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Merchant M, Marik J, Peng J, Williams SP, Ogasawara A, Tinianow JN, Bhadrasetty V, Lang L, Lee SM, Kim I, Williams M, Szajek L, Raffensperger KE, Cecchi F, Jagoda E, Choyke PL, Paik C, Bottaro DP. Proof of concept of immuno-PET molecular imaging of met using 76Br- and 89Zr-labeled MetMAb. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.10632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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252
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Kim YI, Kim HJ, Kwon YM, Kang YJ, Lee IH, Jin BR, Han YS, Kim I, Cheon HM, Ha NG, Seo SJ. RNA interference mediated knockdown of apolipophorin-III leads to knockdown of manganese superoxide dismutase in Hyphantria cunea. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 159:303-12. [PMID: 21458580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipophorin-III (apoLp-III), a hemolymph protein that facilitates lipid transport in aqueous media in insects was recently shown to play a role in insect immune activation. Here, we report another novel possible function of apoLp-III in insects. To identify genes affected by apoLp-III expression in larvae, we decreased endogenous apoLp-III mRNA in Hyphantria cunea (Hc) through RNA interference; subsequently, we observed lower levels of antioxidant enzymes, including manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione S-transferase, and immune proteins. Knockdown of Hc apoLp-III led to decreased MnSOD expression in fat body tissues and elevated superoxide anion levels in Hc fat body cells, suggesting that Hc apoLp-III is involved in the action and/or expression of antioxidant enzymes, especially MnSOD.
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Habib A, Kim I, Lee S, Boushey H, Ward T, Liu J, Schleimer R, Avila P, Cho S. Elevation Of Sputum Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Levels In The Subjects With Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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254
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Wan X, Li J, Kim M, Kang T, Jin B, Kim I. Population genetic structure of the migratory rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), inferred from the mitochondrial A+T-rich region and nuclear ITS2 sequences. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2011; 10:273-94. [DOI: 10.4238/vol10-1gmr1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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255
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Gupta L, Noh JY, Jo YH, Oh SH, Kumar S, Noh MY, Lee YS, Cha SJ, Seo SJ, Kim I, Han YS, Barillas-Mury C. Apolipophorin-III mediates antiplasmodial epithelial responses in Anopheles gambiae (G3) mosquitoes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15410. [PMID: 21072214 PMCID: PMC2970580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipophorin-III (ApoLp-III) is known to play an important role in lipid transport and innate immunity in lepidopteran insects. However, there is no evidence of involvement of ApoLp-IIIs in the immune responses of dipteran insects such as Drosophila and mosquitoes. Methodology/Principal Findings We report the molecular and functional characterization of An. gambiae apolipophorin-III (AgApoLp-III). Mosquito ApoLp-IIIs have diverged extensively from those of lepidopteran insects; however, the predicted tertiary structure of AgApoLp-III is similar to that of Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). We found that AgApoLp-III mRNA expression is strongly induced in the midgut of An. gambiae (G3 strain) mosquitoes in response to Plasmodium berghei infection. Furthermore, immunofluorescence stainings revealed that high levels of AgApoLp-III protein accumulate in the cytoplasm of Plasmodium-invaded cells and AgApoLp-III silencing increases the intensity of P. berghei infection by five fold. Conclusion There are broad differences in the midgut epithelial responses to Plasmodium invasion between An. gambiae strains. In the G3 strain of An. gambiae AgApoLp-III participates in midgut epithelial defense responses that limit Plasmodium infection.
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Kim MI, Wan X, Kim MJ, Jeong HC, Ahn NH, Kim KG, Han YS, Kim I. Phylogenetic relationships of true butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) inferred from COI, 16S rRNA and EF-1α sequences. Mol Cells 2010; 30:409-25. [PMID: 20853063 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular phylogenetic relationships among true butterfly families (superfamily Papilionoidea) have been a matter of substantial controversy; this debate has led to several competing hypotheses. Two of the most compelling of those hypotheses involve the relationships of (Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae) + (Pieridae + Papilionidae) and (((Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae) + Pieridae) + Papilionidae). In this study, approximately 3,500 nucleotide sequences from cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA), and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) were sequenced from 83 species belonging to four true butterfly families, along with those of three outgroup species belonging to three lepidopteran superfamilies. These sequences were subjected to phylogenetic reconstruction via Bayesian Inference (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Maximum Parsimony (MP) algorithms. The monophyletic Pieridae and monophyletic Papilionidae evidenced good recovery in all analyses, but in some analyses, the monophylies of the Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae were hampered by the inclusion of single species of the lycaenid subfamily Miletinae and the nymphalid subfamily Danainae. Excluding those singletons, all phylogenetic analyses among the four true butterfly families clearly identified the Nymphalidae as the sister to the Lycaenidae and identified this group as a sister to the Pieridae, with the Papilionidae identified as the most basal linage to the true butterfly, thus supporting the hypothesis: (Papilionidae + (Pieridae + (Nymphalidae + Lycaenidae))).
