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Zou Y, Zhang H, Li H, Chen H, Song W, Wang Y. Strain-dependent production of interleukin-17/interferon-γ and matrix remodeling-associated genes in experimental Candida albicans keratitis. Mol Vis 2012; 18:1215-25. [PMID: 22665968 PMCID: PMC3365135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of genetic background in determining the development or prognosis of experimental fungal keratitis by comparing the disease courses and related molecules of experimental Candida albicans in two common mouse strains. METHODS After intrastromal inoculation of 1 × 10(5)C. albicans blastospores into corneas of Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice, all mice developed typical keratitis. The disease was monitored using a slit lamp microscope and scored for comparison of symptoms. At desired time points, blood was collected and corneal homogenates were prepared for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurement of interferon (IFN)γ or interleukin (IL)17. Other corneas were processed for histological evaluation, pathogen load measurement, or total RNA extraction, the last of which was subjected to reverse transcription in conjunction with real-time PCR to measure genes of interest in terms of collagens, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). RESULTS The infected corneas from the two strains presented different manifestations. Corneal transparency was less affected in Balb/c mice than in C57BL/6 mice, and Balb/c corneas contained fewer pathogens than C57BL/6 corneas during the measured period (10 days). In both strains, keratitis started to resolve around days 7-10, but C57BL/6 mice healed slower than Balb/c mice as indicated by disease presentation, histology, and pathogen burden assay. By day 7 post infection, pseudohyphae were rare but cellular infiltration remained intensive in both strains. The surface of the Balb/c corneas remained relatively intact and smooth, and C57BL/6 corneal lesions produced open erosion areas. Perforation was never seen in the current study setting. In both sera and corneas, IL17 expression increased earlier than IFNγ, and C57BL/6 mice produced higher IL17 levels and lower IFNγ levels than Balb/c mice. Compared with C57BL/6 mice, Balb/c corneas produced more MMP-2, Col3a1, and Col4a1, and less or equivalent TIMP-2 at all detected time points. They also produced more MMP-13, less MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 at day 3 post infection, but less MMP-13, basically equivalent MMP-8, and more MMP-9 at later time points. CONCLUSIONS The disease course of experimental C. albicans keratitis depends on the genetic background of the host animals. The balance between IL17 and IFNγ, as well as among the common injury- and wound healing-related proteins, may contribute to the pathogenesis of C. albicans keratitis. This study suggests that great variance of disease presentation should be expected for human subjects with Candida keratitis.
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Klokov D, Leskov K, Araki S, Zou Y, Goetz EM, Luo X, Willson D, Boothman DA. Low dose IR-induced IGF-1-sCLU expression: a p53-repressed expression cascade that interferes with TGFβ1 signaling to confer a pro-survival bystander effect. Oncogene 2012; 32:479-90. [PMID: 22391565 PMCID: PMC3371099 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inadvertent mammalian tissue exposures to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) after radiation accidents, remediation of radioactive-contaminated areas, space travel or a dirty bomb represent an interesting trauma to an organism. Possible low-dose IR-induced bystander effects could impact our evaluation of human health effects, as cells within tissue are not equally damaged after doses of IR ≤10 cGy. To understand tissue responses after low IR doses, we generated a reporter system using the human clusterin promoter fused to firefly luciferase (hCLUp-Luc). Secretory clusterin (sCLU), an extracellular molecular chaperone, induced by low doses of cytotoxic agents, clears cell debris. Low-dose IR (≥2 cGy) exposure induced hCLUp-Luc activity with peak levels at 96 h, consistent with endogenous sCLU levels. As doses increased (≥1 Gy), sCLU induction amplitudes increased and time-to-peak response decreased. sCLU expression was stimulated by insulin-like growth factor-1, but suppressed by p53. Responses in transgenic hCLUp-Luc reporter mice after low IR doses showed that specific tissues (that is, colon, spleen, mammary, thymus and bone marrow) of female mice induced hCLUp-Luc activity more than male mice after whole body (≥10 cGy) irradiation. Tissue-specific, non-linear dose- and time-responses of hCLUp-Luc and endogenous sCLU levels were noted. Colon maintained homeostatic balance after 10 cGy. Bone marrow responded with delayed, but prolonged and elevated expression. Intraperitoneal administration of α-transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 (1D11), but not control (13C4) antibodies, immediately following IR exposure abrogated CLU induction responses. Induction in vivo also correlated with Smad signaling by activated TGFβ1 after IR. Mechanistically, media with elevated sCLU levels suppressed signaling, blocked apoptosis and increased survival of TGFβ1-exposed tumor or normal cells. Thus, sCLU is a pro-survival bystander factor that abrogates TGFβ1 signaling and most likely promotes wound healing.
