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Bradshaw SH, Gravel DH, Song X, Marginean EC, Robertson SJ. Abstract P5-01-01: Predicting OncoDX Recurrence Scores with Immunohistochemical Markers. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p5-01-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Standard immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed for invasive breast carcinoma includes ER, PR and Her2/Neu status, and these markers are used in conjunction with other patient and tumour factors to determine prognosis and guide treatment. Many, but not all, low stage, lymph node (LN) negative, ER positive patients have a good prognosis without chemotherapy. Thus a demand exists for predictive tools to stratify patient risk within this subgroup. It has been reported that, for a subset of ER positive Her2/Neu negative patients, the 21 gene OncotypeDX recurrence score (Onco-RS) adds independent prognostic information to that obtained from these standard IHC markers (1). As several genes analyzed for the Onco-RS relate to ER, PR, HER2/neu and proliferative status, it is reasonable to try to incorporate clinical-pathological variables and these IHC scores into a predictive model. Indeed, recent studies suggest that most of the additional information provided by the OncoDX-RS may be obtained more cost effectively using the Ki-67 IHC based proliferation percentage combined with a semi-quantitative assessment of standard IHC markers including ER and PR and Her2/neu (2). The aim of this study is to assess the ability of a simple combined IHC recurrence score (IHC-RS) to predict Onco-RS. The IHC-RS was derived from a simple semi-quantitative assessment of ER and PR combined with Ki-67 proliferation percentage.
Design: A cohort of 159 women aged 27–78 with ER positive, HER2/neu negative breast cancer completed Oncodx testing between March 2010 and May 2012. This sample reflects the population selected at our institution for Oncotype testing. The variables investigated for inclusion in a model to predict RS score included tumor grade, stage, patient age, Allred ER & PR and Ki-67 percentage.
Results and Discussion: A predictive model was developed to generate a recurrence score (IHC-RS) using stepwise multiple regression incorporating Allred ER score, Allred PR score and Ki-67 percentage. The best subset model (Schwartz BIC) accounted for 60.7% of the Onco-RS variability (adjusted R2 = 60.7, p = 0.05).
In addition, analysis of individual cases where the IHC-RS was not in agreement with the Onco-RS reveals that the Onco-RS, although technically highly reproducible, may suffer from sampling error. The IHC-RS is more robust with respect to sampling error, owing to the retention of tumor architecture inherent in IHC. IHC, however, can lack the technical reproducibility and transportability inherent in the Onco-RS methodology. There are clearly advantages to an ICH derived multi-score such as IHC-4 (3) or the simpler IHC-RS proposed in this study. Full utility of any IHC-based recurrence score will require standardization of testing and scoring both within and across different testing laboratories. In addition, full utility of any IHC based model will require direct correlation to patient outcome, rather than to a surrogate marker such as the Onco-RS used in this study.
1. M Dowsett et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Apr 10; 1829–1834 2. Cuzick J et al. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Nov 10;4273-8. 3. S Barton et al. British Journal of Cancer (2012) 106, 1760–1765.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-01-01.
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Bouganim N, Vandermeer L, Kuchuk I, Dent S, Hopkins S, Song X, Robbins D, Spencer P, Mazzarello S, Hilton JF, Amir E, Dranitsaris G, Addison C, Mallick R, Clemons MJ. Abstract P3-13-05: Evaluating efficacy of de-escalated bisphosphonate therapy in metastatic breast cancer patients at low-risk of skeletal related events. TRIUMPH: A pragmatic multicentre trial. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p3-13-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Optimal bisphosphonate (BP) dosing intervals for breast cancer patients (pts) with bone metastases (BM) remain unknown. BP are usually prescribed q3-4 wk regardless of individual pt risk for skeletal related events (SREs). Recent evidence (Amadori J Clin Oncol, 2012 suppl; abstr 9005) shows that q12 wk BP is as effective as q4 wk in pts previously treated with >9 cycles of q4 wk therapy. Hence, further evaluation of modified BP dosing strategies is warranted. The objective of the current study was to show in women with biochemically defined low-risk bone disease that IV BP use every q12 wk for 1 year is sufficient to maintain stability of the bone turnover [measured by serum c-telopeptide (CTx) or bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP)].
