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Arpalahti I, Hänninen K, Tolvanen M, Varrela J, Rice DP. The effect of early childhood non-nutritive sucking behavior including pacifiers on malocclusion: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Orthod 2024; 46:cjae024. [PMID: 39119981 PMCID: PMC11310778 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/RATIONALE Systematic reviews on the effects of pacifiers on occlusion have highlighted the need for quality RCTs. TRIAL DESIGN Single region, three parallel-armed, prospective, randomized controlled trial. OBJECTIVES To investigate the correlations between early childhood non-nutritive sucking habits and malocclusion. Specifically to test whether the use of a study pacifier has differing effects compared to other pacifiers and control, and whether the duration of pacifier use or digit sucking influence the occlusion. PARTICIPANTS The subjects were firstborn children, born in 2008 in Vantaa, Finland. INTERVENTION One-third of participants were offered study pacifiers, free of charge, from birth up to 2 years of age. The history of the subjects' sucking habits, including pacifier use was screened in a questionnaire at the age of 2 years, and clinical examinations were performed at the age of 7 years. In addition, the subjects were divided into groups that were equally matched regarding their mother's level of education. OUTCOMES Posterior crossbite, anterior crossbite, overjet, deep bite, open bite, and crowding. RANDOMIZATION METHOD Three districts were randomly allocated to three study groups by drawing lots. BLINDING It was not possible to blind the clinicians or parents from the intervention. Blinding during data analysis was performed. RESULTS From the original cohort of 2715 children born in the town of Vantaa, 1911 were excluded and 353 were lost to follow-up. The remaining 451 children were divided into three groups according to the use of pacifiers. The prevalence of posterior crossbite at the age of 7 years was higher if a non-study pacifier had been used (P = .005) even when matched for the mother's level of education (P = .029). The prevalence of posterior crossbite was higher if the pacifier habit had continued for 12 months or more compared to 11 months or less, 7% and 1%, respectively, (P = .003). Digit sucking for 12 months or more was associated with crowding (P = .016). The prevalence of crossbite in the study pacifier group was less than in control pacifiers. HARMS No adverse harms were reported other than effects on the dentition. CONCLUSION The use of pacifiers is associated with the posterior crossbite, especially if their use continues for a year or more. Parents/guardians should be advised to stop the use or reduce the use of pacifiers to a minimum after their child's first birthday. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01854502.
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Sadoun C, Templier L, Alloul L, Rossi C, Renovales ID, Sanchez IN, Sahagún PMP. Effects of non-nutritive sucking habits on malocclusions: a systematic review. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024; 48:4-18. [PMID: 38548628 DOI: 10.22514/jocpd.2024.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of the craniomandibular system is guided by genetic interactions and environmental factors, including specific habits such as breastfeeding, bottle feeding, thumb sucking and the use of pacifiers. These habits can have a considerable impact on the growth of the developing jaws and can lead to malocclusion in children. This review aims to investigate potential associations between non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSHs) and malocclusions compared to the presence of nutritive sucking habits (NSHs). To carry out this systematic review, we followed the PRISMA protocol and performed a bibliographic search of the existing literature until April 2023 in the following electronic databases: Medline, PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Embase. Out of a total of 153 records, we included 21 studies. We found that the chances of diagnosing a malocclusion were higher for children with bottle nutrition when compared to breast-fed children. Breastfeeding provides protection against malocclusions. In the same manner, persistent NNSH habits appeared to be associated with increased chances of having malocclusions. The longer the child was breastfed, the shorter the duration of the pacifier habit and the lower the risk of developing moderate/severe malocclusions. The duration of the habits has a positive influence on the appearance of occlusion defects.
