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Tsutsumi-Arai C, Arai Y, Tran A, Salinas M, Nakai Y, Orikasa S, Ono W, Ono N. A PTHrP Gradient Drives Mandibular Condylar Chondrogenesis via Runx2. J Dent Res 2024; 103:91-100. [PMID: 38058151 PMCID: PMC10734211 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231208175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) is an essential component of the temporomandibular joint, which orchestrates the vertical growth of the mandibular ramus through endochondral ossification with distinctive modes of cell differentiation. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a master regulator of chondrogenesis; in the long bone epiphyseal growth plate, PTHrP expressed by resting zone chondrocytes promotes chondrocyte proliferation in the adjacent layer. However, how PTHrP regulates chondrogenesis in the MCC remains largely unclear. In this study, we used a Pthrp-mCherry knock-in reporter strain to map the localization of PTHrP+ cells in the MCC and define the function of PTHrP in the growing mandibular condyle. In the postnatal MCC of PthrpmCherry/+ mice, PTHrP-mCherry was specifically expressed by cells in the superficial layer immediately adjacent to RUNX2-expressing cells in the polymorphic layer. PTHrP ligands diffused across the polymorphic and chondrocyte layers where its cognate receptor PTH1R was abundantly expressed. We further analyzed the mandibular condyle of PthrpmCherry/mCherry mice lacking functional PTHrP protein (PTHrP-KO). At embryonic day (E) 18.5, the condylar process and MCC were significantly truncated in the PTHrP-KO mandible, which was associated with a significant reduction in cell proliferation across the polymorphic layer and a loss of SOX9+ cells in the chondrocyte layers. The PTHrP-KO MCC showed a transient increase in the number of Col10a1+ hypertrophic chondrocytes at E15.5, followed by a significant loss of these cells at E18.5, indicating that superficial layer-derived PTHrP prevents premature chondrocyte exhaustion in the MCC. The expression of Runx2, but not Sp7, was significantly reduced in the polymorphic layer of the PTHrP-KO MCC. Therefore, PTHrP released from cells in the superficial layer directly acts on cells in the polymorphic layer to promote proliferation of chondrocyte precursor cells and prevent their premature differentiation by maintaining Runx2 expression, revealing a unique PTHrP gradient-directed mechanism that regulates MCC chondrogenesis.
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Ueda H, Katakami S, Okada M, Yoshida S, Nakai Y, Mito T, Mizumaki M. Efficient NMR measurement and data analysis supported by the Bayesian inference: The case of the heavy fermion compound YbCo 2Zn 20. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 357:107585. [PMID: 37952430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a data-driven technique to infer microscopic physical quantities from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, in which the data size and quality required for the Bayesian inference are investigated. The 59Co-NMR measurement of YbCo2Zn20 single crystal generates complex spectra with 28 peaks. By exploiting the site symmetry in the crystal structure, the isotropic Knight shift Kiso and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequency νQ were respectively estimated to be Kiso=0.7822±0.0090% and νQ=2.008±0.016 MHz (T=20 K and H≃10.2 T) by analyzing only 30 data points from one spectrum. The estimated νQ is consistent with the precise value obtained in the NQR experiment. Our method can significantly reduce the measurement time and the computational cost of data analysis in NMR experiments.