Methods: Eligible pts with BM, who had received >3 months of q3-4 wk IV BP and no systemic treatment change within 4 wks of study entry were enrolled. Low risk was defined as serum CTx <600 ng/L. Biochemical failure was defined as CTx levels >600 ng/L at baseline, weeks 6, 12, 24, 36 or 48. Evaluation of palliative benefit of 12-wk IV BP therapy was measured by SREs, analgesic use, and self-reported pain (BPI and FACT-BP).
Results: Between Oct. 2010-Sept. 2011, 85 pts consented to screening, with 13 found ineligible. In the 71 accrued pts baseline characteristics were: mean age 60 (SD 13), median time from breast cancer diagnosis to development of bone metastases 4 months (IQR 82), median duration of prior BP therapy 14 months (IQR 19), and mean number of SREs/yr prior to entering study 0.35 (SD 0.76). Baseline median CTx was 120 ng/L (IQR 240) and BSAP 9.2 IU/L (IQR 3). To date: 26/71 pts (36%) remain on study. Reasons for coming off study include; study completion (18), elevation of CTx >600ng/L (10), or on study SRE (3). An elevation of CTx between baseline and wk 6 was significantly associated with coming off study early (p = 0.008). For pts who had had an SRE before study entry the odds ratios for coming off study early due to an on study SRE or elevated CTx was 1.005 (CI 1.002–1.009; p = 0.007) and for coming off early for an SRE was 0.0245 (CI 0.061–0.094; p = 0.046) respectively. Of the 8/13 pts who were ineligible due to baseline CTx >600ng/L, 6 had an SRE within 1 year of screening.
Conclusion: De-escalating BP therapy to 12 weekly in low risk pts has advantages for both the pt and the health care system. Individual risk of SREs is highly variable, however baseline serum CTx levels <600 ng/L is associated with a low risk of subsequent SREs. While larger trials are required to assess whether increasing CTx with de-escalated therapy will lead to higher rates of SREs or not (Coleman et al. J Clin Oncol 2012 suppl; abstr 511). However, the results of this study and Amadori et al. would suggest that de-escalated BP treatment will likely become a new standard of care after a limited period of q 4wk treatment.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-13-05.
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Du J, Ma M, Zhao Q, Fang L, Chang J, Wang Y, Fei R, Song X. Mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits in the hippocampi of rats with chronic ischemia-induced vascular dementia. Neuroscience 2012; 231:345-52. [PMID: 23232258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD), defined as a loss of memory and cognitive function resulting from vascular lesions in the brain, is the second-most-common cause of dementia in the elderly, after Alzheimer's disease. In recent years, research has focused on the pathogenesis of VD, and mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits have been suggested to contribute to VD onset. To further investigate the role of mitochondria in VD, we used a rat model of VD, which involved permanent bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries (with a 1-week interval between artery occlusion to avoid an abrupt reduction in cerebral blood flow) leading to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Prior to occlusion, male Wistar rats underwent 7 days of Morris water maze training. Only animals that could swim and passed the Morris water maze test were chosen for the study. After 5 days of Morris water maze training, mitochondria from the hippocampi of rats, which were randomly selected from animals that could complete the Morris water maze test, were isolated for functional assessment. Mitochondria isolated from the hippocampi of rats from the ischemia group had decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase protein levels, and increased oxidative stress, as manifested by increased hydrogen peroxide production. The ischemia group mitochondria also exhibited decreased respiration coupled to decreased expression and activity of the electron transport chain complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase). These results indicate that the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is inhibited in the hippocampi of rats following chronic ischemia-induced VD. As the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism deficits, namely mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits directly affect the functions of neurons, it may contribute to VD onset.
