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Brooks BR, Swarz JR, Narayan O, Johnson RT. Murine neurotropic retrovirus spongiform polioencephalomyelopathy: acceleration of disease by virus inoculum concentration. Infect Immun 1979; 23:540-4. [PMID: 217835 PMCID: PMC414197 DOI: 10.1128/iai.23.2.540-544.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-fold reduction in the incubation period of murine neurotropic retrovirus spongiform polioencephalomyelopathy was effected by a 1,000-fold concentration of the cloned virus inoculum.
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227
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Dubois-Dalcq M, Narayan O, Griffin DE. Cell surface changes associated with mutation of visna virus in antibody-treated cell cultures. Virology 1979; 92:353-66. [PMID: 218349 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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228
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Narayan O, Griffin DE, Clements JE. Virus mutation during 'slow infection': temporal development and characterization of mutants of visna virus recovered from sheep. J Gen Virol 1978; 41:343-52. [PMID: 214521 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-41-2-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visna virus could be recovered from peripheral blood leukocytes of sheep for years after intracerebral inoculation. Viruses recovered from sheep prior to and several months after development of antibody were antigenically identical to the parental strain used for inoculation. Subsequently, mutant viruses which were not neutralized by the animals' sera were obtained. Longitudinal studies of leukocyte viruses collected from two infected sheep showed that more than one strain of virus could co-exist in the animal. Virus neutralization tests using sequentially collected sera and the viruses recovered from leukocytes revealed a sequential development of antibody to parental and then to each strain of mutant virus. Characterization of two of the mutant viruses showed that they were antigenically stable, virulent in cell culture and when inoculated into new sheep, elicited antibodies which cross reacted with the parental virus from which they were derived. This continuous mutation of Visna virus in persistently infected sheep may be a mechanism for the production of chronic disease.
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229
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Oster-Granite ML, Narayan O, Johnson RT, Herndon RM. Studies of cultured human and simian fetal brain cells. II. Infections with human (BK) and simian (SV40) papovaviruses. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1978; 4:443-55. [PMID: 218131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1978.tb01355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both simian virus 40 (SV40) and BK viruses infected and lysed not only oligodendroblasts and astrocytes, but also neuroblasts and epithelioid or mesenchymal cells in cultures of fetal brain cells derived from human, rhesus, and cynomolgus hosts. Lytic infections of these four cell types differed ultrastructurally in the amount and arrangement of virions in the nucleus, the extent of nuclear membrane redundancy, the presence of nuclear virion arrays, and the amounts of virions in the cytoplasm. However, major differences were not noted between SV40 and BK viruses, nor between different species of origin or region of brain explanted. Modified astrocytic cells persisted in cultures from all three sources after infection by either virus. These cells stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and polyomavirus tumour (T) antigen, but did not subculture indefinitely.
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230
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Griffin DE, Narayan O, Bukowski JF, Adams RJ, Cohen SR. The cerebrospinal fluid in visna, a slow viral disease of sheep. Ann Neurol 1978; 4:212-8. [PMID: 214025 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The temporal development of the CSF abnormalities was examined in visna, a chronic neurological disease caused by a persistent viral infection of sheep. Two types of changes were observed. During the first 30 to 40 days there was an intense mononuclear pleocytosis associated with high protein and proportionately elevated IgG. Later, there was a persistent slight pleocytosis associated with mildly elevated protein which had an increased proportion of IgG and antivisna antibody. These later cellular and protein changes are similar to those found in a number of chronic neurological diseases of man.
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231
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Griffin DE, Narayan O, Adams RJ. Early immune responses in visna, a slow viral disease of sheep. J Infect Dis 1978; 138:340-50. [PMID: 212487 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/138.3.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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232
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Greenlee JE, Narayan O, Johnson RT. Effects of BK virus infection on primary cultures of rodent and primate cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 1978; 158:437-41. [PMID: 210466 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-158-40220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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233
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Greenlee JE, Becker LE, Narayan O, Johnson RT. Failure to demonstrate papovavirus tumor antigen in human cerebral neoplasms. Ann Neurol 1978; 3:479-81. [PMID: 209724 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell cultures derived from 80 brain tumors failed to show the intranuclear tumor (T) antigen common to cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) or BK or JC viruses.
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234
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Abstract
Visna viruses isolated from persistently infected sheep were antigenically distinct from the plaque-purified virus used for inoculation. The selection of antigenic variants under antibody pressure, thought to occur in vivo, was reproduced in sheep cell cultures inoculated with plaque-purified visna virus and maintained in antibody. Antigenic shift may be a mechanism for persistence of virus in slow or recurrent viral infections.
