease and 3 pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy cell lines) comprised one complementation group and 5 cell lines from patients with variant forms of pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy comprised a distinct complementation group. In the first group, total or partial deficiency of the transferase activity was demonstrated with both natural (lysosomal enzymes) and artificial (alpha-methylmannoside) acceptor substrates with low Vmax but apparently normal Km values for the donor (UDP-GlcNAc) and acceptor (alpha-methylmannoside) substrates. The activity toward artificial substrate could be inhibited by adding exogenous lysosomal enzyme preparations to the reaction mixture. In the second group, the cells demonstrated deficiency of the transferase activity toward lysosomal enzyme acceptors but had normal activity toward alpha-methylmannoside acceptor and this activity could not be inhibited by the addition of exogenous lysosomal enzyme preparations. These findings suggest that N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase is composed of at least two distinct subunits, a catalytic subunit which is absent or defective in the first complementation group, and a recognition subunit which is altered or deficient in the second group.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Reid JE, Shapiro B, Nadler HL. Diagnosis and carrier detection of Tay-Sachs disease: direct determination of hexosaminidase A using 4-methylumbelliferyl derivatives of beta-N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate and beta-N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate. Am J Hum Genet 1985; 37:733-40. [PMID: 9556661 PMCID: PMC1684631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Methylumbelliferyl-6-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy derivatives of beta-D glucopyranoside and beta-D-galactopyranoside were prepared by direct sulfation of the commonly used unsulfated derivatives. Both sulfated substrates were highly specific for hexosaminidase A, and in fractionated serum, cells, and tissue preparations, less than 2.5% of these activities were associated with hexosaminidase B and the intermediate isozyme fractions. Serum and leukocytes from patients with infantile Tay-Sachs disease, including a patient with thermolabile hexosaminidase B, had less than 2% of noncarrier activities. Carrier values were clearly separated from those of noncarriers, and no problems were encountered in utilizing sera from pregnant women. The % hexosaminidase A values as derived from the ratio between the activities toward the sulfated and unsulfated substrates in the same specimen were comparable to those obtained by the heat-inactivation method (except for subjects with thermolabile hexosaminidase B) and may be helpful in genotype determination in borderline cases.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Rembelski P, Nadler HL. Correction of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase deficiency in amniotic fluid of some cystic fibrosis fetuses by mixing with nondeficient fluids. Pediatr Res 1984; 18:1340-3. [PMID: 6151640 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-198412000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The deficiency of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, which was evident in some but not all cystic fibrosis amniotic fluids, could be corrected by mixing with either normal fluids or nondeficient cystic fibrosis fluids. Incubation of any amniotic fluid for 20 min at 62 degrees C resulted in total loss of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, but the activity could be restored by mixing with untreated nondeficient fluids. In contrast, no restoration could be obtained by mixing with untreated deficient cystic fibrosis fluids. Dialysis of amniotic fluids did not diminish their corrective capacity. Only the transpeptidation reaction was corrected and no correction was observed for the hydrolysis or autotranspeptidation of gamma-glutamyl p-nitroanilide in the absence of the glycylglycine or methionine acceptor. Plasma specimens did not have any corrective activity, although their gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity could be restored after heat inactivation by mixing with untreated nondeficient amniotic fluids. No correction was found for aminopeptidase or disaccharidase activities. These findings suggest that the deficient cystic fibrosis amniotic fluids probably contain normal quantities of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase enzyme but lack a heat-labile nondialyzable activator that is necessary for its transpeptidation catalytic performance. An assay for this transpeptidase activator may provide a valuable approach to identify at least a subgroup of cystic fibrosis patients.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Baylerian MS, Nadler HL. Radiometric assays of N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase and alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphodiesterase with substrates labeled in the glucosamine moiety. Anal Biochem 1984; 142:297-304. [PMID: 6099058 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The assay of fibroblast and leukocyte-N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase with alpha-methylmannoside acceptor and commercially available UDP-[3H or 14C]N-acetylglucosamine donor was modified to yield low background and consequently high sensitivity and reliability comparable to those obtained with the synthetically made [beta-32P]UDP-N-acetylglucosamine donor. This was achieved by an additional elution step that removed free [3H or 14C]N-acetylglucosamine which appeared to be the breakdown product responsible for the high background. In addition, the [3H or 14C]N-acetylglucosamine-1-phospho-6-alpha-methylmannoside product of the transfer reaction was then isolated and, following desalting, could serve as a substrate for the assay of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphodiesterase. Cell preparations of patients with I-cell disease and pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy demonstrated severe to moderate deficiency of transferase activity and normal phosphodiesterase activity toward the respective substrates labeled with 3H or 14C in the glucosamine moiety.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Baylerian MS, Momoi T, Nadler HL. Thermal activation of hexosaminidase A in a genetic compound with Tay-Sachs disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 1983; 6:95-100. [PMID: 6230486 DOI: 10.1007/bf01800733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increase in total hexosaminidase activity has been observed during heat treatment of serum and leukocyte specimens from a 1-year-old boy with cherry-red spot and severe and progressive mental and motor deterioration. The activity increased 40% in the first 40-70 min of incubation at 50 degrees C and pH 4.3, but declined thereafter and was only slightly above the initial activity in the final 2-3 h of incubation. Heat treatment of specimens from family members revealed very reduced rates of inactivation of hexosaminidase in the proband's father and some paternal relatives, whereas those of the mother and some maternal relatives were indistinguishable from those of Tay-Sachs carriers. Mixing experiments with enzyme preparations from the proband, normal controls and patients with Tay-Sachs disease resulted in additive values and did not support the possibility of inhibitor- or activator-related defect. Fractionation of heat-treated samples by ion exchange chromatography and electrophoresis, as well as examination of the separated fractions for their thermostability, have shown that hexosaminidase A is the activated component and hexosaminidases B, I1 and I2 are not affected. These findings suggest that the patient is a genetic compound and the apparent thermal activation is probably due to formation of hexosaminidase A from altered alpha-subunits produced by the paternal mutant alpha-allele and beta-subunits produced by the normal beta-alleles.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, DeFranco CL, Nadler HL. Mannosylation of glycoproteins and dolichol derivatives in fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 718:172-6. [PMID: 6182921 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increased incorporation of mannose into endogenous glycoprotein fractions has been found in whole cell lysates and crude membrane preparations of cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis (1.3-2.3-times normal) when GDP[14C]mannose served as the mannosyl donor. In contrast, the incorporation of mannose from GDPmannose into lipid fractions containing dolichol phosphate and dolichol pyrophosphate oligosaccharides as well as the incorporation of mannose from dolichol phospho[3H]mannose into both glycoproteins and dolichol derivatives were not significantly different among cell preparations from patients with cystic fibrosis and normal controls. Mannosyltransferase activity toward exogenous glycoproteins as well as the activities of soluble and membranous alpha-mannosidase and beta-mannosidase appeared to be normal and could not account for the observed differences. The altered incorporation of mannose into endogenous glycoprotein may reflect changes in glycosylation processes other than mannosylation.