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Xiao J, Fei Z, Yang Y, Jin X, Lu D, Shen Y, Liljeby L, Hutton R, Zou Y. A very low energy compact electron beam ion trap for spectroscopic research in Shanghai. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:013303. [PMID: 22299941 DOI: 10.1063/1.3675575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new compact low energy electron beam ion trap, SH-PermEBIT, is reported. This electron beam ion trap (EBIT) can operate in the electron energy range of 60-5000 eV, with a current density of up to 100 A/cm(2). The low energy limit of this machine sets the record among the reported works so far. The magnetic field in the central drift tube region of this EBIT is around 0.5 T, produced by permanent magnets and soft iron. The design of this EBIT allows adjustment of the electron gun's axial position in the fringe field of the central magnetic field. This turned out to be very important for optimizing the magnetic field in the region of the electron gun and particularly important for low electron beam energy operation, since the magnetic field strength is not tunable with permanent magnets. In this work, transmission of the electron beam as well as the upper limit of the electron beam width under several conditions are measured. Spectral results from test operation of this EBIT at the electron energies of 60, 315, 2800, and 4100 eV are also reported.
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Zou Y, Brooks JL, Talwalkar V, Milbrandt TA, Puleo DA. Development of an injectable two-phase drug delivery system for sequential release of antiresorptive and osteogenic drugs. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2011; 100:155-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhou J, Fu M, Sun A, Jin X, Zhong C, Wang S, Fu M, Zou Y, Ge J. Adiponectin through its biphasic serum level is a useful biomarker during transition from diastolic dysfunction to systolic dysfunction. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300867.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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231
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Xu J, Qian J, Xie X, Ma J, Lin L, Sun A, Zou Y, Ge J. Mesenchymal stem cells preconditioned with high density lipoprotein resist oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and improve cardiac function in a rat model of myocardial infarction. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300867.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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232
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Xu J, Qian J, Xie X, Ma J, Lin L, Fu M, Sun A, Zou Y, Ge J. Activation of MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways is an important mechanism of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in mesenchymal stem cells of rats. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300867.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Xu J, Qian J, Xie X, Ma J, Lin L, Fu M, Sun A, Zou Y, Ge J. High density lipoprotein induces rats mesenchymal stem cells proliferation through activating PI3K-Akt pathway. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300867.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Perkins K, Meilleur K, Medne L, Devoto M, Tennekoon G, Yum S, Yang M, Finkel R, Johnson J, Gibbs J, Ferguson T, Zou Y, Traynor B, Bonnemann C. P3.48 Exome sequencing with linkage analysis identifies a novel ACTA1 variant in a large family with progressive muscle weakness. Neuromuscul Disord 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.06.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hu Z, Gong H, Yang M, Niu Y, Zhang G, Ma H, Zhou N, Li L, Wu J, Lin L, Sun A, Ge J, Zou Y. The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor promotes atherosclerosis in high-fat diet rabbits. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300867.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wu X, Zou Y, Ge J. Aging exaggerated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells is related to attenuation of Jagged1 expression in endothelial cells. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300867.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Li J, Ma H, Jiang H, Yuan J, Gong H, Liang Y, Guan A, Wu J, Li L, Zhou N, Niu Y, Sun A, Zou Y. Heat shock transcription factor 1 protects heart after pressure overload through promoting myocardial angiogenesis. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300867.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Toure F, Fritz G, Li Q, Rai V, Zou Y, Rosario R, Ramasamy R, Alberts A, Rieu P, Yan S, Schmidt A. Rôle de la formine mDia1 dans la signalisation intracellulaire de RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation end products) au cours du remodelage vasculaire. Nephrol Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2011.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jiang X, Zou Y, Huo Z, Yu P. Association of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A microsatellite polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma in South China Han population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 78:143-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hoddle MS, Millar JG, Hoddle CD, Zou Y, McElfresh JS, Lesch SM. Field optimization of the sex pheromone of Stenoma catenifer (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae): evaluation of lure types, trap height, male flight distances, and number of traps needed per avocado orchard for detection. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2011; 101:145-152. [PMID: 21034517 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485310000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The sex pheromone of Stenoma catenifer was evaluated in commercial avocado orchards in Guatemala to determine operational parameters, such as optimal lure type, trap height, trap density and estimates of the distances that male moths fly. Of four pheromone dispensers tested, gray and white rubber septa were of equal efficacy, whereas 1-ml low-density polyethylene vials and 2×3-cm polyethylene ziplock bags were least efficacious. The height at which wing traps were hung did not significantly affect the number of adult male S. catenifer captured. For monitoring S. catenifer, these data suggest that the pheromone should be dispensed from gray rubber septa in wing traps hung inside the tree canopy at 1.75 m, a height convenient for trap placement and monitoring. Mark-recapture studies of male S. catenifer indicated that, on average, males flew 67 m in one night. However, it is likely that this is an underestimate of the distance that male moths are capable of flying in a single night. Probabilistic modeling of S. catenifer capture data from different numbers of pheromone traps deployed in seven commercial avocado orchards of varying sizes and infestation levels suggested that 10-13 randomly deployed traps per orchard for a 7-day period are needed to detect at least one male S. catenifer with 90% confidence. These data provide sufficient information to develop effective protocols for using the S. catenifer pheromone to detect and monitor this pest in countries with endemic populations that are exporting fresh avocados, and for quarantine detection and incursion monitoring in countries receiving avocado imports from high risk areas.
