Cloning of an inr- and E-box-binding protein, TFII-I, that interacts physically and functionally with USF1

The transcription factor TFII-I has been shown to bind independently to two distinct promoter elements, a pyrimidine-rich initiator (Inr) and a recognition site (E-box) for upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1), and to stimulate USF1 binding to both of these sites. Here we describe the isolation of a cDNA encoding TFII-I and demonstrate that the corresponding 120 kDa polypeptide, when expressed ectopically, is capable of binding to both Inr and E-box elements. The primary structure of TFII-I reveals novel features that include six directly repeated 90 residue motifs that each possess a potential helix-loop/span-helix homology. These unique structural features suggest that TFII-I may have the capacity for multiple protein-protein and, potentially, multiple protein-DNA interactions. Consistent with this hypothesis and with previous in vitro studies, we further demonstrate that ectopic TFII-I and USF1 can act synergistically, and in some cases independently, to activate transcription in vivo through both Inr and the E-box elements of the adenovirus major late promoter. We also describe domains of USF1 that are necessary for its independent and synergistic activation functions.

Cloning, chromosome localization, expression, and characterization of an Src homology 2 and pleckstrin homology domain-containing insulin receptor binding protein hGrb10gamma

hGrb10alpha (previously named Grb-IR) is a Src-homology 2 domain-containing protein that binds with high affinity to the tyrosine-phosphorylated insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. At least two isoforms of human Grb10, (hGrb10alpha and hGrb10beta), which differ in the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and the N-terminal sequence, have previously been identified in insulin target tissues such as human skeletal muscle and fat cells. Here we report the cloning of the third isoform of the hGrb10 family (hGrb10gamma) from human skeletal muscle and its localization to human chromosome 7. We have also determined the human chromosome localization of Grb7 to 17q21-q22 and Grb14 to chromosome 2. hGrb10gamma contains an intact PH domain and an N-terminal sequence that is present in hGrb10alpha but absent in hGrb10beta. RNase protection assays and Western blot analysis showed that hGrb10alpha and hGrb10gamma are differentially expressed in insulin target cells including skeletal muscle, liver, and adipocyte cells. hGrb10gamma is also expressed in HeLa cells and various breast cancer cell lines. The protein bound with high affinity to the insulin receptor in cells, and the interaction was dependent on the tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor. hGrb10gamma also underwent insulin-stimulated membrane translocation and serine phosphorylation. hGrb10gamma phosphorylation was inhibited by PD98059, a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, and wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Taken together, our data suggest that hGrb10 isoforms are potential downstream signaling components of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and that the PH domain may play an important role in the involvement of these isoforms in signal transduction pathways initiated by insulin and other growth factors.

Electrophysiological forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Beijing suburb

OBJECTIVE

To recognize different forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) in northern China.

METHODS

Twenty-one cases were found in two counties of Beijing suburb from January 1993, to December, 1994. Multiple electrophysiological studies including magnetic motor evoked potential, F-wave, motor and sensory conduction velocity, blink reflex and needle electromyography were conducted on nineteen cases of them. Twelve cases accepted electrophysiological follow-up study.

RESULTS

Altogether 17 cases showed demyelination features in multiple electrodiagnosis. Ten cases of them were accompanied by different extent of axonal lesion. Only one case showed main or primary axonal lesion.

CONCLUSIONS

Demyelination is the main type of pathophysiological lesion of GBS in Beijing suburb. Different extent of axonal lesion can appear in some cases, but primary and main axonal type is rare in this area.

A clinical study on compound da huang (radix et Rhizoma rhei) preparations for improvement of senile persons' memory ability

By comparison of the effects of the Compound Tong Jiang Oral Liquid with Da Huang added (TJ [symbol: see text]) and Qi Yin Oral Liquid (QY [symbol: see text]) without Da Huang on senile persons' memory ability, it is discovered that the effects of TJ on shortening the interval between defecations and the duration of defecation, and on improving senile persons' memory ability are significantly better than that of QY (P < 0.05). In addition, TJ can also decrease the serum content of lipid peroxidase and increase the superoxide dismutase activity in red blood cells (RBC). Thus, it is demonstrated that Dahuang and its agents possess the action of anti-senility and can improve mentality.

