Differences in the fragrances of pollen, leaves, and floral parts of garland (Chrysanthemum coronarium) and composition of the essential oils from flowerheads and leaves

Headspace analyses of pollen, whole flowerheads, ligulate and tubular florets, flower buds, involucral bracts, and leaves have been performed on the food plant Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Asteraceae). The analyses permitted differences in the pattern of volatiles emitted by the different floral parts to be observed and the site and phenological stage of emission of these chemicals to be verified. Camphor and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate were emitted mainly by ligulate and tubular florets; the production of myrcene and (Z)-ocimene was higher in the flower buds, whereas beta-caryophyllene, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, and (E)-beta-farnesene seemed attributable mainly to the involucral bracts. The leaves showed a quite different volatile profile, with (Z)-ocimene as the main constituent. Pollen showed a completely different composition of its volatiles, with perilla aldehyde, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, and camphor among the principal compounds; many carbonylic compounds and linear hydrocarbons have been detected exclusively in pollen. Furthermore, the essential oils obtained from flowerheads and leaves have been studied. These samples showed mainly quantitative differences. Camphor (22.1%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (19.9%) were the main constituents of the oil from flowers, whereas the oil from the leaves contained mainly (Z)-ocimene (45.4%) and myrcene (28.2%).

[Primary speciation analysis of iron in edible flowers]

In this paper seven primary speciations of iron in three edible flowers, i.e. chrysanthemum, cottonrose hibiscus and honeysucker have been studied by atomic absorption spectrometry. Speciation parameters of iron such as extractive rate, residue rate, immerse-residue ratio in the samples were calculated. It was found that the first extractive rates of Fe were higher than the second ones in all three edible flowers, and the immerse-residue ratios of Fe were similar to the extractive rates. But the extraction of iron in all three edible flowers were no more than fifty percent. It is showed that the iron isn't easy to extract by water in the three edible flowers. The recovery was in the range of 96.5%-103.2% and RSD was in the range of 1.2%-3.1%. The results were satisfactory.

[Study on the soil fertility changes in planting base to develop the special fertilizer for cultivation of Chrysanthemum morifolium]

OBJECTIVE

To study the changes of soil fertility in Sheyang county where Chrysanthemum morifolium has been cultivated for more than 30 years and to develop the special fertilizer for cultivation of C. morifolium.

METHOD

The pH values, organic matter and the contents of total and available N, P, K and Zn in the soil layer of 0 to 40 cm, as well as the total N, P, K and Zn contents in the flowers, roots, stems and leaves of the plants, were analysed. The balanced fertilization plan for cultivation of C. morifolium was put forward. In addition, the formula of special fertilizer for cultivation of C. morifolium was determined according to flower yield and utilization rate of N, P, and K.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The soil had high pH values and high soil salt contents, with unbalanced application of N, P, and K fertilizers and a shortage of available Zn after cultivation of C. morifolium. The contents of soil organic carbon, N and P declined with increasing cultivation time of C. morifolium, which resulted from the improper rotations and fertilization. The balance fertilization practice and the special fertilizer utilization are effective ways to improve soil fertility for C. morifolium.

[Comparative study on internal quality of four cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium]

OBJECTIVE

To study the genetic diversity of C. morifolium on the chemical constituents.

METHOD

Chemical constituents of four cultivars cultivated with the same conditions were compared in three types of index: chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil.

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

With different cultivars and processing methods, the contents of chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil extracted from C. morifolium vary great extent.

Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential oils

In this study the composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils obtained from Origanum onites, Mentha piperita, Juniperus exalsa, Chrysanthemum indicum, Lavandula hybrida, Rosa damascena, Echinophora tenuifolia, Foeniculum vulgare were examined. To evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activities of these eight aromatic extracts; their in vitro antimicrobial activities were determined by disk diffusion testing, according to the NCCLS criteria. Escherichia coli (ATTC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC 27853 were used as standard test bacterial strains. Origanum onites recorded antimicrobial activity against all test bacteria, and was strongest against Staphylococcus aureus. For Rosa damascena, Mentha piperita and Lavandula hybrida antimicrobial activity was recorded only to Staphylococcus aureus. Juniperus exalsa, and Chrysanthemum indicum exhibited antibacterial activities against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. We also examined the in vitro antimicrobial activities of some components of the essential oils and found some components with antimicrobial activity.