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Kim I, Ryu C, Choi I, Ham H, Shin E. Operation of a child injury prevention program in connection with local medical institutes: Safety Doctor. Inj Prev 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/ip.2010.029215.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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258
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Jeong HU, Mun HY, Oh HK, Kim SB, Yang KY, Kim I, Lee HB. Evaluation of insecticidal activity of a bacterial strain, Serratia sp. EML-SE1 against diamondback moth. J Microbiol 2010; 48:541-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-0221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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259
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Koh Y, Kim I, Bae JY, Song EY, Kim HK, Yoon SS, Lee DS, Park SS, Park MH, Park S, Kim BK. Prognosis of Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia is Affected by the Type of the Preceding Hematologic Disorders and the Presence of Trisomy 8. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 40:1037-45. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyq097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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260
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Chung J, Lee J, Kim J, Kim I, Choe B, Suh T. SU-GG-T-168: Comparison of Target Coverage and Organs at Risk Dose between Simultaneous Integrated Boost Whole Field IMRT and a Junctioned IMRT with Conventional Radiotherapy Field in Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Med Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3468558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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261
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Lee G, Kim I, Kim D, Kim S, Kim H, Kang J, Oh S. Association between XRCC1 gene haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms and non-small cell lung cancer in Korean patients. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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262
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Choo YM, Lee KS, Yoon HJ, Kim BY, Sohn MR, Roh JY, Je YH, Kim NJ, Kim I, Woo SD, Sohn HD, Jin BR. Dual function of a bee venom serine protease: prophenoloxidase-activating factor in arthropods and fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme in mammals. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10393. [PMID: 20454652 PMCID: PMC2862700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee venom contains a variety of peptides and enzymes, including serine proteases. While the presence of serine proteases in bee venom has been demonstrated, the role of these proteins in bee venom has not been elucidated. Furthermore, there is currently no information available regarding the melanization response or the fibrin(ogen)olytic activity of bee venom serine protease, and the molecular mechanism of its action remains unknown. Here we show that bee venom serine protease (Bi-VSP) is a multifunctional enzyme. In insects, Bi-VSP acts as an arthropod prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating factor (PPAF), thereby triggering the phenoloxidase (PO) cascade. Bi-VSP injected through the stinger induces a lethal melanization response in target insects by modulating the innate immune response. In mammals, Bi-VSP acts similarly to snake venom serine protease, which exhibits fibrin(ogen)olytic activity. Bi-VSP activates prothrombin and directly degrades fibrinogen into fibrin degradation products, defining roles for Bi-VSP as a prothrombin activator, a thrombin-like protease, and a plasmin-like protease. These findings provide a novel view of the mechanism of bee venom in which the bee venom serine protease kills target insects via a melanization strategy and exhibits fibrin(ogen)olytic activity.
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Kim SR, Hong MY, Park SW, Choi KH, Yun EY, Goo TW, Kang SW, Suh HJ, Kim I, Hwang JS. Characterization and cDNA cloning of a cecropin-like antimicrobial peptide, papiliocin, from the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus. Mol Cells 2010; 29:419-23. [PMID: 20213310 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cecropin is a well-studied antimicrobial peptide that is synthesized in fat body cells and hemocytes of insects in response to hypodermic injury or bacterial infection. A 503 bp cDNA encoding for a cecropin-like peptide was isolated by employing annealing control primer (ACP)-based differential display PCR and 5'-RACE with immunized Papilio xuthus larvae. The open reading frame of the isolated cDNA encoded for a 62-amino acid prepropeptide with a putative 22-residue signal peptide, a 2-residue propeptide, and a 38-residue mature peptide with a theoretical mass of 4060.89 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of the peptide evidenced a significant degree of identity with other lepidopteran cecropins. This peptide was named papiliocin. RTPCR results revealed that the papiliocin transcript was detected at significant levels after injection with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On the basis of the deduced amino acid sequence of papiliocin, a 38-mer mature peptide was chemically synthesized via the Fmoc method, and its antimicrobial activity was analyzed. The synthetic papiliocin peptide evidenced a broad spectrum of activity against fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and also evidenced no hemolytic activity against human red blood cells.
