Encephalitis induced in non-human primates by canine distemper virus adapted to human neural cells

The Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper virus (CDV) adapted to human oligodendroglioma, neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cells, was intracerebrally inoculated into cynomolgus monkeys. All the three viruses caused periventricular encephalitis involving the brain stem. When the neurovirulence of these viruses were compared in terms of clinical signs and histopathological changes, the oligodendroglioma-adapted virus showed the neurovirulence of the highest degree inducing degeneration of axons and glial cells. Chronic encephalitis was also observed. The neuroblastoma-adapted virus induced predominantly nerve-cell degeneration although clinically this virus showed slightly lower degree of neurovirulence than the oligodendroglioma-adapted viruses. The glioblastoma-adapted virus showed clinically much lower neurovirulence than the other two viruses; all monkeys infected with this virus survived and produced high level of antibody in most cases. Histopathologically degeneration of axons and glial cells was characteristics although the incidence was less frequent than the oligodendroglioma-adapted virus. Predominant involvement of nerve cells by neuroblastoma-adapted virus and predominant involvement of axon and glial cells by oligodendroglioma-adapted virus and by glioblastoma-adapted virus suggest that in vitro tropism of the virus to neural cells is partially reflected on tropism of the virus in the CNS.

Ontogeny of the third component of complement of Japanese quails

Ontogeny of quail complement was examined in terms of serum C3 level, cytolytic activity of total complement, functional activity of C3 via the classical pathway (CCP) and an alternative route (ACP), and the distribution of C3-bearing cells. In serum, C3 was detected from 7-day-old embryos by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Thereafter, its concentration increased rapidly and reached the adult level at 4-5 weeks of age. Total activities of serum complement via CCP and ACP, both of which were assayed by cell lysis, were detected first in 10-day-old embryos, and increased sharply after hatching, reaching the maximum level at 5 weeks of age. Deposition of C3 on the cell surface via CCP and ACP was also clearly demonstrated from 10-day-old embryos by haemagglutination and immunofluorescence techniques, respectively. By an immunofluorescence technique using anti-quail C3 monospecific serum, cells belonging to the reticuloendothelial system were indicated to serve major sites for the synthesis of C3 during ontogenesis.

Growth of defective subacute sclerosing panencephalitis viruses in human neural cells and their neurovirulence in mice

A defective subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus which had been passaged in human embryonic lung cells was transferred to cultures of three neural cell types: neuroblastoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma. The growth characteristics of the virus in these cells were essentially similar to those in non-neural cells. On the other hand, a marked difference in neurovirulence was noticed for the virus grown in neural cells when examined by intracerebral inoculation into mice. The virus passaged in neuroblastoma and oligodendroglioma cells showed high neurovirulence, inducing an acute encephalitis, whereas the virus passaged in human embryonic lung cells and that in glioblastoma cells did not show neurovirulence. These results suggest that the virus recovered its neurovirulence after passage in certain human neural cells.

Isolation and characterization of canine distemper virus-specific RNA

Ten species of virus-specific RNA were detected in Vero cells infected with the FXNO strain of canine distemper virus (CDV). The largest RNA was the genome-sized RNA and the nine smaller species were polyadenylated RNAs. Similar results were obtained for nine other strains of CDV. The molecular weights of these ten RNAs were determined to be 4.61 X 10(6), 2.46 X 10(6), 1.52 X 10(6), 1.32 X 10(6), 1.19 X 10(6), 1.07 X 10(6), 0.77 X 10(6), 0.65 X 10(6), 0.58 X 10(6), and 0.48 X 10(6). By in vitro translation of the polyadenylated RNAs in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, three different proteins which probably correspond to H, NP, and M were synthesized from the fraction containing RNAs 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Requirement of methionine for the replication of canine distemper virus in Vero cells

The replication of canine distemper virus (CDV) in Vero cells was found to require certain amino acids such as arginine, methionine and valine. The deprivation of methionine caused the most marked reduction in virus yield. In cells cultured in medium deprived of methionine, the early processes of viral replication such as adsorption, penetration and uncoating of virus occurred at normal rates, but the syntheses of viral RNA and protein were markedly reduced. The addition of S-adenosylmethionine to methionine-free medium resulted in the growth of CDV to the level obtained in cells with complete medium. Moreover, cycloleucine, which is known to reduce the methylation of mRNA by inhibiting the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, also inhibited the growth of CDV, and the addition of methionine or S-adenosylmethionine reversed the inhibitory effect of cycloleucine. The possibility of an inhibition of methylation of mRNA in methionine-deprived cells is discussed.

