Inhibition of Candida albicans by the anaerobic oral flora of mice in vitro

Candida albicans was grown anaerobically for 30 h in cultures of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the oral cavity of mice, in anaerobic flora culture filtrates, and in sterile broth as controls. In mixed cultures, C. albicans entered into a logarithmic death phase, while Candida cells grown in culture filtrates remained in a prolonged lag phase. C. albicans grown anaerobically in sterile broth produced a gradual increase in growth.

Self-recognition ability in mentally retarded adolescents

Self-recognition abilities of 30 mentally retarded adolescents were measured using an optical system and a psychophysical scaling procedure that results in a recognition threshold. Compared with college freshmen, the experimental group had significantly higher thresholds (p = .00003). Males were better than females at recognizing full-face self-images (p = .0238). Results were discussed in terms of the retarded adolescents' greater dependency on specific visual cues. The method is discussed as an advance over previous self-recognition methods because of accuracy and the capability of measuring a range of self-recognition abilities.

Geographical variation in some representatives of Haematoloechus Looss, 1899 (Trematoda:Haematoloechidae) from Canada and the United States

A total of 2162 lung flukes constituting eight species of Haematoloechus from freshly killed frogs in addition to 422 preserved specimens borrowed from private and institutional collections were examined.Data on the prevalence and extent of extracaecal loops, shape and orientation of testes and ovary, ratio between the transverse diameter of the oral sucker to that of the acetabulum (O/A ratio), ratio between the transverse diameter of the oral sucker to that of the pharynx, and egg size were studied.The extent of the extracaecal loops used in conjunction with orientation of testes and O/A ratio were considered reliable as indicators of some species (H. longiplexus, H. breviplexus, and H. medioplexus) but not for others (H. varioplexus, H. buttensis, H. parviplexus, and H. coloradensis and H. complexus). Too much interspecific overlap in these characters was noted, such that identification of the latter five species would be difficult and inaccurate. It is suggested that the specific status of the latter species be reevaluated.

Restriction of antigen recognition in mouse B lymphocytes by genes mapping within the major histocompatibility complex

B cells, like T cells, show genetic restrictions in their interactions with other cells. B cells from (C3H/HeJ X C57BL/6J)F1 mice were stimulated with foreign antigen (sheep erythrocytes, SRBC) in parental-strain irradiated hosts. They could be subsequently activated to antibody formation in vitro by SRBC presented on cells of the same parental type, and much less by SRBC on cells of the other parental type. The restriction was seen whether antigen was presented on macrophages or by activated T cells. Experiments with congenic mice showed that the restriction was controlled by the MHC locus. Restriction of F1 B cells to responsiveness against either parental haplotype was much more readily induced in bone marrow than in splenic populations. This restriction could be broken down by giving the irradiated host a second injection of antigen 3 weeks after the first; this probably reflects "reeducation" of the F1 B cells by SRBC associated with donor, F1-type macrophages. Normal unprimed spleen B cells also showed a strong preference for activation by SRBC in association with syngeneic activated T cells.

Restriction of antigen recognition in mouse B lymphocytes by genes mapping within the major histocompatibility complex

B cells, like T cells, show genetic restrictions in their interactions with other cells. B cells from (C3H/HeJ X C57BL/6J)F1 mice were stimulated with foreign antigen (sheep erythrocytes, SRBC) in parental-strain irradiated hosts. They could be subsequently activated to antibody formation in vitro by SRBC presented on cells of the same parental type, and much less by SRBC on cells of the other parental type. The restriction was seen whether antigen was presented on macrophages or by activated T cells. Experiments with congenic mice showed that the restriction was controlled by the MHC locus. Restriction of F1 B cells to responsiveness against either parental haplotype was much more readily induced in bone marrow than in splenic populations. This restriction could be broken down by giving the irradiated host a second injection of antigen 3 weeks after the first; this probably reflects "reeducation" of the F1 B cells by SRBC associated with donor, F1-type macrophages. Normal unprimed spleen B cells also showed a strong preference for activation by SRBC in association with syngeneic activated T cells.

Evaluation of ward group meetings in a psychiatric unit of a general hospital

Since the beginning of the century, group methods have played an increasingly important role in the treatment of patients suffering from psychological or physical disorders.