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Swails WS, Bell SJ, Forse RA, Laviano A, Meguid MM. Gastric emptying in humans: influence of different regimens of parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1996; 20:240-2. [PMID: 8776701 DOI: 10.1177/0148607196020003240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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252
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Feldstein TJ. Carbohydrate and alcohol content of 200 oral liquid medications for use in patients receiving ketogenic diets. Pediatrics 1996; 97:506-11. [PMID: 8632936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ketogenic diet is used in patients with intractable seizure disorders. To maintain a ketotic state, patients on this diet must maintain a strict low-carbohydrate intake. Because these patients often require medication, and because many pharmaceutical products (especially liquid formulations) contain significant quantities of carbohydrates, it is important that each drug product be evaluated before proceeding with the ketogenic diet. The purpose of this study was to compile the carbohydrate content of oral liquid products for patients on or considering a ketogenic diet. METHODS A list of 200 oral liquid drug products and their manufacturers was compiled using the Children's Health Care-Minneapolis pharmacy purchasing database, the Physicians' Desk Reference, and previously published lists of oral liquid medications. Manufacturers were contacted either by telephone or by letter and asked specifically about the sucrose, fructose, sorbitol, glycerin, and alcohol content of these liquid formulations. RESULTS The carbohydrate and alcohol content of 200 oral liquid products was determined and shown in an accompanying table. CONCLUSIONS Many oral liquid medications contain significant amounts of carbohydrate. Tablet and capsule formulations are preferred when possible. To date, it has been difficult to quantify the carbohydrate content of liquid medications because of unavailability of this information. The carbohydrate content of 200 oral liquid medications is provided here to assist health care practitioners, patients, and care givers in designing drug regimens low in carbohydrates for patients on or considering a ketogenic diet.
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Alessandri JM, Goustard B, Guesnet P, Durand G. Polyunsaturated fatty acids status in blood, heart, liver, intestine, retina and brain of newborn piglets fed either sow milk or a milk replacer diet. REPRODUCTION, NUTRITION, DEVELOPMENT 1996; 36:95-109. [PMID: 8881596 DOI: 10.1051/rnd:19960109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic acids (20:4n-6) are deposited in large amounts in the developing neural tissues of the fetus and neonate. The suckling infants receive both fatty acids via the maternal milk, whereas formula-fed infants must synthesize them de novo from their respective precursors, linoleic (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids. We compared the lipid status of 14- and 21-day-old piglets fed either natural milk or infant formula, with special emphasis on the resulting DHA and 20:4n-6 levels in the neural tissues. The two diets presented similar ratios of precursors (18:2n-6/18:3n-3 = 14-16). The sow milk contained 20:4n-6 (0.6% of total fatty acids) and very low levels of DHA (< 0.1%). Formula feeding resulted in higher deposition of DHA in the brain than sow milk feeding, whereas the brain content of 20:4n-6 was not altered. The brain DHA level was negatively correlated with the 18:2n-6/18:3n-3 ratio in the red blood cells (RBC). In contrast, it was not correlated with the DHA concentration in the circulating lipids. The results indicate that the very low amount of DHA in sow milk has no effect on the accumulation of DHA in the piglet's brain, and that natural milk and formula are not equivalent with respect to precursor bio-availability and processing. This difference could be the result of a higher absorption rate and/or the metabolic sparing of formula 18:3n-3. The data support the view that the balance between the essential precursors in the circulating lipids is of vital importance for optimal deposition of DHA in the developing neural tissues.
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Long CL, Borghesi L, Stahl R, Clark JA, Geiger JW, DiRienzo DB, Weis JK, Laws HL, Blakemore WS. Impact of enteral feeding of a glutamine-supplemented formula on the hypoaminoacidemic response in trauma patients. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1996; 40:97-102. [PMID: 8577007 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199601000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured during fasting and after 3 days of enteral feeding in 16 trauma patients on a glutamine-supplemented diet and 14 patients on an isonitrogenous control diet. During fasting, total amino acids, including glutamine, were depressed by 50% and this was attributed to a reduction in both essential and nonessential amino acids. The essential amino acid concentrations increased in both groups after feeding. The nonessential amino acid concentrations also increased in the control group but not in the glutamine group during feeding. Repletion of the glutamine extracellular pool was not evident after an average intake of 27.1 g per day of glutamine for 3 days. Nitrogen balance was similar for the two groups during feeding. We conclude that in this study, enteral glutamine did not increase the glutamine plasma concentration. In addition, both formulas improved the hypoaminoacidemia of essential amino acids but only the control diet improved the nonessential amino acids plasma concentration.
