High-fidelity conformation of graphene to SiO2 topographic features

High-resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy of SiO2 reveals previously unresolved roughness at the few-nm length scale, and scanning tunneling microscopy of graphene on SiO2 shows graphene to be slightly smoother than the supporting SiO2 substrate. A quantitative energetic analysis explains the observed roughness of graphene on SiO2 as extrinsic, and a natural result of highly conformal adhesion. Graphene conforms to the substrate down to the smallest features with nearly 99% fidelity, indicating conformal adhesion can be highly effective for strain engineering of graphene.

Search for events with leptonic jets and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at √s=1.96 TeV

We present the first search for pair production of isolated jets of charged leptons in association with a large imbalance in transverse energy in pp collisions using 5.8 fb⁻¹ of integrated luminosity collected by the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. No excess is observed above the standard model background, and the result is used to set upper limits on the production cross section of pairs of supersymmetric chargino and neutralino particles as a function of "dark-photon" mass, where the dark photon is produced in the decay of the lightest supersymmetric particle.

Measurement of the bottom quark contribution to nonphotonic electron production in p + p collisions at √s=200 GeV

The contribution of B meson decays to nonphotonic electrons, which are mainly produced by the semileptonic decays of heavy-flavor mesons, in p + p collisions at √s=200  GeV has been measured using azimuthal correlations between nonphotonic electrons and hadrons. The extracted B decay contribution is approximately 50% at a transverse momentum of pT≥5  GeV/c. These measurements constrain the nuclear modification factor for electrons from B and D meson decays. The result indicates that B meson production in heavy ion collisions is also suppressed at high pT.

Inhibition of Grb2 expression demonstrates an important role in BCR-ABL-mediated MAPK activation and transformation of primary human hematopoietic cells

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) results from the expression of the BCR/ABL oncogene in a primitive hematopoietic cell. However, BCR/ABL-activated signaling mechanisms are dependent on the cellular context in which it is expressed, and mechanisms underlying primitive human hematopoietic cell transformation by BCR-ABL are not well understood. Our previous studies have shown that BCR/ABL-Y177 has an essential role in Ras activation and human hematopoietic progenitor transformation in CML. The adapter protein growth factor receptor-binding protein-2 (Grb2) can bind phosphorylated BCR/ABL-Y177, induce Grb2-SoS complex formation and activate Ras signaling. We investigated the role of Grb2 in CML progenitor transformation by cotransducing human CD34+ cells with lentivirus vectors expressing short hairpin RNA to Grb2 and retrovirus vectors expressing BCR/ABL. We show that Grb2 knockdown significantly inhibits proliferation and survival of BCR-ABL-expressing CD34+ cells, but not control CD34+ cells. Grb2 knockdown reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity in BCR-ABL-expressing hematopoietic cells. We conclude that inhibition of Grb2 expression demonstrates an important role in BCR-ABL-mediated MAPK activation and transformation of primary human hematopoietic cells.These results support further investigation of downstream effectors of Grb2-mediated signals and targeting of Grb2 interactions in the treatment of CML.

Search for sneutrino production in eμ final states in 5.3 fb-1 of pp collisions at square root s =1.96 TeV

We report the results of a search for R parity violating (RPV) interactions leading to the production of supersymmetric sneutrinos decaying into eμ final states using 5.3 fb-1 of integrated luminosity collected by the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. Having observed no evidence for production of eμ resonances, we set direct bounds on the RPV couplings λ311' and λ312 as a function of sneutrino mass.

Comparison of performance of one-color and two-color gene-expression analyses in predicting clinical endpoints of neuroblastoma patients

Microarray-based prediction of clinical endpoints may be performed using either a one-color approach reflecting mRNA abundance in absolute intensity values or a two-color approach yielding ratios of fluorescent intensities. In this study, as part of the MAQC-II project, we systematically compared the classification performance resulting from one- and two-color gene-expression profiles of 478 neuroblastoma samples. In total, 196 classification models were applied to these measurements to predict four clinical endpoints, and classification performances were compared in terms of accuracy, area under the curve, Matthews correlation coefficient and root mean-squared error. Whereas prediction performance varied with distinct clinical endpoints and classification models, equivalent performance metrics were observed for one- and two-color measurements in both internal and external validation. Furthermore, overlap of selected signature genes correlated inversely with endpoint prediction difficulty. In summary, our data strongly substantiate that the choice of platform is not a primary factor for successful gene expression based-prediction of clinical endpoints.

Diagnostic value of adenosine deaminase in cerebrospinal fluid for tuberculous meningitis: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To determine the accuracy of adenosine deaminase (ADA) measurements in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM).

DESIGN

After a systematic review of English language studies, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ADA concentrations in the diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were evaluated using random effects models. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves were used to summarise overall test performance.

