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Das N, Arif AM, Stang PJ, Sieger M, Sarkar B, Kaim W, Fiedler J. Self-Assembly of Heterobimetallic Neutral Macrocycles Incorporating Ferrocene Spacer Groups: Spectroelectrochemical Analysis of the Double Two-Electron Oxidation of a Molecular Rectangle. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:5798-804. [PMID: 16060632 DOI: 10.1021/ic0481834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two Pt(4)-Fe(2) mixed-metal neutral assemblies, 4 and 5, incorporating four bis(triethylphosphine)platinum(II) centers, two flexible bridging 1,1'-ferrocenedicarboxylates, and two rigid 2,9-phenanthrenediyl (4) or 1,8-anthracenediyl (5) bridges, have been synthesized. X-ray characterization of 4 and 5 reveals the formation of discrete and highly symmetrical heterobimetallic neutral species possessing a rhomboidal and rectangular shape, respectively. The rectangular molecules, 5, could be reversibly oxidized in two two-electron steps, separated by 0.21 V. Spectroelectrochemistry in the UV-vis-NIR region confirms the ferrocene groups as primary oxidation sites; however, the intermediate 5(2+) is EPR silent even at 4 K due to enhanced EPR relaxation involving the oxidizable 1,8-anthracenediyl linkers.
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Schweiger M, Yamamoto T, Stang PJ, Bläser D, Boese R. Self-Assembly of Nanoscale Supramolecular Truncated Tetrahedra. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4861-4. [PMID: 15932331 DOI: 10.1021/jo050469i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two nanoscale truncated tetrahedra were synthesized via Pt(II)-mediated self-assembly. The first resulted from the reaction of 3 equiv of cis-Pt(PMe3)2(OTf)2 and 2 equiv of 1,3,5-tris(4-pyridylethynyl)benzene, giving a truncated tetrahedron with a diameter of approximately 25 A. The second, analogous structure was obtained by the self-assembly of cis-Pt(PMe3)2(OTf)2 and 1,3,5-tris(4-pyridyl-trans-ethenyl)benzene. These two truncated tetrahedra were crystallized after partially exchanging the counterion to cobalticarborane for the X-ray structural analysis.
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228
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Gong JR, Wan LJ, Yuan QH, Bai CL, Jude H, Stang PJ. Mesoscopic self-organization of a self-assembled supramolecular rectangle on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and Au(111) surfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:971-4. [PMID: 15657148 PMCID: PMC545841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409145102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A self-assembled supramolecular metallacyclic rectangle was investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and Au(111) surfaces. The rectangles spontaneously adsorb on both surfaces and self-organize into well ordered adlayers. On highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, the long edge of the rectangle stands on the surface, forming a 2D molecular network. In contrast, the face of the rectangle lays flat on the Au(111) surface, forming linear chains. The structures and intramolecular features obtained through high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy imaging are discussed.
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Addicott C, Oesterling I, Yamamoto T, Müllen K, Stang PJ. Synthesis of a Bis(pyridyl)-Substituted Perylene Diimide Ligand and Incorporation into a Supramolecular Rhomboid and Rectangle via Coordination Driven Self-Assembly. J Org Chem 2004; 70:797-801. [PMID: 15675834 DOI: 10.1021/jo048239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a bis(pyridyl)-substituted perylene diimide ligand and its incorporation into a supramolecular rhomboid and rectangle via platinum-mediated self-assembly is reported. Both ensembles are characterized by multinuclear NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In addition, the UV/vis spectra of the ensembles exhibit displaced and enhanced absorptions relative to the starting ligand. Size estimations using MM2 simulations show the assemblies are almost 46 A in length.
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231
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Chi KW, Addicott C, Arif AM, Stang PJ. Ambidentate Pyridyl-carboxylate Ligands in the Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly of 2D Pt Macrocycles: Self-Selection for a Single Isomer. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:16569-74. [PMID: 15600362 DOI: 10.1021/ja045542l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coordination-driven self-assembly of discrete 2D macrocyclic species from ambidentate pyridyl-carboxylate-based donor ligands and platinum-containing acceptors is presented. All these species are characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS), multinuclear NMR, and in one example, X-ray crystallography. In each case only one isomeric assembly is selectively formed in high yield, despite the potential for more than one product as a consequence of differences in connectivity.