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255
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Sliva MG, Sanders JK. Vitamin D in infant formula and enteral products by liquid chromatography: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 1996; 79:73-80. [PMID: 8620114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Results from a collaborative study of a new liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determination of vitamin D in infant formulas and enteral products are presented. Each of 15 laboratories was provided with 11 blind duplicate samples covering a range of approximately 200-500 International Units/quart (normal dilution), a system suitability sample, and the U.S. Pharmacopeia ergo- and cholecalciferol standards. Product types included liquid and powder forms of milk (whey and casein), soy, and hydrolyzed protein-based infant formulas and enteral products. The method includes a single liquid-liquid extraction following saponification, solid-phase extraction, and then concentration by evaporation. An isocratic, nonaqueous, chromatographic system with reversed-phase, zero endcapped C18 column, and UV detector set at 265 nm are used. Statistical evaluation of data from participating laboratories show the average reproducibility and repeatability of the method across all samples to be excellent, with RSDR and RSDr values of 13.48 and 9.44, respectively, after elimination of outliers. The LC method for determination of vitamin D in infant formulas and enteral products has been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
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Sunvold GD, Titgemeyer EC, Bourquin LD, Fahey GC, Garleb KA. Alteration of the fiber and lipid components of a defined-formula diet: effects on stool characteristics, nutrient digestibility, mineral balance, and energy metabolism in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62:1252-60. [PMID: 7491889 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/62.6.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eighteen healthy males with a body weight of 70.0 +/- 3.1 kg consumed three defined-formula diets that varied only in their fiber and/or lipid components: 1) 6.4% fiber (100% soy polysaccharides) and 13.1% lipid [50% medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs), 40% corn oil, and 10% soy oil]; 2) 3.4% fiber (75% oat fiber, 17.5% gum arabic, and 7.5% carboxymethylcellulose) and 15.6% lipid (20% MCTs, 50% canola oil, and 30% high oleic acid safflower oil); and 3) 4.4% fiber (same as diet 2) and 14.5% lipid (same as diet 1). Consumption of diet 2 resulted in slightly firmer stools and provided the greatest amount of fecal output per unit fiber intake. Total dietary fiber (TDF) digestibility was lowest for men fed diets 2 and 3, but nitrogen and lipid digestibilities and energy metabolism criteria were not different among diets. Although mineral excretion patterns differed among treatments, fiber and lipid components of the diets appeared not to be responsible for these differences. Results indicate that fecal output can be maintained with a lower intake of a blend of oat fiber, gum arabic, and carboxymethylcellulose compared with soy polysaccharides. Except for TDF digestibility, alteration of amounts and/or sources of fiber and lipid components of defined-formula diets used in this experiment did not alter nutrient digestibility, energy metabolism, or mineral retention.
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257
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Sołtyk K, Lozak A, Wyszecka E, Fijałek Z. Determination of zinc, magnesium and calcium in therapeutical nutrients by flameless AAS after microwave digestion. ACTA POLONIAE PHARMACEUTICA 1995; 52:437-40. [PMID: 8960261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of the content of Zn, Mg and Ca in Therapeutical Nutrients by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry is described. This elements were determined after microwave digestion of the samples. To establish optimum conditions for mineralization procedure, different parameters such as mass of the sample, amounts and ratios of used acids, times and power of microwave digestion were tested. The results showed that microwave digestion of samples allows to perform complete mineralization of the sample in short time and with no losses of the determined element.