Renal amyloidosis with crescents

An unusual case of renal amyloidosis associated with extensive crescents is reported. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed that deposits of amyloid were almost invariably involved in the locations in which proliferations of epithelial cells in the capsular spaces had merged with the glomerular tufts. Gaps or fractures of the capillary walls were present at such sites, in which amyloid fibrils were mingled with thrombic material containing fibrin. It is highly conceivable that the gaps apparently induced by amyloid deposition, with leakage of fibrin-fibrinogen into the capsular space, play a crucial role in the development of the extracapillary proliferation.

Lysis of horse red blood cells mediated by antibody-independent activation of the alternative pathway of chicken complement

Horse red blood cells (HRBC) were found to be lysed when incubated with fresh normal chicken serum (NCS). By comparison of the properties of the lysis of HRBC with those of the complement-dependent lysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) sensitized with haemolytic antibody via the classical pathway, the following differences were observed between the two haemolytic phenomena. (i) The lysis of HRBC was independent on antibody in contrast to the antibody dependence of the lysis of sensitized SRBC. (ii) The lysis of HRBC was dependent on Mg but not on Ca ion, whereas the lysis of sensitized SRBC required both Mg and Ca ions. (iii) Treatment of NCS with carrageenan that acts as an inactivator of the first component of complement (C1) inhibited the lysis of sensitized SRBC but not the lysis of HRBC. (iv) C1 was consumed in the lysis of sensitized SRBC but not in the lysis of HRBC. (v) Cobra venom factor (CVF), C3 inactivator via the alternative complement pathway, inhibited the lysis of HRBC but not the lysis of sensitized SRBC. (vi) Minimal reaction times for the lysis of HRBC and for the lysis of sensitized SRBC were 90 and 60 min, respectively. These findings indicate that the lysis of HRBC was caused by the antibody-independent activation of complement via the alternative pathway.

Oncogenecity of an avian erythroblastosis virus in mutant strains of Japanese quails

The susceptibility of 12 mutant strains of Japanese quails to the R strain of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) was examined. Three strains, SBPP, PNN and CWE, showed high susceptibility and developed various types of tumors including erythroblastosis, hemangioma and myeloblastic leukemia. In relatively resistant WE strain, increased incidence and various types of tumors were observed by modification of host conditions. These results indicate pluripotential oncogenicity of AEV in quails as well as partial control of AEV-oncogenesis by genetical background of the host.

Effect of papaverine treatment on replication of measles virus in human neural and nonneural cells

The replication of measles virus in human neural and nonneural cell lines in terms of growth and cytopathic effect was affected by treatment of the cells with papaverine, which increases endogenous cyclic AMP. Suppression of virus growth was most prominent in neuroblastoma cells, followed by that in epidermoid carcinoma and glioblastoma cells, whereas the suppressive effect was relatively weak in oligodendroglioma cells. The papaverine-induced suppression of virus growth in neuroblastoma cells was studied in detail. The suppression that occurred was dependent on the dose of papaverine and was reversible. By treatment with 10 microM papaverine, virus-cell interactions were modified as follows: (i) early replication steps such as adsorption, penetration, and uncoating of the virus were not affected; (ii) synthesis of viral RNAs, including genomic RNA and mRNA, was inhibited; (iii) translation of viral proteins from mRNA was not blocked; and (iv) glycosylation and transport of viral glycoproteins to the cell membrane were not inhibited, but phosphorylation was blocked. The significance of suppressed virus replication in neural cells is discussed in relation to the persistence mechanisms of measles virus in the central nervous system.

Growth of measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis viruses in human neural cell lines

Growth of cell-free subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus was compared with that of measles virus in three human neural cell lines; neuroblastoma, oligodendroglioma, and glioblastoma. The Edmonston strain of measles virus replicated in these neural cells as efficiently as in Vero cells. In contrast, the growth of the Mantooth strain of SSPE virus was suppressed moderately in neuroblastoma cells and markedly in oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma cells in spite of the induction of apparent cytopathic effects in these cells. Virus adsorption, defective interfering particles, interferon, and temperature sensitivity were not responsible for this low yield of SSPE virus in neural cell lines. Synthesis of viral proteins of SSPE virus was slower than that of measles virus in oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma cells. These results suggest that the slow rate of synthesis of viral proteins may be relevant to the low yield of SSPE virus in neural cells.