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Li Y, Zou Y, Zhang L, Xi C, Wang G, Li X, Zhang J, Li Z. Determination of isometamidium residues in animal-derived foods by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1008-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Li H, Zou Y, Song W, Jia C, Li S, Xu L. Th17 cells play a central role in experimental Candida albican keratitis in mice (99.32). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.99.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that experimental Candida albican keratitis (CaK) induced an adaptive immune response. Here we explored the role of T lymphocytes in the progress of CaK. Balb/c mice and nude mice on Balb/c background were used for CaK model. CaK was induced by intrastromal injection of Candida albicans spores into the corneas. Keratitis was measured by scoring the lesions. One day before CaK induction, unsorted splenocytes or purified T cells from either Balb/c, C57BL/6 or OVA-TCR Tg DO11.10 mice were adoptively transferred into nude mice, or various T cell subtypes were depleted in Balb/c mice using specific antibodies. We found that, upon challenge with same amount of fungal spores, Balb/c mice developed typical CaK, but nude mice did not show any sign of CaK. Reconstitution of nude mice with either splenocytes or purified T cells built sensitivity of nude mice to CaK induction in a way dependent of numbers but not of MHC- nor TCR-restriction of transferred cells. Depleting Th17 cells with anti-IL17 or anti-IL23 antibodies completely abrogated the capability of Balb/c mice to develop CaK. But depleting Treg cells with anti-CD25 or γδT cells with anti-γδ antibody did not show any effect. Th17 depleted mice did not set up immunological memory either after primary CaK. We conclude that a minimum of Th17 cells are essential in the initiation of fungal keratitis, and T cells play a dual role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of fungal keratitis.
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Chung HY, Lee EK, Choi YJ, Kim JM, Kim DH, Zou Y, Kim CH, Lee J, Kim HS, Kim ND, Jung JH, Yu BP. Molecular inflammation as an underlying mechanism of the aging process and age-related diseases. J Dent Res 2011; 90:830-40. [PMID: 21447699 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510387794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological process characterized by time-dependent functional declines that are influenced by changes in redox status and by oxidative stress-induced inflammatory reactions. An organism's pro-inflammatory status may underlie the aging process and age-related diseases. In this review, we explore the molecular basis of low-grade, unresolved, subclinical inflammation as a major risk factor for exacerbating the aging process and age-related diseases. We focus on the redox-sensitive transcription factors, NF-κB and FOXO, which play essential roles in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and anti-oxidant enzymes, respectively. Major players in molecular inflammation are discussed with respect to the age-related up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, cyclo-oxygenase-2, lipoxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The molecular inflammation hypothesis proposed by our laboratory is briefly described to give further molecular insights into the intricate interplay among redox balance, pro-inflammatory gene activation, and chronic age-related inflammatory diseases. The final section discusses calorie restriction as an aging-retarding intervention that also exhibits extraordinarily effective anti-inflammatory activity by modulating GSH redox, NF-κB, SIRT1, PPARs, and FOXOs.
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Li H, Du L, Zou Y, Li Y. Eco-Remediation of Branch River in Plain River-Net at Estuary Area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Among the cell surface antigens that can elicit an immune response in transplant recipients MICA antigens occupy a special place. They are similar to human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) while being very different from them. They are not as polymorphic and their quantity is smaller. In consequence, the impact of MICA antigens in transplantation is not as dramatic. However, our early guess that these ligands of NKG2D could elicit antibodies and cell-mediated immunity has been definitely confirmed. Careful analysis with MICA transfectant cells, for absorption and elution, established the specificity of the epitopes involved. Typing of recipients and donors by sequencing the MICA alleles has established that de novo antibodies produced in kidney transplant recipients are directed at mismatched MICA epitopes and are associated with acute rejection and chronic transplant failure. Acute graft-versus-host disease was observed in stem cell recipients who were mismatched for MICA.