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258
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Phifer EC. Determination of chromium and molybdenum in medical foods by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J AOAC Int 1995; 78:1497-501. [PMID: 8664588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine chromium and molybdenum in 7 medical foods from 5 manufacturers. Linear standard curves were obtained for both elements for concentrations between 5 and 25 ng/mL. Detection limits were 0.24 ng/mL for Cr and 0.67 ng/mL for Mo. Characteristic masses were 3.1 and 14.7 pg for Cr and Mo, respectively. No difference was detected between wet and dry ashing methods, and dry ashing was used to complete the study. The method was validated by assaying various National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference materials. Analysis of these products for Cr and Mo were within certified values. One product was evaluated by this method for reproducibility (n = 5). Relative standard deviations were 6.8 and 4.8% for Cr and Mo, respectively. This product contained 0.31 +/= 0.02 micrograms Cr/g and 0.63 +/- 0.03 micrograms Mo/g. The remaining products contained 0.09-1.28 micrograms Cr/g and 0.07-2.3 micrograms Mo/g. Mean recovery values were 98 +/- 14% (n = 14) for Cr at spike levels of 0.20-1.89 micrograms/g and 102 +/- 24% (n = 10) for Mo at spike levels of 0.30-1.89 micrograms/g.
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259
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Ciszewska-Jedrasik M, Knyt A, Pertkiewicz M. Aminophylline stability in total parenteral nutrition admixtures. ACTA POLONIAE PHARMACEUTICA 1995; 52:487-90. [PMID: 8960268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aminophylline stability (dose 0.5 and 0.75 g) was estimated in typical AIO nutrient admixtures [Salviamin 12.5% 1000.0 cm3; Glucose 500 g; Intralipid 20% 500.0 cm3; Soluvit N; Vitalipid N Adult; Addamel N; total volume 3000.0 cm3] prepared in DIMIX bags [Diffuplast srl, Italy]. The pH. particle size distribution [Coulter Counter ZM] and theophylline concentration [Spectrophotometer Pye Unicam] were measured immediately after preparation and after 24, 48, 72 hours of storage in low temperature and then after 24 hours in room temperature. Aminophylline proved to be stable in above mentioned doses and now is commonly added into AIO in practice.
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Abstract
The nutritional content of a few foods diet, supplemented with a casein hydrolysate formula (n = 24) or a whey hydrolysate formula (n = 21), was studied in 45 children with atopic dermatitis. The six day weighed food inventory record method was used to estimate the mean daily intake of energy, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, folate, and vitamin C on normal diet and on the few foods diet. The diet was associated with a significant reduction in protein and calcium intake in both groups, and in energy intake in the casein hydrolysate group. The median daily volume of hydrolysate milk taken was 10.5 ml/day (range 0-840 ml/day) for the casein hydrolysate group and 267 ml/day (range 0-1300 ml/day) for the whey hydrolysate group. Whey hydrolysate appears to be more palatable than casein hydrolysate, which is a potential advantage in the maintenance of an adequate intake in children on a few foods diet.
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Crowther RS, Bellanger R, Szauter KE. In vitro stability of ranitidine hydrochloride in enteral nutrient formulas. Ann Pharmacother 1995; 29:859-62. [PMID: 8547732 DOI: 10.1177/106002809502900905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the chemical stability and physical compatibility of ranitidine in enteral nutrient formulas. MEASUREMENTS A stability-indicating HPLC assay was used to measure the recovery of ranitidine from tablet (dissolved in water) or syrup after up to 24 hours of in vitro incubation in a variety of enteral nutrient formulas. Ranitidine binding to components of the formulas was measured after ultrafiltration. RESULTS Eight enteral nutrient formulas were studied, and more than 90% of added ranitidine was recovered from each formula after 24 hours. The amount of ranitidine bound to components of the formulas varied between 8% and 29%. No gross physical incompatibilities were seen and the pH of each formula changed by less than 0.1 pH units over 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS Ranitidine from either tablet or syrup was stable in the enteral nutrient formulas studied. Administration of ranitidine by admixture into these enteral formulas may be feasible.