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235
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Greenlee JE, Narayan O, Johnson RT, Herndon RM. Induction of brain tumors in hamsters with BK virus, a human papovavirus. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION; A JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL METHODS AND PATHOLOGY 1977; 36:636-41. [PMID: 194112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenicity of BK virus for the central nervous system was studied in newborn hamsters. The virus was weakly oncogenic after intracerebral inoculation. Two of 45 hamsters treated with antithymocyte serum developed tumors whereas no untreated hamsters developed tumors. Both tumors were choroid plexus papillomas by histologic and electron microscopic examination. Cells cultured from one tumor had growth characteristics of transformed cells and had intranuclear T antigen; but infectious virus could not be rescued. Cultured tumor cells were weakly oncogenic for hamsters, but theoncogenicity of these cells was enhanced when the recipient animals were treated with antithymocyte serum. The possible role of host immune response as a basis for the weak oncogenicity of BK virus is discussed.
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236
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Becker LE, Narayan O, Johnson RT. Inhibition of simian virus 40-induced tumors by antisera to fetal hamster tissue. J Infect Dis 1977; 135:962-4. [PMID: 194000 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/135.6.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of tumors induced in hamsters with simian virus 40 (SV40) or SV40-transformed cells was inhibited by antisera to fetal hamster thymocytes or liver. This result was in contrast to the enhancement of tumor growth by antisera to adult hamster thymocytes.
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237
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Narayan O, Griffin DE, Silverstein AM. Slow virus infection: replication and mechanisms of persistence of visna virus in sheep. J Infect Dis 1977; 135:800-6. [PMID: 192812 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/135.5.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the age and immune status of the host on the slow replication and persistence of visna virus in sheep was studied. Twenty-five randomly bred fetal American lambs were inoculated intracerebrally with visna virus. Eight of these fetuses were immunosuppressed by thymectomy and antiserum to lymphocytes before inoculation. Fetuses were sacrificed sequentially, and tissues were processed for viral quantitation. No exponential increase of virus occurred in either the normal or immunosuppressed fetuses, and virus was recovered mainly by explanation of tissues. This finding indicated that the viral genome was present in tissue cells but that the extent of replication in the early phase of infection was restricted by factors unassociated with maturation or immune status of the host. In addition, virus isolated from the peripheral blood leukocytes of a sheep one year after inoculation was antigenically distinct from the plaque-purified virus used for inoculation. This distinction suggested that a major antigenic shift of the agent had occurred and provided another mechanism for the maintenance of the persistent infection.
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238
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239
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Burks JS, Narayan O, McFarland HF, Johnson RT. Acute encephalopathy caused by defective virus infection. I. Studies of Newcastle disease virus infections in newborn and adult mice. Neurology 1976; 26:584-8. [PMID: 945501 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.26.6.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An acute encephalopathy caused by a defective paramyxovirus infection was studied. Newcastle disease virus (ndv), given intracerebrally, caused neurologic disease and death in mice. Infected newborn mice died by the fourth day after inoculation, and abundant amounts of virus were recovered from their brains. Infected 4-week-old mice died by the eighth day, but only minimal amounts of virus, if any, were recovered. The brains of many moribund 4-week-old mice were histologically normal and contained no NDV antigen on fluorescent antibody staining. No serum antibody to NDV was detected. These features make this infection difficult to distinguish from a metabolic encephalopathy.
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240
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Becker LE, Narayan O, Johnson RT. Studies of human papovavirus tumor antigen in experimental and human cerebral neoplasms. Neurol Sci 1976; 3:105-9. [PMID: 178420 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100025853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three types of papovaviruses (JC, BK, and SV40) have been isolated from man. All three are oncogenic in hamsters, cause frequent infection of man, and share a common T antigen. Augmentation of the expression of T antigen by in vitro cultivation of SV40-induced tumors of hamsters suggested that growing human brain tumors in vitro might provide an effective screening technique for the SV40 virus. In a series of human brain tumors examined in cryostat sections and in tissue culture, T antigen could not be demonstrated, suggesting that by this immunofluorescent technique SV40 was not implicated in the etiology of these tumors.
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241
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Narayan O. On The Neoplastic Viral Transformation Of Astrocytes In Cases Of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1976. [DOI: 10.1097/00005072-197605000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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242
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Burek JD, Roos RP, Narayan O. Virus-induced abortion. Studies of equine herpesvirus 1 (abortion virus) in hamsters. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION; A JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL METHODS AND PATHOLOGY 1975; 33:400-6. [PMID: 171478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A hamster-adapted strain of equine herpesvirus-1 (equine abortion virus) caused severe hepatic degeneration in both pregnant and nonpregnant hamsters and, in addition, regularly induced abortion in pregnant hamsters inoculated at midgestation. In nonpregnant hamsters, the only consistently affected organ was the liver despite a prolonged viremia. Newborn animals usually died 1 to 2 days after inoculation; adults died 5 to 9 days after inoculation. In pregnant hamsters, the virus had a tropism for the placenta as well as the liver. The placental infection was confined almost exclusively to one cell type in the fetal portion of the placenta: the trophoblast cells of the syncytiotrophoblast zone. Necrosis of this zone led to fetal death and abortion. Infection of the fetus did not occur.