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Ben-Yoseph Y, Momoi T, Baylerian MS, Nadler HL. Km defect in neuraminidase of dysmorphic type sialidosis with and without beta-galactosidase deficiency. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 123:233-40. [PMID: 6811161 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(82)90167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic studies of 4-methylumbelliferyl neuraminidase activity were carried out in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with various disorders of neuraminidase deficiency. Cell extracts from two patients with dysmorphic type sialidosis of infantile onset, with isolated deficiency of neuraminidase activity, and three patients with dysmorphic type sialidosis of juvenile onset, with combined deficiency of neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase activities, demonstrated 7-12 times higher apparent Km values than those of normal controls (1.0-1.5 mmol/l as compared with 0.12-0.15 mmol/l). The apparent Ki values for N-acetylneuraminic acid and colominic acid were also increased in the dysmorphic type (7-15 and 7-11 times the normal values, respectively). In contrast, in the normomorphic type, normal apparent Km and Ki values were found for 4-methylumbelliferyl neuraminidase activity in fibroblasts from one patient with isolated neuraminidase deficiency and two patients with combined deficiency of neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase. The altered kinetics in the dysmorphic cases indicates a primary defect in neuraminidase with a secondary deficiency of beta-galactosidase in patients with combined deficiency. It is not clear if the primary defect in the normomorphic cases involves a defect in neuraminidase other than a Km defect or if neuraminidase or both neuraminidase and beta-galactosidase deficiencies are secondary to another defect as yet undetermined.
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Momoi T, Ben-Yoseph Y, Nadler HL. Substrate-specificities of acid and alkaline ceramidases in fibroblasts from patients with Farber disease and controls. Biochem J 1982; 205:419-25. [PMID: 6814427 PMCID: PMC1158496 DOI: 10.1042/bj2050419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The specific activity of acid ceramidase (N-acylsphingosine deacylase, EC 3.5.1.23) was measured at pH4.5 in normal fibroblasts and in fibroblasts from patients with Farber disease and obligate heterozygotes. Greater activity was found when the synthetically made ceramide substrates contained shorter-chain fatty acids or higher content of double bonds. Acid ceramidase activities towards N-lauroyl- (C(12:0)), N-myristoyl- (C(14:0)) and N-palmitoyl- (C(16:0)) sphingosine (C(18:1)) were respectively about 38, 26 and 6 times higher than the activity towards the N-stearoyl (C(18:0)) substrate. The activity towards N-linolenoylsphingosine (C(18:3)/C(18:1)), N-linoleoylsphingosine (C(18:2)/C(18:1)) and N-oleoylsphingosine (C(18:1)/C(18:1)) were respectively about 5, 4 and 3 times higher than the activity towards N-stearoylsphingosine (C(18:0)/C(18:1)). The activity towards N-stearoyldihydrosphingosine (C(18:0)/C(18:0)) was about 40% of that towards N-stearoylsphingosine. Fibroblast alkaline ceramidase possessed significant activity only towards ceramides of unsaturated fatty acids, with a pH optimum of about 9.0. Deficiency of acid ceramidase activity in fibroblasts from patients with Farber disease and intermediate activities in obligate heterozygotes were demonstrated with all ceramides examined except for N-hexanoylsphingosine (C(6:0)/C(18:1)), whereas alkaline ceramidase activity was unaffected. Comparative kinetic studies of acid ceramidase activity with N-lauroylsphingosine and N-oleoylsphingosine demonstrated about 5 (2-12)-fold and 7 (4-17)-fold higher K(m) values in fibroblasts from patients with Farber disease as compared with normal controls. N-Lauroylsphingosine, towards which acid ceramidase activity in control fibroblasts was about 10 times higher than that towards N-oleoylsphingosine, may serve as a better substrate for enzymic diagnosis of Farber disease as well as for further characterization of the catalytically defective acid ceramidase.
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