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262
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Ducroc R, Rubio S, Garzon B, Brunel-Riveau B, Couraud JY. Immunoreactive substance P and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) in rat milk and in human milk and infant formulas. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62:554-8. [PMID: 7544954 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/62.3.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the presence of substance P and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivities in various milks and infant formulas. Rat milk was obtained from lactating dams between parturition and weaning (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 d postpartum). Samples of human milk were obtained from seven multiparous, nonsmoking white women, and newborn infant formulas were purchased from local stores. Substance P and CGRP were measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay using acetylcholinesterase-peptide conjugates as tracers. In rats, substance P and CGRP were below detectable concentrations in amniotic fluid from the last day of gestation. In contrast, in milk the concentrations of substance P and CGRP-like immunoreactivities were high on the first day of lactation (3.1 +/- 0.2 and 23.1 +/- 1.5 micrograms/L, respectively), then dropped after day 2 (1.6 +/- 0.7 and 7.5 +/- 0.4 microgram/L, respectively) and remained fairly constant until weaning. Significant concentrations of substance P and CGRP were found in human milk (129.2 +/- 27 ng/L and 4.5 +/- 0.7 microgram/L, respectively, at 15 wk), but substance P or CGRP could not be detected in any of the formulas tested. These data show that milk contains high concentrations of immunoreactive substance P and CGRP. In rats the absence of peptides in amniotic fluid suggests that there is a flood of peptides into the gastrointestinal tract of neonates when suckling is initiated. Significant concentrations of substance P and CGRP in human milk but not in infant formulas may therefore have physiologic implications for neonatal nutrition.
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Erasmus RT, Kusnir J, Stevenson WC, Lobo P, Herman MM, Wills MR, Savory J. Hyperaluminemia associated with liver transplantation and acute renal failure. Clin Transplant 1995; 9:307-11. [PMID: 7579738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Iatrogenic aluminium toxicity is reported in a patient who underwent an orthotopic liver transplant and who had concomitant renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Following transplantation the patient developed a metabolic encephalopathy with only mildly elevated blood ammonia concentrations. During the period following transplantation the patient received massive infusions of albumin and was on oral feeding (vivonexten), both of which contained aluminium, as did the dialysis fluid. Hyperaluminemia and profoundly elevated liver tissue aluminium concentrations were observed. Treatment with desferrioxamine, a trivalent ion chelator, decreased the plasma aluminium concentrations with an improvement in the patient's mental status.
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264
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Buts JP, De Keyser N, De Raedemaeker L, Collette E, Sokal EM. Polyamine profiles in human milk, infant artificial formulas, and semi-elemental diets. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 21:44-9. [PMID: 8576813 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199507000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Using a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method, we quantified the concentration of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) in human milk as well as in a representative group of commonly used artificial infant formulas. Variations in polyamine levels were also analyzed in human milk during the immediate postnatal period. During the first week postpartum, putrescine levels in human milk remained very low and varied little, while spermidine and spermine concentrations rose markedly during the first 3 days, reaching plateau levels that were 12 and eight times higher, respectively, than the values measured on day 0. The mean total polyamine concentration was 557 +/- 18 nmol/dl with the following profile: spermine, 313 +/- 16; spermidine, 220 +/- 20; and putrescine, 24 +/- 3.5. In artificial powdered formulas, the polyamine concentration was approximately 10 times lower than in human milk, with no difference in putrescine and spermine contents between first-age and second-age formulas. By contrast, semi-elemental diets prepared by hydrolytic procedures using crude extracts of pancreatic enzymes were shown to be major sources of polyamines with a profile similar to that of human milk. Compared with first-age formulas, mean concentrations in spermine and spermidine were 39 and six times higher, respectively, in these semi-elemental diets, whereas putrescine levels remained almost equivalent in all types of milk tested. These data indicate that human milk and some semi-elemental diets provide substantial amounts of spermine and spermidine to neonates and infants that could potentially modulate intestinal maturation.