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Kim I, Kang ES, Yim YS, Ko SJ, Jeong SH, Rim JH, Kim YS, Ahn CW, Cha BS, Lee HC, Kim CH. A low-risk ZnT-8 allele (W325) for post-transplantation diabetes mellitus is protective against cyclosporin A-induced impairment of insulin secretion. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2010; 11:191-8. [PMID: 20351753 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2010.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SLC30A8 encodes the β-cell-specific zinc transporter-8 (ZnT-8) expressed in insulin secretory granules. The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs13266634 of SLC30A8 is associated with susceptibility to post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM). We tested the hypothesis that the polymorphic residue at position 325 of ZnT-8 determines the susceptibility to cyclosporin A (CsA) suppression of insulin secretion. INS (insulinoma)-1E cells expressing the W325 variant showed enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and were less sensitive to CsA suppression of GSIS. A reduced number of insulin granule fusion events accompanied the decrease in insulin secretion in CsA-treated cells expressing ZnT-8 R325; however, ZnT-8 W325-expressing cells exhibited resistance to the dampening of insulin granule fusion by CsA, and transported zinc ions into secretory vesicles more efficiently. Both tacrolimus and rapamycin caused similar suppression of GSIS in cells expressing ZnT-8 R325. However, cells expressing ZnT-8 W325 were resistant to tacrolimus, but not to rapamycin. The Down's syndrome candidate region-1 (DSCR1), an endogenous calcineurin inhibitor, overexpression and subsequent calcineurin inhibition significantly reduced GSIS in cells expressing the R325 but not the W325 variant, suggesting that differing susceptibility to CsA may be due to different interactions with calcineurin. These data suggest that the ZnT-8 W325 variant is protective against CsA-induced suppression of insulin secretion. Tolerance of ZnT-8 W325 to calcineurin activity may account for its protective effect in PTDM.
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Lee EM, Hong MY, Kim MI, Kim MJ, Park HC, Kim KY, Lee IH, Bae CH, Jin BR, Kim I. The complete mitogenome sequences of the palaeopteran insects Ephemera orientalis (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) and Davidius lunatus (Odonata: Gomphidae). Genome 2010; 52:810-7. [PMID: 19935929 DOI: 10.1139/g09-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the palaeopteran lineages (insect orders Ephemeroptera and Odonata) that have a problematic relationship with neopteran lineages are poorly represented by mitogenome sequences. In this study, we have determined the complete mitogenome of the oriental mayfly, Ephemera orientalis (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae), and the dragonfly Davidius lunatus (Odonata: Gomphidae). The 16 463 bp mitogenome of E. orientalis and the 15 912 bp mitogenome of D. lunatus have many of the features typically detected in insect mitogenomes. Although the initiation codon for the D. lunatus COI gene is the typical ATA, E. orientalis is unusual in that no typical start codon was detected in the start region of the COI gene. The A+T-rich regions of both mitogenomes have some unusual features. The E. orientalis A+T-rich region harbors two identical 55 bp sequences separated by 158 bp, and the D. lunatus A+T-rich region harbors a tandem repeat comprising two identical 261 bp copies and one partial copy of the repeat. Additionally, the A+T-rich regions of both mitogenomes harbor the stem-and-loop structures flanked by the conserved sequences "TA(A)TA" at the 5' end and "G(A)nT" at the 3' end, which have been suggested to be the signals involved in minor strand replication initiation. Furthermore, the D. lunatus A+T-rich region contains two tRNA-like structures with proper anticodon and cloverleaf structures.