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Mitnitski A, Song X, Rockwood K. Trajectories of changes over twelve years in the health status of Canadians from late middle age. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:893-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Croke JM, Vickers MM, E C, Heng DY, Reaume MN, Song X, Meng J, Asmis T, Lochrin C. Continuity clinics in oncology training programs in Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:e329-42. [PMID: 23144581 DOI: 10.3747/co.19.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Continuity clinics (ccs) give trainees an opportunity for longitudinal follow-up of a patient cohort. Trainees can function in a semi-autonomous manner and prepare for independent practice. Data about such clinics in Canada are limited. Our objective was to assess the utility of ccs in Canadian oncology training programs. METHODS Surveys were developed by the authors for medical and radiation oncology program directors (pds) and trainees, to assess the utility of ccs in Canadian oncology training programs.oncology patients, to assess their attitudes toward ccs. The pds were contacted by e-mail, using the Web site of the Canadian Resident Matching Service; the trainees were contacted by e-mail through the pds and their administrative assistants. Surveys were distributed electronically using SurveyMonkey. Patients were approached by staff oncologists during follow-up visits at The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre. RESULTS Completed surveys were received from 33% of trainees and 63% of pds contacted; patient surveys were completed by 95 patients. Participation in a cc was reported by 47% of responding pds and 37% of responding trainees. Among respondents, 80% rated the ccs as "important" or "very important" to training. The biggest challenge identified by trainees and pds was lack of clinic space. Most pds (57%) and trainees (59%) felt that the staff oncologist should review the patient only if the trainee has concerns, but only 37% of patients shared that view (p = 0.0002). However, many patients expressed the desire to participate in trainee education. CONCLUSIONS Continuity clinics are considered beneficial by pds and trainees. Patients desire more trainee supervision than the trainees themselves and the pds do, a factor that should be considered when implementing a cc.
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Zhang YL, Gao WG, Pang ZC, Sun JP, Wang SJ, Ning F, Song X, Kapur A, Qiao Q. Diabetes self-risk assessment questionnaires coupled with a multimedia health promotion campaign are cheap and effective tools to increase public awareness of diabetes in a large Chinese population. Diabet Med 2012; 29:e425-9. [PMID: 22853711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate costs and effectiveness of implementing a diabetes self-risk assessment (Diabetes Risk Score) questionnaire coupled with a multimedia health promotion campaign on changes in diabetes awareness in a large diabetes prevention programme. METHODS Between 2007 and 2010, a multimedia health promotion campaign was conducted targeting the 1.94 million population of Qingdao, China, using newspapers, radio programmes, distribution of free booklets and Diabetes Risk Score flyers. Diabetes awareness questionnaires filled out by people first interviewed in 2006 (survey A), before the initiation of the campaign, were compared with those first interviewed between 2007 and 2010 during the campaign period (survey B). The rates of diabetes awareness in both surveys were studied amongst adults aged 35-74 years without a prior history of diabetes, but with a Diabetes Risk Score of ≥ 14. RESULTS In survey B, 85, 82 and 76% of the urban participants correctly recognized obesity, family history of diabetes and physical inactivity, respectively, as important risk factors for diabetes; while the awareness rates were 43, 46 and 25%, respectively, in survey A (P < 0.001). The corresponding figures among rural participants were 65, 63 and 53% in survey B and 29, 22 and 11% in survey A (P < 0.001). To cover 1000 individuals, the programme spent €5.4 on the use of the Diabetes Risk Score flyer, €31.3 on the education booklet, €7.7 on the newspaper campaign and €37.5 on radio programmes. CONCLUSIONS The combination of a Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire with a multimedia health promotion campaign is a cheap and effective health promotion tool to raise public awareness of diabetes.
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Sahoo N, Dhanesar S, Song X, Poenisch F, Lii M, Li H, Amos R, Wu R, Gillin M, Zhu X. Determination of Spread Out Bragg Peak Factors and Range Shifter Factors From Measured Depth Dose Curves for Passively Scattered Proton Beams. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ren H, Song X, Shao J, Liu C, Zheng Y. Revascularisation of Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm near the Skull Base. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fang X, Shi J, Song X, Mitnitski A, Tang Z, Wang C, Yu P, Rockwood K. Frailty in relation to the risk of falls, fractures, and mortality in older Chinese adults: results from the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16:903-7. [PMID: 23208030 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-012-0368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Falls are well known to be associated with adverse health outcomes, especially when complicated by fracture. Falls are more common in people who are frail and readily related to several items in the frailty phenotype. Less is known about the relationship between falls and frailty defined as deficit accumulation. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between falls, fractures, and frailty based on deficit accumulation. DESIGN Representative cohort study, with 8 year follow-up. SETTING The Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). PARTICIPANTS 3,257 Chinese people aged 55+ years at baseline. MEASUREMENTS A frailty index (FI) was constructed using 33 health deficits, but excluding falls and fractures. The rates of falls, fractures and death as a function of age and the FI were analyzed. Multivariable models evaluated the relationships between frailty and the risk of recurrent falls, fractures, and mortality adjusting for age, sex, and education. Self or informant reported fall and fracture data were verified against participants' health records. RESULTS Of 3,257 participants at baseline (1992), 360 people (11.1%) reported a history of falls, and 238 (7.3%) reported fractures. By eight years, 1,155 people had died (35.3%). The FI was associated with an increased risk of recurrent falls (OR=1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.34-1.76), fractures (OR=1.07; 95% CI=0.94-1.22), and death (OR=1.50, 95% CI=1.41-1.60). The FI showed a significant effect on mortality in a multivariate Cox regression model (Hazard Rate=1.29, 95% CI=1.25-1.33). When adjusted for the FI, neither falls nor fractures were associated with mortality. CONCLUSION Falls and fractures were common in older Chinese adults, and associated with frailty. Only frailty was independently associated with death.