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Nakamura Y, Namikawa K, Yoshikawa S, Kiniwa Y, Maekawa T, Yamasaki O, Isei T, Matsushita S, Nomura M, Nakai Y, Fukushima S, Saito S, Takenouchi T, Tanaka R, Kato H, Otsuka A, Matsuya T, Baba N, Nagase K, Inozume T, Fujimoto N, Kuwatsuka Y, Onishi M, Kaneko T, Onuma T, Umeda Y, Ogata D, Takahashi A, Otsuka M, Teramoto Y, Yamazaki N. Anti-PD-1 antibody monotherapy versus anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4 combination therapy as first-line immunotherapy in unresectable or metastatic mucosal melanoma: a retrospective, multicenter study of 329 Japanese cases (JMAC study). ESMO Open 2021; 6:100325. [PMID: 34839104 PMCID: PMC8633880 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody monotherapy (PD1) has led to favorable responses in advanced non-acral cutaneous melanoma among Caucasian populations; however, recent studies suggest that this therapy has limited efficacy in mucosal melanoma (MCM). Thus, advanced MCM patients are candidates for PD1 plus anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) combination therapy (PD1 + CTLA4). Data on the efficacy of immunotherapy in MCM, however, are limited. We aimed to compare the efficacies of PD1 and PD1 + CTLA4 in Japanese advanced MCM patients. Patients and methods We retrospectively assessed advanced MCM patients treated with PD1 or PD1 + CTLA4 at 24 Japanese institutions. Patient baseline characteristics, clinical responses (RECIST), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan–Meier analysis, and toxicity was assessed to estimate the efficacy and safety of PD1 and PD1 + CTLA4. Results Altogether, 329 patients with advanced MCM were included in this study. PD1 and PD1 + CTLA4 were used in 263 and 66 patients, respectively. Baseline characteristics were similar between both treatment groups, except for age (median age 71 versus 65 years; P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between the PD1 and PD1 + CTLA4 groups with respect to objective response rate (26% versus 29%; P = 0.26) or PFS and OS (median PFS 5.9 months versus 6.8 months; P = 0.55, median OS 20.4 months versus 20.1 months; P = 0.55). Cox multivariate survival analysis revealed that PD1 + CTLA4 did not prolong PFS and OS (PFS: hazard ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.58-1.19, P = 0.30; OS: HR 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.57-1.38, P = 0.59). The rate of ≥grade 3 immune-related adverse events was higher in the PD1 + CTLA4 group than in the PD1 group (53% versus 17%; P < 0.001). Conclusions First-line PD1 + CTLA4 demonstrated comparable clinical efficacy to PD1 in Japanese MCM patients, but with a higher rate of immune-related adverse events. Anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy (PD1 + CTLA4) is an option for patients with advanced mucosal melanoma (MCM). Data on the efficacy of PD1 + CTLA4 compared with PD-1 monotherapy (PD1) for MCM, however, are limited. We retrospectively analyzed data from 329 Japanese patients with advanced MCM treated with PD1 or PD1 + CTLA4. No significant differences in objective response rate, progression-free survival, or overall survival were observed. Immune-related adverse events resulting in treatment cessation were higher in the PD1 + CTLA4 group.
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Tanaka N, Nakai Y, Asakawa I, Miyake M, Anai S, Hasegawa M, Fujimoto K. The oncologic outcomes of low-dose-rate brachytherapy for prostate cancer. EUR UROL SUPPL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(20)33523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Miyake M, Marugami N, Hori S, Nishimura N, Owari T, Itami Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka N, Fujimoto K. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can improve diagnostic accuracy of detecting bladder carcinoma in situ in combination with photodynamic diagnosis? EUR UROL SUPPL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(20)33497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Miyake M, Marugami N, Fujiwara Y, Komura K, Inamoto T, Azuma H, Matsumoto H, Matsuyama H, Nishimura N, Hori S, Owari T, Itami Y, Nakai Y, Fujimoto K. Down-grading of ipsilateral hydronephrosis by neoadjuvant chemotherapy is associated with better oncological outcomes after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with ureteral cancer. EUR UROL SUPPL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-1683(20)34094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Okano N, Ueno M, Morizane C, Yamanaka T, Ojima H, Ozaka M, Sasaki M, Takahara N, Kobayashi S, Morimoto M, Hosoi H, Nakai Y, Ikeda M, Maeno S, Nagashima F, Okusaka T, Furuse J. Multicenter phase II trial of axitinib monotherapy for advanced biliary tract cancer refractory to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz247.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ikeda M, Maruki Y, Ueno M, Ioka T, Naganuma A, Furukawa M, Mizuno N, Uwagawa T, Nakai Y, Kanai M, Asagi A, Shimizu S, Miyamoto A, Yukisawa S, Kadokura M, Yamanaka T, Arai Y, Shibata T, Morizane C, Okusaka T. Frequency and clinicopathological characteristics of biliary tract carcinomas harboring the FGFR2-fusion gene: A prospective observational study (PRELUDE study). Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz247.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Saito K, Nakai Y, Ushiku T, Saito T, Takahara N, Mizuno S, Kogure H, Koike K. Gastrointestinal: Successful diagnosis of primary peritoneal serous carcinoma by endoscopic ultrasound-guided through-the-needle forceps biopsy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:1271. [PMID: 30693562 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Mizuno S, Nakai Y, Tanaka M, Ushiku T, Arita J, Hasegawa K, Fukayama M, Koike K. Gastrointestinal: Reappraisal of the usefulness of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy for indeterminate distal biliary strictures. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:961. [PMID: 30669178 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nakai Y, Tanaka N, Asakawa I, Miyake M, Anai S, Morizawa Y, Owari T, Fujii T, Hasegawa M, Fujimoto K. Assessment of the Prostate-Specific Antigen Bounce in Patients Treated with 12⁵I-Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer and Its Correlation with Testosterone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Saito K, Nakai Y, Isayama H, Ishigaki K, Saito T, Takahara N, Mizuno S, Kogure H, Koike K. A phase II trial of gemcitabine, S-1 and LV combination therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy282.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Takahara N, Nakai Y, Saito K, Sato M, Ooyama H, Kanai S, Suzuki T, Sato T, Hakuta R, Ishigaki K, Takeda T, Mizuno S, Kogure H, Tada M, Koike K. Nomograms predicting survival of patients with advanced or recurrent biliary tract cancer receiving a first-line chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy282.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kiguchi T, Sato C, Takai K, Nakai Y, Kaneko Y, Matsuki M. CT findings in 11 patients with TAFRO syndrome: a variant of multicentric Castleman's disease. Clin Radiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yamaguchi K, Fukami Y, Nakai Y, Hiroaki O, Kanai M. Safety and feasibility of hybrid assistive limb therapy for acute stroke: Protocol for a pilot study. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tanaka N, Asakawa I, Nakai Y, Miyake M, Anai S, Hasegawa M, Fujimoto K. The Hybrid Method Can Cover the External Prostatic Region Compared With the Conventional Method in Patients Who Undergo Prostate Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nakai Y, Tanaka N, Asakawa I, Hasegawa M, Fujimoto K. Quality of Life in Patients Who Underwent Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy, 125 I Brachytherapy, and Combined 125 I Brachytherapy Plus Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fujita K, Nakai Y, Kawashima A, Ujike T, Nagahara A, Nakajima T, Inoue T, Lee CM, Uemura M, Miyagawa Y, Kaneda Y, Nonomura N. Phase I/II clinical trial to assess safety and efficacy of intratumoral and subcutaneous injection of HVJ-E in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:277-281. [PMID: 28497777 PMCID: PMC5562845 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated Sendai virus particles (hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E)) have a novel antitumor effect: HVJ-E fused to prostate cancer cells via cell surface receptor causes apoptosis of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. HVJ-E also induces antitumor immunity by activating natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells and suppressing regulatory T cells in vivo. We conducted an open-label, single-arm, phase I/II clinical trial in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to determine the safety and efficacy of intratumoral and subcutaneous injection of HVJ-E. Patients with CRPC who were docetaxel-resistant or could not receive docetaxel treatment were eligible. HVJ-E was injected directly into the prostate on day 1 and subcutaneously on days 5, 8 and 12 in two 28-day treatment cycles using a 3+3 dose-escalation design. The primary end points were to evaluate safety and tolerability of HVJ-E. The secondary end points were to analyze tumor immunity and antitumor effect. The study is registered at UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, number UMIN000006142. Seven patients were enrolled, and six patients received HVJ-E. Grade 2 or 3 adverse events (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Ver. 4.0) were urinary retention and lymphopenia from which the patients recovered spontaneously. No Grade 4 adverse events were observed. Radiographically, three patients had stable disease in the low-dose group, and one patient had stable disease and two had progressive disease in the high-dose group. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declined from 14 to 1.9 ng ml-1 in one patient in the low-dose group after two cycles of HVJ-E treatment, and the PSA response rate was 16.6%. NK cell activity was elevated from day 12 to day 28 after HVJ-E administration, whereas serum interleukin-6, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ levels were not affected by HVJ-E treatment. Intratumoral and subcutaneous injections of HVJ-E are feasible and PSA response was observed in a subgroup of CRPC patients.