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243
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Becker LE, Narayan O, Johnson RT. Comparative studies of viral infections of the developing forebrain. I. Pathogenesis of rat virus and bluetongue vaccine virus infections in neonatal hamsters. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1974; 33:519-29. [PMID: 4370665 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-197408000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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244
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Narayan O, Weiner LP. Biological properties of two strains of Simian virus 40 isolated from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Infect Immun 1974; 10:173-9. [PMID: 4367120 PMCID: PMC414974 DOI: 10.1128/iai.10.1.173-179.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological properties of two strains of simian virus 40 (SV40) from brains of two patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been compared to those of a standard laboratory strain of SV40. Infectivity of both SV40-PML viruses was resistant to treatment with chloroform, low pH, and 50 C for 120 min. African green monkey kidney and BSC-1 cells were the most sensitive for viral replication, and cytopathology in these cultures was indistinguishable from that caused by SV40. Both viruses formed plaques in these cells. but, in African green monkey kidney cells, strain 1 virus produced plaques measuring 2 mm in diameter whereas strain 2 virus produced pleomorphic plaques varying from 1 to 10 mm in diameter. Hamster cells were not permissive for viral replication, and infection resulted only in viral transformation. Inoculation of human fetal glial cells resulted in a permissive lytic infection of one cell type and a persistent infection with only partial expression of the viral genome in the other. No morphological evidence of transformation was evident in the latter cells. Both strains of SV40-PML viruses were neutralized by commercial anti-SV40 serum, but in reciprocal kinetic neutralization tests differences in K values were noted when each was compared to SV40. Both viruses showed oncogenicity for hamsters, producing undifferentiated sarcomas when injected subcutaneously and choroid plexus papillomas after intracerebral inoculation. All hamster tumor cells contained intranuclear immunofluorescent tumor antigen. This was indistinguishable from SV40 T antigen in reciprocal staining reactions using hamster anti-T antibody induced by the two SV40-PML agents and SV40. These two human agents appear therefore to be new variants of simian virus 40.
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245
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Griffin DE, Mullinix J, Narayan O, Johnson RT. Age dependence of viral expression: comparative pathogenesis of two rodent-adapted strains of measles virus in mice. Infect Immun 1974; 9:690-5. [PMID: 4132617 PMCID: PMC414867 DOI: 10.1128/iai.9.4.690-695.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of two rodent-adapted strains of measles virus was studied in 1- to 2-day-old suckling and 4-week-old weanling BALB/c mice. Both the mouse-adapted Edmonston (MAEd) strain and the hamster-neurotropic (HNT) strain caused necrotizing giant-cell encephalitis with a 90 to 100% mortality after intracerebral inoculation into suckling mice. After intracerebral inoculation into weanling mice, MAEd virus caused fatal disease in 20% of the mice; HNT virus caused fatal disease in 30%, but an additional 35% of these mice developed disease and then recovered. Even when mice were moribund there was little histological evidence of disease in weanling mice inoculated intracerebrally with either strain of virus. Fluorescent-antibody staining showed extensive measles virus antigen in the suckling mouse brain and focal areas of measles virus antigen in the weanling mouse brain. Infectious virus was recovered easily from the brains of suckling mice by plaquing on Vero cells, but no infectious virus could be recovered similarly from weanling mice. However, virus could be recovered by intracerebral inoculation of weanling mouse tissue homogenates into suckling animals. The immune response appeared to play no role in the recovery from infection or in these age-related differences in disease. It appears that maturation of the cells of the mouse central nervous system converted the production of measles virus from the infectious form in the suckling mouse to a primarily defective infection in the weanling mouse.
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Abstract
Random-bred fetal and 4-week-old American lambs, inoculated intracerebrally with visna virus, developed a persistent infection in the brain and sometimes in the lung. The pathologic changes present in these lambs were similar to the early lesions of visna in Icelandic sheep, thus providing a possible model for the study of virus-induced demyelinating disease.
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247
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Narayan O, Penney JB, Johnson RT, Herndon RM, Weiner LP. Etiology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Identification of papovavirus. N Engl J Med 1973; 289:1278-82. [PMID: 4356147 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197312132892405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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248
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Weiner LP, Narayan O. A papovavirus isolated from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. ANNALS OF CLINICAL RESEARCH 1973; 5:279-82. [PMID: 4365525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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249
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Penney JB, Narayan O. Studies of the antigenic relationships of the new human papovaviruses by electron microscopy agglutination. Infect Immun 1973; 8:299-300. [PMID: 4353543 PMCID: PMC422847 DOI: 10.1128/iai.8.2.299-300.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-antibody interactions observed by electron microscopy show that new human papovavirus isolates are antigenically distinct, but share common antigens.
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250
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Weiner LP, Narayan O, Penney JB, Herndon RM, Feringa ER, Tourtellotte WW, Johnson RT. Papovavirus of JC type in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Rapid identification and subsequent isolation. ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 1973; 29:1-3. [PMID: 4576212 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1973.00490250019001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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