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265
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Rühl A, Lübke H, Wienbeck M. Effects of nutrient solutions on concentration analysis of non-absorbable dilution markers--implications for studies of gastric emptying. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1995; 7:79-88. [PMID: 7542557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.1995.tb00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal luminal contents may interfere with concentration analysis of non-absorbable dyes. However, non-absorbable markers are broadly used for studies of gastric emptying rates of nutrient solutions. This prompted us to evaluate the properties of non-absorbable markers to mark such nutrient solutions. In vitro concentrations of polyethylene glycol, phenol red, dextran blue, two anthroquinone dyes and inulin were determined spectrophotometrically in the presence or absence of a formula diet, single compounds of the diet or an oligo-peptide diet, and the reproducibility and validity of the analyses were evaluated. The presence of the formula diet or the oligopeptide diet seriously impaired the analyses of marker concentrations, whereas single nutrient compounds did not uniformly interfere. The analysis of polyethylene glycol and phenol red concentrations was impaired by proteins, while the analysis of inulin concentration was impaired by carbohydrates. Dextran blue and the anthroquinones were completely eliminated by protein-precipitation procedures. In conclusion, phenol red and polyethylene glycol should only be used as marker substances for protein-free meals or nutrient solutions, while inulin should not be used with meals or nutrient solutions containing carbohydrates. Marker dilution techniques cannot be recommended for measurements of gastric emptying rates of complete meals.
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Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether freeze-dried and thermostabilized foods on a space shuttle contain adequate folate and to investigate any effects of freeze-drying on folacin. Frozen vegetables were analyzed after three states of processing: thawed; cooked; and rehydrated. Thermostabilized items were analyzed as supplied with no further processing. Measurable folate decreased in some freeze-dried vegetables and increased in others. Folacin content of thermostabilized food items was comparable with published values. We concluded that although the folacin content of some freeze-dried foods was low, adequate folate is available from the shuttle menu to meet RDA guidelines.
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267
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Cioccia AM, Gonzalez E, Perez M, Mora JA, Romer H, Molina E, Hevia P. Application of a colorimetric method to the determination of the protein content of commercial foods, mixed human diets and nitrogen losses in infantile diarrhoea. Int J Food Sci Nutr 1995; 46:21-9. [PMID: 7712339 DOI: 10.3109/09637489509003382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently we reported on the application of a method for protein determination which measures nitrogen in Kjeldahl digests colorimetrically. This procedure has the advantage of eliminating the distillation and titration steps of the Kjeldahl method and it is ideal for nutritional studies, since many samples can be run in a single day. Accordingly, the purpose of the present report was to extend the application of this method to the determination of the protein content of commercially available foods such as dairy products, dry cereals or cereal based products and legumes and also to evaluate this method in the determination of the protein content of the mixtures of cooked foods served during lunch at the cafeteria of the Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas. In both cases the results of the colorimetric nitrogen agreed very well with those obtained by the macro Kjeldahl, indicating that the colorimetric method may be used in monitoring the protein content of commercial foods and in evaluating the protein offered in institutional food services. Finally, to further demonstrate the value of this method in clinical trials, we used it to monitor the daily nitrogen intake and nitrogen losses in 43 male young children with acute diarrhoea, and 15 with persistent diarrhoea fed liquid formulae, and showed that protein digestibility and retention were higher in persistent than in acute diarrhoea. The severity of acute diarrhoea affected negatively (r = -0.62) the percentage of protein absorbed, whereas the protein absorbed (r = 0.70) and retained (r = 0.55) correlated positively with protein consumption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
The evidence that the antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene) may play a much more important role in our health and well being is growing rapidly. The knowledge gained by the nutritionists and biochemists will ultimately require a technical transformation to achieve successful application in foods. The physical and chemical properties of these compounds require specialized forms and techniques that must be matched to the particular food and its method of production. These properties make the application of these nutrients in foods a challenge for the food scientist. This presentation covers the practical aspects of adding these nutrients to various foods and describes some examples of how these nutrients can be applied.