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232
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Chi KW, Addicott C, Stang PJ. Incorporation of a flexible, pyridine-functionalized Diaza-crown ether into discrete supramolecules via coordination-driven self-assembly. J Org Chem 2004; 69:2910-2. [PMID: 15074954 DOI: 10.1021/jo049883t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A flexible, pyridine-functionalized diaza-crown ether was self-assembled into discrete supramolecules of differing stoichiometries upon combination with various organoplatinum molecules. They are characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and (31)P[(1)H] and (1)H NMR. In one case, (1)H-(1)H NOE enhancements of a [1 + 1] assembled structure demonstrate the puckered shape of the macrocyclic ring. Despite its inherent flexibility, the dipyridyl-substituted 18-membered diaza-crown ligand prefers to self-assemble into closed systems when reacted with platinum-containing acceptors.
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233
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Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Warren Y, Merriam CV, Tyrrell K, Fernandez H, Radhakrishnan U, Stang PJ, Conrads G. In vitro activities of iodonium salts against oral and dental anaerobes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2766-70. [PMID: 15215147 PMCID: PMC434212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.7.2766-2770.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The comparative in vitro activities of 11 iodonium salt compounds, 0.12% chlorhexidine, and four antimicrobial agents against 322 anaerobic and fastidious potential dental and periodontal bacterial pathogens were studied. Iodonium salts 3, 4, 5, 9, and 10 had in vitro activities comparable to that of chlorhexidine against most isolates. These compounds may be suitable for incorporation into an oral mouthwash.
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234
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Mukherjee PS, Min KS, Arif AM, Stang PJ. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Two New Discrete, Neutral Complexes of Manganese and Zinc Using a Rigid Organic Clip. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:6345-50. [PMID: 15446882 DOI: 10.1021/ic0493088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two discrete neutral dimanganese(II) and tetrazinc(II) complexes were synthesized from a rigid organic clip and the corresponding metal acetates. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The manganese species is a dinuclear discrete product with two disordered acetates bridging two manganese centers, while the zinc one consists of two octahedral and two tetrahedral Zn(II) centers with both bridging acetates and triply micro(3)-hydroxides. Variable temperature magnetic measurement reveals the existence of weak antiferromagnetic interaction (J = -1.6 cm(-)(1); H = -2JS(1).S(2)) within the manganese complex.
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Chatterjee B, Noveron JC, Resendiz MJE, Liu J, Yamamoto T, Parker D, Cinke M, Nguyen CV, Arif AM, Stang PJ. Self-Assembly of Flexible Supramolecular Metallacyclic Ensembles: Structures and Adsorption Properties of Their Nanoporous Crystalline Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:10645-56. [PMID: 15327323 DOI: 10.1021/ja0388919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses, structures, and N2 adsorption properties of six new supramolecular metallacycles are reported. Flexible ditopic linkers, 1-4, with systematically varied lengths and conformational degrees of freedom were synthesized utilizing ester linkages. They were used in combination with (dppp)M(OTf)2, where M = Pt(II) and Pd(II), and cis-(Me3P)2Pt(OTf)2 to form flexible supramolecular metallacycles 5-10 in 88-98% isolated yields. Their structures were characterized via multinuclear NMR and X-ray crystallography. The metallacycles stack to form porous structures in the crystalline state. The pore dimensions depend on both the phosphorus ligands attached to the metals and the flexible linkers. Adsorption studies on the porous materials show that 5a, 6, 8, and 9 held 11.7, 16.5, 5.7, and 6.8 cm3/g STP of N2 at 77 K, respectively. A guest-exchange study with nitromethane and toluene reveals that the nanopore in 5 is flexible, a property which was transferred from the linker to the supramolecular structure in the solid state.
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Addicott C, Das N, Stang PJ. Self-Recognition in the Coordination Driven Self-Assembly of 2-D Polygons. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:5335-8. [PMID: 15310211 DOI: 10.1021/ic049326p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-recognition in the transition-metal-mediated self-assembly of some 2-D polygons is presented. Prolonged heating of two or three organoplatinum reagents with 4,4'-dipyridyl in aqueous acetone results in the predominant formation of a rectangle, triangle, and/or square. All mixtures are characterized with NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS). Despite the potential for ill-defined oligomeric products, these mixed ligand systems prefer to self-assemble into discrete species.
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237
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Mukherjee PS, Das N, Stang PJ. Self-Assembly of Nanoscopic Coordination Cages Using a Flexible Tripodal Amide Containing Linker. J Org Chem 2004; 69:3526-9. [PMID: 15132565 DOI: 10.1021/jo049772u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flexible, nanoscopic 3D cages containing the amide functionality were prepared via coordination-driven self-assembly from palladium(II) based 90 degrees ditopic acceptor units and a tripod N,N',N''-tris(3-pyridyl)trimesic amide. Both cages were characterized by NMR ((31)P, (1)H) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. An MM2 force field simulation of one cage showed that the shape is likely pseudo trigonal bipyramidal with the diameter of the inner cavity of the cage about 1.9 nm.