Liver-directed gene transfer in non-human primates

To develop a primate model for liver-directed gene therapy, we studied several gene transfer vehicles and routes in eight rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). For this purpose, we used first-generation, replication-deficient adenoviral vectors carrying the Escherichia coli lacZ gene (Ad.CMVlacZ) or a lacZ-containing plasmid (pCMV beta) with lipofectamine for transfection. The reporter gene construct was infused into either the portal vasculature, common bile duct, or saphenous vein. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer via the portal vein resulted in expression of lacZ in over 70% of hepatocytes by days 3-7, but was accompanied by acute hepatitis. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer via the common bile duct resulted in lacZ expression in less than 10% of hepatocytes and was accompanied by portal inflammation. The animals mounted a significant immune response, as demonstrated by adenoviral antigen-induced T-cell proliferation and production of neutralizing anti-adenovirus antibodies and antibodies to E. coli beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal). Activation of the immune response was associated with rapid decrease of the reporter gene by days 13-21. Lipofectamine-mediated gene transfer was inefficient, and no lacZ expression in the liver was detected. To limit the host immune response, 4 animals were immunosuppressed by cyclophosphamide/prednisone and then infused with the Ad.CMVlacZ via the portal vein or the saphenous vein. The monkeys showed sustained expression of lacZ for up to 35 days with no evidence of inflammation. The primates transduced via the saphenous vein showed a level of beta-Gal expression in the liver similar to that of the portal vein-infused animals. In conclusion, adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to non-human primate livers via the portal vein or saphenous vein is efficient, but it results in transient expression and is accompanied by an immune response to both vector and transgene products and acute hepatitis, whereas lipofectamine-mediated transfer is inefficient. Manipulation of the host immune response may expand potential applications of adenoviral vectors for liver-directed gene transfer.

Exaggerated pulmonary hypertension with monocrotaline in rats susceptible to chronic mountain sickness

Hilltop (H) strain Sprague-Dawley rats are more susceptible to chronic mountain sickness than are the Madison (M) strain rats. It is unclear what role pulmonary vascular remodeling, polycythemia, and hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction play in mediating the more severe pulmonary hypertension that develops in the H rats during chronic hypoxia. It is also unclear whether the increased sensitivity of the H rats to chronic mountain sickness is specific for a hypoxia effect or, instead, reflects a general propensity toward the development of pulmonary hypertension. Monocrotaline (MCT) causes pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension. We hypothesized that the difference in the pulmonary vascular response to chronic hypoxia between H and M rats reflects an increased sensitivity of the H rats to any pulmonary hypertensive stimuli. Consequently, we expected the two strains to also differ in their susceptibility to MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary arterial pressures in conscious H and M rats were measured 3 wk after a single dose of MCT, exposure to a simulated high altitude of 18,000 ft (barometric pressure = 380 mmHg), and administration of a single dose of saline as a placebo. The H rats had significantly higher pulmonary arterial pressures and right ventricular weights after MCT and chronic hypoxia than did the M rats. The H rats also had more pulmonary vascular remodeling, i.e., greater wall thickness as a percentage of vessel diameter, after MCT and chronic hypoxia than did the M rats. The H rats had significantly lower arterial PO2 than did the M rats after MCT, but the degree of hypoxemia was mild [arterial PO2 of 72.5 +/- 0.8 (SE) Torr for H rats vs. 77.4 +/- 0.8 Torr for M rats after MCT]. The H rats had lower arterial PCO2 and larger minute ventilation values than did the M rats after MCT. These ventilatory differences suggest that MCT caused more severe pulmonary vascular damage in the H rats than in the M rats. These data support the hypothesis that the H rats have a general propensity to develop pulmonary hypertension and suggest that differences in pulmonary vascular remodeling account for the increased susceptibility of H rats, compared with M rats, to both MCT and chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.