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Song X, Li C, Xu R, Wang K. Molecular-Ion-Imprinted Chitosan Hydrogels for the Selective Adsorption of Silver(I) in Aqueous Solution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3010989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang C, Song X, Mitnitski A, Yu P, Fang X, Tang Z, Shi J, Rockwood K. Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Smoking and Frailty: Results From the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 68:338-46. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Dhanesar S, Sahoo N, Taylor M, Song X, Poenisch F, Summers P, Li H, Zhu XR, Gillin M. SU-D-BRCD-01: Evaluation of Zebra Multi-Layer Ionization Chamber System for Patient Treatment Field and Machine QA for Spot Scanning and Passive Scattering Proton Beams. Med Phys 2012; 39:3613. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4734667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Song X, Sahoo N, Wu R, Taylor M, Georges R, Zhu X, Summers P, Gillin M. SU-E-T-291: Dosimetry of Double Scattered Proton Beam Fields Used for Cranio-Spinal Irradiation. Med Phys 2012; 39:3770. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4735359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Sun Y, Cao S, Yang M, Wu S, Wang Z, Lin X, Song X, Liao DJ. Basic anatomy and tumor biology of the RPS6KA6 gene that encodes the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-4. Oncogene 2012; 32:1794-810. [PMID: 22614021 PMCID: PMC3427418 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The RPS6KA6 gene encodes the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-4 (RSK4) that is still largely uncharacterized. In this study we identified a new RSK4 transcription initiation site and several alternative splice sites with a 5’RACE approach. The resulting mRNA variants encompass four possible first start codons. The first 15 nucleotides (nt) of exon 22 in mouse and the penultimate exon in both human (exon 21) and mouse (exon 24) RSK4 underwent alternative splicing, although the penultimate exon deleted variant appeared mainly in cell clines, but not in most normal tissues. Demethylation agent 5-azacytidine inhibited the deletion of the penultimate exon whereas two indolocarbazole-derived inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinase 4 or 6 induced deletion of the first 39 nt from exon 21 of human RSK4. In all human cancer cell lines studied, the 90-kD wild type RSK4 was sparse but, surprisingly, several isoforms at or smaller than 72-kD were expressed as detected by seven different antibodies. On immunoblots, each of these smaller isoforms often appeared as a duplet or triplet and the levels of these isoforms varied greatly among different cell lines and culture conditions. Cyclin D1 inhibited RSK4 expression and serum starvation enhanced the inhibition, whereas c-Myc and RSK4 inhibited cyclin D1. The effects of RSK4 on cell growth, cell death and chemoresponse depended on the mRNA variant or the protein isoform expressed, on the specificity of the cell lines, as well as on the anchorage-dependent or -independent growth conditions and the in vivo situation. Moreover, we also observed that even a given cDNA might be expressed to multiple proteins; therefore, when using a cDNA, one needs to exclude this possibility before attribution of the biological results from the cDNA to the anticipated protein. Collectively, our results suggest that whether RSK4 is oncogenic or tumor suppressive depends on many factors.