Granulomatous glomerulonephritis in Wegener's granulomatosis

Review of the kidneys in 24 autopsy cases of Wegener's granulomatosis revealed a significant granulomatous glomerular lesion in eight of the cases. To gain a better understanding of this peculiar lesion, focusing on its pathogenesis, we attempted a thorough investigation on both glomerular and vascular lesions of the kidneys. Semiquantitative analysis of the glomerular lesions indicated that existence of a severe glomerular damage probably constitutes a necessary condition in the development of granulomatous glomerulonephritis, because the granulomatous glomerular lesion was typically seen in company with a widely distributed glomerular lesion represented by thrombotic and necrotic occlusion of capillary tufts and crescent formation. Necrotizing vasculitis in the kidney was always encountered, especially in small branches of renal arteries and vasa recta. A serial section study of the two most typical cases indicated that granulomatous inflammation apparently originated in hilar arteriolitis , which extended along the pericapsular space and developed into diffusely circumferential periglomerular inflammation. We conclude that two factors are jointly at work, one inside and the other outside of the glomerulus in the pathogenesis of granulomatous glomerulonephritis: there is a thrombotic and necrotic lesion of the glomerular tuft, on the one hand and pericapsulitis originating in hilar arteriolitis on the other.

Activation of chicken alternative complement pathway by fowlpox virus-infected cells

Fresh normal chicken serum (NCS) which lacked virus-neutralizing antibody to fowlpox virus (FPV) was found to inhibit the appearance of the cytopathic effect of the virus, virus growth, and plaque formation in chicken embryo cells. Immunofluorescent examination revealed the deposition of the third component of complement (C3) on FPV-infected chicken embryo cells incubated with fresh NCS. The inhibitory activity of fresh NCS on viral cytopathic effect was independent of the Ca2+ ion and was abrogated by treatment of fresh NCS with inulin or zymosan. Similarly, deposition of C3 on FPV-infected cells occurred independently of the Ca2+ ion and was inhibited by treatment of fresh NCS with inulin or zymosan but was not inhibited by absorption with FPV-infected cells. These results suggest that antibody-independent activation of complement by FPV-infected cells via the alternative pathway caused the inhibition of the virus growth as well as the C3 deposition. Involvement of complement activation as nonspecific host response to virus infection was also suggested by the demonstration of the C3 deposition in the skin lesions of FPV-infected chickens.

Renal papillary necrosis associated with Wegener's granulomatosis

Review of the kidneys from 23 cases of Wegener's granulomatosis revealed necrosis of the renal papillae in five (21.7 per cent). These cases took a fulminant course of the disease consistent with the classic description of Wegener's granulomatosis, prevalence in the older age group, and rapid deterioration of renal function. Morphologic examination of the kidneys uniformly disclosed a variety of lesions in the blood vessels supplying the renal papilla. The most conspicuous was the widely distributed glomerular lesion represented by thrombotic and necrotic occlusion of capillary loops and crescent formation. A medullary interstitial lesion characterized by fibrinoid necrosis of the vasa recta was invariably found in the outer portion of the necrotic papilla. In addition, acute segmental and diffuse necrosis and occlusion by thrombosis were identified in the branches of spiral arteries in the adjoining papilla. The results provide an anatomic basis for the assumption that papillary ischemia due to impairment of the dual blood supply from the vasa recta and the calyceal arteries is the essential factor in papillary necrosis.