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Pereira R, Romero J, Norton A, Nóbrega JM. Advancing the assessment of pacifier effects with a novel computational method. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:87. [PMID: 38229079 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have demonstrated a high likelihood of malocclusions resulting from non-nutritive sucking. Consequently, quantifying the impact of pacifiers can potentially aid in preventing the development or exacerbation of malocclusions and guide the design of improved performance pacifiers. METHODS This work proposes and assesses a computational methodology that can effectively gather crucial information and provide more precise data regarding the consequences of non-nutritive pacifier sucking. The computational framework utilized is based on solids4Foam [1, 2], a collection of numerical solvers developed within the OpenFOAM® computational library [3]. The computational model focuses on the palate of a six-month-old baby and incorporates various components such as palate tissues, pacifier and tongue, and considers the negative intraoral pressure generated and the tongue displacement. Different models were tested, each offering varying levels of detail in representing the palate structure. These models range from a simplified approach, with one tissue, to a more intricate representation, involving up to five different tissues, offering a more comprehensive palate model compared to existing literature. RESULTS The analysis of results involved examining the distribution of stress on the palate surface, as well as the displacement and forces exerted on the dental crowns. By comparing the obtained results, it was possible to evaluate the precision of the approaches previously described in the literature. The findings revealed that the predictions were less accurate when using the simplified model with a single tissue for the palate, which is the most common approach proposed in the literature. In contrast, the results demonstrated that the palate model with the most intricate structure, incorporating five different tissues, yielded distinct outcomes compared to all other combinations. CONCLUSIONS The computational methodology proposed, employing the most detailed palate model, has demonstrated its effectiveness and necessity in obtaining accurate data on the impact of non-nutritive sucking habits, which are recognized as a primary contributor to the development of dental malocclusions. In the future, this approach could be extended to conduct similar studies encompassing diverse pacifier designs, sizes, and age groups. This would foster the design of innovative pacifiers that mitigate the adverse effects of non-nutritive sucking on orofacial structures.
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Galán-González AF, Domínguez-Reyes A, Cabrera-Domínguez ME. Influence of bad oral habits upon the development of posterior crossbite in a preschool population. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:923. [PMID: 38007421 PMCID: PMC10676611 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A study is made of posterior crossbite in deciduous dentition and its possible association to extrinsic factors (bad oral habits). METHODS A total of 1168 Spanish children between 3 and 6 years of age were included in the study. Exploration of the oral cavity was performed to assess the presence of crossbite (uni- or bilateral and/or functional), and a questionnaire was administered to the parents or caregivers to determine the presence of bad oral habits and their duration. RESULTS In occlusion, 19.7% of the cases (n = 230) presented uni- or bilateral posterior crossbite. On adopting centric relation confronting the midlines, crossbite persisted in 165 children, indicating that 65 cases were due to premature contacts (functional crossbite). The identified favoring factors were pacifier use, thumb sucking, oral breathing and tongue thrusting or immature swallowing. DISCUSSION Most studies in the literature report a relationship between posterior crossbite and bad oral habits. The proportion of posterior crossbites identified in our study (16.6%) is consistent with the data published by authors such as Kobayashi, Limeira or Paolantonio, among others, but differs from the results of Zhifei Zhou, Peres or Germa. In coincidence with most studies, we recorded a statistically significant association between posterior crossbite and bad oral habits. CONCLUSIONS Bad oral habits favor the appearance of posterior crossbite, and the duration of the habit, its intensity (in the case of thumb sucking) and type (in the case of pacifier use) act as influencing factors. Functional study characterized the types of posterior crossbites and identified those attributable to premature contacts. This aspect has not been addressed by previous studies, and we consider the findings to be very interesting for analyzing and identifying the features of true crossbites.