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Song X, Xu R, Wang K. High capacity adsorption of malachite green in a mesoporous tyre-derived activated carbon. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhu X, Graham N, Paquet L, Dent S, Song X. 114 Systemic Treatment Decision Making for Patients with Stage I and II, Hormone Receptor Positive, Her2/neu Negative Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)70182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Liu F, Liu S, Ma Z, Zhan X, Tao G, Cheng L, Song X. Assessment of left ventricular systolic function in fetuses without myocardial hypertrophy of gestational diabetes mellitus mothers using velocity vector imaging. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2012; 32:252-6. [DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2011.645092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zheng X, Chen R, Li N, Du W, Pei L, Zhang J, Ji Y, Song X, Tan L, Yang R. Socioeconomic status and children with intellectual disability in China. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2012; 56:212-220. [PMID: 21917049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability (ID) accounts for 70% of all disabilities among children in China's Second National Sampling Survey on Disability. Although studies have shown a relationship between social class and ID in children, none have investigated the association of socioeconomic variables in Chinese children with mild or severe ID. METHODS Data for children aged 0-6 years with and without ID were abstracted from the Second National Sampling Survey on Disability in China, conducted in 2006. Crude odds ratios showed the effect of sociodemographic factors on mild and severe ID. Adjusted odds ratios (OR(a) ) (95% confidence intervals) estimated the independent effects of these factors. RESULTS For both mild and severe ID, risk of having ID increased with male sex, birth to a woman aged 35 years and older, lower maternal education, mother's older age at delivery, lower income and rural residence. After age, gender and parent disability were controlled, mothers aged 35 years and older were more likely to have a child with ID: mild ID, OR(a) 1.47 (1.15-1.88); severe ID, OR(a) 1.32 (1.00-1.73). There was an approximate increasing monotonic risk of severe ID with increasing socioeconomic disadvantage: lowest income, OR(a) 3.00 (2.19-4.12); low income, OR(a) 2.28 (1.63-3.19); lower middle income, OR(a) 1.72 (1.27-2.33); middle income, OR(a) 1.73 (1.28-2.36). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant relationship between sociodemographic factors and ID. Similar patterns were found for both mild and severe ID. Recommendations are given for preventing ID in Chinese children.
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Sun L, Song X, Zhang Z. Mean residual life models with time-dependent coefficients under right censoring. Biometrika 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/biomet/asr065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Frechette D, Paquet L, Verma S, Clemons M, Wheatley-Price P, Gertler SZ, Song X, Graham N, Dent S. PD04-04: Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Early Stage Breast Cancer on Endocrine Therapy: Encouraging Results from a Prospective Study. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs11-pd04-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: While the side effects of endocrine therapy (ET) for early stage breast cancer (EBC) have been extensively studied, the link between ET and sexual dysfunction (SD) remains a contentious issue. Most studies have focused on documenting only the presence of problems in specific domains of endocrine symptoms (ES) (e.g. hot flushes, vaginal dryness) and sexual functioning (SF) (interest, satisfaction, arousal, lubrication) without also taking sexual distress into account. To our knowledge, there have been no prospective longitudinal studies evaluating SF and SD before the onset of ET and after treatment initiation. We report the initial 6 month results of this study of SD in women initiating ET for EBC.
Methods: Hormone receptor positive EBC post-menopausal women were approached for a larger study of SF aimed at comparing the prevalence of SD across endocrine agents (tamoxifen vs aromatase inhibitor) and at evaluating the impact of anxious predisposition and ES on SD. Here we report on changes in ES, SF and SD after 6 months of ET. SF was evaluated with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) while sexual distress was assessed with the Female Sexual Distress Scale. ES were measured with FACT-B ES subscale. Participants completed questionnaires prior to initiation (T0) of ET and at 6 months (T1). SD was assessed using the APA classification.
Results: Between January 2009 and May 2011, 118 EBC patients entered the study and 83 have completed both assessments (mean age 62; 30% received chemotherapy). Over time, the levels of ES increased (p <0.001). Despite the worsening of ES at T1, no decline in SF was observed, this for each FSFI domain (desire, arousal, lubrication, discomfort during intercourse and satisfaction). There was no change in the percentage of women reporting 1 or more sexual problems over time (85% vs 87%, ns) nor in the percentage who were sexually distressed (32% vs 34%, ns). The prevalence of SD did not increase after 6 months of ET (T0=28% vs T1=33%, ns). There were no differences in the percentage of women who worsened (i.e., no SD at T0 but SD at T1, 12%) and those who improved (SD at T0 but no SD at T1, 7%) over time (McNemar X2, p >.5) Importantly, women classified as experiencing SD at T0 were more likely to also experience SD at T1 (OR=4.5, 95% CI=2.162 to 9.366) than women who had no SD at T0.