Grafted poly-(ethylene glycol) on lipid surfaces inhibits protein adsorption and cell adhesion

Monolayers of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) mixing with various mole percentages of distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE)-conjugated poly-(ethylene glycol) (PEG m.w. 750-5000) were deposited on DPPE-coated glass surfaces by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. Increasing percentages of grafted PEG in these supported lipid surfaces increasingly inhibit the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA), laminin, and fibronectin. Increasing percentages of grafted PEG also inhibit the adhesion of erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages to these supported lipid surfaces. The adsorption of proteins on lipid coated glass surfaces were assayed by the fluorescence of FITC-labelled proteins. Cell adhesion was measured mainly by microscopic counting. The concentration of PEG-grafted lipids required for the inhibition of erythrocyte adhesion decreases with increasing molecular weight of the grafted PEG. The inhibitory effects are strongly dependent on the graft density of PEG at low concentrations, but weakly dependent on graft density at higher concentrations. For DSPE-PEG5000, the change of graft density dependency occurs approximately at the complete coverage of the lipid surface by the grafted polymer in the mushroom conformation (0.7 mol%), and the transition to partial brush conformation. The change-overs become less distinctive for grafted PEG of lower molecular weights, probably due to the failure of strictly mushroom and brush models of the polymer. The relative inhibitory efficiency is protein or cell dependent. The implication on the function of stealth liposomes is discussed.

Development of necrosis and activation of disease resistance in transgenic tobacco plants with severely reduced catalase levels

Numerous studies argue that salicylic acid (SA) is an important component of the plant signal transduction pathway(s) leading to disease resistance. The discovery that the SA-binding protein is a catalase, whose activity is blocked by SA, led to the proposal that one of SA's modes of action is to inhibit this H2O2-degrading enzyme and thus elevate H2O2 levels. To test this model, an attempt was made to mimic the action of SA by reducing the synthesis of catalase using antisense RNA technology. Analyses of transgenic tobacco plants that expressed the tobacco catalase 1 (cat1) or catalase 2 (cat2) gene in an antisense orientation indicate that there is no correlation between modest to high levels of reduction in catalase activity and activation of plant defenses such as pathogenesis-related (PR)-1 protein synthesis. However, three independent antisense catalase transgenic plants (ASCAT1 Nos 16, 17, and 28), which exhibited the most severe reduction in catalase activity (approximately 90% or more), developed chlorosis or necrosis on some of their lower leaves. These same leaves accumulated very high levels of PR-1 proteins and showed enhanced resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. Necrosis and elevated SA, which appear to result from severe depression of catalase levels, may be responsible for the induction of these defense responses.

The trp RNA-binding attenuation protein regulates TrpG synthesis by binding to the trpG ribosome binding site of Bacillus subtilis

The trpG gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes a glutamine amidotransferase subunit which is involved in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan and folic acid. The trp RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP) is involved in controlling expression of trpG at the level of translation in response to changes in the intracellular concentration of tryptophan. We performed in vitro experiments using purified TRAP to elucidate the mechanism of TRAP-dependent trpG regulation. A TRAP-trpG RNA footprint analysis showed that tryptophan-activated TRAP interacts with one UAG, one AAG, and seven GAG repeats present in the trpG transcript. Results from ribosome and TRAP toeprint experiments indicated that the ribosome and TRAP binding sites overlap. Experiments with a B. subtilis cell-free translation system demonstrated that TRAP inhibits TrpG synthesis. Thus, TRAP regulates translation of trpG by blocking ribosome access to the trpG ribosome binding site. Our results are consistent with a model in which each tryptophan-activated TRAP subunit interacts with one trinucleotide repeat in an RNA target, thereby wrapping the transcript around the periphery of the TRAP complex.

[Constuction of an improved system for the determination of fidelity of polymerase in PCR]

A system used for the determination of fidelity of DNA polymerase in PCR was developed in E.coli and was used to determine the fidelity of FD DNA polymerase in PCR amplication. Frame shift and base substitution mutations were created in vitro in the lacZ gene in pUC118 and pUC119. As a result, a set of six derived plasmids namely pFDFM118 and pFDFM119 (-1 frame shift), pFDFP118 and pFDFP119 (+1 frame shift), pFDFU118 and pFDFU119 (base substitution) were obtained. All of them failed to carry out lacZ alpha-complementation in E.coli MV1184 and the colonies appeared white on medium with X-Gal and IPTG consequently. PCR reaction was carried out using these derived plasmids as templates and the PCR products were ligated to specially constructed cloning vectors pFDFL118 or pFDFL119, and the ligated products were used to transform MV1184. If any back mutation happens to occur during PCR, the transformants would appear blue on medium with X-Gal and IPTG. By scoring the number of blue and white colonies, the fidelity of DNA polymerase can be calculated. With this system the error of replication of the FD DNA polymerase was found to be 10(-5)-10(-6).