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Abstract
A synthetic strategy for the high-yield preparation of iodonium containing macrocycles such as rhomboids, a square, and a pentagon is described, with the long-term objective of preparing iodonium compounds for potential molecular electronics applications. Two cationic rhomboid shaped molecules were prepared for the first time (55-70%) by the treatment of compounds 11 and 12a or 12b with Me3SiOTf. The reaction of dication 8 with 6 in the presence of Me3SiOTf gave an iodonium containing molecular square in 70% yield. In addition, a pentagon-shaped macromolecule was prepared in 60% yield. These iodonium-containing charged macromolecules were characterized by multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry, and physical means.
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Chi KW, Addicott C, Arif AM, Das N, Stang PJ. Bidentate ligands capable of variable bond angles in the self-assembly of discrete supramolecules. J Org Chem 2004; 68:9798-801. [PMID: 14656109 DOI: 10.1021/jo0353785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flexible donor ligands like 1,2-bis(3-pyridyl)ethyne or 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)-1,3-butadiyne self-assemble into discrete supramolecules instead of infinite networks upon combination with organoplatinum 90, 120, and 180 degree acceptor units. These systems are unique examples of versatile pyridine donors adjusting their bonding directionality to accommodate rigid platinum acceptors in the formation of closed macrocycles.
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Resendiz MJE, Noveron JC, Disteldorf H, Fischer S, Stang PJ. A Self-Assembled Supramolecular Optical Sensor for Ni(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III). Org Lett 2004; 6:651-3. [PMID: 14986941 DOI: 10.1021/ol035587b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new chromogenic supramolecular sensor for transition metals is reported. It is based on a newly designed phenanthroline-containing molecule that self-assembles via an organometallic "clip" into a supramolecular optical sensor for metals. [reaction: see text]
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Mukherjee PS, Das N, Kryschenko YK, Arif AM, Stang PJ. Design, Synthesis, and Crystallographic Studies of Neutral Platinum-Based Macrocycles Formed via Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:2464-73. [PMID: 14982455 DOI: 10.1021/ja039235b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of neutral, platinum-based macrocycles was synthesized from rigid oxygen donor building blocks via self-assembly. The combination of a platinum-based 60 degrees acceptor unit 1 with several linear and angular dicarboxylate bridging ligands afforded hitherto unknown neutral platinum-based supramolecular triangles and rhomboids. In addition, a similar reaction of the diplatinum molecular clip 6 and three different linear dicarboxylates led to the formation of neutral molecular rectangles. Most of the macrocycles were characterized by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis, and, in all cases, NMR spectra were consistent with the formation of single highly symmetrical species.
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242
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Chi KW, Addicott C, Kryschenko YK, Stang PJ. Flexible Bidentate Pyridine and Chiral Ligands in the Self-Assembly of Supramolecular 3-D Cages. J Org Chem 2004; 69:964-6. [PMID: 14750829 DOI: 10.1021/jo035607n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Discrete, nanoscopic 3-D cages are prepared in high yield via coordination-driven self-assembly from a variety of building blocks, including bidentate 3-substituted pyridines, chiral, and silicon-based tripods. All are characterized by NMR ((31)P, (1)H) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
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Brel VK, Belsky VK, Stash AI, Zavodnik VE, Stang PJ. Synthesis and molecular structure of new acyclic analogues of nucleotides with a 1,2-alkadienic skeleton. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:4220-6. [PMID: 14685323 DOI: 10.1039/b309684j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 1-chloro-4-(diethoxyphosphonyl)alka-2,3-dienes 14,15 with purine and pyrimidine heterocyclic bases in the presence of cesium carbonate afforded new acyclic analogues of nucleotides containing a 1,2-alkadienic skeleton 18-23. Dealkylation of 18-23 furnished phosphonic acids 2a-f. In contrast, alkylation reaction with 1-chloro-4-(diethoxyphosphonyl)octa-2,3-diene 16 led to Z- and E-1,3-alkadienic phosphonates 25a,b and 26a,b. A similar reaction with 1-chloro-4-(diethoxyphosphonyl)-2-methylbuta-2,3-diene 17 led to the elimination of hydrochloride and formation of 4-(diethylphosphonyl)-2-methylbut-1-en-3-yne 24. Molecular structures of new acyclic nucleotides 18 and 2f are determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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Das N, Mukherjee PS, Arif AM, Stang PJ. Facile Self-Assembly of Predesigned Neutral 2D Pt-Macrocycles via a New Class of Rigid Oxygen Donor Linkers. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:13950-1. [PMID: 14611218 DOI: 10.1021/ja037788g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of rigid oxygen donor dicarboxylates such as terephthalate and fumarate with a platinum-containing clip-like acceptor unit afforded neutral macrocyclic rectangles which have been characterized by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis as well as NMR spectroscopy.