Discussion: This is the first prospective case cohort study evaluating ES, SF and SD in women with EBC on ET. The good news for women is that although ES increased during ET (p < 0.001), this did not have a negative impact on sexual problems (85% vs 87%, ns) or SD (32% vs 34%, ns). This is encouraging news but longer follow-up of these women will provide further insight into the impact of ET on ES and SD over time (> 6 months). The impact of specific types of ET on ES, and SD will also be evaluated. Of interest, the high uptake and high completion rate (>80%) of questionnaires, indicate this is a matter of relevance and importance to women taking adjuvant ET and merits acknowledgement and sensitive discussion.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PD04-04.
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Paquet L, Verma S, Collins B, Song X, Wheatley-Price P, Hopkins S, Segal R, Dent S, Mirsky D, Goel R, Young V, Clemons M, Keller O, Chinneck A, Young R, Bedard M. P4-15-01: High Prevalence of Prospective Memory (PM) Impairment in Early Breast Cancer (EBC) Survivors within 1 Year of Adjuvant Chemotherapy Completion: Novel Findings Concerning Post Chemotherapy Cognitive Effects. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs11-p4-15-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have demonstrated that EBC survivors report more memory problems than healthy controls. However, evidence of impairment on objective tests of memory remains inconclusive. Past research has focussed exclusively on retrospective memory (remembering information from the past when asked to do so), but the complaints of EBC patients appear better described as “prospective memory” failures defined as forgetting to carry out in the future previously formed intentions. The effective performance of many day-to-day activities relies on PM and its impairment has negative consequences in everyday life. Despite its high ecological relevance, no study has evaluated PM functioning in EBC survivors. Consequently, we assessed the prevalence of PM impairment among EBC survivors in the year following completion of chemotherapy. Methods We undertook a cross sectional quantitative case-control study aiming to recruit 80 patients from the Ottawa Hospital Regional Cancer Centre and 80 matched healthy controls from the community. Patients were within 1 year of having completed a first course of chemotherapy. A standardized test of prospective memory (Memory for Intention Screening Test) was administered to both groups. Following the International Cognition and Cancer Task Force recommendation (2008), impairment was defined as a score that fell one standard deviation below the mean performance of the control group. Standardized measures of depression (CESD), anxiety (STAI) and fatigue (Fact-F) were also completed. Results Data are available on 36 patients and 18 controls. Age was well balanced between the groups (case-control mean age 54y vs. 51y, respectively, p=.204). Overall PM impairment was observed in 41% of the participants. More importantly, the rate of PM impairment was significantly higher in the EBC group than controls (53% vs 17%; p < 0.005; odds ratio = 5.588; 95% CI=1.376 to 22.7). Multivariate logistic regression showed that PM performance was unaffected by age (p=0.459), depression (p=0.358), anxiety (p=0.512) or fatigue (p=0.595). Conclusions These preliminary findings provide further support for the hypothesis that breast cancer treatment can impair cognitive processes and yield new and important insights into the type of memory problems experienced by EBC survivors. They suggest that a significant proportion of patients exhibit deficits in PM, an aspect of memory involved in effective daily functioning. Our results also suggest that emotional distress and fatigue do not contribute to PM functioning. Further studies in this area should be directed at understanding the severity and duration of PM impairment. Acknowledging and studying this vexing problem in EBC survivors will aid in developing appropriate rehabilitation strategies.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-15-01.