Identification of a Soluble, High-Affinity Salicylic Acid-Binding Protein in Tobacco

Salicylic acid (SA) is a key component in the signal transduction pathway(s), leading to the activation of certain defense responses in plants after pathogen attack. Previous studies have identified several proteins, including catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, through which the SA signal might act. Here we describe a new SA-binding protein. This soluble protein is present in low abundance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves and has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 25,000. It reversibly binds SA with an apparent dissociation constant of 90 nM, an affinity that is 150-fold higher than that between SA and catalase. The ability of most analogs of SA to compete with labeled SA for binding to this protein correlated with their ability to induce defense gene expression and enhanced resistance. Strikingly, benzothiadiazole, a recently described chemical activator that induces plant defenses and disease resistance at very low rates of application, was the strongest competitor, being much more effective than unlabeled SA. The possible role of this SA-binding protein in defense signal transduction is discussed.

[Quality criteria for bazhen shennongyin liquor]

Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Paeoniae Alba and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei in Bazhen Shengnongyin Liquor were identified by TLC. The contents of ginsenoside Rb1 in the preparation was determined by TLCS. Simple, accurate and reproducible, this method could be used as the quality criteria for this preparation.

Arabinogalactan-proteins: a class of extracellular matrix proteoglycans involved in plant growth and development

Arabinogalactanproteins (AGPs) are proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix o f most plants. Since the late 1980s, AGPs have attracted widespread attention from plant biologists following reports of their involvement in plant development. In particular, the use of monoclonal antibodies to carbohydrate epitopes of AGPs has demonstrated stage- and tissue-specificity and has led to suggestions that they are involved in tissue morphogenesis. The recent cloning of the genes for several AGP protein backbones allows us to consider new strategies to address their function. Here, we summarize our knowledge of AGPs and consider parallels with animal proteoglycans as a possible framework for future work.

Pancuronium increases pulmonary arterial pressure in lung injury

We studied 25 mongrel dogs who were anaesthetized and their lungs ventilated for investigation of the effects of pancuronium on pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in the normal lung, in oleic acid-induced lung injury and in lung injury with hypoxaemia. In the normal lung, PAP was not affected by pancuronium. During lung injury, however, PAP was increased from 21.5 (SD 2.8) to 24.6 (4.2) mm Hg (P < 0.01) and from 22.0 (4.2) to 27.0 (5.8) mm Hg (P < 0.01) after pancuronium 0.08 mg kg-1 and 0.16 mg kg-1, respectively, and from 26.0 (2.9) to 37.1 (3.1) mm Hg after pancuronium 0.16 mg kg-1 when hypoxaemia was present (P < 0.01). The increase in PAP induced by pancuronium was associated with increases in cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance. Pretreatment with phentolamine attenuated the pancuronium-induced increase in PAP. The increase in PAP induced by pancuronium was also reduced by vagotomy. If these results in dogs are relevant clinically, then pancuronium should be avoided as a neuromuscular blocker in lung injury.

Tissue and cellular specific expression of murine lysosomal acid lipase mRNA and protein

Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is essential to the intracellular control of cholesterol and triglyceride catabolism via the low density lipoprotein (LDL) delivery of these neutral lipids to the lysosome. Deficiency of LAL in humans leads to Wolman disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease that result, respectively, in the intralysosomal storage of both neutral lipids or only cholesteryl esters. The mouse and human LAL cDNAs were cloned. The deduced amino acid sequences from the mouse and human LAL had high similarity (95%) and identity (75%) including conservation of the active center motifs (G-X-S-X-G) and five potential N-glycosylation consensus sequences. Tissue specific expression of LAL mRNA and protein in mouse tissues was evaluated by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The LAL mRNA was expressed at low levels in most tissues. High level expression was found in hepatocytes and splenic and thymic cells. Very high level expression was observed in cells of the small intestinal villi, the zona fasciculata and reticularis of the adrenal cortex, pancreatic acini, and renal tubular epithelium. Significant levels of expression were detected in epithelial cells of choroid plexus in developing mouse embryo by day 12, in liver and lung by day 14, and in small intestine and kidney by day 16. Similar distribution of LAL protein was observed by immunofluorescence stain. Our results show that the expression of LAL is regulated in a tissue- and cell-specific manner that corresponds to the pathologic involvement in Wolman disease.-Du, H., D. P. Witte, and G. A. Grabowski. Tissue and cellular specific expression of murine lysosomal acid lipase mRNA and protein.