Medicinal flowers. VI. Absolute stereostructures of two new flavanone glycosides and a phenylbutanoid glycoside from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L.: their inhibitory activities for rat lens aldose reductase

Two new flavanone glycosides, (2S)- and (2R)-eriodictyol 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acids, and a new phenylbutanoid glycoside, (2S, 3S)-1-phenyl-2,3-butanediol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, were isolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L. cultivated in China together with eight flavonoids. The absolute stereostructures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Both of the new flavanone glycosides were found to show inhibitory activity for rat lens aldose reductase.

[Chemical components of essential oils from Flos chrysanthemi Indici in different areas]

OBJECTIVE

To provide the foundation for reasonable utilization by analysing the essential oils of Flos chrysanthemi Indici in different areas.

METHOD

The essential oils were extracted by using steam distillation and separated with GC capillary columns. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and were identified with GC-MS.

RESULTS

18, 17 and 20 compounds of essential oils from Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei were identified.

CONCLUSION

There are significant differences among the components and contents of essential oils of Flos chrysanthemi Indici from Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei.

Isolation and identification of dihydrochrysanolide and its 1-epimer from Chrysanthemum coronarium L

A new sesquiterpene lactone (1) was isolated with known dihydrochrysanolide derivatives (2 and 3) from the flowers of Chrysanthemum coronarium L., and their structures were identified by spectroscopic data. The stereochemistry of the epimers (1 and 2) was determined from NOESY data and an X-ray crystallographic analysis. The isolated compounds (1-3) were examined for their cytotoxic activity against such human cell lines as A549, PC-3 and HCT-15.

[Studies on the chemical constituents from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum morifolium.

METHOD

Separated the constituents by means of chromatography and identified their structures by chemical and spectroscopic analysis.

RESULT

Three compounds of flavonoid were identified as acacetin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside.

CONCLUSION

These compounds were obtained from C. morifolium for the first time.

[Research of material bases on antifebrile and hypotensive effects of flos chrysanthemi]

OBJECTIVE

To study material bases on the antifebirle and hypotensive effect of Flos Chrysanthemi.

METHODS

Temperature and blood pressure of rats were measured after treatment by taking several kinds of extracts of Flos Chrysanthemi.

RESULTS

After volatile oil of Flos Chrysanthemi (0.8 ml/Kg) was taken by oral administration, temperature on the fever heat of rats could be decreased distinctly. After total flavonid of Flos Chrysanthemi (57 mg/Kg) was injected, blood pressure on rats could be reduced remarkly.

CONCLUSION

Volatile oil of Flos Chrysanthemi has antifebrile effect and total flavonid of Flos Chrysanthemi has hypotensive effect, which are one of the Pharmacological bases of dispelling the wind-evil, clearing away the heat-evil, calming the liver, sharping eyes of Flos Chrysanthemi.

[Studies of volatile oils from the flowers of Chrysanthemum nankingense and Chrysanthemum indicum]

Chemical constituents of volatile oils from the flowers of Chrysanthemum nankingense and C. indicum were studied by GC-MS. 59, 30 components were identified respectively.

[Determination of chlorogenic acid in chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.flower]

OBJECTIVE

To determine the contents of chlorogenic acid in flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium.

METHOD

Column: Nova-Pak C18, 4 microns, 4.6 mm x 250 mm, mobile phase: MeOH-0.1 mol.L-1 NaH2PO4(pH 2.65)30:70, detection wavelength: 328 nm.

RESULTS

Flowers of 20 batches bought from the market were analysed. Contents of chlorogenic acid were 0.060%-0.467%.

CONCLUSION

Chlorogenic acid is a suitable component for the quality control of C. morifolium.