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Yamamoto T, Arif AM, Stang PJ. Dynamic Equilibrium of a Supramolecular Dimeric Rhomboid and Trimeric Hexagon and Determination of Its Thermodynamic Constants. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12309-17. [PMID: 14519016 DOI: 10.1021/ja0302984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular dimeric rhomboid and its trimeric counterpart, a hexagon, are generated by design via the directional bonding methodology of self-assembly. The different-sized supramolecular macrocycles formed by Pt-coordination undergo a concentration- and temperature-dependent dynamic equilibrium. The two structures are characterized by multinuclear NMR and ESI-MS. Extensive study of the dynamic equilibrium of the two species in solution is performed to obtain its thermodynamic properties. By varying the ionic strength, mu, of the solutions, the true thermodynamic equilibrium constant, K, is determined at each experimental temperature (K(253) = 36 +/- 7, K(273) = 18 +/- 6, K(293) = 10 +/- 3, K(313) = 9 +/- 2, K(333) = 5 +/- 2, and K(353) = 3.0 +/- 0.2). By applying these values of true K at the respective temperatures to the van't Hoff equation extended with the entropy term, the standard enthalpy and entropy changes are determined for the equilibrium: with Delta H degrees = -18 +/- 1 kJ mol(-1) and Delta S degrees = -43 +/- 4 J mol(-1) K(-1), respectively, for the forward reaction (rhomboid to hexagon) of the equilibrium. The rhomboid is selectively crystallized, and its crystal structure is determined by X-ray diffraction. The structure reveals a significant amount of porosity as well as distortion of the rhomboid from planarity, leading to channels that can be observed from two viewing positions of the packing.
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Kryschenko YK, Seidel SR, Muddiman DC, Nepomuceno AI, Stang PJ. Coordination-driven self-assembly of supramolecular cages: heteroatom-containing and complementary trigonal prisms. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:9647-52. [PMID: 12904031 DOI: 10.1021/ja030209n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of three nanoscopic prisms of approximate size 1 x 4 nm is reported. Tetrahedral carbon, silicon, and phosphorus were used as structure-defining elements in these coordination-based cages. A carbon-based assembly completes a pair of nanoscopic complementary 3-D structures. The formation of the structures is supported by multinuclear NMR, ESI FT-ICR mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis data.
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Kryschenko YK, Seidel SR, Arif AM, Stang PJ. Coordination-driven self-assembly of predesigned supramolecular triangles. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:5193-8. [PMID: 12708871 DOI: 10.1021/ja030018k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design and self-assembly of three supramolecular triangles is described. A novel 60 degrees corner unit directs the exclusive formation of triangular assemblies that are not in detectable equilibrium with other macrocycles. The resulting triangles have sides ranging from 2.7 to 3.5 nm in length and molecular masses as high as 5396 amu. The crystal structure of one of the assemblies shows an approximately 1.4 nm cavity; the crystal packing forms open, triangular channels. The characterization of the supramolecular triangles by multinuclear NMR, elemental analysis, and electrospray mass spectrometry is also reported.
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Abstract
Tricoordinate, I(III), and pentacoordinate, I(V), polyvalent iodine compounds have been known for over a century. In the last twenty years, new polyvalent iodine reagents have been introduced along with synthetic methodologies, based on these and derived reagents, that play an ever increasing role in contemporary organic chemistry. In this Perspective, an overview of these developments is provided with emphasis on the chemistry and uses of aryl-, alkenyl-, and alkynyliodonium salts in preparative and synthetic organic chemistry. It is hoped that this brief overview, along with recent more comprehensive reviews of the field, will stimulate further developments and applications of this useful class of compounds across a broad spectrum of organic chemistry.
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Stang PJ. 124 years of publishing original and primary chemical research: 135,149 publications, 573,453 pages, and a century of excellence. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:1-8. [PMID: 12515485 DOI: 10.1021/ja021403x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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250
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Noveron JC, Chatterjee B, Arif AM, Stang PJ. Thermally stable porous supramolecular frameworks based on the metal and ?-? stacking directed self-assembly of 2,6-pyridyldicarboxylic acid bis-4-pyridylamide. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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