Molecular characterization of a stigma-specific gene encoding an arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) from Nicotiana alata

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) were isolated from the pistils of Nicotiana alata, deglycosylated, and the protein backbones fractionated by reversed-phase HPLC as previously reported. A major fraction, RT35 was isolated and peptide sequences were obtained after protease digestion. A gene-specific degenerate oligonucleotide was designed according to the amino acid sequences and a 380 bp PCR fragment was amplified in vitro from pistil RNA. The PCR fragment was used to screen a pistil cDNA library and a 762 bp cDNA clone (AGPNa3) was isolated and sequenced. The AGPNa3 cDNA encodes a 169 amino acid protein which consists of three domains: an N-terminal secretion signal, a Pro-rich domain and a C-terminal Cys-rich domain. The mature protein has 145 amino acid residues (16.7 kDa) and a predicted pl of 7.5. Northern blot analyses showed that the AGPNa3 gene was only expressed in the pistils of N. alata and of closely related Nicotiana species but not in other plants or suspension-cultured cells. Further Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization showed that within the pistil, it was primarily expressed in the stigmatic tissues of mature flowers.

Extracellular proteins needed for C. elegans mechanosensation

The mec-5 and mec-9 genes encode putative extracellular proteins that allow a set of six touch receptor neurons in C. elegans to respond to gentle touch. MEC-5 is a collagen made by the epidermal cells that surround the touch cells. Mutations causing touch insensitivity affect the Gly-X-Y repeats of this collagen. mec-9 produces two transcripts, the larger of which is expressed in the touch cells and two PVD neurons. This transcript encodes a protein with 5 Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domains, 6 EGF-like repeats (2 of the Ca(2+)-binding type), and a glutamic acid-rich region. Missense mutations causing touch insensitivity affect both the EGF-like and Kunitz domains. Since mec-9 loss of function mutations dominantly enhance the touch insensitive phenotype of several mec-5 mutations, MEC-5 and MEC-9 may interact. We propose that these proteins provide an extracellular attachment point for the mechanosensory channels of the touch cells.

Characterization of lysosomal acid lipase by site-directed mutagenesis and heterologous expression

Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is essential for the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters and triglycerides that are delivered to the lysosomes via the low density lipoprotein receptor system. The deficiency of LAL is associated with cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) and Wolman's disease (WD). We cloned the human LAL cDNA and expressed the active enzyme in the baculovirus system. Two molecular forms (M(r) approximately 41,000 and approximately 46,000) with different glycosylation were found intracellularly, and approximately 24% of the M(r) approximately 46,000 form was secreted into the medium. Tunicamycin treatment produced only an inactive M(r) approximately 41,000 form. This result implicates glycosylation occupancy in the proper folding for active-site function. Catalytic activity was greater toward cis- than trans-unsaturated fatty acid esters of 4-methylumbelliferone and toward esters with 7-carbon length acyl chains. LAL cleaved cholesterol esters and mono-, tri-, and diglycerides. Heparin had a biphasic effect on enzymatic activity with initial activation followed by inhibition. Inhibition of LAL activity by tetrahydrolipstatin and diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate suggested the presence of active serines in binding/catalytic domain(s) of the protein. Site-directed mutagenesis at two putative active centers, GXSXG, showed that Ser153 was important to catalytic activity, whereas Ser99 was not and neither was the catalytic nucleophile. Three reported mutations (L179P, L336P, and delta AG302 deletion) from CESD patients were created and expressed in the Sf9 cell system. None cleaved cholesterol esters, and L179P and L336P cleaved only triolein at approximately 4% of wild-type levels. These results suggest that mechanisms, in addition to LAL defects, may operate in the selective accumulation of cholesterol esters or triglycerides in CESD and WD patients.