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Masuno K, Yanai T, Hirata A, Yonemaru K, Sakai H, Satoh M, Masegi T, Nakai Y. Morphological and Immunohistochemical Features of Cryptosporidium andersoni in Cattle. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:202-7. [PMID: 16537941 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-2-202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Light and electron microscopic features and immunohistochemical features of Cryptosporidium andersoni ( C. andersoni) and host reaction in the mucosa were studied. Although the affected cattle demonstrated no apparent clinical signs, a severe infection of C. andersoni was observed in the abomasum. C. andersoni were round in shape, measured 6-8 μm in size and were mainly observed to be freely located in the gastric pits, being attached in occasional cases to the surface of the abomasum epithelium. Frequent inflammatory cells had infiltrated the lamina propria of the affected mucosa, and frequent mitotic figures were observed in epithelial cells at the dilated isthmus. To access the cell kinetics, the number of epithelial cells infected with C. andersoni were counted and compared with noninfected cattle. The number of gastric pit cells in infected cattle was significantly higher than that in the controls. The number of proliferative cells determined by the Ki-67 antigen in C. andersoni infected cattle was also significantly higher than that in the controls. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the morphology of the C. andersoni organism was common to those of other Cryptosporidium spp. immunohistochemically, several commercial antibodies against Cryptosporidium spp. showed positive reactions at the wall of these oocysts or parasitophorous vacuoles. This report is possibly the first to discuss the prominent hyperplasia of the abomasum mucosa, as well as morphologic features of C. andersoni in cattle.
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Ohbayashi Y, Nakai F, Iwasaki A, Nakai Y, Httori Y, Yamamoto, Nishiyama Y, Miyake M. The predictability of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw using a quantitative analysis of bone scintigraphy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.08.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yamane H, Nakai Y. Immunohistochemical localization of Na+-K+-ATPase in the endolymphatic sac. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 42:123-8. [PMID: 2850738 DOI: 10.1159/000416090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Imura H, Kato Y, Nakai Y. Endocrine aspects of tumors arising from suprasellar, third ventricular regions. PROGRESS IN EXPERIMENTAL TUMOR RESEARCH 2015; 30:313-24. [PMID: 3628813 DOI: 10.1159/000413689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kong Q, Nakai Y, Kuroda N, Shiratsuchi A, Nagaosa K, Nakanishi Y. Peptidoglycan recognition protein-triggered induction of Escherichia coli gene in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biochem 2015; 157:507-17. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Tahara H, Naito H, Kise K, Wakabayashi T, Kamoi K, Okihara K, Yanagisawa A, Nakai Y, Nonomura N, Morii E, Miki T, Takakura N. Evaluation of PSF1 as a prognostic biomarker for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2014; 18:56-62. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yoshida T, Ogawa T, Taguchi N, Maeda J, Abe K, Rodis OM, Nakai Y, Shirai H, Torii Y, Konoo T, Suzuki K. Effectiveness of a simulated patient training programme based on trainee response accuracy and appropriateness of feedback. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2014; 18:241-251. [PMID: 25318559 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simulated patients (SPs) need education and training in required skills to be effective resources in education. This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of an SP training programme based on the accuracy of trainee responses and the appropriateness of their feedback. METHODS Thirty-two applicants to the training programme and 35 experienced SPs were included in this study. The experienced SPs served as a reference group. The rate of accurate responses and the rate of appropriate feedback were assessed with pre- and post-training tests, and these two outcome measures were compared with those of the experienced SPs. RESULTS No significant differences were found in trainee response accuracy or appropriateness of feedback between pre- and post-training tests. The response accuracy rate of the trainees on the pre-training test was significantly lower than that of SPs with 1-2 years of experience, whilst there was no significant difference between these SPs and the trainees on the post-training test. CONCLUSIONS Although our study suggests that more training is needed to improve the skills of SPs, the training programme may contribute to helping trainees reach a novice level in the skill of providing accurate responses. SP training should be encouraged to contribute to the effectiveness of such teaching and to establish the validity of the assessment.
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