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Kumar J, Meena J. Concerns in a systematic review on pacifier use and breastfeeding in infants. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:3777-3778. [PMID: 35951105 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ihediwa CG, Bode CO, Alakaloko FM, Elebute OA, Seyi-Olajide JO, Ladipo-Ajayi OA, Ademuyiwa AO. Evaluation of the effect of nutritive versus non-nutritive pacifiers as adjuncts to local anaesthesia in male neonatal circumcision using the plastibell technique - A prospective randomised controlled study. Niger Postgrad Med J 2022; 29:310-316. [PMID: 36308260 DOI: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_189_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male circumcision is the most common surgical procedure worldwide and is often carried out for religious, cultural, medical and public health reasons. It is commonly performed during the neonatal period. Many studies have now shown that pain is a common intra- and post-operative complication. To ensure proper analgesia during the procedure, many surgeons opt for the use of pacifiers as an adjunct to anaesthesia during neonatal circumcision. The aim of this study is to compare nutritive pacifiers (NPs) versus non-NPs (NNPs) as adjuncts to local anaesthesia in male neonatal circumcision using the Plastibell technique. METHODS A prospective randomised controlled study was carried out between October 2019 and March 2020. A total of 100 neonates were circumcised using the Plastibell technique and randomised into NP (Group A, n = 33), NNP (Group B, n = 33) and controls (Group C, n = 34), respectively. The differences in pain scores using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale, total crying time and heart rate during circumcision were recorded and assessed. RESULTS The age of participants ranged from 5 to 28 days and the weight ranged from 2.5 to 5.0 kg. The overall mean age, birth weight and current weight of the participants were 15.5 ± 6.1 days, 3.4 ± 0.4 kg and 3.5 ± 0.6 kg, respectively. The control group had the highest average pain score of 5.5 (4.5-5.8) compared to the intervention groups with median pain score (NP: 3.3 [1.3-4.3] and (NNP: 4.3 [3.1-5.1], respectively). NPs had significantly lower pain scores (P = 0.023) and reduced total crying time (P = 0.019) at all stages of the circumcision compared to those given NNPs and controls. CONCLUSION This study showed that NPs were superior to NNPs in providing additional pain control during male neonatal circumcision.
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Barca L. Toward a speech-motor account of the effect of Age of Pacifier Withdrawal. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2021; 90:106085. [PMID: 33550069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently published works suggest that prolonged pacifier use affects abstract word processing later in life. Using the pacifier beyond age 3 years affects the conceptual relations used to define the meaning of words at age 6 years. Similarly, when semantically categorizing a set of abstract, concrete and emotional words, children aged 8 years who used the pacifier for a longer period of time were slower to process abstract stimuli, but not concrete and emotional ones. The children of these studies had typical development and no diagnosis of cognitive or linguistic disorders. These results, although correlational, suggest a possible relationship between extended use of a pacifier and the development of language skills, particularly for abstract words. The first goal of this theoretical work is to outline current evidence suggesting an association between prolonged pacifier use and the processing of abstract words. The second goal is to propose an account of the effect of Age of Pacifier Withdrawal (APW) within the DIVA neurocomputational model of speech development and production (Guenther & Vladusich, 2013). Using the pacifier during social interaction for a longer period might impede the processing of proprioceptive information and speech-motor programs (i.e., by limiting the co-articulation of speech, it could inhibit the building and consolidation of speech-motor articulatory gestures) as well as auditory input (because the child receives inaccurate input about his/her own speech). Thus, it seems useful to explore the auditory speech representation of children who use a pacifier beyond 3 years of age. We suggest that after the first year of life pacifier use should be impeded during social interaction and limited to use at bed time.
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Abstract
Initial examination and exploration of childhood injuries may not lead to an obvious explanation of abuse. Although abusive oronasal injuries have been described, ones including nasal destruction are rare. We describe 4 children abused using implements that ultimately were thought to have caused significant nasal tissue destruction. In 2 of the cases, a forced pacifier placement was implicated in causing pressure injuries. In the other 2 cases, gags were part of the children's injuries. All 4 children had other findings of abuse and neglect.
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Wild BM, Kornfeld B. Pacifiers: A Cause for Confusion. Pediatr Ann 2020; 49:e204-e206. [PMID: 32413146 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20200419-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pacifier avoidance is recommended in the newborn nursery to optimize exclusive breast-feeding rates according to the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. There are many reasons why parents may choose to provide a pacifier to their infant, particularly due to the association between pacifier use with sleep and risk reduction for sudden infant death syndrome. Early use of a pacifier does not likely cause direct harm to infants or lead to difficulty breast-feeding. Pediatricians should partner with families to share a clear message in support of establishing exclusive breast-feeding, ideally before introduction of a pacifier. [Pediatr Ann. 2020;49(5):e204-206.].