Assessment of cerebral pO2 by EPR oximetry in rodents: effects of anesthesia, ischemia, and breathing gas

This report describes experiments designed to assess and illustrate the effectiveness of a new method for the measurement of cerebral interstitial pO2 in conscious rodents. It is based on the use of low frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with lithium phthalocyanine as the oxygen sensitive probe. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to document placement of the probe in the brain, and to assess potential cerebral changes associated with the placement. The technique provided accurate and reproducible measurements of localized pO2 in the brains of conscious rodents under a variety of physiological conditions and for time periods of at least 2 weeks. Using this approach we quantitated the depressing effects on cerebral pO2 of three representative anesthetics, isoflurane, ketamine/xylazine, and sodium pentobarbital. The effects of changing the content of oxygen in the breathing gas was investigated and found to change the cerebral pO2. In experiments with gerbils, crystals of lithium phthalocyanine were implanted in each side of the brain and using a one-dimensional magnetic field gradient, simultaneous measurement of pO2 values from normal and ischemic (ischemia induced by unilateral ligation of a carotid artery) hemispheres of the brain were obtained. These results demonstrate that EPR oximetry with lithium phthalocyanine is a versatile and useful method in the measurement of cerebral pO2 under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

A clinical and neuroelectrophysiological study of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

A case of atypical hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by hyperkalemic test, cold water test, and differentiation of attack period and rest period by the measurement of motor nerve conduction amplitude. Etio-pathology of this disease is discussed from the view of neuroelectrophysiology.

Isolation of the protein backbone of an arabinogalactan-protein from the styles of Nicotiana alata and characterization of a corresponding cDNA

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) from the styles of Nicotiana alata were isolated by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. After deglycosylation by anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, the protein backbones were fractionated by reversed-phase HPLC. One of the protein backbones, containing mainly hydroxyproline, alanine, and serine residues (53% of total residues), was digested with proteases, and the peptides were isolated and sequenced. This sequence information allowed the cloning of a 712-bp cDNA, AGPNa1. AGPNa1 encodes a 132-amino acid protein with three domains: an N-terminal secretion signal sequence, which is cleaved from the mature protein; a central sequence, which contains most of the hydroxyproline/proline residues; and a C-terminal hydrophobic region. AGPNa1 is expressed in many tissues of N. alata and related species. The arrangement of domains and amino acid composition of the AGP encoded by AGPNa1 are similar to that of an AGP from pear cell suspension culture filtrate, although the only sequence identity is at the N termini of the mature proteins.

[Surgical removal of macular epiretinal membrane]

Vitreous surgery was used to remove macular epiretinal membranes in 15 eyes of 15 cases of which 7 were idiopathic and 8 secondary. In the period of postoperative follow-up, the visual acuity improved in 14 eyes (93%), in which 57% improved 3 or more than 3 lines. The visual recovery is related to the time of operation chosen. No complication was noted, except development of a paracentral scotoma in 1 eye.

S-RNase gene of Nicotiana alata is expressed in developing pollen

In the solanaceous plant Nicotiana alata, self-incompatibility is controlled by a single, multiallelic locus (S locus) expressed in both pollen and pistil. Previously, we have shown cosegregation between alleles of the S locus and alleles of a gene that encodes a glycoprotein with ribonuclease activity (S-RNase). Furthermore, expression of the S-RNase gene is apparently confined to the pistil and is correlated with the onset of self-incompatibility. In this paper, we report that the S-RNase gene is also expressed at low levels in developing pollen. A transcript in developing pollen hybridized to a cDNA encoding the S2-RNase allele of the parent plant and did not hybridize to cDNAs encoding other S-RNase alleles. Two cDNAs for the S2-RNase were cloned from a library derived from anthers of a plant homozygous for the S2 allele and both corresponded to the coding sequence of the S2-RNase. The product of the S-RNase gene was detected by immunocytochemistry in the intine of mature, hydrated pollen grains. These results are interpreted in the light of current knowledge of the structure of the S locus.