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Henningfield MF, Smith SD, Reynolds PA, Garcia SE, Baxter JH. Protein quality of enteral nutrition products is consistent with label claims during shelf life and beyond expiration date. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1995; 95:46-52. [PMID: 7798580 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(95)00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eternal formulas were monitored during their shelf life and beyond expiration date to examine protein quality. DESIGN Protein quality was determined by protein efficiency ratio (PER) bioassays and amino acid analyses. SETTING A certified laboratory performed the PER tests according to procedures established by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists and recognized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The amino acid analyses were performed in our laboratory using validated methods. SAMPLES Commercially available formulas (Ensure, Osmolite HN, TwoCal HN) that contained protein blends of caseinates or caseinates with soybean protein isolate were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Achievement of protein-quality values greater than or equal to 70% of the fresh reference casein value as determined by the PER method would be consistent with adequate protein quality as described by the FDA. Levels of indispensable amino acids that meet or exceed the standards established by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences are considered high-quality proteins. Levels of amino acids throughout shelf life were compared with published label claims. RESULTS Amino acid analyses, which included measurement of tryptophan and total sulfur amino acids, revealed that both fresh and outdated products met or exceeded standards for proteins of high biologic value and were consistent with label claims. The PER values ranged from 90% to 96% of the control diet for fresh product and 82% to 87% for products evaluated after expiration. CONCLUSION The enteral products studied provide high-quality protein throughout the shelf life of the product.
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Johansson MA, Knize MG, Jägerstad M, Felton JS. Characterization of mutagenic activity in instant hot beverage powders. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1995; 25:154-61. [PMID: 7698108 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850250209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of several grain-based coffee-substitute blends and instant coffees were mutagenic in the Ames/Salmonella test using TA98, YG1024, and YG1029 with metabolic activation. The beverage powders induced 150 to 500 TA98 and 1,150 to 4,050 YG1024 revertant colonies/g, respectively. Increased sensitivity was achieved using strain YG1024. No mutagenic activity was found in instant hot cocoa products. The mutagenic activity in the beverage powders was shown to be stable to heat and the products varied in resistance to acid nitrite treatment. Differential bacterial strain specificity, and a requirement for metabolic activation suggest that aromatic amines are present. Characterization of the mutagenic activity, using HPLC and the Ames test of the collected fractions, showed the coffee-substitute blends and instant coffees contain several mutagenic compounds. Known heterocyclic amines are not responsible for the major part of the mutagenic activity. The main mutagenic activity in grain-based coffee-substitute blends and instant coffees is due to several unidentified compounds, which are most likely aromatic amines.
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Innis SM, Dyer R, Quinlan P, Diersen-Schade D. Palmitic acid is absorbed as sn-2 monopalmitin from milk and formula with rearranged triacylglycerols and results in increased plasma triglyceride sn-2 and cholesteryl ester palmitate in piglets. J Nutr 1995; 125:73-81. [PMID: 7815179 DOI: 10.1093/jn/125.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk fatty acids contain 20-30% palmitic acid (16:0), with approximately 70% of the 16:0 esterified to the sn-2 position of the milk triacylglycerol. Formulae containing vegetable and oleo oils contain different amounts of 16:0, but all have unsaturated fatty acids esterified to the triacylglycerol sn-2 position. Intraluminal triacylglycerol hydrolysis by endogenous lipases produces sn-2 monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids, which are absorbed and re-esterified in the enterocyte for secretion to plasma. The extent of absorption and re-esterification of sn-2 monoacylglycerols from milk or formula fats in infants is unknown. This was studied by feeding piglets sow milk or formulae containing similar total saturated fat, 18:1, 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) with unsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position or with rearranged triacylglycerols containing approximately 30% 16:0, with 70% 16:0 in fatty acids at the sn-2 position. Feeding milk or 16:0 on the sn-2 position of formula with rearranged triacylglycerols resulted in higher 16:0 esterified to the plasma triacylglycerol sn-2 position and in cholesteryl esters than feeding formulae with 0.4 to 4.4% 16:0 in the sn-2 position fatty acids. The absorption of 16:0 as monopalmitin from milk and any metabolic importance in human infants has yet to be determined.