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Hermanson Å, Åstrand LL. The effects of early pacifier use on breastfeeding: A randomised controlled trial. Women Birth 2019; 33:e473-e482. [PMID: 31704126 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of observational studies have found associations between pacifier use and shorter breastfeeding duration. Results from four randomised controlled trials did not reveal any difference in breastfeeding outcomes. The relationship between early pacifier use and breastfeeding outcomes remains unclear. AIM To investigate whether a recommendation of early pacifier use affects the proportion of breastfeeding at six months compared to a recommendation to avoid pacifier use during the first two weeks. METHODS An open, randomised controlled trial with parallel group design; 239 primiparous mothers and their term infants were randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group. The primary outcome was the proportion of breastfeeding at six months. Secondary outcomes were the proportions of breastfeeding and breastfeeding problems at two and four months. To investigate factors which may influence breastfeeding, a multivariate logistic regressions analysis was performed. FINDINGS A total of 209 participants (87.5%) completed the study. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to breastfeeding at six months. No negative association for breastfeeding between early versus late introduction of pacifier was found. Factors significantly associated with cessation of breastfeeding at six months were: use of nipple shield, intention to breastfeed, severe breastfeeding problems at two weeks, pacifier use at two months and lower educational level. CONCLUSION Early versus late recommendation of pacifier introduction did not affect the proportion of breastfeeding at six months. However, the compliance to the randomised group was insufficient. No negative association was found in the observational analysis.
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Chen XX, Xia B, Ge LH, Yuan JW. [Effects of breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding duration and oral habits on the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2016; 48:1060-1066. [PMID: 27987514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding duration and oral habits on the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition in 3-6-year-old children in Beijing. METHODS This cross sectional study was conducted via an examination of the occlusal characteristics of 734 children combined with a questionnaire completed by their parents/guardians. The examination was performed by a single, previously calibrated examiner and the following variables were evaluated: presence or absence of deep overbite, open bite, anterior cross bite, posterior cross bite, deep overjet, terminal plane relationship of the second primary molar, primary canine relationship, crowding and spacing. Univariate analysis and multiple Logistic regressions were applied to analyze the associations. RESULTS It was found that a short duration of breast-feeding (never or ≤6 months) was directly associated with posterior cross bite (OR=3.13, 95%CI=1.11-8.82, P=0.031) and no maxillary space (OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.23-2.98, P=0.038). In children breast-fed for ≤6 months, the probability of developing pacifier-sucking habits was 4 times that for those breast-fed for >6 months (OR=4.21, 95%CI=1.85-9.60, P=0.000 2). The children who were bottle-fed for over 18 months had a 1.45-fold higher risk of nonmesial step occlusion and a 1.43-fold higher risk of class II canine relationship compared with those who were bottle-fed for 6-18 months. Non-nutritive sucking habits were also found to affect occlusion: a prolonged digit-sucking habit increased the probability of an anterior open bite, while a pacifier-sucking habit was associated with excessive overjet and absence of lower arch developmental space. Tongue-thrust habit was associated with anterior open bite (OR=4.21, 95%CI=1.85-9.60, P=0.000 2) and posterior cross bite (OR=7.24, 95%CI=1.30-40.13, P=0.024). Lower lip sucking habit was associated with deep overjet and had a negative association with class III canine relationship. Unilateral chewing was associated with spacing in mandibular (OR=1.57, 95%CI=1.03-2.41, P=0.037). Mouth breathing was associated with chronic rhinitis and adenoidal hypertrophy and had an association with spacing in maxillary. The chi-square test did not indicate a statistically significant association between upper lip sucking habit and any occlusal characteristics. CONCLUSION Breast-feeding duration was shown to be associated with the prevalence of posterior crossbite, or no maxillary space in the deciduous dentition and development of a pacifier-sucking habit. Children who had a longer duration of bottle-feeding were more likely to develop class II canine relationship. Children who had an oral habit were more likely to develop abnormal occlusal characteristics.