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Kim RJ, Jo YH, Oh SH, Park CH, Noh MY, Lee HJ, Kim S, Lee YS, Kim I, Han YS. Cloning and expression pattern of a hemolin homologue from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Genes Genomics 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-010-0834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shin HJ, Kim HJ, Sohn SK, Min YH, Won JH, Kim I, Yoon HJ, Lee JH, Jo DY, Joo YD, Jung CW, Lee KH. Re-analysis of the Outcomes of Post-Remission Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Core Binding Factor According to Years of Patient Enrolment. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 40:556-66. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyq007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Métayer N, Lhôte M, Bahr A, Cohen ND, Kim I, Roussel AJ, Julliand V. Meal size and starch content affect gastric emptying in horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 36:436-40. [PMID: 15253086 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044868468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Feeding practices have been associated with colic in horses. If meal size and composition have an effect on gastric emptying, this could be one of the mechanisms by which feeding practices are related to the occurrence of colic. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of meal size and starch content on solid phase gastric emptying. METHODS Solid phase gastric emptying of 3 different radiolabelled meals, small low-starch (SmLS), small high-starch (SmHS) and large high-starch (LgHS) meals, was measured in 5 horses by scintigraphy using 99mTc-disofenin. Data were compared among meals using nonlinear mixed-effects models and paired t tests. RESULTS On a percentage basis, SmHS emptied significantly faster than LgHS and SmLS emptied significantly faster than SmHS meals. However, when meals of unequal size were compared by emptying rate in g/min and Kcal/min, LgHS emptied significantly faster than SmHS. CONCLUSIONS Meal size and composition affect gastric emptying. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Further work needs to be performed in order to substantiate the possibility of a relationship between digestive functions and occurrence of colic and gastric ulcers.
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Hu Z, Lee KS, Choo YM, Yoon HJ, Kim I, Wei YD, Gui ZZ, Zhang GZ, Sohn HD, Jin BR. Molecular characterization of a phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase from the bumblebee Bombus ignitus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 155:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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270
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Song C, Park S, Eom K, Kim J, Kim S, Kim J, Kim I. Potential Prognostic Value of HSP90 and PI3KA Expression in Breast Cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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271
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272
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Kim I, No M, Choi E. Targeting Her-2 Signaling Implicated in Radiation Response in Breast Cancer Cells: Alternative Strategies for Therapeutic Resistance. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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273
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Park J, Chung J, Park Y, Kim J, Kim H, Choi C, Choi Y, Ha S, Kim I, Ye S. Correlations between Potential Setup Errors and Dose Gradients when Verifying Patient Specific DQA Plans of IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Park Y, Choi Y, Park J, Kim J, Kim H, Choi C, Chie E, Kim I, Ye S. Assessing Intra-fractional and Inter-fractional Residual Motion of Liver using Repeated 4D-CT Scans for Respiratory Gated Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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275
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Kim MI, Baek JY, Kim MJ, Jeong HC, Kim KG, Bae CH, Han YS, Jin BR, Kim I. Complete nucleotide sequence and organization of the mitogenome of the red-spotted apollo butterfly, Parnassius bremeri (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and comparison with other lepidopteran insects. Mol Cells 2009; 28:347-63. [PMID: 19823774 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 15,389-bp long complete mitogenome of the endangered red-spotted apollo butterfly, Parnassius bremeri (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) was determined in this study. The start codon for the COI gene in insects has been extensively discussed, and has long remained a matter of some controversy. Herein, we propose that the CGA (arginine) sequence functions as the start codon for the COI gene in lepidopteran insects, on the basis of complete mitogenome sequences of lepidopteran insects, including P. bremeri, as well as additional sequences of the COI start region from a diverse taxonomic range of lepidopteran species (a total of 53 species from 15 families). In our extensive search for a tRNA-like structure in the A+T-rich region, one tRNA(Trp)-like sequence and one tRNA(Leu) (UUR)-like sequence were detected in the P. bremeri A+T-rich region, and one or more tRNA-like structures were detected in the A+T-rich region of the majority of other sequenced lepidopteran insects, thereby indicating that such features occur frequently in the lepidopteran mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated 13 amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of PCGs of the four macrolepidopteran superfamilies together with the Tortricoidea and Pyraloidea resulted in the successful recovery of a monophyly of Papilionoidea and a monophyly of Bombycoidea. However, the Geometroidea were unexpectedly identified as a sister group of the Bombycoidea, rather than the Papilionoidea.
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