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Alder JD, Meulbroek J, Jarvis K, Mitten M, Hutch T, Paige L, Shipkowitz N, Henningfield MF, Clement J. Enteral formula composition does not affect response to lethal infectious challenge in mice. J Nutr 1994; 124:2156-62. [PMID: 7965199 DOI: 10.1093/jn/124.11.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of enteral formulations on the response of mice to infectious challenge with Listeria monocytogenes, influenza A or Candida albicans were studied to test the efficacy of specialized ingredients. CF-1 outbred female mice (12-15 g) were fed nonpurified diet (Purina No. 5002) or commercially available liquid formulas: Osmolite HN, Perative or Impact. There were no differences between the groups fed the liquid formulas with regards to mean survival time or percentage of survivors in any of these models of infection. Examination of spleens from the groups challenged with L. monocytogenes, lungs from mice infected with Influenza A and kidneys from the groups challenged with C. albicans revealed no differences in cure rate of survivors. Pre-feeding periods of up to 8 d before infection produced similar results for mice fed enteral formulations compared to nonpurified diet. Contrary to previous reports, the use of Impact did not improve resistance to disease in mice challenged with lethal doses of L. monocytogenes, as compared with mice fed Osmolite HN. Additionally, mice fed Impact, Perative, or nonpurified diet responded similarly to challenge with L. monocytogenes, C. albicans or influenza A. The results indicate that these acute lethal animal models of infectious challenge may be of limited use to distinguish effects of modified nutrient composition of enteral formulas.
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Boullata JI, Kim YC, Dean S. Glucose oxidase test for in vitro detection of enteral feeding products. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL PHARMACY 1994; 51:2424-2426. [PMID: 7847411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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274
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Dubin S, McKee K, Battish S. Essential amino acid reference profile affects the evaluation of enteral feeding products. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1994; 94:884-7. [PMID: 8046182 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8223(94)92369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The chemical score is a measure of the predicted metabolic usefulness of a protein in a food based on the comparison (ratio or percentage) of the concentrations of the essential amino acids (EAAs) to a "profile" assumed to reflect the true needs of the body. The score for the limiting EAA is taken to represent the value of the food. Such a chemical score is particularly useful for therapeutic diets where bioassay (such as nitrogen-balance studies) in a large number of patients may be unethical or impractical. Although a major limitation to the chemical-score method previously was scarcity and/or imprecision of data about EAA concentrations in foods, this situation has been mitigated by modern analytic methods. The validity of a chemical score is also exquisitely sensitive to the EAA profile used for comparison. Chemical scores published for a variety of enteral and parenteral feeding products implied a low (approximately 50%) protein value. These computations were based on the EAA profile of egg protein. This pattern is sufficient, in most cases, for body needs, but it may be far more than is necessary. Recently published profiles, based on measurements in human beings of actual protein and EAA requirements, point to a more realistic chemical-score computation. These profiles accommodate age and lifestyle factors and provide greater flexibility in the formulation of therapeutic diets.
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Hata S, Nezu R, Kubota A, Kamata S, Takagi Y, Okada A. Effect of amino acids in total parenteral nutrition on cholestasis in newborn rabbits. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29:892-5. [PMID: 7931965 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3468(94)90010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of amino acids on total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-associated cholestasis was examined using a newborn rabbit TPN model. Twenty-nine newborn Japanese white rabbits were divided into four groups. Group I received a TPN solution with composition and total energy similar to that of rabbit breast milk. Group II received more dextrose than group I. Group III received a larger amount of amino acids than group II. Group IV was nourished by lactating mothers. After 7 days of TPN, blood samples and liver specimens were obtained. In group II, the serum total bilirubin level (1.44 +/- 0.68 mg/dL) was significantly higher than normal (0.28 +/- 0.07 mg/dL) and that of group I (0.49 +/- 0.12 mg/dL). In group II, histological cholestasis was present, characterized by bile plugs in bile ducts, bile pigments in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes, and nonprotein calorie overload changes in clear cell transformation of the hepatocytes. In group III, the serum total bilirubin level (0.23 +/- 0.05 mg/dL) was normal, and there were minimal cholestatic and nonprotein calorie overload changes (histologically) in the liver. These results indicate that cholestasis in this study was induced by nonprotein calorie overload and was prevented by an appropriate volume of amino acids.
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