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Lopes Freire GM, Espasa Suarez de Deza JE, Rodrigues da Silva IC, Butini Oliveira L, Ustrell Torrent JM, Boj Quesada JR. Non-nutritive sucking habits and their effects on the occlusion in the deciduous dentition in children. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 2016; 17:301-306. [PMID: 28045318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study evaluated the presence of non-nutritive sucking habits and and their effects on the occlusion in the deciduos dentition in Spanish children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study design: Cross-sectional survey. A clinical examination was performed by an experienced examiner in 275 children aged 3 to 6 years and the collected data included the presence of anterior open bite (vertical dimension), unilateral or bilateral posterior crossbite (transverse dimensions), midline deviation and sagittal relationships between incisors, molars and canines. In addition, the parents of each child completed a questionnaire about oral habits. Data analysis included descriptive statistics (frequency distribution). Statistical significance for the association between the non-nutritive sucking habits and development of malocclusion was determined using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used in order to adjust the results for confounding effects of non-nutritive habits before assessing statistical significance. RESULTS Non-nutritive sucking habit was observed in 224 children (81.5%) and malocclusions were present in 152 children (55.2%). There were significant relationships between pacifier sucking habit and transverse dimension alteration (OR= 3.29, CI: 0.97- 11.17, p=0.044), midline deviation (OR= 3.00, CI: 1.22-7.38, p=0.013). Children with a history of finger sucking (or thumb sucking) had an increased risk of malocclusion 4.25 times higher (CI: 0.92-19.58, p=0.044) and there was a significant relationship between finger sucking and vertical relationship (OR= 8.25, CI: 2.50-27.25, p=0.001). Children with non- nutritive sucking habits had an increased risk of malocclusion 2.55 higher compared to those without non-nutritive sucking habits (p=0.004). CONCLUSION There was an impact of non-nutritive sucking habit and development of malocclusions in this sample of children.
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Moon RY. SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Evidence Base for 2016 Updated Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-2940. [PMID: 27940805 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3500 infants die annually in the United States from sleep-related infant deaths, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), ill-defined deaths, and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. After an initial decrease in the 1990s, the overall sleep-related infant death rate has not declined in more recent years. Many of the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths are strikingly similar. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a safe sleep environment that can reduce the risk of all sleep-related infant deaths. Recommendations for a safe sleep environment include supine positioning, use of a firm sleep surface, room-sharing without bed-sharing, and avoidance of soft bedding and overheating. Additional recommendations for SIDS risk reduction include avoidance of exposure to smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs; breastfeeding; routine immunization; and use of a pacifier. New evidence and rationale for recommendations are presented for skin-to-skin care for newborn infants, bedside and in-bed sleepers, sleeping on couches/armchairs and in sitting devices, and use of soft bedding after 4 months of age. In addition, expanded recommendations for infant sleep location are included. The recommendations and strength of evidence for each recommendation are published in the accompanying policy statement, "SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment," which is included in this issue.
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Castello C. [Not Available]. SOINS. PEDIATRIE, PUERICULTURE 2016; 37:1. [PMID: 27664301 DOI: 10.1016/j.spp.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Jaafar SH, Ho JJ, Jahanfar S, Angolkar M. Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD007202. [PMID: 27572944 PMCID: PMC8520760 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007202.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To successfully initiate and maintain breastfeeding for a longer duration, the World Health Organization's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding recommends total avoidance of artificial teats or pacifiers for breastfeeding infants. Concerns have been raised that offering the pacifier instead of the breast to calm the infant may lead to less frequent episodes of breastfeeding and as a consequence may reduce breast-milk production and shorten duration of breastfeeding. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full-term newborns whose mothers have initiated breastfeeding and intend to exclusively breastfeed, on the duration of breastfeeding, other breastfeeding outcomes and infant health. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 June 2016) and reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing restricted versus unrestricted pacifier use in healthy full-term newborns who have initiated breastfeeding. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We found three trials (involving 1915 babies) for inclusion in the review, but have included only two trials (involving 1302 healthy full-term breastfeeding infants) in the analysis. Meta-analysis of the two combined studies showed that pacifier use in healthy breastfeeding infants had no significant effect on the proportion of infants exclusively breastfed at three months (risk ratio (RR) 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96 to 1.07, two studies, 1228 infants), and at four months of age (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.09, one study, 970 infants, moderate-quality evidence), and also had no effect on the proportion of infants partially breastfed at three months (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.02, two studies, 1228 infants), and at four months of age (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97 to 1.02, one study, 970 infants). None of the included trials reported data on the other primary outcomes, i.e. duration of partial or exclusive breastfeeding, or secondary outcomes: breastfeeding difficulties (mastitis, cracked nipples, breast engorgement); infant's health (dental malocclusion, otitis media, oral candidiasis; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)); maternal satisfaction and level of confidence in parenting. One study reported that avoidance of pacifiers had no effect on cry/fuss behavior at ages four, six, or nine weeks and also reported no effect on the risk of weaning before age three months, however the data were incomplete and so could not be included for analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Pacifier use in healthy term breastfeeding infants, started from birth or after lactation is established, did not significantly affect the prevalence or duration of exclusive and partial breastfeeding up to four months of age. Evidence to assess the short-term breastfeeding difficulties faced by mothers and long-term effect of pacifiers on infants' health is lacking.