Isolation and identification of the third component of complement of Japanese quails

The identification of the third component of complement (C3) of Japanese quails was attempted by using rabbit antiserum prepared against quail serum-treated zymosan (ZX) as an initial reagent. This antiserum (anti-ZX) had agglutinating activity on rabbit erythrocytes reacted with quail antibody and quail complement (EACq) but not on EAq, and developed two precipitin lines against quail serum at beta- and gamma-regions in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Subsequently, monospecific antisera to each of these precipitin lines were prepared in rabbits, and quail serum proteins reactive with these antisera were purified by salt precipitation followed by Sephadex gel filtration and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. One protein with a m.w. of 184,000 (184K) resembled mammalian C3 in that: 1) monospecific antiserum (anti-184K protein serum) agglutinated EACq but not EAq; 2) treatment of fresh quail serum with either inulin or zymosan resulted in the conversion of the precipitin line developed against 184K protein from gamma to beta in crossed immunoelectrophoresis; 3) the 184K protein was shown to consist of two polypeptide chains of 110K and 73K linked by disulfide bonds. Furthermore, the 184K protein in serum was cleaved through the incubation with inulin to 174K and 140K proteins that might correspond to C3b and C3c of human complement; 4) the 184K protein bound to zymosan was eluted with hydrazine or methylamine but not with Nonidet P-40, indicating that 184K protein binds to zymosan by a covalent bond but not by a hydrophobic one; and 5) by treatment of fresh quail serum with methylamine, complement reactivity was reduced, although its activity was restored by the addition of purified 184K protein. These results suggest the 184K protein is the quail's equivalent to mammalian C3. When quail serum was reacted with cells that had complement-activating capacity, quail C3 deposited on their membrane as in mammalians; however, no conversion of quail C3 was noted by the reaction with CVF. Antibody to quail C3 failed to cross-react with that in mammals.

Isolation and identification of the third component of complement of Japanese quails

The identification of the third component of complement (C3) of Japanese quails was attempted by using rabbit antiserum prepared against quail serum-treated zymosan (ZX) as an initial reagent. This antiserum (anti-ZX) had agglutinating activity on rabbit erythrocytes reacted with quail antibody and quail complement (EACq) but not on EAq, and developed two precipitin lines against quail serum at beta- and gamma-regions in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Subsequently, monospecific antisera to each of these precipitin lines were prepared in rabbits, and quail serum proteins reactive with these antisera were purified by salt precipitation followed by Sephadex gel filtration and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. One protein with a m.w. of 184,000 (184K) resembled mammalian C3 in that: 1) monospecific antiserum (anti-184K protein serum) agglutinated EACq but not EAq; 2) treatment of fresh quail serum with either inulin or zymosan resulted in the conversion of the precipitin line developed against 184K protein from gamma to beta in crossed immunoelectrophoresis; 3) the 184K protein was shown to consist of two polypeptide chains of 110K and 73K linked by disulfide bonds. Furthermore, the 184K protein in serum was cleaved through the incubation with inulin to 174K and 140K proteins that might correspond to C3b and C3c of human complement; 4) the 184K protein bound to zymosan was eluted with hydrazine or methylamine but not with Nonidet P-40, indicating that 184K protein binds to zymosan by a covalent bond but not by a hydrophobic one; and 5) by treatment of fresh quail serum with methylamine, complement reactivity was reduced, although its activity was restored by the addition of purified 184K protein. These results suggest the 184K protein is the quail's equivalent to mammalian C3. When quail serum was reacted with cells that had complement-activating capacity, quail C3 deposited on their membrane as in mammalians; however, no conversion of quail C3 was noted by the reaction with CVF. Antibody to quail C3 failed to cross-react with that in mammals.

Characterization of canine distemper viruses adapted to neural cells and their neurovirulence in mice

Interaction of the Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper virus (CDV) with three established human neural cells, i.e. IMR-32 neuroblastoma, 118-MGC glioma and KG-1 oligodendroglioma, was examined, and adaptation of CDV to these cells was also attempted. The unadapted virus was found to grow at relatively low titers in the three neural cells inducing moderate to minimal cytopathic effects (CPE). The virus was successfully grown at high titers in these cells after 8 to 10 passages. Biological characteristics such as growth rate, morphology of CPE and plaque size changed after adaptation. Analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, however, failed to show any difference in the molecular weight of component proteins among the unadapted and three adapted viruses. Inbred DDD strain of mice developed clinical signs after intracerebral inoculation with the unadapted virus but most of them survived with histological lesions of encephalitis. Neuroblastoma-adapted virus induced only transient clinical signs in some animals with mild encephalitic lesions in the gray matter. Increases in neurovirulence were found for viruses adapted to glioma and oligodendroglioma cells. Almost all mice inoculated with these two viruses at 3 weeks of age died within 8 days with histological lesions consisting of hyperemia, edema, severe degeneration of nerve cells and a few giant cells. Demyelinating lesions in the absence of inflammatory changes were observed in the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata of animals inoculated with oligodendroglioma-adapted virus.