RESULTS

Ten studies met our inclusion criteria. The sensitivity of ADA in the diagnosis of TBM was 0.79 (95%CI 0.75-0.83), specificity 0.91 (95%CI 0.89-0.93), positive likelihood ratio 6.85 (95%CI 4.11-11.41), negative likelihood ratio 0.29 (95%CI 0.19-0.44) and diagnostic odds ratio 26.93 (95%CI 12.73-56.97).

CONCLUSION

Our data suggest that ADA in the CSF can be a sensitive and specific target and a critical criteria for the diagnosis of TBM.

Electron standing waves on the GaN(0001)-pseudo (1 × 1) surface: a FT-STM study at room temperature

We report the direct imaging of standing waves on a GaN(0001)-pseudo (1 × 1) metallic surface, which consists of two atomic Ga layers with the top layer incommensurate. Two types of periodic oscillation are observed by scanning tunneling microscopy at room temperature. The longer wavelength standing waves are due to electron scattering by dislocation-induced steps and two-dimensional InN islands. The localized shorter wavelength waves are attributed to a structural transition of the incommensurate Ga bilayer to a tetrahedral Ga bilayer after the growth of the InN islands.

Efficacy, safety, and ethics of cosmetic neurology far from settled

In this issue, Larriviere and colleagues discuss the emerging use of drugs to enhance cognitive function. Several cautions they raise warrant amplification. People have tried to pharmacologically improve cognitive function for millennia, but Larriviere and colleagues postulate that new, more effective drugs will lead to the emergence of  "cosmetic neurology." The ethics of using drugs to improve performance, as opposed to treating disease or restoring normal function, are far from settled.

Beliefs about the relative harm of "light" and "low tar" cigarettes: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey

BACKGROUND

Many smokers in Western countries perceive "light" or "low tar" cigarettes as less harmful and less addictive than "regular" or "full flavoured" cigarettes. However, there is little research on whether similar perceptions exist among smokers in low and middle incomes, including China.

OBJECTIVE

To characterise beliefs about "light" and "low tar" cigarettes among adult urban smokers in China.

METHODS

We analysed data from Wave 1 of the ITC China Survey, a face-to-face household survey of 4732 adult Chinese smokers randomly selected from six cities in China in 2006. Households were sampled using a stratified multistage design.

FINDINGS

Half (50.0%) of smokers in our sample reported having ever tried a cigarette described as "light," "mild" or "low tar". The majority of smokers in our sample (71%) believed that "light" and/or "low tar" cigarettes are less harmful compared to "full flavoured" cigarettes. By far the strongest predictor of the belief that "light" and/or "low tar" cigarettes are less harmful was the belief that "light" and/or "low tar" cigarettes feel smoother on the respiratory system (p<0.001, OR=53.87, 95% CI 41.28 to 70.31).

CONCLUSION

Misperceptions about "light" and/or "low tar" cigarettes were strongly related to the belief that these cigarettes are smoother on the respiratory system. Future tobacco control policies should go beyond eliminating labelling and marketing that promotes "light" and "low tar" cigarettes by regulation of product characteristics (for example, additives, filter vents) that reinforce perceptions that "light" and "low tar" cigarettes are smoother on the respiratory system and therefore less harmful.

A cross-sectional study on levels of second-hand smoke in restaurants and bars in five cities in China

OBJECTIVES

To assess indoor second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in restaurants and bars via PM(2.5) (fine particles 2.5 μm in diameter and smaller) level measurements in five cities in China.

METHODS

The study was conducted from July to September in 2007 in Beijing, Xi'an, Wuhan, Kunming and Guiyang. Portable aerosol monitors were used to measure PM(2.5) concentrations in 404 restaurants and bars. The occupant density and the active smoker density were calculated for each venue sampled.

RESULTS

Among the 404 surveyed venues, 23 had complete smoking bans, 9 had partial smoking bans and 313 (77.5%) were observed to have allowed smoking during sampling. The geometric mean of indoor PM(2.5) levels in venues with smoking observed was 208 μg/m(3) and 99 μg/m(3) in venues without observed smoking. When outdoor PM(2.5) levels were adjusted, indoor PM(2.5) levels in venues with smoking observed were consistently significantly higher than in venues without smoking observed (F=80.49, p<0.001). Indoor PM(2.5) levels were positively correlated with outdoor PM(2.5) levels (partial rho=0.37 p<0.001) and active smoker density (partial rho=0.34, p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Consistent with findings in other countries, PM(2.5) levels in smoking places are significantly higher than those in smoke-free places and are strongly related to the number and density of active smokers. These findings document the high levels of SHS in hospitality venues in China and point to the urgent need for comprehensive smoke-free laws in China to protect the public from SHS hazards, as called for in Article 8 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which was ratified by China in 2005.