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Nowak AJ, Kim AS, Scott JAM, Berg JH. The Effect of a Unique Pacifier on Anterior Open Bite and Overjet in the Primary Dentition: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY FOR CHILDREN (CHICAGO, ILL.) 2016; 83:78-82. [PMID: 27620518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES Pacifiers are the most common device used by children to satisfy their sucking needs. Because of their design, reports of anterior open bite and increased overjet are common. The purposes of this pilot study were to measure the effects of a unique pacifier in toddlers who have existing open bites and increased overjets; and secondly to determine the feasibility of recruiting and retaining toddlers for a six-month study. METHODS Toddlers with existing open bite and increased overjet currently using a conventional pacifier were recruited from a university pediatric dental clinic. Baseline information was obtained. Visual examination and intraoral measurements were obtained. The study pacifier was introduced to replace the existing pacifier. Follow-up data was collected at three and six months post-intervention. RESULTS Eight of the 11 toddlers (73 percent) completed the study. Recruitment was challenging because of the inclusion criteria and transportation; retaining participants required numerous reminders to parents. There was a significant difference between initial and final open bite and overjet measurements. CONCLUSION It is feasible to recruit and retain toddlers but it required significant staff interventions. There was a significant improvement in reducing existing open bite and overjet with the pacifier after six months.
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Doğramacı EJ, Rossi-Fedele G. Dental Abrasion of Incisor caused by a Babies' Dummy Clip: A Case Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:681-2, 684-5. [PMID: 26630866 DOI: 10.12968/denu.2015.42.7.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tooth surface loss (TSL), the non-carious loss of tooth tissue, is considered pathological if the teeth involved experience sensitivity and pain, are functionally compromised or they detract from the patient's appearance. TSL is a common clinical finding in many patient groups, although differences between the primary and permanent dentition contribute to TSL occurring at a faster rate and with worse outcomes in the primary dentition. This case report presents localized abrasion and associated apical periodontitis affecting a single primary tooth in a 2-year-old infant following the misuse of a babies' dummy clip whilst teething. Abrasion is rare in the primary dentition. CPD/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This article highlights an unusual presentation of dental abrasion affecting the primary dentition caused by a previously unreported foreign object; abrasion in this case was a side-effect of soothing the discomfort of teething.
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Kaymaz N, Yıldırım Ş, Cevizci S, Bulur N, Topaloğlu N, Binnetoğlu FK, Tekin M, Kılıç M, Özmert EN. Prolonged pacifier usage in infancy does not cause eating behavior problem later. Turk J Pediatr 2015; 57:487-491. [PMID: 27411416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study conducted in children aged 3-7 years was to determine whether pacifier use during infancy is associated with eating problems in later periods. A total of 85 children (55.2 ±12.3 months) admitted to hospital with eating problems and with no organic pathology in scans, and 97 healthy children (52.24±10.97 months) without eating problems, were assigned to case and control groups, respectively. Eating problems were classified into five groups and investigated via a questionnaire. The presence of eating problems was analyzed for association with pacifier use. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of pacifier use (chi-square test: 0.141, p=0.707), and pacifier use is not related to a poor appetite in later periods. Pediatric healthcare providers and parents should be informed with regard to the subject.
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Laganà G, Fabi F, Abazi Y, Beshiri Nastasi E, Vinjolli F, Cozza P. Oral habits in a population of Albanian growing subjects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 2013; 14:309-313. [PMID: 24313584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral habits in an Albanian population of schoolchildren. STUDY DESIGN A sample of 2617 subjects, aged 7-15, was examined by clinical observation without radiograms. The sample comprised 1257 males and 1360 females, with no history of orthodontic treatment. Aestethical frontal and profile analysis, intraoral and functional analysis were performed. STATISTICS Gender and age differences were compared by chi-square test. The relationship between malocclusions and oral habits was assessed by t-test and the level of significance was assessed at 0.01. RESULTS The findings indicated that oral habits were present in 2225 subjects (85.0%), 1103 males (87.7%) and 1121 females (82.4%); the most frequent oral habit was pacifier sucking (30%) and it was mostly present in the 7-11 years group. It was observed a significant correlation between oral habits and dental malocclusions, open bite, altered overjet and maxillary contraction. CONCLUSION The high number of oral habits observed in the studied sample suggest that prevention strategies adopted in other countries could be successfully integrated in the development of an effective national programme in Albania aimed at reducing malocclusion risk factors.