Effective treatment of the postoperative maxillary cyst by marsupialization

The postoperative maxillary cyst occurs as a delayed complication after radical surgical intervention in the maxillary sinus. The recommended procedures for treating this entity have been enucleation followed by formation of an antronasal window, primary closure, or open packing. To prevent recurrence and unnecessary tissue destruction from surgery, marsupialization was performed in eight unilocular postoperative maxillary cysts. With the exception of a case in which the long-term results could not be obtained, the cysts disappeared in four months to two and a half years. Possible indications for marsupialization of the postoperative maxillary cyst are discussed.

Japanese quail embryo cell line persistently infected with erythroblastosis virus

A Japanese quail embryo cell line transformed by avian retrovirus, designated QERC-31F, was further characterized in virological and cytological aspects. Infectious virus produced by this cell line was found to belong to subgroup A. The virus failed to transform quail embryo cells, whereas it induced erythroblastosis by injection into neonatal quails. Injection of QERC-31F cells into neonatal quails resulted in the induction of solid tumors which morphologically diagnosed as undifferentiated sarcoma. Mitosis of pro-erythrocytic cells with also detected in the peripheral blood of the tumor bearing animals. Antiserum to chicken erythrocyte histone V fraction which was also shown to react specifically with the nucleus of quail erythrocytes stained the nucleus of QERC-31F cells. These results suggested that this cell line maintains characteristics of the erythroblast and possibly produces avian erythroblastosis virus as well as helper virus of subgroup A.

Potentiation of neurovirulence of canine distemper virus in guinea pigs by sensitization with neural antigen

Establishment of animal model of virus-induced encephalomyelitis was attempted in strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized with the homologous spinal cord antigen. Intracerebral inoculation of canine distemper virus alone or sensitization with the neural antigen alone did not induce significant clinical signs. Mild histological lesions were found in both the meninges and parenchyma of the central nervous system (CNS) of virus-infected animals, and in the meninges of the sensitized ones. In contrast, combination of virus infection and sensitization resulted in development of neurological signs of CNS disease as well as of marked histological lesions involving both the meninges and parenchyma. The potentiated CNS disease was successfully transferred by the lymph node cells of the sensitized animals into virus-infected ones. These results suggested that the virus-induced lesions in the CNS were potentiated by the lymphocytes sensitized with neural antigen. Depending on the time schedule of the sensitization and virus infection, different courses of CNS diseases including acute, subacute, and/or recurrent ones were induced, indicating the usefulness of this animal model for immunological and virological analysis of virus-induced CNS diseases.

Bilateral renal dysplasia accompanied by pancreatic fibrosis, meconium ileus, and situs inversus totalis

An autopsy case of bilateral renal dysplasia with other congenital malformations is reported. Malformations included severe pancreatic fibrosis with meconium ileus, situs inversus totalis, cardiovascular anomalies, and others. The only syndrome of multiple congenital malformations involving renal dysplasia which is similar to the present case is Ivemark's syndrome, though the present case lacked hepatic lesions. Apart from the pancreatic lesion, there were no abnormalities compatible with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis). It was considered that meconium ileus in the present case was caused by pancreatic achylia secondary to severe pancreatic fibrosis, unrelated to cystic fibrosis, but closely allied to renal dysplasia.

Depressant effect of trapidil on dog coronary arterial contraction induced by ergonovine

Effects of trapidil on ergonovine-induced contractions of isolated dog coronary arteries were investigated in vitro. Ergonovine produced dose-dependent contractions of helical strips cut from the left circumflex branches of coronary arteries. Trapidil significantly depressed these-contractions. 5-HT also produced dose-dependent contractions of the strips, which were depressed by trapidil. In isolated rabbit femoral arterial preparations, norepinephrine dose-dependently contracted the strips. Phentolamine significantly depressed these contractions, and trapidil depressed them when relatively high doses were applied previously. Results indicate that trapidil has a depressant effect on coronary arterial contractions induced by ergonovine, partly through antagonism to 5-HT receptor and/or adrenergic alpha receptor.