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Song X, Verma S, Dent S, Clemons M, Graham N, Bedard M, Paquet L. OT3-02-01: A 1-Year Prospective Longitudinal Study of the Role of Psychosocial Factors in Adherence to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Early Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs11-ot3-02-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Extensive evidence suggests that endocrine therapy (ET) and adherence to adjuvant ET directly impacts on disease-free and overall survival in women with hormone receptor positive (HR+) early stage breast cancer (EBC). Despite this, adherence to ET is suboptimal, with 35%-50% of patients discontinuing therapy earlier than recommended. Interventions to improve adherence are lacking, due in part to a poor understanding of the modifiable risk factors influencing adherence. Virtually all authors have focused on educational needs of patients and side effect management of ET but there remains a paucity of data on how potentially modifiable psychosocial factors present at outset of treatment initiation influence adherence. We believe that a better understanding of these factors may lead to interventions which enable women to adhere to long term life-saving therapies. This study aims to identify such factors guided by the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation which proposes that cognitive, emotional, coping and interpersonal factors are modifiable determinants of adherence.
Study Design: The study is a single centre prospective longitudinal quantitative study. Women diagnosed with HR+ EBC for which endocrine therapy is intended will be enrolled. Participants will complete questionnaires prior to initiating ET, then at 3, 6 and 12 months. The predictor variables are: 1) modifiable factors including illness and treatment cognitions, self-efficacy in coping with side effects anticipated or experienced, fear of breast cancer recurrence, trait anxiety, patient-physician interaction, 2) treatment-induced toxicities and 3) clinical factors including ET, chemotherapy, radiation, cancer stage and menopausal status. The outcome variable is adherence measured at each assessment post-treatment initiation with pill counts and participants'self-report.
Inclusion criteria: 1.Histologically proven Stage I, II, IIIa EBC; 2. Treatment with ET (tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor).
Specific Aims: To evaluate the impact on adherence to ET by 1) potentially modifiable psychosocial factors 2) side effects and 3) clinical factors.
Statistical Method: Adherence responses will be transformed into dummy coded variables (0=take ET as prescribed; 1=does not take ET as prescribed). For each assessment, several separate univariate logistic regressions will be conducted with demographic (age, education, work and marital status, ethnicity), cognitive (illness and treatment perception), emotional (fear of recurrence and anxiety), coping (self-efficacy), and patient-physician relationship (role preference, trust and satisfaction), severity of side effects and clinical factors, as independent predictors of adherence. Only predictors which are significant at the 0.25 level will be entered in subsequent hierarchical multiple regression models to identify the main determinants of adherence.
Accrual: Expected study accrual is 200 over 12–18 months. Accrual started in May of 2011 and 36 patients have been accrued to the study.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-02-01.
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Li X, Nie Y, Song X, Zhang R, Wang G. Patterns of species diversity and functional diversity along the southto north-facing slope gradient in a sub-alpine meadow. COMMUNITY ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.12.2011.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu L, Zhou C, Zhou L, Peng L, Li D, Zhang X, Zhou M, Kuang P, Yuan Q, Song X, Yang M. Functional FEN1 genetic variants contribute to risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:119-23. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Chen W, Song X, Zhang Y. Assessment of the Virchow-Robin Spaces in Alzheimer disease, mild cognitive impairment, and normal aging, using high-field MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32:1490-5. [PMID: 21757525 PMCID: PMC7964361 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE VRSs are the perivascular spaces surrounding the deep perforating arteries in the brain. Although VRS variations with age and disease pathologies have been reported previously, the radiologic characteristics of the VRS in relation to AD are poorly understood. This study investigated the prevalence, spatial distribution, and severity of the VRS in AD, MCI, and older adults who were CN. It also investigated the relationship of the VRS to white matter changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Structural MR imaging data were acquired from 158 participants (AD = 37, MCI = 71, CN = 50, mean age = 74.97 ± 7.20 years) who had undergone T1WI at 3T. The severity of VRS in the white matter, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and brain stem structures was evaluated by using a semiquantitative scale, adapted from existing rating scales. A VRS total score summarizing the subscales was calculated to assess the whole-brain VRSs. RESULTS VRSs were observed in multiple brain regions of all participants, typically presented as <2-mm well-margined symmetric round-, oval- and linear-shaped hypointensities on T1WI. The VRS total score increased with leukoaraiosis, atrophy, and advanced age (P < .001). Individuals with AD and MCI showed greater levels of VRS than control subjects. The VRS total score discriminated individuals with AD and those who were CN with an accuracy of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.69-0.89). CONCLUSIONS VRSs are common in older adults and are more severe in AD and MCI than in CN. Whether increased VRSs can be reliably used to aid in AD diagnosis warrants further investigation.
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