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Foley A, Hu Y, Zou Y, Yang M, Medne L, Leach M, Conlin L, Spinner N, Shaikh T, Neumeyer A, Bliss L, Winder T, Bönnemann C. P1.11 Large genomic deletions as a novel type of mutation in Ullrich CMD. Neuromuscul Disord 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ocak S, Yamashita H, Udyavar AR, Miller AN, Gonzalez AL, Zou Y, Jiang A, Yi Y, Shyr Y, Estrada L, Quaranta V, Massion PP. DNA copy number aberrations in small-cell lung cancer reveal activation of the focal adhesion pathway. Oncogene 2010; 29:6331-42. [PMID: 20802517 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive subtype of lung cancer in its clinical behavior, with a 5-year overall survival as low as 5%. Despite years of research in the field, molecular determinants of SCLC behavior are still poorly understood, and this deficiency has translated into an absence of specific diagnostics and targeted therapeutics. We hypothesized that tumor DNA copy number alterations would allow the identification of molecular pathways involved in SCLC progression. Array comparative genomic hybridization was performed on DNA extracted from 46 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded SCLC tissue specimens. Genomic profiling of tumor and sex-matched control DNA allowed the identification of 70 regions of copy number gain and 55 regions of copy number loss. Using molecular pathway analysis, we found a strong enrichment in these regions of copy number alterations for 11 genes associated with the focal adhesion pathway. We verified these findings at the genomic, gene expression and protein level. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), one of the central genes represented in this pathway, was commonly expressed in SCLC tumors and constitutively phosphorylated in SCLC cell lines. Those were poorly adherent to most substrates but not to laminin-322. Inhibition of FAK phosphorylation at Tyr(397) by a small-molecule inhibitor, PF-573,228, induced a dose-dependent decrease of adhesion and an increase of spreading in SCLC cell lines on laminin-322. Cells that tended to spread also showed a decrease in focal adhesions, as demonstrated by a decreased vinculin expression. These results support the concept that pathway analysis of genes in regions of copy number alterations may uncover molecular mechanisms of disease progression and demonstrate a new role of FAK and associated adhesion pathways in SCLC. Further investigations of FAK at the functional level may lead to a better understanding of SCLC progression and may have therapeutic implications.
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Schöll A, Kilian L, Zou Y, Ziroff J, Hame S, Reinert F, Umbach E, Fink RH. Disordering of an Organic Overlayer on a Metal Surface Upon Cooling. Science 2010; 329:303-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1189106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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249
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Frutschy K, Neculaes B, Inzinna L, Mani V, Caiafa A, Reynolds J, Zou Y, Zhang X, Gunturi S, Cao Y, De Man B, Roffers R, Lounsberry B, Pelc N. MO-D-201B-02: Distributed X-Ray Source Development. Med Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3469076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Wu ZG, Yan WM, Guo W, Chen T, Zou Y, Wang HW, Wang XJ, Yang XJ, Lu YL, Luo XP, Ning Q. Telbivudine preserves T-helper 1 cytokine production and downregulates programmed death ligand 1 in a mouse model of viral hepatitis. J Viral Hepat 2010; 17 Suppl 1:24-33. [PMID: 20586931 PMCID: PMC7166602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Telbivudine is an orally bioavailable L-nucleoside with potent and specific anti-hepatitis B virus activity. The higher rate of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion during telbivudine treatment than other potent anti-HBV agents suggests a potential immunomodulatory effect. We sought to determine the effects of telbivudine on the immune system, particularly on cytokine production and T-cell response, using an animal model with mouse hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3)-induced hepatitis. The effects of telbivudine on virus replication and cytokine production were investigated in vitro using MHV-3-infected macrophages, and the effects on T-cell response were investigated in vivo in an MHV-3-induced viral hepatitis model. Telbivudine had no effect on MHV-3 replication in macrophages. However, the production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-12 was increased significantly in MHV-3-induced macrophages treated with telbivudine. In vivo survival was enhanced in telbivudine-treated mice, with marked normalization in clinical conditions and histological lesions. Serum levels of interferon-gamma were elevated significantly after telbivudine treatment in MHV-3-infected C3H mice. In contrast, serum interleukin-4 levels were decreased significantly. Furthermore, telbivudine treatment enhanced the ability of T cells to undergo proliferation and secrete cytokines but did not affect cytotoxicity of infected hepatocytes. Of note, we found that telbivudine treatment suppressed programmed death ligand 1 expression on T cells. The results demonstrate the immunomodulatory properties of telbivudine, independent of its antiviral activity, in a mouse model of MHV-3-induced hepatitis.
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