Suppression of delayed hypersensitivity by measles virus infection in guinea pigs

A guinea pig model of mild measles virus infection was established by the intranasal inoculation with Toyoshima strain. The infection was confirmed by the development of both humoral and cell-mediated immunities to measles virus as well as by the demonstration of transient virus growth in the lymphoid tissues. The virus infection caused a transient suppression of delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) at both the induction and expression phases, whereas Jones-Mote-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin developed in a normal fashion. In the virus-infected animals, the suppressed response to the skin reacting factor was observed as well, however in vitro responsiveness of lymphocytes to PPD was not suppressed. On the other hand, transient enhancement of skin reactivity to phytohemagglutinin by virus infection was noticed. These results may indicate subtle alterations of immune functions in guinea pigs during measles virus infection.

The postoperative maxillary cyst: report of 71 cases

The postoperative maxillary cyst develops as a delayed complication many years after surgical intervention in the maxillary sinus. The clinical, radiographic, surgical, and histologic findings of 71 such cysts are described. The cysts occurred most frequently ten to 30 years after radical operations. The most common symptoms were swelling or pain of the cheek and the mucogingival fold of the maxilla. Radiographically, the lesions were either unilocular or multilocular, and bony perforation was noticed in half of them. The cysts were treated surgically in all cases. Most of them had a thin wall, lined with ciliated columnar epithelium. The results of our analysis and possible pathogenesis are discussed.

Effect of trapidil on mechanical and electrical activity of isolated rabbit atrium

Actions of trapidil on mechanical and electrical activities of rabbit right atria were investigated in vitro. Isolated atria had spontaneous contractions. Ca++ (2.7-4.5 mM) concentration-dependently increased force and frequency of atrial contractions, and trapidil (10(-5)-10(-4) g/ml) also did. Trapidil (10(-5)-10(-4) g/ml) showed a tendency to augment the positive inotropic action of Ca++ and significantly enhanced the positive chronotropic action of Ca++. In experiments using conventional microelectrode techniques, trapidil (10(-5)-10(-4) g/ml) concentration-dependently increased the slope of slow diastolic depolarization, the maximal diastolic potentials and the peak potentials in pacemaker potentials of sinoatrial nodal cells, and shortened the cycle length of them. The results indicate pharmacodynamically and electrophysiologically that trapidil produces a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect on isolated rabbit right atria.

Pathologic fracture of the mandible resulting from osteomyelitis: report of cases

Two cases of pathologic fracture of the mandible resulting from chronic osteomyelitis are described. The first case was treated successfully by antibiotic therapy followed by resection of the affected bone and iliac bone grafting after six months of follow-up care. In the second case, a patient with a history of diabetes mellitus, a fracture of the condyloid process occurred because of extension of the Actinomyces infection after extraction of the third molar. Because antibiotics failed to prevent exacerbation of the disease, the patient was given human gamma globulin. Then, all the signs of inflammation disappeared gradually with no evidence of recurrence for more than a year. There was no spontaneous bony healing of the fractured site.

Tissue-specific expression of onco-fetal antigens during embryogenesis

It has become evident from recent literature that especially in tumor virus systems, cell transformation leads to an arrest of differentiation or to a retrodifferentiation. This may be reflected by the expression of embryonic antigens and it is therefore particularly important to characterize such antigens according to their specificity as well as to their specificity during embryogenesis. We have demonstrated the expression of embryonic antigens which are cross-reactive in avian fibroblasts transformed either by Rous sarcoma virus or by methylcholanthrene. This paper is intended to demonstrate that these embryonic antigens are detected only at a certain period of embryogenesis and particularly in muscle cells. They are detected only occasionally or not at all in cells of other tissues such as brain, liver, lung, and the digestive organs. These antigens are absent from the target cells before transformation and are consequently induced by the transforming agent, either viral or chemical. Therefore, these results suggest that by transformation mechanism, cells become specifically reverted to an earlier stage of differentiation (retrodifferentiation).