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Urzal V, Braga AC, Ferreira AP. Oral habits as risk factors for anterior open bite in the deciduous and mixed dentition - cross-sectional study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 2013; 14:299-302. [PMID: 24313582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Anterior open bite (AOB) is an occlusal anomaly commonly associated with oral habits (OH). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of OH as a risk factor for the AOB. MATERIALS AND METHODS A group of children aged between 3 and 12 years were observed. The statistical methodology included independent chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and binary logistic regression. RESULTS The frequency of oral habits was of 43.5% in the deciduous dentition and 54.2% in the mixed dentition. There was a statistically significant association of pacifier sucking: 61.7 and 16.1 odd ratios (OR), and tongue thrust: 3.9 and 9.2 OR with AOB in both groups, respectively. Thumb sucking occurred only in the deciduous dentition with 5.6 OR. CONCLUSION OH and AOB have a high frequency in children. They hinder the normal development of dental and skeletal structures. As OH are risk factors for AOB, the damaging habits most frequently associated are: pacifier sucking, thumb sucking, and tongue thrust. Due to the correlation between the prevalence of AOB and OH, prevention strategies incorporating psychological data related to children should be integrated into a national public health programme.
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Salah M, Abdel-Aziz M, Al-Farok A, Jebrini A. Recurrent acute otitis media in infants: analysis of risk factors. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:1665-9. [PMID: 23953241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recurrence acute otitis media (RAOM) may cause a considerable morbidity and a great parental concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors that are likely to be responsible for RAOM in infants, and their impact on treatment failure. METHODS A retrospective study on 340 infants with RAOM was conducted. Data were collected from hospital charts. A 10 days course of amoxicillin/clavulanate was used for treatment of recurrence, while surgical management in the form of adenoidectomy and/or myringotomy was reserved for patients with persistent disease. We analyzed various risk factors that may affect the prognosis of RAOM, including: age, prematurity, upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), duration of breastfeeding, use of pacifiers, parental smoking, seasonality, the presence of siblings (family size), gender, adenoid hypertrophy, allergy, and craniofacial abnormalities. RESULTS Use of pacifiers, short duration of breastfeeding, older infantile age, winter season, URTI and presence of adenoid hypertrophy were identified as risk factors for RAOM. Treatment failure may be due to adenoid hypertrophy, short duration of breastfeeding and it is more common in older age infants. We did not find a significant association between RAOM and gender, prematurity, exposure to passive smoking, the presence of siblings, allergy, craniofacial abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Factors that may cause recurrence of the disease in infant population are use of pacifiers, short duration of breastfeeding, older infantile age, winter season, upper respiratory tract infections and adenoid hypertrophy. Also, treatment failure may be caused by adenoid hypertrophy and short duration of breastfeeding. Good understanding of these factors may help to decrease the recurrence rate and to improve the treatment of the disease.
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Pacifier cleaning practices and risk of allergy development. Arch Dis Child 2013; 98:659. [PMID: 23943588 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Goldman RD. Pacifier use in the first month of life. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2013; 59:499-500. [PMID: 23673585 PMCID: PMC3653652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
QUESTION As a family physician who frequently attends deliveries and follows up with neonates, parents often ask me if they can provide their newborns with pacifiers in order to calm infants down, reduce crying, and improve sleep. Is pacifier use safe in the first month of life? ANSWER While pacifiers are useful for soothing, there is concern that their use might cause early weaning of breastfeeding owing to "nipple confusion." Several organizations, such as the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund, recommend avoiding use of pacifiers in term infants who breastfeed. However, evidence suggests that it might not be pacifier use that causes premature cessation of breastfeeding, and that use of pacifiers might only be a sign of a maternal decision to stop breastfeeding.
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