Growth of measles virus in continuous cell lines derived from the nervous tissues of human and rat

Growth of two measles virus strains, the TYCSA and CAM, was compared in three continuous cell lines derived from the nervous tissues, human neuroblastoma IMR-32, human glioma 118MGC, and rat glioma C-6. The two human neural cells were shown to support the growth of both measles virus strains as efficiently as in the non-neural Vero cells. Different types of cytopathic effect (CPE) between the two virus strains were noticed in IMR-32 cells; the CAM strain induced strand-forming type CPE and the TYCSA strain giant-cell type CPE. As a difference of growth pattern between IMR-32 and 118MGC cells, virus antigen was demonstrated in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of 118MGC cells whereas virus antigen was present only in the cytoplasm of IMR-32 cells. In contrast to the productive infection in human neural cells, growth of both virus strains was restricted in rat glioma C-6 cells without showing CPE although the prolonged presence of virus antigens was demonstrated by the immunofluorescent technique.

Continuous lines of RSV-transformed embryo cells and peritoneal macrophages of Japanese quails

Four continuous lines of RSV-transformed quail cells were established; QERC-31F and QERC-31N cells derived from quail embryo cells and PERP and PERY cells from adult quail peritoneal macrophages. Marked morphological difference was noted between QERC-31F and QERC-31N; the former showed fusiform shape and the latter nodular shape. Both PERP and PERY showed macrophage-like morphology with phagocytic capacity. All four cell lines contained gs antigen and gp 85. Production of transforming virus was found in QERC-31N, PERP and PERY. In spite of failure in production of transforming virus, EQRC-31F was demonstrated to produce C-type particles by electron microscopy and to contain tumor-specific surface antigen by in vivo immunization and in vitro microcytotoxicity tests.

67Ga-citrate scanning in hypernephroma

67Ga scanning was performed in 26 patients with hypernephroma (17 with only a primary lesion of hypernephroma, 4 with both primary and metastatic lesions, 2 with hypernephroma and pyelonephritis, and 3 with only a metastatic lesion after nephrectomy). In patients with primary lesions alone, the positive finding rate by 67Ga scanning was low (26%), and in metastatic lesions that by scanning was high (86%). The practical conclusions are as follows: 67Ga scanning is of littel use as a diagnostic aid in primary lesion of hypernephroma, but may be useful in case with metastases with inflammatory disease.

Lysis of RSV-transformed Japanese quail cells by a factor from normal quail serum

Normal sera of Japanese quails caused lysis of tumor cells from a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-induced quail tumor (QT cells). Other tumor cell lines, including RSV-transformed quail embryo cells and methylcholanthrene-induced quail tumors, were not lysed. This naturally occurring cytolytic factor (NCLF) was sensitive to heating at 56 degrees C, zymosan, and inulin, and it required magnesium but not calcium for the expression of its activity. These results suggested that NCLF activity was mediated by complement activated through an alternative pathway. This possible complement activation occurred in the absence of specific antibodies to the target cells.

Experimentally-induced agammaglobulinemia in Japanese quails

Induction of agammaglobulinemia in Japanese quails was attempted by various procedures of bursectomy (BX) including hormonal BX (H-BX) with testosterone, surgical BX (S-BX), chemical BX (C-BX) with cyclophosphamide and irradiation with gamma-ray. Immunosuppressive effect of BX was evaluated by antibody production in response to immunization with bovine serum albumin and sheep red blood cells, by the level of natural antibody, and by the amount of immunoglobulins in sera. As a result, two procedures, i.e. combination of H-BX, S-BX, and C-BX and combination of H-BX, S-BX and irradiation were found to induce most frequently complete aggamaglobulinemia in which neither immunoglobulin nor antibody production was detected. Mechanisms of immunosuppression of these BX procedures were discussed from the morphological aspect of development of the bursa.

Encephalomyelitis induced by canine distemper virus in non-human primates

A strain of canine distemper virus was shown to be highly neuro-virulent in non-human primates. Intracerebral inoculation induced in monkeys histological lesions of encephalomyelitis, i.e., degenerative changes consisting mainly of neuronal damage and inflammatory changes such as perivascular cuffings and glial proliferation, in wide areas in the brain and spinal cord. In one monkey observed for 70 days, lesions with a tendency of subacute sclerosing were also noticed. Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide or antithymocyte serum was found to aggravate the clinical course and to modify the histological lesions in the central nervous system as well as the level of antibody response to the virus in cerebrospinal fluid. Possible application of distemper encephalomyelitis in monkeys as a primate model for analysis of the immune mechanism involved in paramyxovirus-induced encephalomyelitis was discussed.